Fieldwork No.

1
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

1.1. Objective:
The objective of reconnaissance survey is to conduct a preliminary assessment of the survey area to
gather essential information such as topography, access points, existing structures and
environmental factors in order to plan and prepare for detailed surveying activities effectively.
1.2. Theory:
A Reconnaissance Survey is an essential preliminary step in assessing the feasibility of a
construction project. This initial survey involves a comprehensive study of the proposed site,
including topographic surveys, site inspections, and preliminary cost estimates.
The primary objective of the reconnaissance survey is to determine if the project is viable and
warrants further investment. During the reconnaissance survey, engineers evaluate the site’s
suitability by identifying potential problems and areas of interest that may require further
investigation.
1.3. Significance:
Reconnaissance survey plays a vital role in the field of civil engineering, offering invaluable
insights and data that greatly influence the success of construction projects. This survey serves as
the foundation for the planning, design, and execution of a project by providing engineers with
essential information about the site’s conditions and potential hazards.
By conducting a thorough reconnaissance survey, engineers can make well-informed decisions
regarding the project’s feasibility and identify any challenges that may arise during the
construction process. The importance of reconnaissance survey lies in its ability to collect crucial
data related to different aspects of the site, such as topography, geology, soil classifications, and
environmental factors.
This data helps engineers evaluate the suitability of the site for construction and determine the most
appropriate route or location. Additionally, the information gathered during a reconnaissance
survey enables accurate cost estimation, ensuring that project budgets are realistic and feasible.
Furthermore, the reconnaissance survey’s role extends beyond the initial stages of a project. It
offers insights that aid in the identification of potential risks and impacts that may arise during
construction, allowing engineers to devise effective mitigation strategies. By addressing these
factors early on, the survey helps minimize delays, unexpected costs, and potential safety hazards
that could arise throughout the project’s lifespan.
1.4. Methods:
The reconnaissance survey is known for its flexibility, employing various methods to achieve its
goals. These may include:
 Desktop Research: Utilizing existing maps, aerial photographs, and reports provides a
foundation of knowledge before even setting foot on the site.
 Visual Inspection: A site visit allows for firsthand observation of the terrain, potential
obstacles, and general layout of the area.
  Simple Measurements: Basic surveying techniques like pacing or using a clinometer can
provide initial data on distances, slopes, and elevations.
1.5. Instruments:
I. Prismatic Compass

II. Clinometer (or Abney Level)

III. Altimeter

IV. Pedometer

V. GPS (Global Positioning System)

 VI. Binoculars

VII. Camera

VIII. Notebook and pen

1.6. Procedure for Reconnaissance Survey:
1. Selecting the Survey Area:
 Choose a suitable area for surveying, noting the nature of the terrain (e.g., plain,
hilly).
 Record coordinates and benchmarks for reference.
2. Initial Observations:
 Identify key features like buildings, natural structures, and obstacles that may affect
the survey.
 Note any existing benchmarks or reference points.
3. Setting Up Equipment:
 Set up the necessary surveying equipment at a central point that offers visibility to
all areas to be surveyed.
 Ensure proper leveling and centering of the equipment.
4. Conducting Preliminary Checks:
 Verify that all instruments are functioning correctly.

 Confirm that the equipment is properly aligned and calibrated.

5. Field Observations:
 Begin by conducting a visual inspection of the survey area.

 Record relevant details such as land features, vegetation, and man-made structures.
6. Data Collection:
 Measure distances to key points of interest using appropriate tools (e.g., tape
measures, rangefinders).
 Take note of any significant changes in elevation or slope.
7. Documentation:
 Document all observations, measurements, and findings accurately.

 Create sketches or diagrams to represent the surveyed area.

8. Reporting:
 Compile all collected data into a comprehensive report.

 Include detailed descriptions of the survey area, observations made, and any
challenges encountered.
9. Review and Analysis:
 Review the collected data to ensure accuracy and consistency.

 Analyze the information gathered to draw meaningful conclusions about the

surveyed area.
10. Finalizing the Report:
 Summarize the key findings of the reconnaissance survey.

 Present the report in a clear and organized manner for easy understanding.
1.7. Advantages of Reconnaissance Survey:
1. Initial Data Collection: Reconnaissance survey allows for the collection of preliminary
data about the survey area, aiding in planning and decision-making
 2. Site Understanding: It provides a broad overview of the survey area, helping in identifying
key features, obstacles, and potential challenges
3. Cost-Effective: Conducting a reconnaissance survey is relatively inexpensive compared to
detailed surveys, making it a cost-effective initial step in the surveying process.
4. Time Efficiency: It helps in saving time by quickly assessing the area and determining the
scope of the survey work.
5. Risk Mitigation: By identifying potential risks and challenges early on, it allows for better
risk management during the surveying process.
1.8. Disadvantages of Reconnaissance Survey:
1. Limited Detail: Reconnaissance surveys lack detailed information, which may lead to
oversights or inaccuracies in the survey data.
2. Incomplete Data: Due to the cursory nature of reconnaissance surveys, there may be gaps
in the data collected, affecting the accuracy of subsequent survey work.
3. Subjectivity: The interpretation of data during a reconnaissance survey can be subjective,
potentially leading to biased decisions or oversights.
4. Limited Scope: It may not capture all necessary information for complex survey projects,
requiring additional detailed surveys for comprehensive data collection.
5. Risk of Errors: Inadequate data collection during the reconnaissance phase can result in
errors or inefficiencies in the subsequent surveying activities.
1.9. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
1.10. SUPPORTED DIAGRAM:
1.11. COMMENT:
1. Using the data recorded in the field-book prepare a plan of the area surveyed to a suitable
scale on an A3 drawing sheet.
2. The plan should be oriented in such a way that the north line points more or less upwards.
 Fieldwork No. 2
TRAVERSE – COMPASS SURVEY
2.1. Aim:
To plot the plan of a given area by compass traversing.
2.2. Theory:
Compass surveying is an important branch of surveying which is usually adopted in determining
the position of an object both by angular and linear measurements. Here angular measurements are
taken using a compass and linear measurements are determined using chain or tape.
Some priorities for compass surveying are as following-

 If there is a large area to be surveyed such as the coastal areas or the course line areas of the
river.
 If the area is crowded with many details and has many obstacles for conducting chain
surveying as triangulation becomes impossible.
 If the surveyor has a specific time limit for conducting the surveying on a large and detailed
area.

