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LAB REPORT PHYSICAL PENDULUM DYNAMICS

Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Mekanikal (MARA University of Technology (Shah Alam))

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical

(EM220/EM221) Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : ASSOC. PROF. IR DR SOLEHUDDIN SHUIB
Group : EMD4M5B2 (Group 3)

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Physical Pendulum – Wooden Pendulum

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1. MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN 2019415234
SAIFULAMRAN
2. NUR ADAM BIN AHMAD NAZLI 2019207066
3. NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM 2019219058
4. NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR 2019475642

LABORATORY SESSION : 5/05/2021

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 19/05/2021

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1
2
3
4
5

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TITLE

Physical Pendulum – Wooden Pendulum

ABSTRACT

The aim of this experiment was to use oscillation to determine the mass moment of
inertia at the centre of gravity, IG, and at the suspension points, I0. According to the results of
the experiment, there are some inconsistencies between the values of IG and Io from the
experiment data and theoretical values. The values of IG and IO from both points are completely
different based on the experiment, despite the fact that the mass of the wooden pendulum is the
same. The experimental values will come from the experiment's outcome calculation, while the
theoretical values will come from the experiment's theory. The possible factors that cause the
oscillation of the pendulum to cause variations in values are not constant. The time taken for 10
oscillations is calculated using two separate supports, one on each side (left and right). The
average time taken for 10 oscillations is calculated by multiplying the time taken for each side
three times. The time is held with the aid of the lab assistant's stopwatch. When conducting the
experiment, there might be certain errors, such as the surrounding , manufacturer error, and
others. This would have an effect on the outcomes.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

No Title Page
1 Introduction 6
2 Theory 7
3 Procedure 11
4 Results 13
5 Discussion 31
6 Conclusion 35
7 References 39
8 Appendices and Raw Data 40

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LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1 : Summary of result 13
Table 2 : Period of oscillations 15
Table 3 : Length of point A and B 16
Table 4 : Ra and Rb at left and right 17
Table 5 : Mass moment of inertia, Io 17
Table 6 : Moment of inertia at centre of gravity, Ig 18
Table 7 : Centroid at point A 21
Table 8 : Centroid at point B 22
Table 9 : Moment of inertia at point of rotation A 26
Table 10:Moment of inertia at point rotation B 27
Table 11:Percentage error 28

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LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1: Moment of inertia with different shape 7

Figure 2 : Forces act through the centre of mass 8

Figure 3 : Forces act through the centre of mass 9

Figure 4 : Dimension of wooden pendulum 14

Figure 5 : Dimension of each component 19

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INTRODUCTION

Mass moment of inertia can be defined as resistance to rotational motion. It depends on

the body’s mass distribution and the axis chosen with larger moments require more torque to
change the body’s rate of rotation. Moment of inertia plays a role in rotational kinetics that mass
plays in the linear kinetics, both characterize resistance of a body to changes in motion.
Application of moment of inertia can be shown when a figure skater spinning to reduce their
moment of inertia by pulling in their arms to allow them to spin faster due to conservation of
momentum.

The objective of this experiment is to determine mass moment of inertia at centre of

gravity, Ig and at suspension point, Io by oscillation. Theoretically, moments of inertia can be
obtained by formula according to their shape. For a pendulum, the moment of inertia at centre of
gravity is Ig=mr² where m is mass and r is vector perpendicular to and from the force to the axis
of rotation. To find mass moment inertia at suspension point, Io, parallel axis theorem is used.
Parallel axis theorem is Io=Ig+md² where d is the distance from centre of part to centre of
profile.

For experimental approach, mass moment of inertia can be obtained by using formula

𝐼𝑂
𝑇 = 2π 𝑚𝑔𝑟 𝐺
. In this experiment, a wooden pendulum is used to oscillate at a certain angle.

This pendulum is a physical pendulum because it rotates freely. The time taken for the pendulum
to make 10 complete oscillations, which is called period, t is recorded. The period, t is inserted
into the formula to obtain experimental value of mass moment of inertia. Then, the theoretical
and experimental value is compared and percentage error is calculated.

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THEORY

A simple pendulum is made up of a relatively massive object suspended from a fixed support.
When a pendulum is displaced from equilibrium and then released from that displacement angle,
it begins swinging forward and backward with constant amplitude.Because the motion is regular
and repeating, it is referred to as periodic motion. The study of pendulum motion will reveal a
variety of quantities that change over time. Additionally, changes occur. Velocity, potential, and
kinetic energy are all examples of quantities several forces.

I Is a moment of inertia, also referred to as the angular mass or rotational inertia of a

pendulum about its rotation axis. g is the acceleration of gravitational force. While m denotes the
pendulum's total mass and r denotes the distance from the rotation. Additionally, the parallel axis
theorem formula is used to calculate moment inertia.

