Chemistry

CHEMISTRY

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Chemistry is to
prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the
course objectives, which are to:

(i) understand the basic principles and concepts in chemistry;

(ii) interpret scientific data relating to chemistry;
(iii) deduce the relationships between chemistry and other sciences;

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(iv) apply the knowledge of chemistry to industry and everyday life.

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DETAILED SYLLABUS

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES

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1. Separation of mixtures and Candidates should be able to:
purification of chemical

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substances

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(a) Pure and impure substances (i) distinguish between pure and impure
substances;
(b) Boiling and melting points (ii) use boiling and melting points as criteria for
purity of chemical substances;

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(c) Elements, compounds and mixtures (iii) distinguish between elements, compounds and
mixtures;

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(d) Chemical and physical changes (iv) differentiate between chemical and physical
changes;

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(e) Separation processes: (v) identify the properties of the components of a
Evaporation, simple and fractional distillation, mixture;

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sublimation, filtration, crystallization, paper (vi) specify the principle involved in each separation
and column chromatography, simple and method;

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fractional crystallization, magnetization, (vii) apply the basic principle of separation

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decantation. processes in everyday life.

2. Chemical combination

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Stoichiometry, laws of definite and multiple Candidates should be able to:
proportions, law of conservation of matter, (i) perform simple calculations involving formulae,
Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes, equations/chemical composition and the mole
Avogadro’s law; chemical symbols, formulae, concept;
equations and their uses, relative atomic mass (ii) deduce the chemical laws from given
based on 12C=12, the mole concept and expressions/statements/data;
Avogadro’s number. (iii) interpret graphical representations related
to these laws;
(iv) deduce the stoichiometry of chemical reactions.

3. Kinetic theory of matter and Gas Laws Candidates should be able to:

(a) An outline of the kinetic theory of matter; (i) apply the theory to distinguish between solids,
(i) melting, liquids and gases;
(ii) vapourization (ii) deduce reasons for change of state;

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(iii) boiling (iii) draw inferences based on molecular motion;

(iv) freezing
(v) condensation (iv) deduce gas laws from given
in terms of molecular motion and Brownian expressions/statements;
movement. (v) interpret graphical representations related to
these laws;
(b)(i) The laws of Boyle, Charles, Graham and (vi) perform simple calculations based on these
Dalton (law of partial pressure); combined gas laws, equations and relationships.
law, molar volume and atomicity of gases.
(ii) The ideal gas equation (PV = nRT).
(iii) The relationship between vapour density of

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gases and the relative molecular mass.

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4. Atomic structure and bonding Candidates should be able to:

(a) (i)The concept of atoms, molecules and ions, (i) distinguish between atoms, molecules and ions;
the works of Dalton, Millikan, Rutherford, (ii) identify the contributions of these scientists to

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Moseley, Thompson and Bohr. the development of the atomic structure;
(iii) deduce the number of protons, neutrons and

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(ii) Atomic structure, electron configuration, electrons from atomic and mass numbers of
atomic number, mass number and isotopes; an atom;

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specific examples should be drawn from
elements of atomic number 1 to 20. (iv) apply the rules guiding the arrangement of
(iii) Shapes of s and p orbitals. electrons in an atom;
(v) identify common elements exhibiting isotopy;

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(vi) relate isotopy to mass number;
(b) The periodic table and periodicity of (vii) perform simple calculations relating to isotopy;

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elements, presentation of the periodic table (viii) differentiate between the shapes of the orbitals;
with a view to recognizing families of (ix) determine the number of electrons in s and

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elements e.g. alkali metals, halogens, the p atomic orbitals;
noble gases and transition metals. The (x) relate atomic number to the position of an

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variation of the following properties: element on the periodic table;
ionization energy, ionic radii, electron (xi) relate properties of groups of elements on the

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affinity and electronegativity. periodic table;

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(xii) identify reasons for variation in properties

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across the period and down the groups.