2.3. Types of Compass:

The magnetic compasses used in surveying may be classified as:

 Prismatic compass
 Surveyor's compass
 Trough compass
 Tubular compass
2.4. TERMINOLOGY:
Bearing
Bearing of a line is its direction relative to a given meridian. A meridian in any direction such
as (1) True Meridian (2) Magnetic Meridian (3) Arbitrary Meridian

True Meridian
True meridian through a point i.e., the line in which a plane, passing that point and the north
and south poles, intersects with surface of the earth. It thus, passes through the true north and
south. The direction of true meridian through point can be established by astronomical
observations.

True Bearing
True bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with l the true meridian through
one of the extremities of the line. Since the direction of the meridian through a point remains
fixed, the true bearing of a line is a constant quantity.

Magnetic Meridian
Magnetic meridian through a point is the direction shown by a freely floating and balanced
magnetic needle free from all other attractive forces. The direction of magnetic meridian can
be established with the help of a magnetic compass.

Magnetic Bearing
The magnetic bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with the magnetic
meridian passing through one of the extremities of the line. A magnetic compass is used to
measure, it.
 Arbitrary Meridian
Arbitrary meridian is any convenient direction towards a permanent and prominent mark or
signal, such as a church spire or top of a chimney. Such meridians are used to determine the
relative positions of lines in a small area.

Arbitrary Bearing
Arbitrary bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with any arbitrary meridian
passing through one of the extremities. A theodolite or sextant is used to measure it.

2.5. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:

Temporary adjustments are those adjustments which have to be made at every set up of the
instrument. They comprise the following:

Centring
Centring is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over the station. Ordinary prismatic
compass is not provided with fine centring device as is generally fitted to engineer's
theodolite. The centring is invariably done by adjusting or manipulaling the legs of the tripod.
A plumb-bob may be used to judge the centring and if it is not available, it may be judged by
dropping a pebble from the centre of the bottom of the instrument.

Levelling
If the instrument is a hand instrument, it must be held in hand in such a way that graduated
disc is swinging freely and appears to be level as judged from the top edge of the case.
Generally, a tripod is provided with ball and socket arrangement with the help of which the
top of the box can be levelled.

Focusing the Prism

The prism attachment is slided up or down for focussing till the readings are seen to be
sharp and clear.

2.6. Equipment and Accessories:

 Prismatic compass
 Stand
 Chain
 Tape
 Ranging rods
 Pegs
 Plumb bob
 Hammer
 Field-book
 Pencils
 Eraser.
Fig: Tripod Fig: Compass Fig: Tape
2.7. Principle:
Traverse is the framework of survey lines connecting the control points. A series of control
points (stations), each one being intervisible with its adjacent stations are chosen. The survey
lines joining the control points are called traverse lines. In this method of traversing linear
measurements are taken with either chain or tape and every bearing is observed directly from
the magnetic meridian established at each station by the floating needle of prismatic compass.
Both fore and back bearings of lines are observed at each station. The offsets necessary to
locate the details are taken along the traverse lines in the usual way and recorded in the field-
book.

2.8. Procedure:
Fieldwork
1. Select the traverse stations A, B, C, D & E (say as shown in figure given below) along the
boundary of the given area. Traverse stations must be chosen such a way that the
preceding and succeeding traverse stations must be visible from any traverse station.
2. Set up the prismatic compass on a tripod over station ‘A’ and level it to allow the needle
to swing freely.
3. Rotate the case until the back station E is sighted and observe the WCB of line AE and
record it in the table.
4. Rotate the case until the forward station B is sighted and observe the WCB of line AB and
record it in the table.
5. Measure the distance AB and record it in the table.
6. Shift the prismatic compass to the forward station B and carry out similar measurements
and recordings as is done in steps 3, 4 and 5.
7. Similarly complete the work on remaining stations C, D and E.
2.9. Graphical Plot

1. Using the observations recorded in the table obtain the corrected bearings in order to
eliminate the local attraction.
2. Draw a line up the drawing sheet to represent the reference direction of the magnetic
meridian and mark the starting point A.
3. Place the circular protractor with its centre at A and zero lined up with the reference
direction. Mark on the paper against the protractor edge the corrected bearing of line AB.
4. Remove the protractor, draw the direction of the line AB, scale the distance and plot the
position of B.
5. The direction of BC is plotted by placing the centre of the protractor at B and orienting it
by rotating it until its zero direction is parallel to the reference direction as before. This is
achieved when the line BA cuts the protractor at the corrected bearing of BA.
6. Mark the bearing BC and plot C in the same way as B was plotted before.
7. Continue the process for all remaining stations. And thus obtain the figure ABCDEA'.
8. The figure ABCDEA' as now plotted does not truly represent the actual figure on the
ground because the plotted figure gives two positions for A, where as only on exist on the
ground. This apparent displacement of A is due to the build-up of error in surveying and
plotting around the traverse. The total error in the figure indicated by the line AA' may be
distributed back around the figure graphically in the following way:
a) A' should be at a and must be moved the distance AA' in the direction shown. The
effect of this movement will be to move the plotted position of the other points
proportionally alon the parallel directions.
b) Draw lines parallel to the direction of the closing error through the other plotted
points.
c) Draw a straight line and scale off the lengths of the traverse legs along it. The scale of
this construction need not be the same as for the original traverse plot and is more
conveniently drawn to a smaller scale.
d) Erect perpendiculars at each point along the line. Pick off the length of the closing
error on the plot with a pair of dividers and mark it on the perpendicular erected at A'.
Join aA
e) The intersection of aA with the perpendiculars indicates the extent of adjustment
needed for each station, illustrating also the proportional build-up or error from
nothing at A to the maximum amount of A'.
f) The amount of error at E, being eE, is picked off the diagram and transferred to the
line drawn through E on the plot parallel to the closing error, giving the adjusted
position e. The other errors at each station are transferred to the plot in the same way.
g) Join up the positions of the adjusted points giving the figure AbcdeA, which now
forms the graphically adjusted traverse. This figure represents more closely the actual
layout on the ground than the original plot did prior to adjustment.
 Fig.14 Closed traverse – compass survey
2.10. Observations and Calculations:
TABLE

