ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 (LECTURE)

INTRODUCTION
PROF. INOJOSA / AUGUST 24, 2022

A. BASIC ELECTRICAL TERMS secured directly to and telescoping with the

walls of box proper.
Ampacity – current, in amperes, that a
conductor can carry continuously under the Disconnecting Means – device or any means
conditions of use without exceeding its by which the conductors of a circuit can be
temperature rating. disconnected from their source of supply.

Bonding – bonded; permanent joining of Dwelling

metallic parts to forms an electrically • Dwelling Unit – one or more rooms for
conductive path that will ensure electrical the use of one or more persons as a
continuity and the capacity to conduct safely housekeeping unit with space for eating,
any current likely to be imposed. living, sleeping and permanent
Branch circuit – circuit conductors between provisions for cooking and sanitation
the finals overcurrent device protecting the • One-Family Dwelling – contains one
circuit and the outlet dwelling units
• Two-Family Dwelling - contains two
Bus – conductor or group of conductors, in dwelling units
switchgear assemblies which serves as a • Multi-Family Dwelling - contains three
common connection for two or more circuits or more dwelling units
Circuit Breaker – opens and closes a circuit Enclosed – surrounded by a case/fence/walls
by non-automatic means to open the circuit that prevents persons from accidentally
automatically on a predetermined overcurrent contacting energized parts.
without damage to itself when properly
applied within its rating. Enclosure – the housing or casing apparatus;
prevents personnel from accidentally
Concealed – rendered inaccessible by the contacting energized parts; protects the
structure or finish of the building. Wires in equipment from physical damage
concealed raceways are considered concealed,
even though they may become accessible by Energized – electrically connected to a source
withdrawing them. of potential difference