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(c) Chemical bonding.
Electrovalency and covalency, the electron
configuration of elements and their tendency
to attain the noble gas structure. Hydrogen
bonding and metallic bonding as special
types of electrovalency and covalency
(xiii) differentiate between the different types
of bonding.
(xiv) deduce bond types based on electron
configurations;
(xv) relate the nature of bonding to properties
of compounds;
respectively; coordinate bond as a type
of covalent bond as illustrated by complexes
like [Fe(CN)6]3-, [Fe(CN)6]4-,
2+ +
[Cu(NH3)4] and [Ag(NH3)2] ; van der
Waals’ forces should be mentioned as a
special type of bonding forces.

(d) Shapes of simple molecules: linear ((H2, O2, (xvi) differentiate between the various shapes
C12,HCl and CO2), non-linear (H2O) and of molecules;
tetrahedral; (CH4) and pyramidal (NH3).

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(e) Nuclear Chemistry: xvii) distinguish between ordinary chemical

reaction and nuclear reaction;
(i) Radioactivity – Types and properties of (xviii) differentiate between natural and
radiations artificial radioactivity;
(ii) Nuclear reactions. Simple equations, (xix) compare the properties of the different
uses and applications of natural and types of nuclear radiations;
artificial radioactivity. (xx) compute simple calculations on the
half-life of a radioactive material;
(xxi) balance simple nuclear equation;
(xxii) identify the various applications of

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radioactivity.

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5. Air
Candidates should be able to:
(a) The natural gaseous constituents and (i) deduce reason (s) for the existence of
their proportion in the air. air as a mixture;

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– nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon (ii) identify the principle involved in the
(IV) oxide and the noble gases (argon separation of air components;

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and neon). (iii) deduce reasons for the variation in the
composition of air in the environment;

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(b) Air as a mixture and some uses of the (iv) specify the uses of some of the
noble gas. constituents of air.

6. Water

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Candidates should be able to:
(a) Water as a product of the combustion (i) identify the various uses of water;

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of hydrogen and its composition by (ii) identify the effects of dissolved atmospheric
volume. gases in water;

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(b) Water as a solvent, atmospheric gases (iii) distinguish between the propertiesof hard and
dissolved in water and their biological soft water;

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significance. (iv) determine the causes of hardness;
(c) Hard and soft water: (v) identify methods of removal of hardness;

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Temporary and permanent (vi) describe the processes involved in the

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hardness and methods of softening treatment of water for town supply;

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hard water. (vii) distinguish between these phenomena;
(d) Treatment of water for town supply. (viii) identify the various compounds that exhibit

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(e) Water of crystallization, efflorescence, these phenomena.
deliquescence and hygroscopy. Examples
of the substances exhibiting these
properties and their uses.

7. Solubility Candidates should be able to:

(a) Unsaturated, saturated and (i) distinguish between the different types of
supersaturated solutions. Solubility solutions;
curves and simple deductions from (ii) interpret solubility curves;
them, (solubility defined in terms of (iii) calculate the amount of solute that can
mole per dm3) and simple dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
calculations. given temperature;
(iv) deduce that solubility is temperature-dependent;

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(b) Solvents for fats, oil and paints (v) relate nature of solvents to their uses;
and the use of such solvents
for the removal of stains.

(c) False solution (Suspensions and colloids): (vi) differentiate among true solution,
Properties and examples. suspension and colloids;
Harmattan haze and water paints as examples (vii) compare the properties of a true solution
of suspensions and fog, milk, aerosol spray, and a ‘false’ solution.
emulsion paints and rubber solution as (viii) provide typical examples of suspensions
examples of colloids. and colloids.

8.
(a)

(b)
Environmental Pollution
Sources and effects of pollutants.

Air pollution:
Candidates should be able to:
(i)

(ii)
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identify the different types of pollution and
pollutants;
specify different sources of pollutants

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Examples of air pollutants such as (iii) classify pollutants as biodegradable and
H2S, CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen, non-biodegradable;

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chlorofluorocarbons and dust. (iv) specify the effects of pollution on the
environment;

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(c) Water pollution (v) identify measures for control of
Sewage and oil pollution should be environmental pollution.
known.
(d) Soil pollution:

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Oil spillage, biodegradable and
non-biodegradable pollutants.

9. Acids, bases and salts

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(a) General characteristics and properties of
Candidates should be able to:

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acids, bases and salts. Acids/base indicators, (i) distinguish between the properties of
basicity of acids; normal, acidic, basic and acids and bases;

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double salts. An acid defined as a substance (ii) identify the different types of acids

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whose aqueous solution furnishes H3O+ions and bases;

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or as a proton donor. Ethanoic, citric and (iii) determine the basicity of acids;
tartaric acids as examples of naturally (iv) differentiate between acidity and

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occurring organic acids, alums as examples alkalinity using acid/base indicators;
of double salts, preparation of salts by (v) identify the various methods of
neutralization, precipitation and action of preparation of salts;
acids on metals. Oxides and (vi) classify different types of salts;
trioxocarbonate (IV) salts

(b) Qualitative comparison of the (vii) relate degree of dissociation to strength

conductance of molar solutions of of acids and bases;
strong and weak acids and bases, (viii) relate degree of dissociation to
relationship between conductance and conductance;
amount of ions present.

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(c) pH and pOH scale; Simple calculations (ix) perform simple calculations on pH and pOH;

(d) Acid/base titrations. (x) identify the appropriate acid-base

indicator;
(xi) interpret graphical representation of
titration curves;
(xii) perform simple calculations based on

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the mole concept;
(e) Hydrolysis of salts: Principle (xiii) balance equations for the hydrolysis

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Simple examples such as of salts;
NH4Cl, AlCl3, Na2CO3and CH3COONa (xiv) deduce the properties (acidic, basic,
neutral) of the resultant solution.

10. Oxidation and reduction

(a) Oxidation in terms of the addition of

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Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the various forms of expressing
oxidation and reduction;

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oxygen or removal of hydrogen. (ii) classify chemical reactions in terms of
(b) Reduction as removal of oxygen or oxidation or reduction;
addition of hydrogen. (iii) balance redox reaction equations;
(c) Oxidation and reduction in terms of (iv) deduce the oxidation number of chemical

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electron transfer. species;
(d) Use of oxidation numbers. (v) compute the number of electron transfer

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Oxidation and reduction treated as change in redox reactions;
in oxidation number and use of oxidation

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numbers in balancing simple equations. (vi) identify the name of redox species in a reaction
(e) IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic (vii) distinguish between oxidizing and reducing

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compounds using oxidation number. agents in redox reactions.
(f) Tests for oxidizing and reducing agents. (viii) apply oxidation number in naming inorganic

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compounds

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(ix) relate reagents to their oxidizing and reducing

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abilities.

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11. Electrolysis
(a) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Candidates should be able to:
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. (i) distinguish between electrolytes and non-
(b) (i) Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4, aqueous electrolytes;
CuSO4, CuC12 solution, dilute and (ii) perform calculations based on faraday as a
concentrated NaC1 solutions and mole of electrons.
fused NaC1 (iii) identify suitable electrodes for different
(ii)Factors affecting discharge of ions at electrolytes.
the electrodes. (iv) specify the chemical reactions at the
electrodes;
(v) determine the products at the electrodes;
(vi) identify the factors that affect the products
of electrolysis;

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(c) Uses of electrolysis: (vii) specify the different areas of application of

Purification of metals e.g.copper and electrolysis;
production of elements and compounds
(Al, Na, O2, Cl2 and NaOH).

(d) Electrochemical cells:

Redox series (K, Ca,Na, Mg, (viii) identify the various electrochemical cells;
Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au,) (ix) calculate electrode potentials using half-
half-cell reactions and electrode potentials. cell reaction equations;
(Simple calculations only).

(e) Corrosion as an electrolytic process,

cathodic protection of metals,
painting, electroplating and coating
with grease or oil as ways of
preventing iron from corrosion.
(x) determine the different areas of
application of electrolytic processes;

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(xi) identify methods used in protecting metals.

