JOURNAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS UTILIZATION, VOLUME 6, ISSUE 1, JUNE-2023

EISSN 2654-802X

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTING INTER-BAND

CARRIER AGGREGATION (CA)
ON THE 5G NEW RADIO (NR) NETWORKS
Vanessa Agelliza1, Solichah Larasati2, Alfin Hikmaturokhman3
1,2,3
Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto, Indonesia
1
21701139@ittelkom-pwt.ac.id, 2laras@ittelkom-pwt.ac.id, 3alfin@ittelkom-pwt.ac.id

Abstract--Currently, cellular technology is advancing

side [1]. Hence, this research will further discuss
into the 5G era, which can support data speeds up to 10
the 5G network technology. The 5G technology
Gbps on the uplink side and 20 Gbps on the downlink
side. This study aims to plan a 5G NR network by provides a larger bandwidth capacity compared to
4G, allowing for higher mobile broadband user
implementing the inter-band carrier aggregation (CA)
method. CA is one of the techniques used to achieve high
density and supporting three main features:
data speeds and to combine two or more radio frequency
enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-
bands. The primary cell uses band n40 at 2300 MHz with
reliable and Low Latency Communication
a 40 MHz bandwidth, while the secondary cell uses band
n78 at 3500 MHz with a 100 MHz bandwidth. The area (uRLLC), and Massive Machine Type
that we used for this network design is Agung Communication (mMTC) [2], [3].
Podomoro Land (APL) Tower Central Park area in
CA is a technique that combines two more
West Jakarta. The propagation model used Urban
carrier frequencies, either in the same or different
Macro. Testing process is carried out by comparing the
bands. The purpose of implementing CA is to
results between using CA and not using CA on the SS-
RSRP, SS-SINR, and data rate parameters. Simulationincrease the bandwidth and meet peak data rates.
results show an average increase in each parameter after
In LTE-Advanced technology, the support for CA
the inter-band carrier aggregation method is applied.
The SS-RSRP parameter increased by 0.05% with a enables high throughput [12][13]. The CA inter-
value of -82.02dBm, the SS-SINR parameter increasedband non-contiguous and intra-band non-
by 0.77% with a value of 15.71dB, and the data ratecontiguous methods in LTE-A networks were also
parameter significantly increased by 241.33% with a
conducted in the research [14].
value of 803.66 Mbps. This proves that implementing the
carrier aggregation method can improve the quality andIn this research, 5G NR network planning was
conducted on the 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz
capacity of the network, particularly the data rate, by
maximizing the use of the bandwidth and resource block
frequency bands with a standalone scenario. The
produced by the combination of component carriers.
2300 MHz and 3500 MHz frequencies belong to
Keywords: 5G-NR; carrier aggregation (CA); data the medium frequency bands coverage and
rate; SS-RSRP; SS-SINR. capacity layer (1 – 6 GHz) or mid-band category.
The mid-band frequency category is ideal for 5G
I. INTRODUCTION NR because it can provide good network coverage
The current pandemic and the advancing and capacity [4].
technology demand everyone to be able to The 5G network planning in this research uses
communicate and to carry out activities anytime the inter-band carrier aggregation method, where
and anywhere. Therefore, internet network has carrier aggregation method allows network
become one of the most important needs today. providers to use more than one carrier
The commonly used technology to access internet simultaneously to increase network service
network is the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE). capacity [5]. The application of the inter-band
However, 4G LTE technology only has data carrier aggregation method is carried out by
speeds up to 500 Mbps on the uplink side and combining the n40 2300 MHz band with a
1000 Mbps on the downlink side. In contrast, 5G bandwidth of 40 MHz and the n78 3500 MHz
technology can support data speeds up to 10 Gbps band with a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The planning
on the uplink side and 20 Gbps on the downlink area used is the APL Tower Central Park area,
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West Jakarta City. This area was chosen because [7]. PCell is the primary cell that operates at a
it is a potential market, surrounded by office lower carrier frequency compared to SCell,
centers, malls, densely populated residential areas, aiming to achieve good coverage. The planning
apartments, schools, and universities. In addition, area is located in the Agung Podomoro Land
this area is also categorized as Urban, so the Tower Central Park area, West Jakarta City, with
planning will use the Urban Macro (Uma) a total area of 13.9 km2.
propagation model according to the 3GPP 38.901
standard in 5G network planning [6]. This Start 1
research is expected to provide an overview and
reference for 5G network planning. Hence, it can Literature Study and
Planning with Carrier
Aggregation
serve as a reference in determining and Indentification Area

