Y9

Science
Quarter 4
Self Learning Module 6
Heat Engines

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Science – Grade 9
Quarter 4
Self Learning Module 6 – Heat Engines
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Schools Division Superintendent: Gladys Amylaine D. Sales CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Peter J. Galimba PhD

Development Team of the Self Learning Module

Writers: Tricia Anne U. Manlanat, June Nathan M. Fernandez

Editor: Ladylyn P. Sabla-on
Reviewer: Edna Rose P. Gueco
Illustrator: Tricia Anne U. Manlanat
Layout Artist: June Nathan M. Fernandez
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Edna Rose P. Gueco
Ellen G. Dela Cruz

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Office Address: Rosario-San Juan Sts., Bacolod City 6100

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 I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work (S9FE-IVe-42) and
explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines work
(S9FE-IVg-45). The scope of this module allows you to use it in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using. This module will discuss lesson on Heat Engines.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe how a heat engine operates;
2. give specific examples or activities of heat doing work; and
3. explain why machines like heat engines are never fully efficient.

Lesson Heat Engines

Lesson Overview

Molecules exert force on one another. The closer the molecules are to each
other, the stronger the force between them like in solids and liquids. That is why,
their intermolecular forces are greater than those in gases. Because of these strong
molecular forces, like in solids and liquids particularly, separating these molecules
requires work.
Heat and work are two different ways of how energy is transferred from one
body to another but they are closely related to each other. You don’t have to transfer
heat to increase the thermal energy of a body. For instance, if you rub your hands
forcefully for a few seconds, they are warmed, but they were not brought into contact
with a hotter body. Work was done on your hands by means of friction.
James Joule, a famous physicist, had shown that process of doing work. He
proved that in doing so, heat is released. In 1798, Benjamin Thompson, also known
as Count Rumford, experimented with the nature of heat. He noticed a tremendous
amount of heat being produced during the boring of brass cannon while supervising
the process. He placed the cannon in a container of water and noticed that the water
around it was boiling. He also indicated that the amount of heat produced and the
amount of mechanical work performed must be related.

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 When you rub your hands vigorously for a few second you will feel that it gets
warmer. The same happens when you hammer a nail, both tools become warmer.
These are evidences that heat and work are related.

In the previous lesson, we define heat as the energy transferred form one
object to another due to their temperature difference. And also, we know that work
is the energy transferred when an object is moved against force.

Heat Engine
A heat engine is a system that works by using heat. It's a cyclic device that
transforms as much heat as possible into work. As it transitions into its initial
stage, it includes a working material that absorbs a certain amount of heat, performs
work, and emits heat. In the figure 1 below, it illustrates how heat is utilized to
perform work.

Hot Source (TH)

QH

Heat Engine Useful Work (W)

QL

Cold Sink (TL)

Figure 1: Shows a schematic diagram of how heat engines work

Where:
TH – High Temperature
QH – Input Heat
QL – Output Heat
TL – Low Temperature
W – Work

Heat input is the amount of thermal energy converted to mechanical energy

of the engine. Work output is the amount of work done by the engine. Mechanical,
electrical, chemical and almost all forms of energy usually end up as thermal energy.
But changing thermal energy into other forms is not easy. This conversion may be
done only by using heat engines. Furthermore, only small fraction of thermal energy
can be converted to mechanical energy or other forms. Thermal energy is mostly
dissipated into the environment as wasted energy.
Another important implication of the second law of thermodynamics relates to
thermal pollution. All heat engines of vehicles like cars, motorcycles, trucks,
airplanes, and ships contribute to thermal pollution especially in our atmosphere. In
places where many heat engines are running, the temperature of the atmosphere of
that place is hot.

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The Efficiency of Heat Engines

The efficiency, e, of any heat engine can be defined as the ratio of work it does,
W, to the heat input at the high temperature, Qh.
W
e=
Qh
where:
e = efficiency
W = work
Qh = heat input

The lower the efficiency of the heat engine, the greater is the engine’s
contribution to thermal pollution.
Example A:
An automobile engine has an efficiency of 20% and produces an average of
23,000 Joules of mechanical work per second during operation. How much heat
input is required?