Figure 1: Moment of inertia with different shape

Instead of a point mass, a rigid body is pivoted to oscillate in this case, as illustrated in the figure.
There is no string requirement. As a result, no tension exists in this case. Apart from these
physical implications, the operation of a compound pendulum is essentially identical to that of a
simple pendulum except for two critical points:

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Figure 2:Forces act through the centre of mass

● Gravity acts through the rigid body's centre of mass. Thus, the length of the pendulum
used in the equation is equal to the linear distance between the pivot and the mass centre
("h").

2
● The rigid body's moment of inertia about a point suspension is not equal to "𝑚𝐿 " as it is
in the case of a simple pendulum. Thus, the time period of a compound pendulum is
given by:

● If we know the rigid body's MI, we can calculate the time period of the physical
pendulum using the above expression. Consider the following illustration of a uniform
rigid rod pivoting from a frame. Clearly, the centre of mass is located at a distance of
"L/2" from the suspension point:

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Figure 3 :Forces act through the centre of mass

h=L/2
Now, MI of the rigid rod about its center
is:

We are, however, required to evaluate MI of the rod about the point of suspension, i.e.
“O”. Applying parallel axes theorem

Putting in the equation of time period, we have:

The critical point to remember about this relationship is that time period remains independent of
the rigid body's mass. However, time period is not independent of the rigid body's mass
distribution. A change in the shape or size of the rigid body, or in its mass distribution, will alter
the rigid body's MI about the point of suspension. This alters the time period. Additionally, we
should keep in mind that a physical pendulum is an effective device for measuring "g." Indeed,
this device is widely used in gravity surveys throughout the world. To determine the value of
"g," we only need to know the time period or frequency. Rearranging and resquaring,

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Consider the physical pendulum as a simple pendulum. To accomplish this, we can consider the
rigid body's mass to be concentrated at a single point, as with a simple pendulum, such that the
time periods of two pendulums are identical. Assume that this point is a linear distance "Lo"
from the suspension point. This is where

The point defined by the vertical distance, "Lo ", from the point of suspension is referred to as
the physical pendulum's point of oscillation. Clearly, if the point of suspension is altered, the
point of oscillation will change.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

1. Dimensions( thickness, width and length ) of the wooden pendulum were taken using a
ruler for calculation purpose.
2. The wooden pendulum was hung on one end to V support.
3. The wooden pendulum was then displaced to a 10 degrees angle from its initial Position.
4. The wooden pendulum was then released to let it oscillate due to gravitational force.
5. Using a stopwatch, the periodic time of 10 oscillations were recorded.
6. The average of the three periods was calculated for each suspension point.

APPARATUS: Universal Vibration System Apparatus

1. Wooden pendulum

2. V support, cylindrical support

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3. Ruler, protractor

4. Stopwatch

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RESULT & CALCULATION

Mass, m = 0.6 kg
Length, l = 0.8 m
Width, w = 0.08 m
Thickness, h = 0.01 m

Data Tabulation

Suspension Reference Angle (°) Oscillations Time taken, t (s)

Point Point
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1 2 3 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

A 1 (Left) 15.66 14.19 14.34 14.73

(V support)
2 (Right) 14.40 14.22 14.68 14.43
10 10
B 1 (Left) 13.59 14.09 13.91 13.86
(Cylindrical)
2 (Right) 14.06 14.19 14.03 14.09

Table 1 : Summary of result

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Figure 4 : Dimension of wooden pendulum

Oscillation from point A Oscillation from point B

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SAMPLE CALCULATION

Experimental calculation

T, the period of time per oscillation

𝑅 , the distance between the center of the mass and point A

𝐴

L, the length of the pendulum.

2
𝑔 , Gravitional acceleration = 9.81 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑠

To find period of oscillation, T at point A and B for both side left and right.

1 (Left) 2 (Right)
𝑡 = 14. 73 𝑠 𝑡 = 14. 43 𝑠
𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒

At point A 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡

𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑇𝐴, 𝐿 = 10 𝑇𝐴, 𝐿 = 10

14.73 14.43
= 10 = 10
= 1. 473 𝑠 = 1. 443 𝑠
𝑡 = 13. 86 𝑠 𝑡 = 14. 09 𝑠
𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒

At point B 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡

𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑇𝐴 = 10 𝑇𝐴 = 10
13.86 14.09
= 10 = 10
= 1. 386 𝑠 = 1. 409 𝑠

Table 2 : Period of oscillations

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From equation: 𝑇 = 2π 𝐿
, we can find the length 𝐿 and at both side
𝑔 𝐴 𝐵
𝐿