Observed bearings
Line Difference Correction Corrected bearings Remarks
F. B B. B F. B B. B
+ 2° 30' at
A
+ 1° 15' at
AB 191°45' 13° 00' 178°45 B 194°15' 14° 15'

+ 1° 15' atB
BC 39° 30' 222° 30' 183° 00' - 1° 45' atC 40°45 220°45'
Station D and E are
free from local
- 1° 45' ate attraction.
CD 22° 15' 200° 30' 178°15' +0° 00 atD 20° 3° 200°30'

+0° 00' atD

+ 0° 00' at
DE 242°45' 62° 45' 180° 00' E 242°45 62°45'
+ 0° 00' at
E
+ 2° 30' at
EA 330° 15' 147 °45' 182°30' A 330° 15' 150°15'
2.11. Result:
Plan of the given area is shown on the drawing sheet.

2.12. Comment:
The compass surveying activity provided a practical understanding of the principles and techniques
involved in land surveying. The use of the compass allowed for precise measurement of angles, which is
crucial in creating accurate maps and plans.
The activity highlighted the importance of meticulous data recording and error checking in the field. It
also emphasized the role of teamwork and communication in conducting a successful survey. However, it
was noted that external factors such as weather conditions and magnetic interference can affect the
accuracy of compass readings. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors during data analysis and
interpretation.
 Fieldwork No. 3
PROFILE SURVEY
3.1. Objective:
To determine the reduced level of different points on the ground

3.2. Methodology:
(a) Line of Collimation Method / Height of Instrument Method
(b) Rise and Fall Method

3.3. Significance:
Leveling helps the surveyor or cartographer to make contour maps of the land sea surface.
This is because it determines the benchmark. It helps pipe transport engineers to ensure
appropriate slope of the land that will allow smooth movement of the liquid in the transit e.g
water and liquid. In addition, it helps contractors to lay a level ground on which they can
elect the building. Besides, it is vital to the construction of routes of transport like roads and
railways.

3.4. Instrument:
1. Level
2. Leveling Staff
3. Tape or chain
4. Leveling field book (optional)

Figure 4.1: Level

3.5. Definitions:
(a) Mean Sea-Level: It is the average elevation of the surface of the sea. In Bangladesh, the
mean sea-level at Cox’s Bazar is taken as zero.

(b) Datum: It is an imaginary surface with respect to which the heights of different points on
the earth surface are determined.

(c) Reduced Level: The reduced level of a point is its vertical distance above or below the
datum.

(d) Bench Mark: A bench mark is a fixed point on the ground of known elevation.
 (e) Height of the instrument: The elevation of the line of collimation above datum is termed as the height
of the instrument.

(f) Level Surface: Any surface parallel to the mean spheroid of the earth is called a level surface and the
line drawn on the level surface is known as a level line.

(g) Horizontal surface: Any surface tangential to the level surface at a given point is called a horizontal
surface. It is the surface defined by the bubble tube.

(h) Vertical Line: The vertical line is the plumb line at that point.

(f) Station: A station is a point whose elevation is to be determined.

(g) Change point/ Turning Point: It is an intermediate station on which two readings are taken while the
position of the instruments is shifted.

(h) Back, Inter and Fore readings: In any set up of the leveling instrument, the first staff reading on a
station is termed as back reading (B.R.) and the last staff reading on a station is termed as the fore
reading (F.R.) and the reading on the intermediate stations are termed as inter readings (I.R.)

6. Procedure:

(a) Select any suitable place for setting up the instrument.

(b) Place the instrument and try to adjust it.
(c) Adjustment procedure should be consist of the followings,
(i) Setting up the level
(ii) Leveling up
(iii) Elimination of parallax
(d) Consider the station A as Bench Mark whose elevation is 7.00 m
(e) Take staff reading at every station. Mind it at change point (station E) you have to take both back and
fore readings.

7. Errors in Leveling:

1. Instrumental errors (level, bubble tube, staff)

2. Personal errors (errors in reading the staff, errors in recording and computing, errors in sighting
and defective focusing, etc.)
3. Errors due to natural causes

8. Observations and Calculations:

Elevation of Bench Mark (B.M.): 7.00 m (which is the average elevation of Dhaka city)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Staff Rise Fall Reduced
Station
Readings (+) (-) Level Remarks
B. S I.S. F.S.
1 0.783 620.56 B.M
2 1.532 0.749 619.811
3 2.896 1.364 618.447
 4 0.843 3.14 0.244 618.203 C.P
5 0.58 0.263 618.466
6 0.47 0.11 618.576
7 1.42 0.14 0.33 618.906
8 0.884 0.536 619.422 C.P
9 2.026 1.142 618.3
Ʃ 3.046 5.306 1.239 3.499