12. Energy changes

(a) Energy changes(∆H) accompanying physical

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Candidates should be able to:

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and chemical changes:
dissolution of substances in/or (i) determine the types of heat changes
reaction with water e.g. Na, NaOH, (∆H) in physical and chemical processes;
K, NH4Cl. Endothermic (+∆H) and (ii) interpret graphical representations of heat

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exothermic (-∆H)reactions. changes;
(b) Entropy as an order-disorder (iii) relate the physical state of a substance

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phenomenon: simple illustrations to the degree of orderliness;
like mixing of gases and dissolution (iv) determine the conditions for spontaneity

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of salts. of a reaction ;
(c) Spontaneity of reactions: (v) relate ∆H0, ∆S0 and ∆G0 as the driving

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∆G0=0 as a criterion for equilibrium, ∆G forces for chemical reactions;
greater or less than zero as a criterion for (vi) solve simple problems based on the

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non-spontaneity or spontaneity respectively. relationships ∆G0= ∆H0 -T∆S0

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13. Rates of Chemical Reaction

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(a) Elementary treatment of the following factors
which can change the rate of a chemical
reaction:
Candidates should be able to:

(i) identify the factors that affect the rates of a

chemical reaction;
(i) Temperature e.g. the reaction between HCl (ii) determine the effects of temperature on
and Na2S2O3 or Mg and HCl the rate of reactions;

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(ii) Concentration e.g. the reaction between HCl (iii) examine the effect of concentration/pressure on
and Na2S2O3, HCl and marble and the iodine the rate of a chemical reaction;
clock reaction, for gaseous systems, pressure (iv) describe how the rate of a chemical reaction is
may be used as concentration term. affected by surface area;

(iii) Surface area e.g. the reaction (v) determine the types of catalysts suitable for
between marble and HCl with different reactions and their effects;

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marble in (vi) determine ways of moderating these effects in
(i) powdered form chemical reactions.
(ii) lumps of the same mass.

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(iv) Catalyst e.g. the decomposition
of H2O2 or KClO3 in the
presence or absence of MnO2

(b) Reaction rate curves.

(c)Activation energy
Qualitative treatment of Arrhenius’ law and
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(vii) interpret reaction rate curves;

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(viii) solve simple problems on the rate of reactions;
(ix) relate the rate of reaction to the kinetic theory

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the collision theory, effect of light on some of matter.
reactions. e.g. halogenation of alkanes (x) examine the significance of activation energy to
chemical reactions.
(xi) deduce the value of activation energy(Ea) from

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reaction rate curves.

14. Chemical equilibra

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Reversible reactions and factors governing
the equilibrium position. Dynamic
Candidates should be able to:

(i) identify the factors that affect the position

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equilibrium.Le Chatelier’s principle and of equilibrium of a chemical reaction;
equilibrium constant. Simple examples to (ii) predict the effects of each factor on the position

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include action of steam on iron and of equilibrium;

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N 2O 4 2NO2. (iii) determine the effects of these factors on

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15. Non-metals and their compounds

(a) Hydrogen: commercial production from
water gas and cracking of petroleum
fractions, laboratory preparation,
equilibrium constant.

Candidates should be able to:

(i) predict reagents for the laboratory and
industrial preparation of these gases and
their compounds.
properties, uses and test for hydrogen. (ii) identify the properties of the gases and their
compounds.
(b) Halogens: Chlorine as a representative (iii) compare the properties of these gases and
element of the halogen. Laboratory their compounds.
preparation, industrial preparation by (iv) specify the uses of each gas and its
electrolysis, properties and uses, e.g. compounds;
water sterilization, bleaching, (v) determine the specific test for each gas and its
manufacture of HCl, plastics and compounds.
insecticides. (vi) determine specific tests for Cl-, SO42-, SO32-,
S2-,NH4+, NO3-, CO32-, HCO−3

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Hydrogen chloride and Hydrochloric acid:

Preparation and properties. Chlorides and test for (vii) predict the reagents for preparation,
chlorides. properties and uses of HCl(g) and HCl(aq);
(c) Oxygen and Sulphur (viii) identify the allotropes of oxygen;
(i) Oxygen: (ix) determine the significance of ozone to
Laboratory preparation, properties and uses. our environment.
Commercial production from liquid air. (x) classify the oxides of oxygen and their
Oxides: Acidic,basic, amphoteric and neutral, properties
trioxygen (ozone) as an allotrope and the
importance of ozone in the atmosphere.

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(ii) Sulphur: (xi) identify the allotropes of sulphur and their
Uses and allotropes: uses;

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preparation of allotropes is not expected .
Preparation, properties and uses of sulphur(IV) (xii) predict the reagents for preparation, properties
oxide, the reaction of SO2 with and uses of SO2 and H2S;
alkalis.Trioxosulphate (IV) acid and its salts, (xiii) specify the preparations of H2SO4 and H2SO3,

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the effect of acids on salts of trioxosulphate their properties and uses.
(IV), Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid: Commercial

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preparation (contact process only), properties as
a dilute acid, an oxidizing and a dehydrating

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agents and uses. Test for SO42-.
Hydrogen sulphide: Preparation and properties
as a weak acid, reducing and precipitating
agents. Test for S2-

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(d) Nitrogen: (xiv) specify the laboratory and industrial
(i) Laboratory preparation preparation of NH3;

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(ii) Production from liquid air
(iii) Ammonia: (xv) identify the properties and uses of NH3;

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Laboratory and industrial
preparations (Haber Process only),

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properties and uses, ammonium salts
and their uses, oxidation of

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ammonia to nitrogen (IV)

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oxide and trioxonitrate (V)

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acid.
Test for NH4+

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(iv) Trioxonitrate (V) acid: (xvi) identify reagents for the laboratory
Laboratory preparation preparation of HNO3, its properties and
from ammonia; uses;
properties and uses. Trioxonitrate (V) salt- (xvii) specify the properties of N2O, NO, NO2 gases.
action of heat and uses. Test for NO3-
(v) Oxides of nitrogen:
Properties.

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The nitrogen cycle. (xviii) examine the relevance of nitrogen cycle

to the environment.
(e) Carbon: (xix) identify allotropes of carbon;
(i) Allotropes: Uses and (xx) predict reagents for the laboratory
properties preparation of CO2;
(ii) Carbon(IV) oxide, (xxi) specify the properties of CO2 and its
Laboratory preparation, properties uses;

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and uses. Action of heat on (xxii) determine the reagents for the
trioxocarbonate(IV) salts and test for laboratory preparation of CO;
(xxiii) predict the effects of CO on human;

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CO32-
(iii) Carbon(II) oxide:
Laboratory preparation, properties
including its effect on blood; (xxiv) identify the different forms of coal:
sources of carbon (II) oxide to (xxv) determine their uses;

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include charcoal, fire and exhaust (xxvi) specify the products of the destructive
fumes. distillation of wood and coal;

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(iv) Coal: Different types, products (xxvii) specify the uses of coke and synthesis gas.
obtained from destructive

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distillation of wood and coal.
(v) Coke: Gasification and uses.
Manufacture of synthesis gas and
uses.

16. Metals and their compounds

(a) General properties of metals

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(i) specify the general properties of metals;
(b) Alkali metals e.g. sodium (ii) determine the method of extraction suitable

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(i) Sodium hydroxide:- for each metal;
Production by electrolysis of (iii) relate the methods of extraction to the

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brine, its action on aluminium, zinc and lead properties of the metals;

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(iv) compare the chemical reactivities of the metals;

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ions.
Uses including precipitation of (v) specify the uses of the metals;
metallic hydroxides. (vi) determine specific test for metallic ions;

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and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate of the compounds of these metals;
(IV): Production by Solvay process, (viii) compare the chemical reactivities of the
properties and uses, e.g. compounds;
Na2CO3 in the manufacture of glass. (ix) specify the uses of these compounds;
(iii) Sodium chloride: its occurrence in (x) specify the chemical composition of cement.
sea water and uses, the economic
importance of sea water and the
recovery of sodium chloride.
(c) Alkaline-earth metals, e.g. calcium;
calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide
and calcium trioxocarbonate (IV);
Properties and uses. Preparation of
Calcium oxide from sea shells, the
chemical composition of cement
and the setting of mortar. Test for Ca2+.