1 (Left) 2 (Right)
𝑇 = 1.473 s 𝑇 = 1.443 s
𝐴, 1 𝐴, 2

Point A
𝐿A,1 𝐿A,2
1. 473 = 2π 1. 443 = 2π
9.81 9.81

𝐿 = 0. 5392 𝑚 𝐿 = 0. 5174 𝑚
𝐴, 1 𝐴, 2

𝑇 = 1.386 s 𝑇 = 1.409 s
𝐵, 1 𝐵, 2

Point B 𝐿B,1 𝐿B,2

1. 386 = 2π 1. 409 = 2π
9.81 9.81

𝐿 = 0. 4773 𝑚 𝐿 = 0. 4933 𝑚
𝐵, 1 𝐵, 2

Table 3 : Length of point A and B

𝑥 (𝐿 – 𝑥) 𝑥 (𝐿 – 𝑥)
Use this formula 𝐵
and 𝐴
where x = distance from A to B , to
𝑅 𝐴 = 𝑅 𝐵 =
𝐿 +𝐿 − 2𝑥 𝐿 +𝐿 − 2𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

find 𝑅 and 𝑅
𝐴 𝐵

1 (Left) 2 (Right)
𝑥 (𝐿 – 𝑥) 𝑥 (𝐿 – 𝑥)
𝐵, 1 𝐵, 2
𝑅𝐴, 1 = 𝐿 +𝐿 − 2𝑥 𝑅𝐴, 2 = 𝐿 +𝐿 − 2𝑥
𝐴,1 𝐵, 1 𝐴,2 𝐵, 2
Point A
0.69 (0.0.4773 − 0.69) 0.69 (0.04933 − 0.69)
= 0.5391 + 0.4773 − (2𝑥0.69) = 0. 5174 + 0.4933 − (2𝑥0.69)

= 0. 4036 𝑚 = 0. 3675 𝑚
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𝑥 (𝐿 – 𝑥) 𝑥 (𝐿 – 𝑥)
𝐴, 1 𝐴, 2
𝑅𝐵, 1 = 𝐿 +𝐿 − 2𝑥 𝑅𝐵, 2 = 𝐿 +𝐿 − 2𝑥
𝐴,1 𝐵, 1 𝐴, 2 𝐵, 2
Point B
0.69 (0.5391 − 0.69) 0.69 (0.5174 − 0.69)
= 0.5391 + 0.4773 − (2𝑥0.69) = 0.5174 + 0.4933 − (2𝑥0.69)

= 0. 2864 𝑚 = 0. 3225 𝑚

Table 4 : 𝑅 and 𝑅 at left and right

𝐴 𝐵

𝐼𝑂
Mass Moment of Inertia, IO was calculated by using formula 𝑇 = 2π 𝑚𝑔𝑅 to find 𝐼 and
𝑜, 𝐴
𝐼
𝑜, 𝐵

1 (Left) 2 (Right)

𝐼 𝐼
0, 1 0, 1
Point A 0. 1473 = 2π (0.6)(9.81)(0.4036)
0. 1443 = 2π (0.6)(9.81)(0.3675)

2 2
𝐼0, 1 = 0. 1306 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝐼0, 2 = 0. 1141 𝑘𝑔𝑚

𝐼0, 1 𝐼0, 1
Point B 0. 1386 = 2π (0.6)(9.81)(0.2864)
0. 1473 = 2π (0.6)(9.81)(0.3225)

2 2
𝐼0, 1 = 0. 08203 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝐼0, 1 = 0. 0955 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Table 5 : Mass moment of Inertia, IO

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Mass Moment of Inertia calculated by using formula: 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅

𝐺 𝐺
(𝐿 – 𝑅 ) find 𝐼 and 𝐼
𝐺 𝐺, 𝐴 𝐺, 𝐵

1 ( Left) 2 (Right)
Point A 𝐼 = (0.6 x 0. 4036)(0.5391 – 0. 4036) 𝐼 = (0.6 x 0. 3675)(0.5174 - 0.3675)
𝐺, 1 𝐺, 2
2 2
𝐼 = 0.03281 kg𝑚 𝐼 = 0.03305 kg𝑚
𝐺, 1 𝐺, 2

Point B 𝐼 = (0.6 x 0. 2864)(0.4773 – 0. 2864) 𝐼 = (0.6 x 0. 3225)(0.4933 – 0. 3225)