Given: W = 23,000 Joules

e = 20%

Solution:
W W
From equation e= , rearrange the formula to Qh = .
Qh e
23,000 J
Qh = = 115,000 J or 115 kJ
0.20
The engine requires 115 kJ/s = 115 kilowatts of heat input.

Example B:
What is efficiency of a machine that produces 23,000 joules of mechanical
work when the heat energy input is 115,000 joules?
Given: W = 23,000 Joules
Qh = 115,000 Joules
W
Solution: e= x 100
Qh

23,000 J
e= x 100
115,000 J

e = 0.2 x 100
e = 20 %
Heat affects the temperature, phase, physical property, or chemical property
of a material. The study of the relationship of heat and how it is converted to other
forms of energy is called Thermodynamics or simply the “movement of heat”.

The table below shows in summary the Laws of Thermodynamics in relation

to heat engines.

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Table 2. Laws of Thermodynamics
Law Description Example
1. First Law of  Energy can neither be  The heat input in an engine
Thermodynamics created nor destroyed; is always equal to the work
energy can only be done and the output heat.
Law of Conservation transferred or changed
of Energy from one form to another.
 There is no 100% efficient  A heat engine can only
2. Second Law of heat engines convert part of the energy it
Thermodynamics  Spontaneous flow of heat is received from the input or
from Hot to Cold source to work.
 Entropy at absolute zero is  It is impossible lower the
3. Third Law of exactly equal to zero. temperature at absolute
Thermodynamics  Entropy means zero. As no machine can be
disorderliness 100 % efficient.

I Will Do This
Activity 1: Thermal Energy at Work

When air is heated, the molecules move around faster and get further apart
(if there is room to spread). The cooler air (with its molecules closer together) starts
to sink, pushing the warmer air up. This is where we get the phrase “hot air rises.”
Materials:
Plastic 1-liter bottle
Large balloon
Bowl of hot (not boiling) water
Bowl of ice water
Small rock
Procedures:
1. Cool the balloon and the bottle in the freezer for 5 minutes.
2. Fill the bowl with hot, not boiling, water.
3. Put the balloon over the mouth of the bottle making sure that the air has been
squeezed from the balloon. Place the bottle into the hot water.
4. The air inside the bottle should expand and inflate the balloon. After it is inflated,
put the bottle in the bowl of ice water and observe it deflate.
5. Design a device to convert this expansion and contraction into usable work, such
as lifting a rock. Design a device that circulates hot, then cold, water so that the
balloon deflates and inflates without moving the bottle.

Analysis Questions:
1. Were you able to make a device that performed useful work?
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Can you think of devices that convert thermal energy into motion?
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Can you think of a way to convert thermal energy into electrical energy?
___________________________________________________________________________

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 I Will Practice
Using the pool of words below label the schematic representation of a heat
engine. Write your answers in the blank spaces provided below.
Input Heat Output Heat Heat Source
Cold Sink Useful Work

D
Answers:
A. ___________________________________
C
B. ___________________________________
C. ___________________________________
D. ___________________________________
E. ___________________________________
E

I Will Apply
I. Calculate the efficiency of the heat engine in the table. Divide the work output by
the heat input and multiply it by 100 to get the efficiency of the heat engine.
Heat Engine Work Output (W) Heat Input (Qh) Efficiency (%)
Heat engine A 50,000 J 100,000 J
Heat engine B 30,000 J 50,000 J
Heat engine C 10,000 J 100,000 J
Heat engine D 20,000 J 50,000 J

II. Identify which law of thermodynamics is being described in the statements

below. Write the letters only.
A. First Law of Thermodynamics
B. Second Law of Thermodynamics
C. Third Law of Thermodynamics

________ 1. machines cannot be 100% efficient

________ 2. Law of Conservation of Energy
________ 3. cannot reach an absolute zero temperature
________ 4. energy changes from one form the other
________ 5. spontaneous flow of heat is from hot to cold
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 Answer Key

I Will Do This I Will Practice

Analysis Questions:
A. Heat Source
1. Yes, I was able to make a device that performed useful work.
B. Cold Sink
2. Internal combustion engine is used in cars where pistons warm up
the gasoline to make the car move. C. Work

3. Power plants turn thermal energy into electrical energy by D. Input Heat
generating steam. The steam will be used to spin a turbine. The E. Output Heat
turbine can drive a generator, which produces electricity.