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(d) Aluminium (xi) describe the method of purification of bauxite;

Purification of bauxite, electrolytic
extraction,properties and uses of
aluminium and its compounds. Test
for A13+ (xii) specify the ores of tin;
(e) Tin (xiii) relate the method of extraction to its
Extraction from its ores. properties;
Properties and uses. (xiv) specify the uses of tin;

(f) Metals of the first transition series.

Characteristic properties:
(i) electron configuration
(ii) oxidation states
transition metals;

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(xv) identify the general properties of the first

(xvi) deduce reasons for the specific properties

of the transition metals;

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(iii) complex ion formation
(iv) formation of coloured ions (xvii) determine the IUPAC names of simple

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(v) catalysis transition metal complexes

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(g) Iron (xviii) determine the suitable method of
Extraction from sulphide and oxide extraction of iron;
ores, properties and uses, different forms (xix) specify the properties and uses of iron;
of iron and their properties and (xx) identify the different forms of iron, their

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advantages of steel over iron. compositions, properties and uses.
Test for Fe2+ and Fe3+

(h) Copper

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Extraction from sulphide and oxide
ores, properties and uses of copper.
(xxi) identify the appropriate method of
extraction of copper from its compounds;
(xxii) relate the properties of copper and its

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Preparation and uses of copper( II ) compound to their uses.
Tetraoxosulphate (VI). Test for Cu2+ (xxiii) specify the method for the preparation of

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CuSO4;

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(i) Alloy (xxiv) specify the constituents and uses of the

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Steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, various alloys mentioned.
type-metal, duralumin, soft solder, (xxv) compare the properties and uses of alloys

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permallory and alnico(constituents and to pure metals.
uses only).

17. Organic Compounds Candidates should be able to:

An introduction to the tetravalency of (i) derive the name of organic compounds from
carbon, the general formula, IUPAC their general formulae;
nomenclature and the determination of (ii) relate the name of a compound to its structure;
empirical formula of each class of the (iii) relate the tetravalency of carbon to its ability
organic compounds mentioned below. to form chains of compound (catenation);
(iv) classify compounds according to their
(a) Aliphatic hydrocarbons functional groups;

(i) Alkanes (v) derive empirical formula and molecular

Homologous series in relation Formula from given data;
to physical properties, (vi) relate structure/functional groups to specific
substitution reaction and a few properties;
examples and uses of halogenated (vii) derive various isomeric forms from a given

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products. Isomerism: structural formula;

only (examples on isomerism should (viii) distinguish between the different types of
not go beyond six carbon atoms). isomerism;
(ix) classify the various types of hydrocarbons;
Petroleum: composition, fractional (x) distinguish each class of hydrocarbons by their
distillation and major products; properties;
cracking and reforming, (xi) specify the uses of various hydrocarbons;
Petrochemicals – starting materials of (xii) identify crude oil as a complex mixture
organic syntheses, quality of petrol of hydrocarbons;
and meaning of octane number. (xiii) relate the fractions of hydrocarbons to their
properties and uses;

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(xiv) relate transformation processes to quality
improvement of the fractions;

(ii) Alkenes
Isomerism: structural and geometric
isomerism, additional and
polymerization reactions, polythene

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processes;
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(xv) distinguish between various polymerization

(xvi) specify the process involved in vulcanization;

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and synthetic rubber as examples of
products of polymerization and its use

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in vulcanization. (xvii) specify chemical test for terminal alkynes

(iii) Alkynes
Ethyne – production from action of

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water on carbides, simple reactions and (xviii) distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic
properties of ethyne. hydrocarbons;

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(xix) relate the properties of benzene to its structure
(b) Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene -

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structure, properties and uses.
(xx) compare the various classes of alkanols;

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(c) Alkanols (xxi) determine the processes involved in ethanol
Primary, secondary, tertiary – production production;

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of ethanol by fermentation and from (xxii) examine the importance of ethanol as an

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petroleum by-products. Local examples alternative energy provider;

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of fermentation and distillation, e.g. (xxiii) distinguish the various classes of alkanols;
gin from palm wine and other local

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sources and glycerol as a polyhydric
alkanol.
Reactions of OH group – oxidation as a
distinguishing test among primary, secondary
and tertiary alkanols (Lucas test).
(xxiv) differentiate between alkanals and alkanones;
(d) Alkanals and alkanones.
Chemical test to distinguish between
alkanals and alkanones.
(xxv) compare the various types of alkanoic acids;
(e) Alkanoic acids.
Chemical reactions; neutralization and
esterification, ethanedioic (oxalic) acid
as an example of a dicarboxylic acid
and benzene carboxylic acid as an
example of an aromatic acid.

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(xxvi) identify natural sources of alkanoates;

(f) Alkanoates
Formation from alkanoic acids and (xxvii) specify the methods for the production of
alkanols – fats and oils as alkanoates. soap, detergent and margarine.
Saponification: (xxviii) distinguish between detergent and soap;
Production of soap and margarine from
alkanoates and distinction between
detergents and soaps.
(xxix) compare the various classes of alkanamine;
(g) Amines (Alkanamines) Primary,Secondary,
and tertiary

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(xxx) identify the natural sources of
(h) Carbohydrates carbohydrates;

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Classification – mono-, di- and (xxxi) compare the various classes of
polysaccharides; composition, chemical tests carbohydrates;
for simple sugars and reaction with (xxxii) infer the products of hydrolysis and
concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. dehydration of carbohydrates;

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Hydrolysis of complex sugars e.g. cellulose (xxxiii) determine the uses of carbohydrates;
from cotton and starch from cassava, the uses (xxxiv) specify the tests for simple sugars;

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of sugar and starch in the production of
alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals and

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textiles.

(i) Proteins: (xxxv) identify the basic structure of proteins;

Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests (xxxvi) specify the methods and products of

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(Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon’s and hydrolysis;
xanthoproteic) (xxxvii) specify the various tests for proteins;

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Enzymes and their functions.
(xxxviii) distinguish between natural and synthetic

K
(j) Polymers: polymers;
Natural and synthetic rubber; addition and (xxxix) differentiate between addition and

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condensation polymerization. condensation polymerization processes;
Methods of preparation, examples and uses. (xl) classify natural and commercial polymers

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Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. and their uses;

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(xli) distinguish between thermoplastics and

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thermosetting plastics.

D
18. Chemistry and Industry
Chemical industries: Types, raw materials and Candidates should be able to :
relevance; Biotechnology. (i) classify chemical industries in terms of
products;
(ii) identify raw materials for each industry;
(iii) distinguish between fine and heavy
chemicals;
(iv) enumerate the relevance of each of these
industries;
(v) relate industrial processes to biotechnology.

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 Chemistry

RECOMMENDED TEXTS

1. Ababio, O. Y. (2009). New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools (Fourth edition),
Onitsha: Africana FIRST Publishers Limited.

2. Bajah, S.T.; Teibo, B. O., Onwu, G.; and Obikwere, A. Book 1 (1999). Senior Secondary Chemistry, Books 2
and 3 (2000). Lagos: Longman.

J
3. Ojokuku, G. O. (2012). Understanding Chemistry for Schools and Colleges, (Revised Edition),
Zaria: Press-On Chemresources.

Q
4. Odesina, I. A. (2008). Essential: Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools, (2nd Edition), Lagos: Tonad
Publishers Limited.

P
5. Uche, I. O. Adenuga, I. J. and Iwuagwu, S. L. (2003). Countdown to WASSCE/SSCE, NECO, JME Chemistry,
Ibadan: Evans.

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