𝐺, 2 𝐺, 2
2 2
𝐼 = 0.0328 kg𝑚 𝐼 = 0.03305 kg𝑚
𝐺, 2 𝐺, 2

Table 6 : Moment of Inertia at centre of gravity

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Theoretical Calculation

1) Sample of calculations to find centroid from each component

Figure 5 : Dimension of each component

Volume for each component

Component 1

𝑉 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

1

= 0.8 x 0.08 x 0.01

−4 3
= 6. 4 𝑥 10 𝑚

Component 2
2
𝑉 = π𝑟 ℎ
2
2
0.025 ) (0. 01)
= π( 2
−6 3
= 4. 9087 𝑥 10 𝑚

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Component 3

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Mass for each component

Component 1

𝑚
1
ρ𝑇 = 𝑉
1

−4
𝑚 = (1024. 59)(6. 4 𝑥 10 )
1

= 0.656 kg

Component 2

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𝑚
ρ𝑇 = 𝑉
2

−6
𝑚 = (1024. 59)(4. 9087 𝑥 10 )
2

−3
= 5. 03 𝑥 10 kg

Component 3

𝑚
2
ρ𝑇 = 𝑉
2

−5
𝑚 = (1024. 59)(4. 95 𝑥 10 )
3

= 0. 0507 kg

Total masses of wooden pendulum

𝑚 =𝑚 −𝑚 −𝑚
𝑇 1 2 3

−3
𝑚 = 0. 656 − 5. 03 𝑥 10 − 0. 0507
𝑇

= 0. 6003 𝑘𝑔

Centroid for wooden pendulum

A) When position of wooden pendulum at point A

2 3
Component A (𝑚 ) 𝑦 (𝑚) 𝑦𝐴 (𝑚 )
1 = (0.8)(0.08) 0.4 = (0.064)(0.4)

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= 0.064 = 0.0256
−4
2 0.025 2 0.74 = (4. 909 𝑥 1
= π( ) −4 0
−4 )(0.74)
2
= 4. 909 𝑥 1 = 3. 633𝑥 1
0 0
−3
3 = (0.45)(0.011)
−3 0.275 = (4. 95 𝑥 1
=4. 95 𝑥 1 0 −3
)(0.275)
0 = 1. 3613 𝑥 1
0
2 3
Σ𝐴 = 0. 058559 𝑚 Σ𝑦𝐴 = 0. 023875 𝑚

Table 7 : Centroid at point A

Σ𝑦𝐴
𝑦= Σ𝐴

0.023875
𝑦= 0.058559

𝑦 = 0. 4078 𝑚

B) When position of wooden pendulum at point B

2
A ( ) 3
Component 𝑚 𝑦 (𝑚) 𝑦𝐴 (𝑚 )
1 = (0.8)(0.08) 0.4 = (0.064)(0.4)
= 0.064 = 0.0256
−4
2 0.025 2 0.06 = (4. 909 𝑥 1
= π( ) −4
0−5 )(0.06)
2
= 4. 909 𝑥1 =2. 9454 𝑥 1
0
−3
3 = (0.45)(0.01)
−3 0.525 = (4. 95 𝑥 1
= 4. 95 𝑥 1 0 −3)(0.525)
= 2. 599 𝑥 1
0
2 3
Σ𝐴 = 0. 0586 𝑚 Σ𝑦𝐴 = 0. 02298 𝑚

Table 8 : Centroid at point B

Σ𝑦𝐴
𝑦=
Σ𝐴

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0.02298
𝑦= 0.0586

𝑦 = 0. 3922 𝑚

Moment of Inertia for each component

1) At point A

𝑦 = 0. 4078 𝑚

Component 1

2 2
𝐼= 1
𝑚ℎ + 𝑚𝑑
12

1 2 2
𝐼= (0. 656)(0. + (0. 656)(0. 4078 − 0. 4)
12
8)
2
𝐼 = 0. 03503 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 2

2 2
𝐼= 1
𝑚𝑟 + 𝑚𝑑
2

1 −3 2 −3 2
𝐼= (5. 03𝑥10 )(0. 0125) + (5. 03𝑥10 )(0. 74 − 0. 4078)
2

−4 2
𝐼 =5. 5549 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 3

2 2
𝐼= 1
𝑚ℎ + 𝑚𝑑
12

1 2 2
𝐼= (0. 0507)(0. + (0. 0507)(0. 4078 − 0. 275)
12
45)

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−3 2
𝐼 =1. 7497 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Total moment of Inertia at point A

𝐼 =𝐼 −𝐼 −𝐼
𝐺, 𝐴 1 2 3

𝐼 −4 −3
𝐺,
𝐴
= 0. 03503 − 5. 5549 𝑥 10 − 1. 7497 𝑥 10

2
𝐼 = 0. 03272 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝐺,
𝐴

2
𝐼 = + 𝑚𝑑
𝑂, 𝐴 𝐺,
𝐼 𝐴

2
𝐼 = 0. 03272 + (0. 6)(0. 4078)
𝑂, 𝐴

2
𝐼 = 0. 1325 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑂, 𝐴

2) At point B

𝑦 = 0. 3922 𝑚

Component 1
2
𝐼= 1
𝑚ℎ 2
12 + 𝑚𝑑
1
𝐼= 2 2
(0. 656)(0. + (0. 656)(0. 4 − 0. 3922)
12
8)
2

𝐼 = 0.03503 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 2

2 2
𝐼= 1
2 𝑚𝑟 + 𝑚𝑑

1
𝐼= −3 2 −3 2

2
(5. 03 𝑥 10 )(0. 0125) + (5. 03 𝑥 10 )(0. 3922 − 0. 06)