H.I. : Height of the Instrument

9. Comment:
we have gained a comprehensive understanding of the process of levelling surveying. We have experienced the
measurement of vertical distances by levelling and made a close fly-levelling survey from TBM to site location. This
hands-on experience has familiarized us with the booking and computation of levelling surveying.
Profile levelling is a crucial process that allows us to determine differences in elevation along a fixed line at
designated short measured intervals. It provides data from which a vertical section of the ground surface can be
plotted. This lab activity has given us valuable insights into the practical application of these concepts.
We look forward to applying the knowledge and skills we have acquired in this lab to future civil engineering
projects. The practical understanding of levelling surveying will undoubtedly prove beneficial in our future endeavors
 Fieldwork No. 4
Road Survey (Setting Out Horizontal Simple Curve)

4.1. APPARATUS
 Theodolite
 Tripod Stand
 Ranging Rods
 Wooden Pegs
 Hammer
 Measuring Tape

4.2. RELATED THEORY

The design and setting out of curve is an important aspect of engineering work in geometric
design of Motorways & Railways. Curves can be listed in following categories:-
 Circular Curve
 Transition Curve
 Vertical Curve
CIRCULAR CURVE
A curve consisting of a single curve with a constant radius connecting the two tangents.

Components of Circular Curve

I
 = Deflection Angle


X

T1  Main Chord Length T2

B
A

R


O
 Intersection Point “I” / Vertex
o The point at which two straight lines meet each other.

 Deflection Angle “ ”
o The angle of change in direction.

 Apex Angle / Angle of Intersection “”

o The internal angle between two straight lines at intersection point.

 Tangent Points “T1 , T2”

o The points at which circular curve meet the straight lines.
  Tangent Length “T1I , T2I”
o The length between tangent point & intersection point.
∆
o T1I = R tan
2
 Length of Chord “T1T2”
o The distance between two tangent points.
o Length of Chord = 2R sin ∆
2

 Radius of Curve “R”

o Circular curve is a part of a circle, and radius of that circle is known as Radius
of Curve.

 Length of Curve “T1 x T2”

o The curved length of circular curve along T1 x T2.
o Length of Curve = 𝑅∆𝜋
180

 Apex Distance / Summit of Curve “IX”

o The distance between intersection point & the highest point on the curve.
o IX = R [sec∆ – 1]
2

 Rise “XY”
o The distance between highest point on curve & the main chord.
o XY = R [1 - cos∆ ]
2

 DESIGNATION OF CURVE
 Radius of Curve
o Radius of curve is used to designate the design curve.

 Degree of Curve “D”

o Angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of 100 ft or 30 m length.
 l =r
 l = RD
 100 = R D
 100
R= 𝐷
 𝜋
o Where, 1° = 𝜋
180 radian ; D° = 180 D radian
 100𝜋
R = 𝐷𝑥 180
 5729.5
R= 𝐷 m
 R = 1719 ft
𝐷

 Through Chainage
o Distance of a point from starting point of a project.
o Chn. of T1 = Chn. of Intersection Point – Tangent Length
o Chn. of T2 = Chn. of T1 + Curved length

 Setting Out of Curve

o It is the process of setting the center of curve on the ground using pegs.

 Methods of Layout of Curves

 Using only Linear Measurement
 Using both Linear & Angular measurement

 Using only Linear measurement

a) Offsets from long chord
b) Offsets from tangents
c) Offsets from chord produced
d) By bisection of arcs

 By using both Linear & Angular Measurement

a) Rankine deflection angle method
b) By using two theodolite
c) By using coordinate
d) By using EDM

RANKINE’S METHOD
 I
 = Deflection Angle


P2 X

P1

T1  Main Chord Length T2

B
A Y

R


Arc Length = T1P1 = R 2 1

Arc Length = Chord Length

𝑇1𝑃1
1= 2𝑅

𝑇1𝑃1 𝜋 radian
1 = 2𝑅 𝑥 180
𝑇1𝑃1
1= 28.6479 x
𝑅

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 28.6479 x 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

CURVE DESIGN DATA

Radius = R = 100 m
Deflection Angle = = 30°

Chainage of Intersection Point (I) = 1250 m

Peg Interval = 5 m

 Tangent Length = R tan ∆ = 100 x tan 30 = 26.80 m

2 2

 Curve Length = 100 𝑥 30 𝑥 𝜋 = 52.36 m

180

 Main Chord Length = Length of Main Chord = 2R sin ∆ = 51.76 m

2

 Chn. of T1 = Chn. of Intersection Point (I) – Tangent Length = 1250 – 26.80 =1223.2 m

 Chn. of T2 = Chn. of T1 + Curve Length = 1223.2 + 52.36 = 1275.56 m

 1st Chord Length = 1225 – 1223.2 = 1.8 m

 No. of Intermediate Chords of 5 m length = 10

 Length of last Chord = 1275.56 – 1275 = 0.56 m

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 = 28.6479 x 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

 1
= 28.6479 x 1.9
100 = 0° 30’ 56.38”

 int
= 28.6479 x 5
100 = 1° 25’ 56.62”