Conductor– object or type of materials that Exposed (applied to live parts) – capable of
can carry electrical along its length. (silver, being inadvertently touched or approached
gold, aluminum, copper) nearer than a safe distance by a person;
applied to parts that are not suitably guarded,
• Bare – conductor having no covering or insulated, or isolated.
electrical insulation
• Insulated – conductor encased within Exposed (applied to wiring methods) – on or
material of composition and thickness attached to the surface or behind panels to
that is recognized by the PEE as allow access
electrical insulation Feeder – all circuit conductors between the
Continuous Load – load where the max service equipment, the source of a separately
current is expected to continue for 3 hrs or derived system, or other power supply source
more and the final branch-circuit overcurrent
device.
Cutout Box – enclosure designed for surface
mounting that has swinging doors or covers
Fixture – integral, separate or self-contained inspection of production of listed equipment
unit which contains one or more bulbs or or materials or periodic evaluation of services,
florescent tubes and whose listing states that the equipment,
material, or services either meets appropriate
Ground – conducting connection, intentional
designated standards or has been tested and
or accidental, between an electrical circuit or
found suitable for a specified purpose.
equipment and the earth, some conducting
body that serves in place of Earth Load – any current consuming device
Grounded – effectively, intentionally Location
connected to earth through a ground
connection or connections of sufficiently low • Damp Location – partially protected
impedance and having sufficient current- locations under canopies, marquees,
carrying capacity to prevent the build-up of roofed, open porches, and like locations
voltages that may result in undue hazards to and interior locations subject to moderate
connected equipment or person degrees of moisture, such as some
basements, barns and cold-storage
Grounding Conductor – used to connect warehouse.
equipment or the grounded circuit of a wiring • Dry Location - not normally subject to
system to a grounding electrode/s dampness or wetness. A location
classified as dry may be temporarily
Guarded – covered/shielded/protected;
subject to dampness or wetness, as in the
means of casing/barriers/screen mats to
case of a building under construction.
remove the likelihood of approach/contact by
• Wet Location - underground or in
persons/objects to a point of danger.
concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact
Handhole Enclosure – identified for use in with the earth; in locations subject to
underground systems, provided with an saturation with water or other liquids,
open/closed bottom, and sized to allow such as vehicle washing areas; and in
personnel to reach into but not enter, for the unprotected locations exposed to weather
purpose of installing, operating, or and unprotected
maintaining equipment or wiring or both.
Luminaire - complete lighting unit consisting
Interlock – device actuated by the operation of a lamp or lamps together with the parts
of some other device with which it is directly designed to distribute the light, to position and
associated to govern succeeding operations of protect the lamps and ballast (where
the same or allied devices applicable), and to connect the lamps to the
power supply.
Jumper – short length of conductor used to
make a connection between terminals or Metal-Clad – constructed that the conducting
around a break in circuit/ instrument; parts are entirely enclosed in a metal
temporary connection casing/enclosure
Junction Box – box with a blank cover which Motor Control Center - assembly of one or
serves the purpose of joining different runs of more enclosed sections having a common
raceway or cable and provided with sufficient power bus and principally containing motor
space for connection and branching the control units.
enclosed conductors.
Outlet - point on the wiring system at which
Listed - Equipment, materials, or services current is taken to supply utilization
included in a list published by an organization equipment.
that is acceptable to the authority having
Overload – operation of equipment in excess
jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of
of rated ampacity that, when it persists for a
products or services, that maintains periodic
sufficient length of time, would cause damage supplied conductors and equipment are
or dangerous overheating. A fault, such as a considered feeders not a service.
short circuit or ground fault, is not an
Service Equipment - necessary equipment,
overload.
usually consisting of a circuit breaker(s) or
Panelboard - single panel or group of panel switch(es) and fuse(s) and their accessories,
units designed for assembly in the form of a connected to the load end of service
single panel, including buses and automatic conductors to a building or other structure, or
overcurrent devices, and equipped with or an otherwise designated area, and intended to
without switches for the control of light, heat, constitute the main control and cutoff of the
or power circuits; designed to be placed in a supply.
cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a
Switchgear - covering an assembly or
wall, partition, or other support; and
assemblies of devices for the switching,
accessible only from the front
