Computer Architecture Assignment

Multiplexer and De multiplexer

Group Members (RCD J)

1. AMANUEL AYALEW RCD/2411/14
2. YOHANNESE ABERA RCD/2453/14
3. HENOK TESFALEM RCD/2423/14
4. CHERAMELAK YIBGETA RCD/2417/14
5. DAWIT DESALEGN RCD/2419/14
6. MIHERETAB FIKADU RCD/2618/14
Contents
Multiplexer and De-multiplexer ....................................................................................................................... 3
Multiplexer .................................................................................................................................................. 3
2-1 configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 3
4-1 configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 4
8-1 configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Implementation of higher order multiplexers (8X1) ................................................................................ 7
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiplexing ...................................................................................... 8
Applications of Multiplexers ............................................................................................................ 9
De multiplexer........................................................................................................................................ 9
Types of Demultiplexer ....................................................................................................................... 10
1-2 Demultiplexer ................................................................................................................................... 10
1-4 Demultiplexer ................................................................................................................................... 11
1-8 Demultiplexer: .................................................................................................................................. 12
1 to 8 De-multiplexer using 1 to 4 and 1 to 2 de-multiplexer ................................................................ 14
Advantages & Disadvantages.............................................................................................................. 14
Where is Demultiplexer Used?........................................................................................................... 15
 Multiplexer and De-multiplexer
Project overview: This project comprises about Multiplexer and De multiplexer, their
implementation, application (uses), different configuration for each of them. It includes the circuit
construction, truth table & Block diagram for specific configuration like 2-1, 4-1& 8-1. Since it can
not be implemented with code, this project only contains theoretical aspects.
Project objectives: the purpose of studying multiplexer and De multiplexer in computer architecture
is very important. Although their importance is found under the application section of the project,
one of their main importance is for Data routing and signal transmission.

Multiplexer
A multiplexer, often abbreviated as “MUX”, is a device used in electronics and digital circuitry to
combine multiple input signals into a single output signal. It is commonly used in data
communication systems, computer memory, and other digital systems.

The purpose of a multiplexer is to select one of several

input signals and route it to the output line based on control
signals. The number of input lines determines the number
of possible input signals that can be selected, which is
usually a power of 2(e.g., 2,4,8). The control inputs
determine which input determine which input signal is
selected and passed through to the output. It acts as data
selector, allowing different input signals to be transmitted
or processed based on the control inputs.

2-1 configuration

A 2:1 multiplexer (MUX) is one which has 2 input lines (I0 and I1), 1 select line (S), and 1 output
line (Y). The logic level applied to the select line S determines which data input will pass through
the output line.
For determining the Boolean expression for output (Y) of the 2:1 multiplexer and its logic circuit
implementation, we first need its function table (truth table) that gives information about operation
of the circuit. The function table of the 2:1 multiplexer with data input I0 and I1 is shown below.
Using this truth table, we can write the logic expression for the output of 2:1 MUX as,
Select Line(s) Output(Y)
0 I0
1 I1
logical expression:

Y  S I 0  SI1

Logic Diagram,

Operation
This logic circuit of the 2:1 MUX shown in figure-2 will work as follows −
 When S = 0, the AND gate A is enabled and the AND gate B is disabled. Therefore, the output
Y = I0.
 When S = 1, the AND gate A is disabled and the AND gate B is enabled. Therefore, the output
Y = I1.

4-1 configuration

A 4:1 multiplexer (MUX) is the MUX which has 4 input lines (I0, I1, I2, and I3), 2 select line (S0 and
S1), and 1 output line (Y). The logic levels applied to the select lines S0 and S1 determine which data
input will transmit to the output line.
For determining the Boolean expression for output (Y) of the 4:1 multiplexer and its logic circuitry,
we require its function table (truth table) that provides information about the operation of its circuit.
The function table of the 4:1 multiplexer with data inputs I0, I1, I2, and I3 is given below.

Select Lines Output(Y) Y  S1 S 0 I 0  S1 S 0 I1  S1 S 0 I 2  S1 S 0 I 3

S1 S0

0 0 I0

0 1 I1

1 0 I2

1 1 I3
Operation
This logic circuit of the 4:1 MUX shown in Figure-3 will work as follows −
 When S1 = 0 and S0 = 0, the AND gate A is enabled, and the AND gates B, C, and D are
disabled. So, the output Y = I0.
 When S1 = 0 and S0 = 1, the AND gate B is enabled, and the AND gates A, C, and D are
disabled. So, the output Y = I1.
 When S1 = 1 and S0 = 0, the AND gate C is enabled, and the AND gates A, B, and D are
disabled. So, the output Y = I2.
 When S1 = 1 and S0 = 1, the AND gate D is enabled, and the AND gates A, B, and C are
disabled. So, the output Y = I3.

8-1 configuration

An 8:1 multiplexer (MUX) is a combination logic circuit which has 8 input lines (I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5,
I6, and I7), 3 select line (S0, S1, and S2), and 1 output line (Y). The logic levels applied to the select
lines S0, S1, and S2 determine which data input will transmit to the output line.
To determine the logic expression for output (Y) of the 8:1 multiplexer and its logic circuitry, we
require its function table (truth table) which provides information about the operation of its logic
circuit.
The function table of the 8:1 multiplexer with data inputs I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, and I7 and select lines,
S0, S1, and S2 is given below.
 Select Lines Output
(Y)
S2 S1 S0

0 0 0 I0

0 0 1 I1

0 1 0 I2

0 1 1 I3

1 0 0 I4

1 0 1 I5

1 1 0 I6

1 1 1 I7

Logical expression:

Y= S2’S1’S0’I0 + S2’S1’S0I1 + S2’S1S0’I2+ S2’S1S0I3 +

S2S1’S0’I4+ S2S1’S0I5+ S2S1S0’I6+ S2S1S0I7

Operation
This logic circuit of the 8:1 MUX shown in Fgure-4 will operate as follows −
 When S2 = 0, S1 = 0, and S0 = 0, the AND gate A is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I0.
 When S2 = 0, S1 = 0, and S0 = 1, the AND gate B is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I1.
 When S2 = 0, S1 = 1, and S0 = 0, the AND gate C is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I2.
  When S2 = 0, S1 = 1, and S0 = 1, the AND gate D is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I3.
 When S2 = 1, S1 = 0, and S0 = 0, the AND gate E is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I4.
 When S2 = 1, S1 = 0, and S0 = 1, the AND gate F is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I5.
 When S2 = 1, S1 = 1, and S0 = 0, the AND gate G is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I6.
 When S2 = 1, S1 = 1, and S0 = 1, the AND gate H is enabled, and all the other AND gates in
the logic circuit are disabled. So, the output Y = I7.

Implementation of higher order multiplexers (8X1)

In this section, let us implement 8x1 Multiplexer using 4x1 Multiplexers and 2x1 Multiplexer. We
know that 4x1 Multiplexer has 4 data inputs, 2 selection lines and one output. Whereas, 8x1
Multiplexer has 8 data inputs, 3 selection lines and one output.
Let the 8x1 Multiplexer has eight data inputs I7 to I0, three selection lines s2, s1 & s0 and one output
Y. The Truth table of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown below.
We can implement 8x1 Multiplexer using lower order Multiplexers easily by considering the above
Truth table. The block diagram of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown in the following figure.

The same selection lines, s1 & s0 are applied to both 4x1 Multiplexers. The data inputs of upper 4x1
Multiplexer are I7 to I4 and the data inputs of lower 4x1 Multiplexer are I3 to I0. Therefore, each 4x1
Multiplexer produces an output based on the values of selection lines, s1 & s0.
The outputs of first stage 4x1 Multiplexers are applied as inputs of 2x1 Multiplexer that is present in
second stage. The other selection line, s2 is applied to 2x1 Multiplexer.
If s2 is zero, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 4 inputs I3 to I0 based on the values
of selection lines s1 & s0.
If s2 is one, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 4 inputs I7 to I4 based on the values
of selection lines s1 & s0.
Therefore, the overall combination of two 4x1 Multiplexers and one 2x1 Multiplexer performs as
one 8x1 Multiplexer

Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiplexing

What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is a method of combining multiple signals into a single signal, which can be transmitted
over a single communication channel.
Advantages of Multiplexing
Increased Efficiency – Multiplexing allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a
single channel, which increases the efficiency of the communication system. This means that more
information can be transmitted in a shorter period of time.
Reduced Costs – Multiplexing reduces the number of communication channels required, which can
reduce costs associated with wiring, equipment, and maintenance.
Flexibility – Multiplexing allows different types of signals, such as audio, video, and data, to be
transmitted over the same channel. This makes communication systems more flexible and adaptable
to changing needs.
Improved Quality – Multiplexing can improve the quality of the signals being transmitted by
reducing interference and noise. This means that the signals are less likely to be corrupted or lost
during transmission.
Scalability – Multiplexing allows communication systems to be scaled up or down easily, depending
on the number of signals that need to be transmitted. This makes it easier to expand or upgrade
communication systems as needed.
Disadvantages of Multiplexing
Complex Design – The design of multiplexing systems can be complex and difficult to understand,
especially for those who are new to electronics. This can make it harder to troubleshoot and repair
problems that may arise.
Potential for Interference – Multiplexing involves combining multiple signals into a single channel,
which can increase the potential for interference between the signals. This can result in degraded
signal quality and transmission errors.
Limited Capacity – While multiplexing can increase the efficiency of communication systems, there
is a limit to the number of signals that can be transmitted over a single channel. This can limit the
scalability of the system and require additional channels or equipment.
Synchronization Issues – In order for multiplexing to work properly, all signals must be synchronized
in time and frequency. If there are timing or synchronization issues, this can result in signal loss or
degradation.
Increased Complexity – Multiplexing adds another layer of complexity to communication systems,
which can increase the potential for errors and make it more difficult to maintain and upgrade the
system.

Applications of Multiplexers
The multiplexer is one of the widely combinational logic circuits in digital systems. Some important
applications of the multiplexers are listed below.
 Multiplexer is used as data selector device.
 Multiplexers are used in communication systems to increase the efficiency of the system.
 Multiplexers are used in telephone networks for integration of several audio signals on a
single transmission line.
 To maintain large amount of data, multiplexers are also used in computer memory systems.
 Multiplexers are also employed in TV broadcasting systems.
 Multiplexers are used in satellite communication and GPS (Global Positioning System).
 Multiplexers are also used in PLC (Programmable Logic Control) systems, etc.

De multiplexer
A multiplexer requires a de multiplexer to complete the process, to separate multiplex signals carried
by the single shared medium or device. Often a multiplexer and a de multiplexer are combined into
a single device (also often just called a multiplexer) in order to allow the device to process both
incoming and outgoing signals.
Alternately, a multiplexer’s single output may be connected to a de multiplexer’s single input over a
single channel. Either method is often used as a cost-saving measure.

A Demultiplexer (Demux) is a combinational logic circuit that includes single input and an ‘n’
number of outputs. The data which is obtained by a single input line can be transmitted to the ‘n’
number of output lines. So the function of a demultiplexer is quite opposite to a multiplexer.
Multiplexers are called Data Selectors whereas Demultiplexers are Data Distributors because they
transmit similar information which is obtained at the input to various outputs.
A Demux is a 1-to-n device, whereas the Mux is an n-to-1 device. The demultiplexer block diagram
is shown above which includes a single input line, ’m’ select lines, and ‘n’ output lines. Here ‘m’
select lines are mainly used to generate 2m output lines. For instance, a 1-4 Demux needs 2 select
lines for controlling the 4 o/p lines. In order to choose a particular output, a set of select lines need
to use for controlling the specific output line which is connected to the input.

Types of Demultiplexer

There are different types of demultiplexers available depending on the different output
configurations like 1 to 2, 1 to 4, 1 to 8 & 1 to 16.

1-2 Demultiplexer

A 1-to-2 demultiplexer (Demux) includes single input & two output lines with 1 select line. The
select line signal assists to control the input to one of the 2 outputs. The block diagram of a 1-to-2
demultiplexer including an enable input is shown below.

In the above demultiplexer, one input A is given and one select S is also given. 1 x 2 demultiplexer
give two output y1 and y2. Let’s see the truth table for 1 x 2 demultiplexer.
Truth Table:

For the outputs Y0, Y1, select input ‘S’, data input ‘A’ the Boolean expression is;

Y0=S0'.A
Y1=S0.A

From the above 1-2 Demux truth table, the Boolean algebra Expressions can be derived but its logic
diagram can be designed through 2-AND gates & 1- NOT gates. Once the select line is zero, then
the primary AND gate is enabled whereas the next AND gate are disabled.

1-4 Demultiplexer

There are a total of four outputs in the 1 x 4 De-multiplexer, namely Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3, two
selection lines, namely S0 and S1, and a single input, namely A. A connection between an input and
an output is made based on the combination of inputs that are present at the selection lines S0 and
S1. Following are the 1 x 4 demultiplexer’s block diagram and truth table.
Truth Table of 1 - 4 Demultiplexer:
The truth table of 1 to4 demultiplexer is given below.

The Boolean expression of the term Y is as

follows:

Y0=S1' S0' A
y1=S1' S0 A
y2=S1 S0' A
y3=S1 S0 A

Logic Circuit of 1 x 4Demultiplexer:

The logical circuit of 1 x 4 demultiplexer is given below.

1-8 Demultiplexer:

Eight outputs, or Y0 through Y7, three selection lines, or S0 through S1, and a single input, or A,
make up the 1 to 8 De-multiplexer. The input will be connected to one of these outputs based on the
combination of inputs that are present at the selection lines S0, S1, and S2. The 18 de-block
multiplexer’s diagram and truth table are provided below.
TruthTable of 1 x 8 Demultiplexer:
The truth table of 1 x 8 demultiplexer is given

The Boolean expression of the term Y is as follows:

Y0=S0'.S1'.S2'.A
Y1=S0.S1'.S2'.A
Y2=S0'.S1.S2'.A
Y3=S0.S1.S2'.A
Y4=S0'.S1'.S2 A
Y5=S0.S1'.S2 A
Y6=S0'.S1.S2 A
Y7=S0.S1.S3.A

Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

1 to 8 De-multiplexer using 1 to 4 and 1 to 2 de-multiplexer

We can implement the 1×8 de-multiplexer using a lower order de-multiplexer. To implement the
1×8 de-multiplexer, we need two 1×4 de-multiplexer and one 1×2 de-multiplexer. The 1×4
multiplexer has 2 selection lines, 4 outputs, and 1 input. The 1×2 de-multiplexer has only 1 selection
line.

For getting 8 data outputs, we need two 1×4 de-multiplexer. The 1×2 de-multiplexer produces two
outputs. So, in order to get the final output, we have to pass the outputs of 1×2 de-multiplexer as an
input of both the 1×4 de-multiplexer. The block diagram of 1×8 de-multiplexer using 1×4 and 1×2
de-multiplexer is given below.

Advantages & Disadvantages

The advantages of Demultiplexer include the following.

 The efficiency of the communication system can be improved with the help of the Multiplexer
& Demultiplexer combination
 A demultiplexer separates back the mutual signals into streams.
 Its function is quite opposite to multiplexer
 It can be used as a decoder in the security systems
 The combination of Mux & Demux is used for the transmission of Audio or Video signals.

The disadvantages of demultiplexer include the following.

 Bandwidth wastage can be occured

 Delays can be occurred due to the synchronization of the signal
 Where is Demultiplexer Used?
The applications of Demultiplexer include the following.

 Demultiplexers are used in control systems, microprocessors to enable or select a single

signal from a number of signals
 Demux is used to choose several IO devices’ data routing.
 Selecting different banks for memory decoding.
 Implementation of a Boolean function
 To enable various functional units
 Used in synchronous systems for data transmission
 Data acquisition systems
 It enables several rows in memory chips based on the address
 Designing of combinational circuits
 Monitoring systems for security
 Automatic test equipment systems
 Demultiplexers are used within CLK data recovery solutions.
 Applicable in wavelength routers.
 Used in the communication system for transmission of data
 Used like a serial to parallel converter.
 These are used in the broadcasting of ATM packets
 The ALU output is stored within particular registers with the help of Demux