0.56
 last = 28.6479 x = 0° 9’ 37.54”
100
4.3. CURVE DESIGN DATA

Chord Deflection Setting Out Angle On

Chord Chainage Length Angle Of Angle Instrument Remarks

Chord

1223.2 T1

1 1225 1.8 0°30’56.38” 0°30’56.38” 0°30’55” P1

2 1230 5 1°25’56.62” 1°56’53” 1°56’55” P2

3 1235 5 1°25’56.62” 3°22’49.62” 3°22’50” P3

4 1240 5 1°25’56.62” 4°48’46.24” 4°48’45” P4

5 1245 5 1°25’56.62” 6°14’42.86” 6°14’45” P5

6 1250 5 1°25’56.62” 7°40’39.48” 7°40’40” P6

7 1255 5 1°25’56.62” 9°30’56.38” 9°30’55” P7

8 1260 5 1°25’56.62” 10°32’32.72” 10°32’35” P8

9 1265 5 1°25’56.62” 11°58’29.34” 11°58’40” P9

10 1270 5 1°25’56.62” 13°24’25.96” 13°24’25” P10

11 1275 5 1°25’56.62” 14°50’22.58” 14°50’20” P11

12 1275.56 0.56 0°9’37.54” 15°0’0.12” 15°0’0” P12

4.4. SUPPORTING DIAGRAMS:
 4.5. COMMENTS
The Road Survey conducted for Setting Out Horizontal Simple Curve using a Theodolite
exemplifies the fundamental principles of precision and accuracy in civil engineering surveying.
This practical exercise not only honed our skills in utilizing advanced surveying instruments but
also emphasized the significance of meticulous planning and execution in road construction
projects. Through this field activity, we gained hands-on experience in determining the
alignment and curvature of roads, crucial for ensuring safety, efficiency, and optimal
functionality of transportation infrastructure. The use of the theodolite allowed us to accurately
measure angles and distances, facilitating the precise layout of horizontal curves essential for
smooth and safe vehicular movement.
 Fieldwork No. 5
Road survey (Setting out horizontal compound curve)

5.1. APPARATUS
Theodolite Tripod Stand Ranging Rods Wooden Pegs Hammer
Measuring Tape

5.2. COMPOUND CURVE

When it is not possible to connect the two tangents by one circular curve, it becomes necessary
to take a suitable common tangent, and set the two curves of different radii to connect the rear &
forward tangents. This is known as a Compound Curve.

5.3. COMPONENTS OF A COMPOUND CURVE

Notation
AI = Rear Tangent
IB = Forward Tangent t1t2 = Common Tangent
 = Deflection Angle between Rear & Forward Tangent
1 = Deflection angle between Rear & Common Tangent
2 = Deflection angle between Common & Forward Tangent O1 = Center of short curve
O2 = Center of long curve R1 = radius of short curve R2 = radius of long curve
T1 & t = tangent point for short curve T2 & t = tangent point for long curve
IT1 = Ts = total tangent length for shortest side IT2 = total tangent length for longer side
ts = T1t1 = tangent length for short curve tL = T2t2 = tangent length of long curve
5.4. FORMULAE RELATED TO COMPOUND CURVE
= 1+ 2=
Ts = It1 + t1T1 = t1t2 x -------- + R1 tan -----

TL = It2 + t2T2 = t1t2 x -------- + R2 tan -----

Common Tangent length, t1t2 = ts + tL = R1 tan ---- + R2 tan ----

Curve Length (short curve) = Curve length (long curve) =

Deflection Angle (Short Curve) = s = 28.6974 x Cs = Chord of short curve

Deflection Angle (Long Curve) = L = 28.6974 x CL = chord of long curve

Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I – Ts

Chainage of t = Chainage of T1 + short curve length Chainage of T2 = Chainage of t +

long curve length
CURVE DESIGN DATA
1=
30°
Radius of Short Curve = R1 = 70 m ;
Radius of Long Curve = R2 = 100 m ; 2=
40°
Chainage of Intersection Point (I) =
1250 m
Peg interval = 5 m

∆ = 1 + 2 = 30 + 40 = 70°
ts = R1 tan 30/2 =

tL = R2 tan 40/2 = t1t2 = ts + tL =

Ts = It1 + T1t1 = TL =
 Curve length =

Chainage of T2 = short curve length + Chainage of T1 = Chainage of T3 = short curve

length + Chainage of T2 =

5.5. DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR SHORT CURVES

Peg Interval = 5 m 1st Chord Length =

Intermediate chord length = Last Chord Length =
1st = 28.6479 x = 0° 36’ 35.25”

Int = 28.6479 x = 2° 2’ 46.6”

Last = 28.6479 x = 0° 3’ 55.73”

 Deflection
Chord # Chainage Chord Angle of Setting out Angle on Remarks
Length Chord Angle Instrument

1193. T1
51
1 1195 1.49 0°36’3 0°36’35 0°36’3 P1
5.25” .25” 5”
2 1200 5 2°2’46 2°39’21 2°39’2 P2
.6” .85” 0”
3 1205 5 2°2’46 4°42’8. 4°42’1 P3
.6” 45” 0”
4 1210 5 2°2’46 6°44’55 6°44’5 P4
.6” .05” 5”
5 1215 5 2°2’46 8°47’41 8°47’4 P5
.6” .65” 0”
6 1220 5 2°2’46 10°50’2 10°50’ P6
.6” 8.25” 30”
7 1225 5 2°2’46 12°53’1 12°53’ P7
.6” 4.85” 15”
8 1230 5 2°2’46 14°56’1 14°56’ P8
.6” .45” 00”
9 1230. 0.16 0°3’55 14°59’5 15°00’ t
16 .73” 7.18” 00”

5.6. DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR LONG CURVE

Peg Interval = 5 m

1st chord length = 1235 – 1230.16 = Intermediate Chord Length =

Last Chord length =
1st = 28.6479 x = 1° 23’ 11.61”

Int = 28.6479 x = 1° 25’ 56.62”

Last = 28.6479 x = 1° 25’ 25.68”

 Deflec
tion
Cho Chai Chor Setting Angle Rema
Angle
rd # nage d Out on rks
of
Leng Angle Instru
th Chord ment

