Chemistry

APPENDIX ‘A’

(Outlines of Tests)

Physical Chemistry (Written) 50

Inorganic Chemistry (Written) 50

Organic Chemistry (Written) 50

Practical (For three days, Four hours duration each day as detailed below):

Physical Chemistry 16

Inorganic Chemistry 17

Organic Chemistry 17

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Total: 200
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APPENDIX ‘B’

(Syllabi and Courses of Reading)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (WRITTEN)

All units should be expressed in SI system

1. STATES OF MATTER

Ideal gas laws and general gas equation, Kinetic molecular theory of gases, Kinetic
theory for ideal gases and deduction of gas laws, molecular velocities (Averages, root
square and most probable), distribution of molecular velocities and experimental
equation, molecular collisions, mean free path, collision, frequency, heat capacity of
gases
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Thermal Energy
Translational, rotational and vibrational contributions. Principle of equipation energy, van
der waals equation and its validity. Critical phenomenon and determinations of constants,
van der Experimental determination of critical temperature of Waals corresponding
states, Liquefaction of gases
Liquids:
Structural differences between gases and liquids, vapour pressure, surface tension,
viscosity, refractive index, optical activity and dipole moment (their measurement and
relation to constitution)
Solids:
Crystallisation and unit of crystallography of crystal systems, X-ray diffraction and the
Braggs Equation. Experimental methods for X-ray structure determination
Closed, packed, spherical structures, structure of ionic solids. Elementary treatment of
metals, insulators and semiconductors
Colloids:
Classification, preparation, purification and properties of colloidal solutions. By
treatment of Gels, Emulsions, Aerosols and surface active agents
2. Solutions
Racult’s law, Henry’s law, Activity and activity coefficients, Deviation of solution from
ideal behavior. Colligative properties, lowering of vapour pressure, Boiling point
elevation, Depression in freezing point and osmotic point and osmotic pressure, (Their
measurements and thermodynamic derivation of molecular masses), Abnormal
Colligative properties of solutions
3. Atomic and Molecular structure
Earlier developments in Nature of light radiations, Bohr’s theory of atomic structure,
Interpretation and emission spectra of hydrogen atoms, Quantum mechanics, de Broglie
equation and Eigen values interpretation of (H-E). Eigen functions and Eigen value,
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principles in the dimensional box (permitted energies and
values)
Quantum number of atomic orbital, Paul’s exclusion principle, Distribution of elements
in atomic orbits
Chemical bonding (Elementary treatment of Lewis, Valence bond and Molecular orbital
theories
4. Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic terms and types of systems, State and state function, Equilibrium states,
nature of heat and work, Sign conversion and units of work and q. energy change, First
law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, Heat capacity
Thermo chemistry, Heat of reaction, Hess’s law, Heat of formation, Standard theory of
combustion and its applications, Heat of neutralization, Heat of solution, Measurement of
heat of reaction. Effect of temperature on heat of reaction (Kirchhoff’s equation)
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Types of thermodynamic processes, E. reversibility and irreversibility, Isothermal

reversible expansion of an ideal gas, adiabatic process for and ideal gas. spontaneous and
nonspontaneous processes. Second law of thermodynamics. The Carnot’s engine
efficiency of an engine. Thermodynamics temperature scale. Entropy and its equations
for phase transition, Reversible and irreversible isothermal expansion. Temperature
dependence entropy, entropy and probability, Helmhotz and Gibb’s Free energies.
Standard free energy, G-RT, In K. Van’t Hoffinochore, (Integrated form) – Claperyron
equation

5. Chemical Equilibrium:
Basic concepts, las of mass action, relationship between Kc, Kp, Kx and Kn for
homogeneous actions, Homogeneous gaseous equilibria, Effects of pressure,
concentration and equilibrium changes. Example of chemical equilibria, Degree of
dissociation
Le Chatelier’s Principle and its applications to homogeneous and heterogeneous
equilibia, thermodynamic equations, Effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium

6. Phase Equilibrium:
Phases, components, degrees of freedom, Gibb’s phase rule and its derivation, diagram,
One component system, (Water and sulpure system). Two component systems, eutectic
systems, cooling curves and cooling behavior, Silver-lead systems, conformation with
congruent m.p., Ferric chloride water system, sodium sulphate water system
Solid solution and allo systems, liquid vapor systems, Three component systems,
miscible a three component system, liquid-liquid systems, Nernst’s distribution law,
applications and deviations

7. Chemical Kinetics:
The reaction rate (average and instantaneous), Rate equation, velocity constant and
expression. Order and molecularity, Kinetic expressions for zero order, first unimolecular
and second order (with same and different initial conc.) with examples. Determination of
order and rate constant of a reaction, Effect of temperature on energy and its
determination
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8. Electrochemistry

Electrolytic conduction (definitions and measurements, specific, equivalent and molar

conductances). Conductance of strong and weak electrolytes, kohlrausch's law and its
applications. Ostwald’s dilution law, Transport number, Hittorf rule, Determination of
transference number, Application of conductance measurements

Electromotive force and its measurement, electrochemical cells, reversible and

irreversible classification of half cells, electrode potential and its measurements (standard
electrodes). Cell notation of thermodynamic aspect of cell reaction. Liquid junction
potential, types of galvanic reaction cells with and without transference

9. Nuclear chemistry

Types of nuclear radiations, detection and measurement of radioactivity, stable and

unstable isotopes, Half life, natural radioactivity, Artificial nuclear transformation,
Applications of radioactive isotopes, Nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Brief
description of nuclear reaction

Text Books

1 – Text book of Physical Chemistry for B.Sc. students by Ali Mohammad and Ghulam
Rasool Chaudry, Ameen Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore

2 – Text book of Physical Chemistry for B.Sc. students by G. Nabi, Publisher: Ilmi Kitab
Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore

Paper ‘B’ INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (WRITTEN)

Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Periodic Law, Periodic Tables, Quantum Numbers, Atomic Structure, Hund's

Rule, Atomic Structure and Periodic Table, Atomic Radii, Covalent Radii, Ionic
Radii, Vander Waal's Radii, Ionization Potential, Electron Affinities,
Electronegativity, Redox Potential, Electrochemical Series
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Metals as reducing agents and non-metals as Oxidizing agents, Redox actions, potential
(elementary treatment), electrochemical series and its applications

Chemical Bonding

Nature and types of chemical bond, energetics of chemical bond, bond energies, length,
polarity of molecules, dipole moment

Theories of chemical bonding, Valence bond theory, Interpretation of pictorial pictures of

molecules based on hybridization and resonance, Interpretation of shapes of molecules
based on valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) treatment, Molecular theory as
applied to homonuclean and heteronuclean diatomic molecules, Hydrogen metallic
bonding

Acid-Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions

General concepts of acid and bases including soft and hard acid-base concepts, strength
of acids and bases, significance of PK Ionization of water and PH con. Buffers, Relation
ship between acid-base equilibria and redox processes

Ionic Reactions in 6 Solutions

Hydrolysis of salts, application of law of mass action and the principle of solubility and
common ion effect in inorganic qualitative analysis

Chemistry of p-block Elements

General characteristics of the following groups of p-block elements with reference to the
aspects given against each

Boron and Aluminum

Gradation of the characteristic properties with in the group III. Metallurgy of aluminum
and its chemical characteristics. Electron deficient molecules such as boranes and
aluminum hydrides and halides, including their structure bonding

Carbon and Silicon

Gradation of the characteristic properties within group IV. Green house effect,
conduction of pure silicon chips for solar energy cells, silicones. Structural aspects of
silicates/ortho and Meta silicates, Industrial applications of Zeolites, Cement and
Industry, Water glass

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Gradation of the characteristic properties within group V, Oxides and oxyacids, nitrogen
and their role in environmental pollution, Nitrogen and Phosphorous based fertilizers
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(d) Oxygen and Sulphur

Gradation of the characteristics properties within group VI, oxyacids of Sulphur, Role of
sulphur dioxide in air pollution. Thionic acids, Use of ‘hypo’ in photography

(e) Halogens

Gradation of the characteristic properties within group VII, Oxyacids of chloride,

Structural and chemical aspects of interhalogens and psendohalogens

(f) Zero Group Elements

Basic of reactivity of noble gases, Nature of bonding and structures of compounds

(fluorides, oxides and oxyflourides) laboratory and commercial utilization of noble gases

6. Transition Elements (d block elements)

General characteristics of d-block elements, Electronic configuration, Coordination bond

formation, Development of coordination compounds, nomenclature. Application of valance
bond, crystal field theories

7. Modern Materials

Introduction to liquid crystals, inorganic polymers, engineering ceramics, fiber glass,

thin films and semi conductors.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Text Book
Text Books of Inorganic Chemistry for B.Sc. students by Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Ilmi
Kitab Khana, Lahore
Reference Books:
a. Inorganic Chemistry edited by Dr. Badar-ud-Din and Syed Marghoob Ali, Feroz
sons, Lahore
b. Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Van Nostrand Company Limited, London
c. Fundamental concepts of Inorganic Chemistry by Esmarch S. Gireath, Macgra Hill
d. Inorganic Chemistry by T. Moellor, John Wiley Interscience
e. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by F.A Cotton and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley
Interscience

f. Systematic Inorganic Chemistry by R. M. Cavan and G. D. Landay, Blakie and

Sons Ltd.
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Paper ‘C’ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (WRITTEN)

Basic Concept
Atomic, molecular and hybrid orbitals, multiple localized and delocalized bonds
proportions of bonds, inductive effect, dipole moment. The concept of resonance,
rules for resonance, resonance energy, steric inhibition of resonance,
hyperconjucntion, resonance effect, hydrogen bonding, tautomerism. Introduction to
spectroscopy with special reference to ultraviolet/visible and infrared spectroscopy.
Hydrocarbons
Classification of hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical
characteristics and chemical reactions of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Structure of benzene and the concept of aromatic
hydrocarbons. Structure of benzene and the concept of aromaticity, Aromatic
electrophilic substitution
Stereoisomerism
Conformational Analysis of ethane and n-butane
Optical Isomerism, Optical activity, chiral carbon atom and optical isomerism,
relative and absolute configuration: creation of chiral carbon and racemization,
optical isomerism in compounds containing two chiral carbon atoms, diastereomers,
elements of symmetry, resolution of racemic mixture. Geometrical Isomerism cis-
trans isomerism, designation of configuration, determination of configuration
Alkyl Halides
Nomenclature, methods of preparation and chemical reactions with special reference
to nucleophilic substitution and elimination reaction of alky halides, preparation,
structure and synthetic applications of Grignard reagents.
The Hydroxyl Group and Ethers
Nature of hydroxyl group is alcohols and phenols.
Alcohols, Classification and nomenclature of alcohols, methods of preparation and
chemical reactions of alcohols, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary
alcohols.
Phenols, Methods of Preparation of Phenols, acidity of phenols, Chemical reactions
of phenols. Ethers, Methods of preparation and reactions of ethers.

The Carbonyl Group

Nature of carbonyl group and its reactivity, nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones.
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Methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones, chemical reactions of aldehydes and

ketones, distinction between aldehydes and ketones
Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives
Nomenclature of carboxylic acids, methods of preparation and chemical reaction of
carboxylic acids, strength of carboxylic acid and the factors affecting it. Formation and
hydrolysis of acid anhydrides, acid amides, acid halides and glycerides. Introduction to
amino acids.
Nitrogen Compounds
Amines: Classification of amines, methods of preparation and chemical reactions of
amines, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Preparation and
reaction of aniline.
Basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines and factors affecting in Salzonium and their
synthetic application.
Heterocyclic compound: Methods of preparation of pyrole and pyridine, character of
pyrole and pyridine and comparison of their reactivity with benzene. Some of the
important reactions of pyrole and pyridine.
Carbohydrates.
Classification of carbohydrates, characteristic features of mono, di and tri glycerides and
some of their important reactions. Structure, ring size and formation of glucose
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
Text Book
1. M. Younas , “A Textbook of Organic Chemistry” Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
Reference Books
1. T.R. Merrison and R. N. Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”, Aliyon and Bacon, Inc. USA
2. T.W. Graham Solamons, “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA
3. A. Streitweisor, Jr. and C.H. Heatcock, “Introduction to Organic Chemistry,
Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. USA.
4. I. L. Finar, “Organic Chemistry”, Longman group Ltd., U.K.
5. P. Sykes, “A guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman Group
Inc. U.K.
Paper ‘A’ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)
1. Surface Tension Measurement:
Determination of surface tension of different liquids, Parachor values, Composition of
mixtures of two miscible liquids
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2. Viscosity Measurement:
Determination of viscosity coefficients of different liquids. Khechor values and
composition of mixture of two miscible liquids.
3. Refractometry:
Determination of specific and molar refractivities of different liquids, composition of two
miscible liquids.
4. Thermochemical Measurement:
(i) Heat of neutralization of acids and bases
(ii) Heats of solutions of different salts
5. Molecular Mass:
Determination by ebullioscopic method.
6. Chemical Kinetics:
Determination of reaction rate constant for a first order reaction (acid hydrolysis)
7. Conductance Measurements:
i. Determination of cell constant and molar conductance
ii. Verification of Ostwald’s dilution law, Determination of degree of dissociation for
weak electrolytes.
PAPER ‘B’ INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
(i) Mixture of four radicals (cations and anions from a standard sample as well as from
water, soil and simple ones by semi-micro techniques/macro, techniques,
(ii) Spot tests for the following cations:
Ni (II), Ag (I), Hg (II), Cd (II)
Separation of cations
Ni (II), Co (II), Mn (II), Cu (II) by paper chromatography
Qualitative Analysis
(Calculations should be based on molarities). Multistage exercises based on Iodemetry,
complexometry and redox reactions e.g.
(ii) Preparation of Ferrous Sulphate from Kipp’s Waster and determining the
percentage purity of the sample by estimating Fe (II) with K2Cr2O7
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(iii) Preparation of CuSO4 from Copper turnings and determining the percent purity of
the sample by Iodemetry and Iodimetry

(iv) Determination of hardness of water using EDTA and other relevant exercises

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

Estimation of Ba+2 and Pb+2 ions as BaSO4 and as PbCrG4

PAPER ‘C’ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

1. Identification of organic compounds containing only one emphasis on compounds

containing the following functional group with special emphasis on compounds
containing –COOH, -OH, -CO, -NH2 and –CONH2

2. Basic Experimental techniques used in organic chemistry:

a. Filtration

b. Simple and fractional distillation

c. Solvent extraction

d. Sublimation

e. Recrystallization

3. Organic Preparations:

a. Preparation of tribromophenol (Halogenation)

b. Preparation of Nitrobenzene (Nitration)

c. Preparation of aspirin (Acetylation)

d. Preparation of ethyl benzoate (Esterification)

e. Preparation of benzoic acid from toluene (Oxidation of side chain)