I Will Apply
I.
Heat Engine Work Output (W) Heat Input (Qh) Efficiency (%)
Heat engine A 50,000 J 100,000 J 50%
Heat engine B 30,000 J 50,000 J 60%
Heat engine C 10,000 J 100,000 J 10%
Heat engine D 20,000 J 50,000 J 40%

II.
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B

References
Google

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html (Accessed Date:

August 29, 2021)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/heat-engines
(Accessed Date: August 29, 2021)

https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysicsv2openstax/chapter/heat-engines/
(Accessed Date: August 29, 2021)

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Heat_engine (Accessed Date: August 29,

2021)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine#/media/File:Heat_engine.png
(Accessed Date: August 29, 2021)

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 Written Assessment Worksheet No. 6
Name: _________________________________________ Grade & Section: _______________

Concept Check
MELCs:
a. Construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work (S9FE-IVe-42)
b. Explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines work
(S9FE-IVg-45)

Part I. Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully. Select the letter of the best answer.

1. Francis stretched a rubber band five times after that the rubber band felt
warmth. Did the rubber band gain heat?
A. No, it is not evident.
B. No, temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat.
C. Yes, the rubber band felt warm which means it lost heat.
D. Yes, the rubber band felt warm which means it gained heat.

2. Is it possible to change the temperature of a glass of water by stirring the

water, even though the glass is insulated from its surroundings?
A. No, stirring will not affect the temperature of the water.
B. No, insulation prevents the change of temperature of the water.
C. Yes, stirring the water increases its internal energy causing the increase of
its temperature.
D. Yes, stirring the water decreases its internal energy causing the decrease
of its temperature.

3. Two objects at different temperatures are in contact. Which of the following

happens to their thermal energy?
A. Their thermal energies remain the same.
B. Thermal energy passes from the cooler object to the warmer object.
C. Thermal energy passes from the warmer object to the cooler object.
D. Thermal energy passes back and forth equally between the two objects.

4. How does a water from the deep well move upward?

A. It occurs naturally.
B. It uses water heat pump.
C. It is spontaneous process.
D. It flows from high to low temperature.

5. When you drag a box across a level floor, you do work on the box. After you
stop, the work you did has changed into __________.
A. kinetic energy
B. thermal energy
C. potential energy
D. electrical energy

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Part II. In this module, I have learned to describe how a heat engine operates and I
have also learned that machines like heat engines are never fully efficient.

Instructions: Give (3) specific examples or activities of heat doing work. Identify the
heat source, the work done, the output energy, and explain how this ensures the
wellness of human life.

How does this

Heat/Input Output
Activities Work Done ensure the wellness
Source Energy
of human life?
Example: Example: Example: Example:
Geothermal Hot Steams Turbines are Electricity
Power Plant spinning

1.

2.

3.

Reflection Question:
What everyday life situations can you observe that heat is doing work? (5 Points)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Answer Key to Concept Check

FOR TEACHER’S USE ONLY. Do not attach this portion to the SLM for students.

Part I. Multiple Choice

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
Part II.
How does this
Heat/Input Output ensure the
Activities Work Done
Source Energy wellness of
human life?
Example: Example: Example: Example:
Geothermal Hot Steams Turbines are Electricity
Power Plant spinning
1. Hydrothermal Turbines are
Hot Steams Electricity Heat doing work
Power Plant spinning
makes our lives
Engines are Moving easier and more
Chemical
2. Automobile working, car Energy convenient.
from Petrol
is moving and Heat
Water Hot
Fire from
3. Boiling Water molecules water,
the Burner
being heated Heat

Reflection Question
A perfect example of heat energy is the sun in our solar system. The sun
radiates heat to warm our planet. When you cook, a source of heat is also
evident on your stove. It becomes a source of heat energy. Car fuels such as
gasoline are also sources of heat energy, as the hot engine makes it move. Heat
doing work really makes our life easy and more convenient.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO-Bacolod City

(Office Address): Rosario-San Juan Sts., Brgy. 14, 6100, Bacolod City

Telefax:

Email Address: bacolod.city@deped.gov.ph

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