1230. t
16
1 1235 4.84 1°23’1 1°23’11 1°23’1 P1
1.61” .61” 0”
2 1240 5 1°25’5 2°49’8. 2°49’1 P2
6.62” 23” 0”
3 1245 5 1°25’5 4°15’4. 4°15’5 P3
6.62” 85” ”
4 1250 5 1°25’5 5°41’1. 5°41’0 P4
6.62” 47” 0”
5 1255 5 1°25’5 7°6’58. 7°7’00 P5
6.62” 09” ”
6 1260 5 1°25’5 8°32’54 8°32’5 P6
6.62” .71” 5”
7 1265 5 1°25’5 9°58’51 9°58’5 P7
6.62” .33” 0”
8 1270 5 1°25’5 11°24’4 11°24’ P8
6.62” 7.95” 50”
9 1275 5 1°25’5 12°50’4 12°50’ P9
6.62” 4.57” 45”
10 1280 5 1°25’5 14°16’4 14°16’ P10
6.62” 1.19” 40”
11 1285 5 1°25’5 15°42’3 15°42’ P11
6.62” 7.81” 40”
12 1290 5 1°25’5 17°8’34 17°8’3 P12
6.62” .43” 5”
13 1295 5 1°25’5 18°34’3 18°34’ P13
6.62” 0” 30”
14 1299. 4.97 1°25’2 20°00’0 20°00’ T2
97 5.68” 0” 00”
5.7. PROCEDURE

 The theodolite is centered over T1 and leveled properly. Then the deflection
angles for the chords of short curve are set out serially and points P1, P2 ……..are
marked until tangent point t is reached.

 The theodolite is shifted and centered over t. Then the deflection angles for the
chords of long curve are set out serially and all the points are marked until tangent
point T2 is reached.

 All the points are joined to get shape of curve.

5.8. COMMENTS

we’ve learned how to set out a compound curve using various surveying instruments. We’ve
seen firsthand how careful measurement and calculation can result in accurate curve setting,
which is crucial for real-world engineering projects.
 Fieldwork No. 6
LAYOUT OF REVERSE CURVE
6.1. Theory
Reverse Curve consists of two circular arcs of equal or different radii turning in opposite direction
with a common tangent at the junction of the arcs. The junction point “t” is known as “the Point of
Reverse Curvature”.

 Reverse curve is also known as Serpentine Curve.

 Reverse Curves are generally used to connect two parallel roads or railway lines,
when two lines intersect at a very small angle.

 Such type of curve should be avoided as far as possible for important tracks or
highways due to the following reasons:-

 Super Elevation cannot be provided at the point of reverse curvature.

 A sudden change in direction can be dangerous for vehicle.
 Carelessness of the driver may cause the vehicle to overturn over a reverse
curvature.
6.2. COMPONENTS OF REVERSE CURVE
I1 1 O2

R2 R2
2

T2

t
T1

R1
R1 1
2
I2

O1

6.3. NOTATIONS

T1 T2 = Tangent Points
I1 I2 = Common tangents

O1 O2 = Centre of Curves

R1 R2 = Radii of Curves

t = Point of Reverse Curvature

1 2 = Deflection Angles of Common Tangents

6.4. FORMULAS RELATED TO REVERSE CURVE

 Tangent Length of 1st curve=T1 I1 =R1 tan ∆1

 Tangent Length of 2nd curve =T2 I2=R2 tan ∆2

 Common Tangent Length =R1 tan ∆1 + R2 tan ∆2

  1st Curve Length =R1 1 𝜋 180

 2nd Curve Length =R2 2 𝜋 180

 Chord Length of 1st Curve = C1=2R1 sin ∆1

 Chord length of 2nd Curve =C2=2R2 sin ∆2

 Deflection Angle of 1st Curve= 28.6479 x 𝐶1𝑅

 Deflection Angle of 2nd Curve= 28.6479 x 𝐶2𝑅

 Chainage of T1 =Chainage of I1 – Tangent Length of 1st curve

 Chainage of t =Chainage of T1 + 1st Curve Length

 Chainage of T2 =Chainage of t + 2nd Curve Length

6.5. CURVE DESIGN DATA


Radius of 1st Curve = R1 = 70 m ; 1 = 30°

Radius of 2nd Curve= R2 = 100 m ; 2 = 40°

Chainage of I1 = 1250 m
 Peg Interval= 5 m
 Tangent Length of 1st Curve = 70 x tan 15 = 18.75 m

 Tangent Length of 2nd Curve = 100 x tan 20 = 36.39 m

 Common Tangent = 18.75 + 36.39 = 55.14 m

 1st Curve Length = 70 x 30 x 𝜋 = 36.65 m

180
=
  2nd Curve Length 100 x 40 x 𝜋 = 69.81 m
180

Chainage of T1 = 1250 – 18.75 = 1231.25 m


Chainage of t = 1231.25 + 36.65 = 1267.9 m

Chainage of T2 = 1267.9 + 69.81 = 1337.71 m

6.6. Data for First Curve

 1st Chord Length = 1235 – 1231.25 = 3.75 m

 Int. Chord Length = 5m

 Last Chord length = 1267.9 – 1265 = 2.9 m

1st =28.6479 x 3.75 = 1° 32’ 4.95”

2nd =28.6479 x 5= 2° 2’ 46.6”

last =28.6479 x 2.9 = 1° 11’ 12.63”

6.7. Table for First Curve

Chord # Chainage Chord Deflection Setting Out Angle on Remarks

Length Angle Angle Instrument

1231.25 T1

1 1235 3.75 1° 32’4.95” 1°32’4.95” 1° 32’ 5” P1

2 1240 5 2° 2’ 46.6” 3°34’51.55” 3° 34’ 50” P2

3 1245 5 2° 2’ 46.6” 5°37’38.15” 5° 37’ 40” P3

4 1250 5 2° 2’ 46.6” 7°40’24.75” 7° 40’ 25” P4

5 1255 5 2° 2’ 46.6” 9°43’11.35” 9° 43’ 10” P5

6 1260 5 2° 2’ 46.6” 11°45’57.95” 11° 45’ 55” P6

7 1265 5 2° 2’ 46.6” 13°48’44.55” 13° 48’ 45” P7

8 1267.9 2.9 1°11’12.63” 14°59’57.18” 14° 59’ 55” T

6.8. Data for Second Curve

 1st Chord Length = 1270 – 1267.9 = 2.1 m

 Int. Chord Length = 5m

 Last Chord length = 1337.9 – 1335 = 2.71 m

 1st=28.6479 x 2.1 = 0° 36’ 5.78”
2nd=28.6479 x 5= 1° 25’ 56.62”

last=28.6479 x 2.71 = 0° 46’ 34.89”