considering the parameters needed in 5G network Simulation with software

Link Budget Calculation
Atoll for RF Parameter
planning in the future.
The process of this research begins by Prediction of
calculating the link budget and the number of MAPL Simulation

required sites based on coverage planning and the

Urban Macro propagation model. Then, the 5G Result of Simulation
Number of Site according to
NR network planning simulation is carried out KPI standart

using Atoll 3.4 software, followed by the

Simulation with software Atoll for RF
configuration of the inter-band carrier aggregation Parameter
Result Analysis
method in the simulation, and the analysis of the
simulation results for each parameter of SS-RSRP,
Finish
SS-SINR, and data rate. In the analysis process, a Result of Simulation

comparison is made between the simulation

results before and after applying the inter-band Prediction of Simulation
carrier aggregation method in the planning. Result

The rest of this paper is organized as follows.

1
Section II presents research method. Section III
Fig. 1. Flowchart of research
describes the result and discussion of
implementing inter-band carrier aggregation.
Finally, Section IV concludes this paper with A. Link Budget Calculation
some concluding remarks. The link budget calculation is conducted on
the downlink side with frequencies of 2300 MHz
II. METHOD and 3500 MHz. The link budget calculation is
This research includes system design, data presented in Table 1, which is used to determine
collection, link budget calculation, and simulation the total gain and loss between the transmitter and
process. Flowchart of this research shown in receiver [8],[9]. The pathloss value can be
calculated using the equation (1).
Fig.1. The flow of the research is shown in Fig.1,
𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝐵𝑚 ) = 𝑎 − 10 log 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑑 − 𝑒 −
where the first step involves conducting a 𝑓−𝑔−ℎ−𝑖−𝑗+𝑘−𝑙−𝑚−𝑛 (1)
literature study related to the research. The next
step is to target the planning area using the Urban The value of resource block (RB) is
Macro propagation model. Then, link budget determined by calculating the subcarrier quantity
calculations are performed to determine the parameter. To calculate the thermal noise and
required number of sites. In the first scenario, subcarrier quantity (SCQ) in Table 1 used the
simulation is performed without using the CA equation (2) and (3):
method, while in the second scenario, inter-band
carrier aggregation is applied. This research uses 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 10 log (𝐾 𝑇 𝐵) (2)
band n40 with a bandwidth of 100 MHz for
Primary Cell (PCell) and band n78 with a where, K is konstanta boltzman (1,38 x 10-23 o
bandwidth of 100 MHz for Secondary Cell (SCell) J/K), bandwidth (B) and (T) is temperature (293
K).
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𝑆𝐶𝑄 = 𝑅𝐵 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 (3) II is parameter of propagation model urban macro
and Table III is calculated result of coverage
With the sum of RB is 132 and the sum of planning in this research.
subcarrier per resource block of 12. To find the
resultant value of distance (d3D), the parameter of TABLE I
d’BP, value of h'BS , h'UT were needed, which can Link Budget Parameter [8],[9]
2300 3500
be written as: Parameter Notation
MHz MHz
gNodeB Transmitter
ℎ′𝐵𝑆 = ℎ𝐵𝑆 − ℎ𝐸 (4) a 49 49
Power (dBm)
ℎ′𝑈𝑇 = ℎ𝑈𝑇 − ℎ𝐸 (5) Resource Block RB 106 273
𝑓𝑐 Subcarrier quantity b = 12*RB 1272 3276
𝑑′𝐵𝑃 = 4 𝑥 ℎ′𝐵𝑆 𝑥 ℎ′𝑈𝑇 𝑥 𝑐
(6)
gNodeB antenna gain
c 18.6 15.7
(dBi)
where, gNodeB cable loss (dBi) d 0 0
d'BP = distance of break point (meters) Penetration loss (dB) e 23.41 26.85
Folliage loss (dB) f 19.59 19.59
fc = frequency (GHz) Body block loss (dB) g 3 3
h BS = height of gNodeB antenna (meters) Interference Margin
h 6 6
(dB)
h UT = height of user terminal antenna (meters)
Rain/Ice margin (dB) i 0 0
c = speed of light 3 x 108 m/s Slow fading margin (dB) j 7 7
UT antenna gain (dB) k 0 0
Model of UMa propagation for LOS condition Bandwidth (MHz) BW 40 100
was calculated using the equation of: Konstanta boltzman 1.38 x 1.38 x
K
(mWs/K) 10-20 10-20
Temperature (Kelvin) T 293 293
𝑃𝐿1 = 28 + 40 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑑3𝐷) + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑓𝑐) − l= -
9 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ((𝑑′ 𝐵𝑃 )2 + (ℎ ′ 𝐵𝑆 − ℎ ′ 𝑈𝑇 )2 ) (7) Thermal noise power
10*log(K*T* -157.91 153.9
(dBm)
BW) 3
where PL1 is path loss value (dBm) and d3D is UT noise figure (dB) m 9 9
Demodulation treshold
resultant distance between hBS and hUT. After n 22.9 22.9
SINR (dB)
obtaining the value of based on the path loss 89.13
MAPL (dB) PL 103.565
calculation, the next step was to calculate the 7
value of d2D which the cell radius by using the
equation: TABLE II
Parameter of Propagation Model Urban Macro [10]
2300 3500M
𝑑2𝐷 = √((𝑑3𝐷)2 − (ℎ𝐵𝑆 − ℎ𝑈𝑇 )2 (8) Parameter Variable
MHz Hz
Carrier Frequency fc 2.3GHz 3.5GHz
Site coverage area was calculated using the Propagation
equation (9): 3 x 108 3 x 108
Velocity in Free c
m/s m/s
𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2.6 𝑥 (𝑑2𝐷 )2 (9) Space
Antenna Heights
hUT 1.5 m 1.5 m
From the calculated area, the next step was to User Terminal
determine the number of sites needed in an area Antenna Heights
hBS 25 m 25 m
with the simulated area. The number of sites was Base Station
The Effective
calculated using the equation of: hE 1m 1m
Environment Height
The Effective
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁 𝑔𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒𝐵 = (10) Antenna Heights h’UT 0.5 m 0.5 m
𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 User Terminal
The Effective
The 5G network planning in this study uses the Antenna Heights h'BS 24 m 24 m
Urban Macro (UMa) propagation model according Base Station
to the 3GPP 38.901 standard, which is suitable for Breakpoint Distance d'BP 368 m 560 m
the selected network planning area that falls under
the potential market with urban conditions. Table
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EISSN 2654-802X

TABLE III was carried out at a frequency of 2300 MHz with

Calculate Number of Site with Coverage Planning
a bandwidth of 40 MHz. In the second scenario, a
Parameter 2300MHz 3500MHz
configuration was added to increase network
Urban
Model Propagasi Urban Macro capacity by applying the inter-band carrier
Macro
Luas Wilayah
13.9km2 13.9km2
aggregation method. The frequency band in
Perencanaan scenario 1, 2300 MHz with a bandwidth of 40
MAPL downlink 103.565dB 89.137dB
Cell Radius 729.57m 310.46m
MHz, will be combined with the 3500 MHz band
1383908.201 250602.07 with a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The specifications
Site Coverage Area
m2 m2 and configuration of inter-band carrier
Number of Sites 10 56 aggregation in this study are shown in Table V.

Based on the calculations for each frequency, it TABLE IV

was found that the required number of sites for Calculated of Data Rate
CA 230 MHz
planning with a frequency of 2300MHz is 10 sites Parameter 2300 MHz 3500 MHz
& 3500 MHz
with a coverage area of 1.38 km2, and for a
Bandwidth 40 MHz 100 MHz 140 MHz
frequency of 3500MHz, it is 56 sites with a
Subcarrier
coverage area of 0.25 km2. 30 KHz 30 KHz 30 KHz
Spacing
Table IV shows that the network planning uses Component
a bandwidth of 40 MHz for 2300 MHz frequency 1 1 2
Carrier
and 100 MHz for 3500 MHz frequency. The
Modulation
subcarrier spacing used is 30 KHz in accordance 4 4 4
with numerology µ = 1, with 1 component carrier Order
(CC) for each 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz Number of
4 4 4
frequency, and 2 CC for carrier aggregation. The Layer
modulation order used is 4, which corresponds to Scalling
1 1 1
the modulation scheme used in this design, i.e., Factor
using 16 QAM modulation. The MIMO type used Numerology 1 1 1
is 4T4R, enabling a maximum supported layer of Number of
4, scaling factor of 1, resource block count Resource 106 273 379
according to bandwidth and numerology, and an Block
overhead of 0.14, which corresponds to 32 Overhead 0.14 0.14 0.14
frequencies and the downlink FR1 category of
Data Rate
network planning scenario. 453.7 1168.5 1622.2
(Mbps)
B. Coverage Planning with Inter-band Carrier
Aggregation TABLE V
In 5G New Radio, carrier aggregation Spesification of Carrier Aggregation
technology supports up to 16 component carriers Implementation of Carrier Aggregation
(CC) both contiguous and non-contiguous with Carrier Inter-Band
Aggregation
different numerologies in frequency range 1 and Frequency 2300 MHz (with bandwidth 40 MHz)
frequency range 2 [11]. and 3500 MHz (with bandwidth 100
In coverage planning, links are estimated MHz)
according to elements such as planning area, Number of Site 10
network capacity, and device performance to Power 49 dBm
Class of CA Aggregation Class C
obtain maximum path loss. The maximum cell configuration
radius is obtained according to the radio Antenna Katherin_80020622 (for 2300 MHz)
propagation model and the maximum allowed and Katherin_800250911 (for 3500
MHz)
path loss (MAPL). Thus, the coverage area of the
Duplex TDD_TDD
site is calculated and the required number of sites
is determined. In scenario 1, 5G network planning
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C. Synchronization Signal Reference Signal scenario 1 is classified as excellent according to

Received Power (SS-RSRP) the RF 5G SS-RSRP parameter standard with an
SS-RSRP is a parameter used to measure signal average value of -82.06 dBm.
strength. The range of values can be seen in Table
VI.

TABLE VI
Range value of SS-SRPP
Range Value Category Color
SS-RSRP ≥ -85 Excellent
-90 ≤ SS-RSRP < -85 Very good
-95 ≤ SS-RSRP < -90 Good
-100 ≤ SS-RSRP < -95 Normal
-105 ≤ SS-RSRP < -100 Fair
-110 ≤ SS-RSRP < -105 Bad Fig. 2. Simulation result of SS-RSRP in scenario 1
-115 ≤ SS-RSRP < -110 Very Bad

D. Synchronization Signal Signal to Noise and

Interference Ratio (SS-SINR)
SS-SINR is the ratio between the average
received power and interference plus noise. The
range of values can be seen in Table VII.

TABLE VII
Range value of SS-SRPP
Range Value Category Color
SS-SINR ≥ 30 Very good
15 ≤ SS-SINR ≤ 30 Good
0 ≤ SS-SINR ≤ 15 Normal Fig. 3. Histogram of SS-RSRP in scenario 1
-10 ≤ SS-SINR ≤ 0 Bad
SS-SINR ≤ --10 Very Bad Based on the histogram in Fig. 4 and 5, it can
be seen that the SS-SINR value for scenario 1 has
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION the highest value in the range of 15 dB to 30 dB
In this research, we used two scenario, there with a percentage of 50.97%. The mean value for
are scenario 1 without carrier aggregation using this parameter is 4115.59 dB, which is classified
2300 MHz frequency, and scenario 2 with carrier as a good value.
aggregation using 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz
frequencies.
A. Scenario 1 Non- Carrier Aggregation with
frequency 2300 MHz
Scenario 1 was conducted by designing a 5G
NR network on the n40 band with 2300 MHz
frequency and 40 MHz bandwidth through
simulation using Atoll 3.4 software. The number
of site requirements in the planning area was
obtained by calculating based on the propagation Fig. 4. Simulation result of SS-SINR in scenario 1
model and planning scenario, using the Urban
Macro propagation model with O2O LOS
downlink scenario. Based on the calculations, the
number of site requirements for this planning area
with an area of 13.9 km2 is 10 sites.
Fig. 2 and 3 show simulation result and
histogram of SS-RSRP. SS-RSRP value for
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The mean value for this parameter was -82.02

dBm, which falls under the "excellent" category in
the 5G RF SS-RSRP parameter standard.

Fig. 5. Histogram of SS-SINR in scenario 1

The mean value of the data rate parameter is

obtained at 235,447.99 Kbps or approximately
Fig. 7. Simulation result of SS-RSRP in scenario 2
235.45Mbps, is shown in Fig. 6. According to the
simulation results, the highest data rate value is
obtained in the range of 0Mbps to 500Mbps with a
percentage of 93.8%. The manual calculation
previously conducted resulted in a data rate value
of 453.7 Mbps, so the data rate value obtained
from the Atoll 3.4 software simulation is
approaching the manual calculation result, which
may differ from the actual field conditions due to
ideal conditions in the manual calculation.

Fig. 8. Histogram of SS-RSRP in scenario 2

Fig. 9 and 10 show simulation result and

histogram of SS-SINR scenario 1. The histogram
shows that the highest SS-SINR value was
obtained in the range of 15dB to 30dB, with a
percentage of 51.6%. The mean value for this
parameter was 15.71dB, which falls under the
"good" category.
Fig. 6. Histogram of data rate in scenario 1

B. Scenario 2 Interband- Carrier Aggregation

with frequency 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz
In scenario 2 planning, an inter-band carrier
aggregation configuration was added to scenario
1. Scenario 2 combinedband n40 with a 40MHz
bandwidth as the PCell and band n78 with a
100MHz bandwidth was used as the SCell. The Fig. 9. Simulation result of SS-SINR in scenario 2
simulation results of implementing the inter-band
carrier aggregation configuration were displayed
using Atoll 3.4 software.
Fig. 7 and 8 show the simulation result and
histogram of SS-RSRP in scenario 2. The highest
SS-RSRP value was obtained within the range of -
85 dBm to -80 dBm, with a percentage of 62.4%.
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and SCell on frequencies of 2300MHz and