interrupting, controlling, metering of electric
Pull Box – box with a blank cover which is power
inserted in one or more runs or raceway to
Transfer Switch - automatic or nonautomatic
facilitate pulling in the conductors, and may
device for transferring one or more load
also serve the purpose of distributing
conductor connections from one power source
involved.
to another.
Qualified Person – has skills and knowledge
Ungrounded – system/circuit/apparatuses
related to the construction and operation of the
referred to is without an internal connection to
electrical equipment and installations and has
ground except through potential indicating or
received safety training on the hazards
measuring device or other very high
involved
impedance devices.
Raceway - enclosed channel of metal or
Ventilated - provided with a means to permit
nonmetallic materials designed expressly for
circulation of air sufficient to remove an
holding wires, cables, or busbars, with
excess of heat, fumes, or vapors.
additional functions as permitted in this Code.
Raceways include, but are not limited to, rigid Watertight - constructed so that moisture will
metal conduit, rigid nonmetallic conduit, not enter the enclosure under specified test
intermediate metal conduit, liquidtight conditions.
flexible conduit, flexible metallic tubing,
flexible metal conduit, electrical nonmetallic Weatherproof - constructed or protected so
tubing, electrical metallic tubing, underfloor that exposure to the weather will not interfere
raceways, cellular concrete floor raceways, with successful operation.
cellular metal floor raceways, surface
B. PEC PROVISIONS
raceways, wireways, and busways.
Service Drop - overhead service conductors B.1 ELECTRICAL PERMITS
from the last pole or other aerial support to and Electrical Permit Needed Before Work is
including the splices, if any, connecting to the Started. Before starting any installation work,
service-entrance conductors at the building or alternation, repair or extension on any
other structure. electrical system, the owners, lessors,
Service Entrance - conductors and operators, occupants, or licensed electrical
equipment for delivering electric energy from practitioners shall obtain Electrical Permit for
the serving utility to the wiring system of the buildings, trailers, mobile homes, or other
premises served. If the electric energy is premises from the Office of the Local
supplied by other than the serving utility, the Building Official, and for watercrafts from the
Maritime Industry Authority (Marina).
B.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR before a preliminary and/or final inspection is
ELECTRICAL PERMIT: SIGNATURES done.
AND SUBMITTALS
B.5.1 CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION
(a) The Electrical Permit shall include the
No electrical installation, alteration, and/or
following minimum information:
addition shall be connected or reconnected to
• Applicant. any power supply or any other source of
• Professional Electrical Engineer who electrical energy without a Certificate of Final
signed and sealed electrical plans and Electrical Inspection/Completion obtained
specifications. from the local building official signed by their
• Duly qualified Electrical Practitioner who respective licensed electrical practitioner
is in-charge of electrical works.
B.5.2 TEMPORARY INSTALLATION
• Building Owner
• Lot Owner For temporary electrical installation, the same
• Building Official procedure as stated above shall be followed.
At the end of the period covered by the
(b) Five (5) sets of complete electrical plans certificate of inspection, the temporary
and specifications signed and sealed by installation shall be removed. Extended use of
Professional Electrical Engineer. the temporary installation shall require a new
B.3 ELECTRICAL PERMIT TO BE approval electrical permit.
ISSUED IMMEDIATELY B.6 RECONNECTION OF
(a) The application, upon receipt, shall be DISCONNECTED SERVICES
checked immediately by the local building In cases where service has been cut off for
official or his representatives for compliance more than one (1) year, a new certificate of
with the requirements. If complying, the final electrical inspection shall be required
Electrical Permits shall be issued upon before reconnection.
payment of the corresponding electrical fees.
B.7 DRAWING SHEET SIZES
(b) If the project is extensive and required
more time for checking and for computations (a) electrical plans and drawings shall be
of fees, the issuance of the Electrical Permit drawn on drawing sheets of the following
need not be issued immediately. The delay standard sizes:
shall not be longer than five (5) working days
• 760 mm x 1000 mm (30” x 40”)
after which time application together with the
• 600 mm x 900 mm (24” x 36”)
accompanying plans shall be considered as
• 500 mm x 760 mm (20” x 30”)
complying with all the requirement and the
electrical permit shall be issued immediately (b) for a dwelling unit having a floor area of
thereafter. not more than 50 square meters with a total
load not exceeding 3680VA, a drawing sheet
Posting of Electrical Permit. A copy of the
of size 297mm x 429mm (A3) size is
Electrical Permit, upon issuance, shall be
permitted.
posted at a conspicuous location at the job site
and shall not be removed until final inspection B.8 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
and approval of the work shall have been
made. (a) Location and Site Plans.

B.4 APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION Location of service drop, service equipment

and nearest pole of the utility company
An application for inspection shall be filed furnishing electrical energy; location of the
with the government authority concerned meter as well as sizes of service entrance
wires, conduits and service equipment
(b) Legends or Symnbols o Rating kilovolt-ampere or kilowatt
o Voltage of circuit
(c) General Notes and/or Specifications
o Phase loading indicating full load line
General Notes and/or Specifications, written current
on the plans or submitted on separate standard o Type and size of wiring
size sheets shall show: o Protective device rating

• Nature of electrical service, including (f) One Line Diagram / Single Line
number of phases, number of wires, Diagram
voltage and frequency; (g) Design Analysis. Design analysis shall be
• Type of wiring; included on the drawings or shall be submitted
o Service entrance on separate sheets of standard size, and shall
o Feeders, sub-feeders and branch show:
circuit wires for lighting and/or power
load • Branch circuits, sub-feeders, feeders,
o Fire alarm system, if required by law busways, and service entrance;
o Signaling and communication • Types, ratings, and trip settings of
• Special equipment to be installed, overload protective devices
indicating ratings and classification of • Calculation of short circuit current for
service or duty cycle of; determining the interrupting capacity of
o Rectifiers overurrent protection device
o heaters • Calculation of voltage drops.
o X-ray apparatus
o Electric welding and equipment (h) Other Details
o Others • Shop drawings
• system or method of grounding: • Installation details and dimensions
• Type and rating of main disconnecting • Hanger and support; guying details
means, overcurrent protection (OCP) and
branch circuit wiring; B.9 TITLE BLOCK
• Clearances of service drop, burial depth
Title block or nameplate of plans and
for service lateral, mounting height and drawing shall be a standard strip of 40mm
clearance for service equipment, high at the bottom of the sheet. It shall
mounting height and clearance for kWh contain the following:
meter.
• Name and location of installation or
(d) Electrical Layout. Floor plan showing
project
location of equipment and devices, and their
• Name, signature, and address of
interconnection wiring.
owner/manager/operator
o Lighting layout • Title of sheet
o Power layout • Name, signature and seal of professional
o Auxiliary layout electrical engineer together with
professional regulation commission
(e) Schedule of Loads. Schedule of load in
professional license number and validity,
tabulated form shall indicate:
professional tax receipt number and tax
o Panel as numbered in the feeder identification number
diagram • Scale used, date drawn
o Circuit designation number • Sheet number
o Number of lighting outlets in each
circuit
o Number of convenience outlets
B.10 CONDUCTOR SIZES C.3 Voltages
Conductor sizes are expressed in square Throughout this Code, the voltage considered
millimeters for stranded or in millimeters shall be that at which the circuit operates. The
diameter (mm.dia) for solid voltage rating of electrical equipment shall
not be less than the nominal voltage of a
B.11 MEANS OF IDENTIFYING
circuit to which it is connected
GROUNDED CONDUCTORS
C.4 Conductors
An insulated grounded conductor shall be
identified by the ff: Conductors normally used to carry current
shall be of copper unless otherwise provided
• A conductor with continuous white/gray in this Code. Where the conductor material is
covering not specified, the material and the sizes given
• A conductor with three continuous white in this Code shall apply to copper conductors.
stripes Where other materials are used, the size shall
• A marking of white/gray color at the be changed accordingly. Sizes are expressed
termination encircling the conductor or in square millimeters for stranded or in
insulation millimeters diameter for solid.
B.12 CONDUCTOR SIZING C.5 Wiring Methods
• Lighting Only wiring methods recognized as suitable
The code provides that 100VA shall be are included in this Code. The recognized
the max load for each household lighting methods of wiring shall be permitted to be
outlet installed in any type of building or
• Convenience Outlet occupancy, except as otherwise provided in
The code provides that each single this Code.
receptacle shall be considered at no less
than 180VA ratngs C.6 Interrupting Rating
• Connected Load Equipment intended to interrupt current at
The code provides that the amapcity of fault levels shall have an interrupting rating
the connected load shall not exceed 80% sufficient for the nominal circuit voltage and
of the ampacity of the conductor the current that is available at the line
• Service Entrance Conductor (min size) terminals of the equipment.
The code states that the conductors shall
not be smaller than 8.0mm2 (3.2 mm dia.) C.6 Circuit Impedance and Other
copper or 14mm2 aluminum Characteristics

EXCEPTION: Conductors supplying only The overcurrent protective devices, the total
limited loads of a single branch circuit shall impedance, the component short-circuit
not be smaller than 3.5mm2 (20 mm dia) current ratings, and other characteristics of
copper. the circuit to be protected shall be selected
and coordinated to permit the circuit
C. REQUIREMENTS FOR protective devices used to clear a fault to do
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS so without extensive damage to the electrical
components of the circuit.
(B) Installation and Use. Listed or labeled D. CONDUCTOR INSULATION
equipment shall be installed and used in
AND APPLICATIONS
accordance with any instructions included in
the listing or labeling.
Electrical projects require installing electrical
wire but which types of wires can be used in
particular location. The code defines the The “T” stands for thermoplastic, the type of
locations in which certain electrical wire insulation covering the wire itself. The “H”
types can be used. It is good to be aware that stands for a heat resistance up to 60°C
not all electrical conductors and cables are (167°F). Likewise, the “HH” stands for a heat
the same. The insulation type determine the resistance, only it increases the rating to 90°C
areas they can and cannot be used. (194°F). The “W” stands for moisture
resistance. The “N” stands for an additionally
Dry Locations
nylon coating that makes the wire both oil
A location not normally subject to dampness and gasoline resistant. These wire are built to
or wetness. A location classified as dry may take on many different conditions.
be temporarily subject to dampness or
wetness, as in the case of a building under
construction.
Damp Location
Locations protected from weather and not
subject to saturation with water or other
liquids but subject to moderate degrees of
moisture. Examples of such locations include
partially protected locations under canopies,
marquees, roofed open porches, and like
locations, and interior locations subject to
moderate degrees of moisture, such as some
basements, some barns, and some cold
storage warehouses.
Wet Location
Installations underground or in concrete slabs
or masonry in direct contact with the earth; in
locations subject to saturation with water or
other liquids, such as vehicle washing areas;
and in unprotected locations exposed to
weather.