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−4 2
𝐼 =1. 7497 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

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−4 2
𝐼 =5. 5549 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 3

2 2
𝐼= 1
𝑚ℎ + 𝑚𝑑
12

1 2 2
𝐼= (0. 0507)(0. + (0. 0507)(0. 525 − 0. 3922)
12
45)
−3 2
𝐼 =1. 7497 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Total moment of Inertia at point B

𝐼 =𝐼 −𝐼 −𝐼
𝐺, 𝐵 1 2 3

−4 −3
𝐼 = 0. 03503 − 5. 5549 𝑥 10 − 1. 7497 𝑥 10
𝐺,
𝐵

2
𝐼 = 0. 03272 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝐺,
𝐵

2
𝐼 = + 𝑚𝑑
𝑂, 𝐺,
𝐵 𝐼 𝐵

2
𝐼 = 0. 03272 + (0. 6)(0. 3922)
𝑂,
𝐵

2
𝐼 = 0. 12501 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑂,
𝐵

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Moment of Inertia, 𝐼 at point of rotation

At point A :

2 2
Component Mass (kg) 𝐼 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 ) d (m) 𝐼 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 )
𝑎𝑑𝑗

1 0.656 0.03503 0.34 0. 11086

−3 −4 −4
2 5. 03 𝑥 10 5. 555 𝑥 10 0 5. 555 𝑥 10
−3
3 0.0507 1. 749 𝑥 10 0.465 0. 01114

Table 9 : Moment of inertia at point rotation A

2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑

Component 1
2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑
2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 0. 03503 + (0. 656)(0. 34)
2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 0. 11086 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 2

2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑
2
−4 −3
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 5. 555 𝑥 10 + (5. 03 𝑥 10 )(0)
−4 2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 5. 555 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 3

2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑

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−4 2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 1. 7497 𝑥 10 + (0. 0507)(0. 465)
2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 0. 01114 𝑘𝑔𝑚
At point B :

2 2
Component Mass (kg) 𝐼 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 ) d (m) 𝐼 (𝑘𝑔𝑚 )
𝑎𝑑𝑗

1 0.656 0.03503 0.35 0.11541

−3 −4 −3
2 5. 03𝑥 10 5. 555 𝑥 10 0.69 2. 95 𝑥 10
−4 −3
3 0.0507 1.7497 𝑥 10 0.225 4. 316 𝑥 10

Table 10 : Moment of inertia at point rotation B

2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑

Component 1

2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑
2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 0. 03505 + (0. 656)(0. 35)
2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 0. 11541 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 2

2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑
2
−4 −3
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 5. 555 𝑥 10 + (5. 03 𝑥 10 )(0. 69)
−3 2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 2. 95 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Component 3

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2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑑
−3 2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 1. 7497 𝑥 10 + (0. 0507)(0. 225)
−3 2
𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 4. 316 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚

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Percentage error at both point A and B

2
Moment of Theoretical Experimental (𝑘𝑔 Percentage error (%)
2 2
𝑚)
Inertia (𝑘𝑔𝑚 ) (𝑘𝑔𝑚 )
Left Right Left Right
𝐼 0. 13250 0.13056 0.1141 1. 49 16. 13
𝑜, 𝐴

𝐼 0. 03272 0.03281 0.0331 0.27 1. 15

𝐺, 𝐴

𝐼 0. 12501 0.08203 0.0955 52. 4 30. 9

𝑜, 𝐵

𝐼 0. 03272 0.0328 0.0331 0. 24 1. 15

𝐺, 𝐵

Table 11 : Percentage error

Percentage error (%)

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % =
| 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 |𝑥100 %
| 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 |

At point A :

Left side

For 𝐼 ,
𝑂, 𝐴1

% =
| 0.13056−0.1325 |𝑥100 %
| 0.13056 |

% = 1. 49 %

For 𝐼 ,
𝐺, 𝐴1

% =
| 0.03281 − 0.03272 |𝑥100 %
| 0.03281 |

% = 0. 27 %

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Right side

For 𝐼 ,
𝑂, 𝐴2

% =
| 0.1141−0.1325 |𝑥100 %
| 0.1141 |

% = 16. 13 %

For 𝐼 ,
𝐺, 𝐴2

% =
| 0.0331 − 0.03272 |𝑥100 %
| 0.0331 |

% = 1. 15 %

At point B :

Left side

For 𝐼 ,
𝑂, 𝐵1

% =
| 0.08203−0.1250 |𝑥100 %
| 0.08203 |

% = 52. 38 %

For 𝐼 ,
𝐺, 𝐵1

% =
| 0.0328 − 0.03272 |𝑥100 %
| 0.0328 |

% = 0. 24 %

Right side

For 𝐼 ,
𝑂, 𝐵2

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0.0955−0.1250 |
% = || 0.0955 |𝑥100 %