6.9. Table for Second Curve

Chord # Chainage Chord Deflection Setting Out Angle on Remarks

Length Angle Angle Instrument

1267.9 - - - - t

1 1270 2.1 0° 36’5.78” 0°36’5.78” 0° 36’ 5” P8

1°25’56.62”
2 1275 5 2°2’2.4” 2° 2’ 0” P9
1°25’56.62”
3 1280 5 3°27’59.02” 3° 28’ 0” P10
1°25’56.62”
4 1285 5 4°53’55.64” 4° 53’ 55” P11
1°25’56.62”
5 1290 5 6°19’52.26” 6° 19’ 50” P12
1°25’56.62”
6 1295 5 7°45’48.88” 7° 45’ 50” P13
1°25’56.62”
7 1300 5 9°11’45.5” 9° 11’ 45” P14
1°25’56.62”
8 1305 5 10°37’42.12” 10° 37’ 40” P15
1°25’56.62”
9 1310 5 12°3’38.74” 12° 3’ 40” P16
1°25’56.62”
10 1315 5 13°29’35.36” 13° 29’ 35” P17
1°25’56.62”
11 1320 5 14°55’31.98” 14° 55’ 30” P18
1°25’56.62”
12 1325 5 16°21’28.6” 16° 21’ 30” P19
1°25’56.62”
13 1330 5 17°47’25.22” 17° 47’ 25” P20
1°25’56.62”
14 1335 5 19°13’21.84” 19° 13’ 20” P21
0°46’34.89”
15 1337.71 2.71 19°59’56.73” 19° 59’ 55” T2
6.10. MID ORDINATES

6.11. For First Curve

I1
1

T1 t

Main Chord Length = L = 2R1 sin ∆1 = 2 (70) sin 15 = 36.23 m

Oo = R - √𝑅2

Oo = 70 - √702 − (36.23)2 = 2.38 m

R – Oo = 70 – 2.38 = 67.61 m
Ox = √𝑅2 − (𝑥)2 – (R – Oo)
O5 = √(70)2 − (5)2 – 67.61 = 2.211 m O10 = √(70)2 − (10)2 – 67.61 = 1.672 m O15 = √(70)2 − (15)2 – 67.61
= 0.763 m
O18.115 = √(70)2 − (18.115)2 – 67.61 = 0 m
Ordinates for the Right hand side will be same as above. As Main Chord Length is equal on both sides.
6.12. For Second Curve

t T2

2
I2

Main Chord Length = L = 2R2 sin ∆2 = 2 (100) sin 20 = 68.4 m

Oo = 100 - √1002 − (68.4)2 = 6.03 m
R – Oo = 100 – 6.03 = 93.97 m
O5 = √(100)2 − (5)2 – 93.97 = 5.904 m O10 = √(100)2 − (10)2 – 93.97 = 5.528 m O15 = √(100)2 − (15)2 –
93.97 = 4.898 m O20 = √(100)2 − (20)2 – 93.97 = 4.009 m O25 = √(100)2 − (25)2 – 93.97 = 2.854 m O30 =
√(100)2 − (30)2 – 93.97 = 1.423 m O34.2 = √(70)2 − (34.2)2 – 93.97 = 0 m
Ordinates of Right Hand side are the same as in the Left Hand Side because the distance is same
 Activity 8 –
BUILDING SURVEY
Aim:
To survey a small piece of land by closed traverse technique using plane table.
Equipment and Accessories:
Plane table and its accessories (tripod, alidate, trough compass, plumbing fork, spirit level, drawing sheet,
cello- tape, pencil, eraser and dusting cloth), chain, tape, ranging rods, pegs, hammer and field-book
Principle:
Traversing is that of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form a framework. The directions
and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an angle (or direction) measuring instrument
and a tape respectively. If the framework formed by the lines closes at the starting station, that is, if they
form a closed polygon, it is called closed traverse.
In plane table traversing, at each successive station the table is set, a foresight is taken to the following
station and its location is plotted by measuring the distance between the two stations as in the radiation
method.
Procedure:

Fig.20 Traversing – plane table

1) Select the traverse stations A,B,C,D and E on the ground.
2) Set the table at A. Use plumbing fork and transfer A on to the sheet and name it ‘a’. On the top right
corner of the sheet mark the direction of magnetic north with the help of trough compass.
 3) With the alidade pivoted about a, sight it to B and draw the ray. Measure AB and scale of ab to a
suitable scale. Similarly draw a ray towards E, measure AE and mark ‘e’.
4) Shift the table to B and set it. Orient the table accurately by back sighting A. Clamp the table.
5) Pivoting the alidade about b, sight to C. Measure BC and plot it on the drawn ray to the same scale.
Similarly, the table can be set at other stations and the traverse is completed.

Note: While being at each station, take measurements by radiation to any details that are to be included in
the plan.

Observations and Calculations:

1) Measure the distance DB and EC on the ground.

2) Scale the distance db and ec on the drawing sheet.

Result:

Compare the ground distances DB and EC with corresponding plan distances db and ec.
Fieldwork No. 9
CONTOURING
8.1. Objective:
To draw a contour map
8.2. Methodology:
Square or Grid System
8.3. Instruments:
1. Level
2. Leveling Staff
3. Arrows
4. Tape
8.4. Definitions:
(a) Contours: Contours are imaginary lines joining points of equal altitudes upon the earth’s surface with
reference to a fixed datum.
(b) Contouring: The process by which a contour map is prepared is known as contouring.
(c) Contour map/topographic map: The map showing the altitudes of all these points is called contour map
or topographic map.