3500MHz with a total bandwidth of 140MHz. The
combination of component carriers can increase
the usage of bandwidth and affect the increasing
number of resource blocks generated, resulting in
a higher data rate.
TABLE VIII
Simulation Result of SS-RSRP Parameters
Value (dBm) Non-CA CA 2300 and
2300 MHz 3500 MHz
SS-RSRP ≥ 85 62.1 % 62.4 %
-90 ≤ SS-RSRP < -85 28.5 % 28.4 %
Fig. 10. Histogram of SS-SINR in scenario 1 -95 ≤ SS-RSRP < -90 8.8% 8.64%
-100 ≤ SS-RSRP < -95 0.6 % 0.55 %
Based on the calculation, the data rate value for
the carrier aggregation method reached 1622.2 TABLE IX
Mbps, which falls within the range of 1500 Mbps Simulation Result of SS-SINR Parameters
to 2000 Mbps in the simulation, with a coverage Value (dB) Non-CA 2300 CA 2300 and
MHz 3500 MHz
plot result percentage of 9.14% as shown in Fig. SS-SINR ≥ 30 0.3 % 0.3 %
11. 15 ≤ SS-SINR < 30 50.97 % 51.6 %
0 ≤ SS-SINR < 15 48.75 % 48.1 %

TABLE X
Simulation Result of Data Rate Parameters
Data Rate (Mbps) Non-CA CA 2300 and
2300 MHz 3500 MHz
2500 ≤ Data Rate < 0 0.39 %
3000
2000 ≤ Data Rate < 0 2.72 %
2500
1500 ≤ Data Rate < 0 9.14 %
2000
1000 ≤ Data Rate < 0 16.48 %
1500
Fig. 11. Histogram of data rate in scenario 1
500 ≤ Data Rate < 1000 6.2 % 37.06 %
0 ≤ Data Rate < 500 93.8 % 34.2 %
The simulation results from this study show an
increase in the average value for each parameter, TABLE XI
including SS-RSRP, SS-SINR, and data rate, after Simulation Result of Scenario 1 and Scenario 2
applying the inter-band carrier aggregation Parameter Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Increase
method as shown in Table VIII, IX, X, and XI. SS-RSRP -82.06 dBm -82.02 dBm 0.05 dBm
Specifically, the SS-RSRP parameter shows a SS-SINR 15.59 dB 15.71 dB 0.77 dB
0.05% increase in the average value with a value Data Rate 235.45 Mbps 803.66 Mbps 241.33
Mbps
of -82.02 dBm, which falls under the "excellent"
category in the 5G RF parameter standard for SS-
IV. CONCLUSION
RSRP. Meanwhile, the SS-SINR parameter shows
a 0.77% increase in the average value with a value The analysis of the average values obtained
of 15.71dB, which falls under the "good" category from the simulation results show that there was an
in the 5G RF parameter standard for SS-SINR. increase in the average value for each parameter
The data rate parameter, there was a significant after the implementation of the inter-band carrier
increase in the average value between non-CA and aggregation method in the network planning
CA implementation, with an average value of process. Specifically, there was a 0.05% increase
235.45 Mbps and 803.66 Mbps, respectively. The in the SS-RSRP parameter, a 0.77% increase in
percentage increase in data rate was 241.33%. the SS-SINR parameter, and a significant
This significant increase was achieved by improvement in the data rate parameter, reaching
combining the component carriers between PCell
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up to 241.33%. This proves that the [13] M. I. Nashiruddin, P.A. Fadhila, N.M. Ardiansyah, A.
implementation of the inter-band carrier Nugraha, P. Rahmawati, “Implementing Carrier
Aggregation on 4G Long Term Evolution-Advanced
aggregation method can be a solution to increase Network in a Dense Urban Area : A Techno-Econimic
network capacity, especially in terms of data rate, Assesment”, Journal of Communications, vol. 18, no. 6,
by combining component carriers to maximize the June 2023.
[14] M. T. G. Sihotang, Hafidudin, S. T. Cahyono,
usage of bandwidth and resource blocks.
“Perencanaan Jaringan LTE-Advanced Menggunakan
Metode Inter-Band Carrier Aggregation di Kota
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Karawang”, e-Proceeding of Applied Science, vol.5,
We thankfully acknowledge the support from no.2, Agustus 2019.
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat
Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto that has
given so much help and support in sharing the
information so that the purpose of this research
can be achieved

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