% = 30. 9 %

For 𝐼 ,
𝐺, 𝐵2

% =
| 0.0331 − 0.03272 |𝑥100 %
| 0.0328 |

% = 1. 15 %

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MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN SAIFULAMRAN

2019415234

DISCUSSION

The result of this experiment indicates that the moment of inertia for the centre of gravity
at point A is 0.0328 kgm2, which is greater than the moment of inertia at point B, which is
0.1156 kgm2.Io is 0.1306 kgm2 at point A and 0.1156 kgm2 at point B. Io at point A has a
theoretical value of 0.1319 kgm2, whereas Ig has a theoretical value of 0.03261 kgm2. Io is
0.012545 kgm2 at point B, while Ig is 0.03261 kgm2. These conclusions are drawn because
point A is further away from the centre of gravity than point B.The moment of inertia increases
as the distance between the centre of the part and the centre of gravity increases. With this result,
we can demonstrate that the moment of inertia of an inhomogeneous rigid body can be obtained
via oscillation.
The percentage difference between the moment of inertia at point A and point B is. The
error in percentage terms is less than 10%. This demonstrates that the experimentally determined
mass moment of inertia value is acceptable because it differs only slightly from the theoretical
mass moment of inertia value. Because this experiment is being conducted by a human, there is
bound to be some error in the readings and procedure. Parallax error is one of the most
frequently occurring errors during the experiment, and as a result, the stopwatch timing is
inaccurate. Airflow in the room of conducting the experiment also can cause an environmental
error and cause a slight change in the result. Parallax error also can occur when the stopwatch's
timing is out of sync with the time it releases.

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DISCUSSION

The experimental value for I 0A at A the end of the experiment is 0.0328 kgm2, while the
theoretical value for I0A at A is 0.1319 kgm2. When we look at it this way, the differences
between these two values aren't as significant. The difference is about 0.0991 kgm2. However,
the experimental value for I0B at B is 0.1156 kgm2, whereas the theoretical value is 0.012545
kgm2. The difference in value for I0B is also not significant.

The theoretical value for IGA at point A is0. 03272 kgm2, while the experimental value
for IGA is 0.03296 kgm2. Nonetheless, the experimental value for I GB at B is 0.03295 kgm2. The
differences between these values are also quite large. The percentage error difference between
experiment and theoretical values revealed that some errors occurred during the experiments.
Angles must be set correctly during the experiment in order to obtain accurate data. Because the
angle is only marked with a pencil, it could lead to a personal error. There's also parallax error,
which occurs when the eye level is not parallel to the scalar position θ.

Because the apparatus is in poor condition, systematic error occurred. The condition of
the wooden pendulum, which has been used many times, has an impact on the swings. The
reading may be influenced at some point. Other than that, even though the experiment is
conducted in a closed laboratory, errors due to environmental effects may occur when the swing
of the pendulum is disturbed by the air flow in the room. The swings' consistency is also affected
by the table's vibration.

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NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM

2019219058

DISCUSSION

From this experiment, we are able to prove that moment of inertia of inhomogenous rigid
body can be obtained by the way of oscillation. For homogenous body such as
circle,rectangle,triangle and so on,there is fixed formula for every shape.However,for irregular
𝐼𝑂
body,the mass moment of inertia can be obtained by using formula 𝑇 = 2π 𝑚𝑔𝑟𝐺 .The time
taken is recorded and inserted into that formula.

The result from this experiment can be divided according to their support and
side.Moment of inertia for centre of gravity on the left side at point A is 0.0328 kgm² which is
equal to point B, 0.03281 kgm². The moment of inertia at suspension point,Io at point A on the
left side is 0.1306 kgm² which is higher than point B,0.0823 kgm². The same goes to Io at point
A on right side which is 0.1141 kgm² while at point B is 0.0955 kgm². Theoretical value of Io at
point A is 0.1325 kgm² while the Ig is 0.03272 kgm². For point B,the Io is 0.012501 kgm² while
Ig is 0.03272 kgm².These result obtained because point A has bigger distance from centre of
gravity than point B. By using the parallel axis theorem, Io=Ig+md², moment of inertia will
increase when the distance of center of part to center of gravity increases.

Highest percentage error between the moment of inertia for point A at suspension point
is 16.13% while at point B is 52.38% while for moment of inertia at centre of gravity,Ig for
point A,the highest percentage error is 1.15% while at point B is also 1.15%.There is
inconsistency in the percentage error value shows that there is a certain error that occur in this
experiment.This shows that some value of mass moment of inertia obtained experimentally is
acceptable because it has small difference with the theoretical mass moment of inertia and some
cannot be acceptable because its percentage error is more than 10%.

The error that can occur in this experiment is parallax error.To avoid the parallax error,
the time taken for the pendulum to make 10 complete cycle is recorded 3 times and average time
taken is used for the further calculation.Besides,the other error that could exist is presence of
friction.Presence of friction will delay the movement of the pendulum thus affect the time taken
for pendulum to make 10 complete oscillation.To prevent this,the pendulum should be placed in
middle of the hanging bar.

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NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR

2019475642

DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment conducted, all the values of mass moment of inertia at the centre
of gravity, IG and at the suspension point, IO on different end, O1 and O2 have been determined
according to the experiment and theory. It was done by using a non-homogeneous wooden
pendulum. Volume and mass for each component has been calculated respectively. For
experimental data, the pendulum was hanged at 10° for each left and right suspension point then
the time to complete 10 oscillations were taken. 3 set of experiment were taken and then the
average time was calculated to get a better result. The time taken for 10 oscillations are taken and
𝐼𝑂
the values of 𝐼
𝐺 and 𝐼 was calculated, for experimental calculation by using 𝑇 = 2π 𝑚𝑔𝑅
0
2 2
and 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 𝐿 – 𝑅 , from point A on the left side are 0.13056 𝑘𝑔𝑚 and 0.03281 𝑘𝑔𝑚 and
𝐺 𝐺 ( 𝐺
) 0.1141 𝑘𝑔𝑚2and 0.0331
for right side are
2
respectively. While from point B, on the left side
2
𝑘𝑔𝑚 2 2
2
0.1141𝑘𝑔𝑚 and 0.0331 and for the right side are 0.0955 𝑘𝑔𝑚 and 0.0331 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑘𝑔𝑚
respectively. All the values of 𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼
and 𝐼 in theoretical and experimental
𝐺, 𝐴 𝑂, 𝐴 𝐺, 𝑂,
𝐵 𝐵

calculation have been obtained by using those formula.

In this experiment also each value might have a slight different from each other. The
percentage error between the theoretical and experimental values at point 𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼 and 𝐼
𝐺, 𝐴 𝑂, 𝐴 𝐺, 𝐵 𝑂, 𝐵

can be observed in Table 11 . Percentage of error have a different values with a wide gap which
is more that 50% and it is not acceptable. The difference in value may be due to some errors
when conducting experiments and calculations.

During the experiment, there are few factors identified that cause an errors that affects the
results. This experiment might have some error in terms of readings and procedure. Parallax
error is one of the most common errors in conducting the experiment and an error highly possible
occur when handling the stopwatch, timing is not sync with the time it release and the eye
readings on the protractor are not perpendicular when taking readings at 10° degree angle. This
factors will affect the results obtained. During the swing, they did not check the stopwatch first

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2019475642

for its sensitivity to be exactly at zero before starting the experiment which results for the time
taken being inaccurate. All causes of errors that affects the readings obtained.

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MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN SAIFULAMRAN

2019415234

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment accomplished its objective of determining the mass

moment of inertia at the centre of gravity, Ig, and at the suspension point, Io, via oscillation. The
mass moment of inertia was determined using oscillation and manual calculations (IG & I0). The
experiment began by calculating the theoretical value of the wooden pendulum's mass moment
inertia using the parallel axis theorem. Then, the time required for the wooden pendulum to
complete ten complete oscillations is recorded and implemented into the formula so the
experimental value mass moment of inertia was obtained. Because the percentage error is less
than 10%, we can conclude that the experiment was successful and the experiment's objective
was met.

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CONCLUSION

We can deduce from the experiment that the Physical Pendulum-Wooden Pendulum
experiment accomplished its goal. Oscillation and manual calculations were used to determine
the mass moment of inertia (I G & I0). A pendulum is defined as a weight that is suspended from a
pivot and can freely swing. When a pendulum is moved from its equilibrium position, gravity
acts as a restoring force, accelerating the pendulum back to its equilibrium position. When the
restoring force is released, it causes the pendulum to oscillate around the equilibrium point,
swinging back and forth.A pendulum swings for a particular time, which is primarily determined
by its duration. It was also discovered that during the experiment, errors and disturbance
influence the values of I0A, IGA, I0B, and IGB.

As a result of the findings, we can also conclude that the experiment was not a success.
There are some variables that influence experiment performance, and some considerations must
be made in order to strengthen the experiment in the future. For each swing, more readings
should be taken and registered so that the value differences aren't as large.

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NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM

2019219058

CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, the objective of this experiment which is to determine mass moment of

inertia at centre of gravity, Ig and at suspension point, Io by oscillation is achieved .The
experiment started by calculating theoretical value of mass moment inertia of the wooden
pendulum by using parallel axis theorem.Then, it is continued by recording the time taken of the

𝐼𝑂
wooden pendulum to make 10 complete oscillation to insert into formula 𝑇 = 2π 𝑚𝑔𝑟 𝐺
to

get the experimental value of the mass moment of inertia . In this experiment, the main
characteristics of a rigid body such as position of centre mass, moment inertia rigid body, radius
of gyration and pivot point about which body oscillates obtained using only dependence period
versus position of pivot point. The result shows that the highest percentage error of mass moment
inertia between experimental and theoretical is 52.38% which is quite high.However,there are
certain value of moment of inertia has low percentage error such as moment of inertia at centre
of gravity at point B on the left side which is 0.24%.The experiment can be concluded successful
because there are many quantities that has percentage error less than 10%.For future studies,we
should be careful when taking reading from the stopwatch and when set up the angle of
oscillation so that possible error can be minimized.

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NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR

2019475642

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we obtained the experimental value is slightly differs to the
theoretical value but the percentage errors for some values are still in acceptable range and some
values does not acceptable as it reachs more than 10 % compared to theoretical. The error
percentage between the theoretical and experimental values can be considered as a slight error as
the values of the error are just less than 10%. However, to obtain a better experiment result, a
new set of apparatus must be replaced with the unreliable one.

There are some errors occurred during carried out the experiment that have been affected
the result. We should to minimize the parallax error by taking reading parallel to the eyes. Next,
the readings value should be taken more than 2 or 3 times (during handling the stopwatch)
precisely and sync to time taken and the time the pendulum release and get its average time
taken. To conclude, the objective of this experiment to find the mass moment of inertia at the
centre of gravity, IG and at the suspension point, IO successfully determined.

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REFERENCES

1. admin. (2020, July 11). Moment of inertia: Definition, formulas & Equation.

Physicsabout.com; physicsabout. https://physicsabout.com/moment-of-inertia/

2. Kladivova, M. (2018, October 25). Physical pendulum - A simple experiment can

give comprehensive information about a rigid body. Retrieved from Researchgate:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260295841_Physical_pendulum_-_A_simple_e

xperiment_can_give_comprehensive_information_about_a_rigid_body

3. Paul Peter Urone, & Hinrichs, R. (2012, January 23). The Simple Pendulum.

Opentextbc.ca; OpenStax.

https://opentextbc.ca/openstaxcollegephysics/chapter/the-simple-pendulum/

4. Simple Pendulum - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (2015).

Sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/simple-

pendulum

5. The Simple Pendulum. (2011). Psu.edu.

https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/Pendulum/Pendula.html

6. Wikipedia. (2021, May 15). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia

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APPENDICES AND RAW DATA

Appendix 1:Additional info for pendulum

Thickness = 0.01 [m], mass = 0.6 [kg].

Appendix 2 : Summary of result M3

Suspension Reference Angle (°) Oscillations Time taken, t (s)

Point Point
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1 2 3 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

A 1 (Left) 15.66 14.19 14.34

(V support)
2 (Right) 14.40 14.22 14.68
10 10
B 1 (Left) 13.59 14.09 13.91
(Cylindrical)
2 (Right) 14.06 14.19 14.03

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 lOMoARcPSD|41631438

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name :MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN SAIFULAMRAN

Member’s Name 1 :

2 :NUR ADAM BIN AHMAD NAZLI

3 :NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR

4 NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Do work on time

Member 1:

Member 2: Very committed to complete the task and fast

work Member 3:Give full commitment

Member 4: Good leadership and lead team well.

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Downloaded by MUHAMMAD HAIKAL SARIBUDIN (2022822356@student.uitm.edu.my)

 lOMoARcPSD|41631438

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : NUR ADAM BIN AHMAD NAZLI

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN SAIFULAMRAN

2 : NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM

3 : NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR

4 :

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5
50 50 50 50
Total

Comment

Self: Do all the tasks given.

Member 1: Very committed to complete the task and fast

work Member 2: Great leadership and responsible

Member 3:Give full commitment

Member 4:

44

Downloaded by MUHAMMAD HAIKAL SARIBUDIN (2022822356@student.uitm.edu.my)

 lOMoARcPSD|41631438

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN SAIFULAMRAN

2 : NUR ADAM BIN AHMAD NAZLI

3 : NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR

4 :

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Do work on time

Member 1: Very committed to complete the task and fast

work Member 2: Give full commitment

Member 3: Responsive and easy to discuss together

Member 4:

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Downloaded by MUHAMMAD HAIKAL SARIBUDIN (2022822356@student.uitm.edu.my)

 lOMoARcPSD|41631438

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : NUR FARAH HUSNA BINTI AZHAR

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMMAD DANIAL HAIKAL BIN SAIFULAMRAN

2 : NUR ADAM BIN AHMAD NAZLI

3 : NUR DIYAANAH BINTI HISHAM

4 :

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Cooperate well and complete the report on time.

Member 1: Very committed to complete the task and fast

work. Member 2: Responsive and easy to discuss together.

Member 3: Good leadership and lead team well.

Member 4:

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