8.5. Procedure:

(a) Select any suitable place for setting up the instrument. Place the instrument and try to adjust it.
Adjustment procedure should be consist of the followings,
(i) Setting up the level (ii) Leveling up (iii) Elimination of parallax

(b) Mark an area of 100 m2; i.e., length 10 m and width 10m.

(c) Take staff reading at every station at an interval of 2.5 m. (e.g. 2.5 m × 2.5 m grid). The grid points are
determined using tape, and marked using arrows.

(d) Take the elevation of top left corner as 7.00 m (A-1) which may be considered as bench mark.
Figure 9.1: Typical Contour Diagram
8.6. Significance:
Contouring helps in studying the general character of the tract of the country without visiting the ground.
With the knowledge of characteristics of contours, it is easy to visualize whether country is flat, undulating
or mountainous. Contouring can assist in deciding the sites for engineering works such as reservoirs,
canals, roads and railways etc. on the basis of the economy. Contouring is used to determine the catchment
area of the drainage basin and hence capacity of the proposed reservoir. It is useful in computing the earth
work required for filling or cutting along the linear alignment of the projects such as canals, roads, etc. In
addition the height of earth retaining structures (e.g. retaining walls) can be easily estimated. Contouring is
also used to find out the inter-visibility of the points and to trace out a contour gradient for road alignments.
Besides, we can draw longitudinal and cross- sections to ascertain nature of the ground. Through this
fieldwork students will learn about procedures of collecting data for contour maps, using level and tape.
Students will also learn about the procedures to draw contour maps.

8.7. Data Sheet:

Staff Reading at station Difference Reduced

Distanc
Station Back Inter Fore H. I. Rise Fall Level Remarks
e (m)
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
A1 50 2.3 103.1 100.8 B.M
A2 50 2 101.1 0.3 101.1
A3 50 1.6 101.5 0.4 101.5
A4 50 1.5 101.6 0.1 101.6
A5 50 0.8 102.3 0.7 102.3
B1 50 2.6 100.5 -1.8 100.5
B2 50 2.5 100.6 0.1 100.6
B3 50 2.5 100.6 0 100.6
B4 50 2.1 101 0.4 101
B5 50 1.8 101.3 0.3 101.3
C1 50 2.8 100.3 -1 100.3
C2 50 2.5 100.6 0.3 100.6
C3 50 2.5 100.6 0 100.6
C4 50 2.7 100.4 -0.2 100.4
C5 50 2.3 100.8 0.4 100.8
D1 50 3.3 99.8 -1 99.8
D2 50 3 100.1 0.3 100.1
D3 50 2.8 100.3 0.2 100.3
D4 50 2.7 100.4 0.1 100.4
D5 50 2.3 100.8 0.4 100.8
E1 50 3.8 99.3 -1.5 99.3
E2 50 3.6 99.5 0.2 99.5
E3 3.3 99.8 0.3 99.8
E4 3.1 100 0.2 100
E5 2.7 100.4 0.4 100.4
8.8. Contour Map:

8.9. Comment:
 Fieldwork No.10
RADIATION METHOD – PLANE TABLE

9.1. Aim:
To draw the position in plan of the given points by radiation method.
9.2. Theory
In plane table surveying, a plane table is used for taking the measurements and for plotting the
plan in the field. A plane table consists of a drawing board mounted on a tripod. Plane table
surveying is a method in which the field observations and plotting of the plan proceed
simultaneously. Thus the plan is plotted as the survey progresses. It is unlike other methods of
surveying, such as compass surveying and chain surveying, in which the plan is plotted in the
office after taking the measurements in the field.

The main feature of plane table surveying is that the plotting is done in the field where all the
stations and other features are in the view of the surveyor, and he can compare the plan and
plotted details with actual features on the ground. Thus, the mistakes are easily detected.

9.3. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES:

 The following instruments are used in plane table survey

 The plane table with levelling head having arrangements for (a) levelling, (b) rotation
about vertical axis, and (c) clamping in any required position.
 Alidade for sighting
 Plumbing fork and plumb bob.
 Spirit level.
 Compass.
 Drawing paper with a rainproof cover.
 Fig.15 Plane table and its accessories
9.4. Principle:

Plane table is a surveying instrument that can be used to prepare a map or plan of an area directly
in the field without the direct measurement of any angles. Radiation is one of the methods
employed in plane table survey. This method is generally employed for locating the details.

In this method, a ray is drawn from the instrument station towards the point. The distance is
measured between the instrument station and the point. The point is located by plotting to some
scale the distance so measured. This method is more suitable for small distances. One instrument
station can cover several points to be detailed.

9.5. Procedure:

1) Select a point ‘T’ on the ground so that all points to be located are visible from it.
2) Set up the table at ‘T’, level it, and do centering.
3) Transfer the point ‘T’ on to the drawing sheet by means of plumbing fork so that it is
exactly over station ‘T’ on the ground and name it ‘t’.
 4) Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian on the drawing sheet by means of trough
compass.
5) Centering the alidade on ‘t’ BISECT the points A, B, C, D, E and F one after the other and
draw the rays along the fiducial edge.
6) Measure the distances TA, TB, TC, TD, TE and TF on the ground and plot their distances to
some scale along the corresponding rays and thus get the position of points a, b, c, d, e, and
f on the drawing sheet. (upper case letters are used to represent stations on ground and
lower case letters are used to represent stations on drawing sheet)
7) Join a,b,c,d,e and f on the drawing sheet.

Fig.16 Radiation method – plane table

9.6. Observations and Calculations:

1. Measure the distance AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FA on the ground.
2. Scale the distance ab, bc, cd, de, ef and fa on the drawing sheet.

9.7. Result:
Compare the ground and plan distances between the stations A, B, C, D, E and F.
9.8. Comment: