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Understanding

AP Calculus Topic 10.8 –Ratio Test (and Root Test) for Convergence
Use the Ratio Test to determine the convergence or divergence of each of the following series.
 
n! 4n
1.) 4 n 2.) 
n 0 n 0 n !

lim
( n +1)! × 4 n
= lim
n +1
=¥
4n+1 n!
× = lim
4
= 0 <1
( )
lim
n®¥ 4n+1 n! n®¥ 4 n®¥ n + 1 ! 4 n n®¥ n + 1

diverges by the Ratio Test converges by the Ratio Test



3
n
3n
3.)  n   4.)  3
n 1  4  n 1 n
n+1

( n + 1) æçè 43 ö÷ø æ 3 ö ( n + 1) 3
lim
3n+1
×
n3
= lim
3n3
= 3>1
( n + 1) 3n n®¥ ( n + 1)3
n®¥ 3
lim = lim ç ÷ = <1
n n®¥ è 4 ø n
n®¥
æ 3ö 4
diverges by the Ratio Test
nç ÷
è 4ø
converges by the Ratio Test

 
2n 5n
5.) 
n 1  n  1 !
6.) 
n 1 3  1
n

2 n+1 ( n + 1)!
× = lim
2
= 0 <1
5n+1 3n + 1
lim n+1 × n = lim n+1
5 3n + 1 ( )
( ) 2 ( )
lim
n®¥ n + 2 ! n n®¥ n + 2 n®¥ 3 +1 5 n®¥ 3 +1
converges by the Ratio Test
= lim
( ) = 5 >1
5 3n
n®¥ 3n+1 3
diverges by the Ratio Test
Use the Root Test to determine the convergence or divergence of each of the following series.

n n
æ n ö
¥ ¥
æ 3n ö
7.) å ç ÷ 8.) å ç ÷
n=1 è 3n + 1ø n=1 è n + 1ø

n n
æ n ö n 1 æ 3n ö 3n
lim n ç ÷ = lim = <1 lim n ç ÷ = lim = 3>1
n®¥ è 3n + 1ø n®¥ 3n + 1 3 n®¥ è n + 1ø n®¥ n + 1

convergence absolutely by the Root Test. diverges by the Root Test.


9.) e
n 0
n

1
lim n e- n = lim e-1 =<1
n®¥ e n®¥

convergence absolutely by the Root Test.

Test for convergence or divergence of the following using any test that we have discussed in this unit. Identify
the test and show your work.

 1n1 4
  
6 1 1
 n  6 n 

4
10.) 
n 1 n
an = > 0 when n ³ 1
n
11.)
n 1 n 1 n 1 n
is the divergent harmonic series,

or p–series with p = 1 which is divergent by the

4 1
lim = =0 an - an+1 ³ 0 Þ an ³ an+1 p–series Test.
n®¥ n ¥
4 4 4 ( n + 1) - 4n
an - an+1 = - =
n n +1 ( n)( n + 1)
4
= > 0 for n ³ 1 Þ terms are decreasing to 0
( n)( n + 1)
( -1)
n+1
¥
4
å n
converges by the Alternating Series Test
n=1

 
n 7  1
7
12.) 
n 1 2  5
n
13.) 
n 1 2 n
3
 
2 n1 n3/ 2
n + 1 2n + 5 n + 1 2n 3
lim n+1 × = lim n+1 × p–series with p = > 1 which is convergent by the
n®¥ 2 +5 n n®¥ 2 n 2
p–series Test.
n +1 1
= lim = <1
n®¥ 2n 2
converges by the Ratio Test
  
n5n ln n
14.)  15.) n 2
n 1 n ! n 1

( n + 1)5 n+1
n!
× n = lim
( n + 1)5 × 1 We'll use the Integral Test.

( n + 1)! ( n + 1) n
lim ln x
Let f ( x)  2 , f ( x) is positive, continuous and decreasing on 1,  
n®¥ n5 n®¥
x
 b
5  ln x dx  lim ln x dx
= lim = 0 < 1Þ converges by the Ratio Test  2 
n®¥ n  x b  x 2
1 1

1
u  ln x  du  dx
x
1 1
dv  2 dx  v  
x x
 ln x b b
1 
b
 ln x 1 
 lim  
  dx  lim  
b   x 1  x 2  b  x x 1
 1 
 ln b 1  ln1 1  
 lim      
b 
 b b  1 1
 ln b 1   ln b  1
 lim     1  lim     lim    lim 1
b 
 b b  b 
 b  b 
 b  b
  
 
 lim  b   0  1  1
b 
 1 
 
The improper integral converges, therefore the series converges.