Lecture 2

Globalization and The structure of Globalization

A: The current world population in the world today is 8,056,741,358 as of

Sunday, August 27,2023.
B: Countries/states in the world today: 195
C: THE PHILIPPINES
POPULATION: 117,337,368 million
TOTAL LAND AREA: 300 000 km2
ISLANDS: 7107
D: „Think global, act local/ Think globally, act locally“

Introduction
Global concerns require global efforts!
Why is globalization important?
Globalization changes the way nations, businesses and people interact. Specifically, it
changes the nature of economic activity among nations, expanding trade, opening
global supply chains and providing access to natural resources and labor markets.
Globalization refers to integration between people, companies, and governments.
The contemporary world refers to the present time period, which is characterized by
rapid changes and advancements in various aspects of life.
We experience globalization knowingly und unknowingly everyday of our lives
(movement of people, ideas, money or culture globally). This is not a new phenomenon.
What is new, is a range, scale and speed at which this movement is happening. (smart
phones, marketing process,pandemic how fast it has reached people around the world,
it was something concentrated in China and now its in all around the world /all over the
world/ in the whole world.
This term came into popular usage in 1980 to describe the increase movement of people,
knowledge, ideas, goods and money across national borders that has led to the
increased interconnectedness among the worlds population economically, socially,
politically and culturally. Globalization has many economic, political, social and
cultural implications.
Globalization in economics = multinational corporations operate on a global scale with
sattelite offices and branches with numerous locations. ,
Globalization in cultures = involves the spread of language, cultures,the arts, food, food.
Globalization in technology =accelerated spread and integration of technology,
information and communication systems on a global scale. the internet, global news
networks like CNN, cell phones, around 60% of all people in the world use cell phones,
Globalization also involves international travel , tourism and immigration. Tourism
impacts local, regional, and global economies!

Economy: GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is probably the best measure of the overall
condition of the economy because it includes the output of all sectors of the economy.
When economies grow, states can tax that revenue and gain the capacity and resources
needed to provide the public goods and services that their citizens need, like healthcare,
education, social protection and basic public services. Further to benefits provided by
the state, inclusive/economic growth brings wider material gains.

Culture (culture provides important social and economic benefits. With improved
learning and health, increased tolerance, and opportunities to come together with
others, culture enhances our quality of life and increases overall well-being for both
individuals and communities)
Politics: Stable political situation is important for every country!
Social protection is a human right. It ensures access to health care and income security
for all. It provides for you and your family when you're sick, unemployed, injured,
pregnant or too old to work. It provides support for your family in case something
happens to you).
DSWD (department of social welfare and development).
Which country has most social benefits? France.
Types (8) of Globalization

 Political Globalization.
 Social Globalization.
 Economic Globalization.
 Technological Globalization.
 Financial Globalization.
 Cultural Globalization.
 Ecological Globalization.
 Geographical Globalization.

We will look into a few definitions of globalization:

Accoring to Goldstein: „Globalization encompasses many trends including expanded
international trade, monetary coordination, multinational corporations,
telecommunications, technical and specific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new
types and scales, migration and refugee flows, and realtions between wolrd´s rich and
poor countries and between human beings and the natural enviroment“. /South
Sudan/Burundi/Somalia/Norway/Ireland, Qatar, Singapur, Luxembourg/Bermuda,
United Arab Emirates, Switerland.

The best cities to live in the world, according to a new report

 Auckland, New Zealand....
 Osaka, Japan.....
 Toronto, Canada.
 Geneva, Switzerland ...
 Calgary, Canada ...
 Zurich, Switzerland. ...
 Vancouver, Canada. ...
 Sydney, Australia......
Another definition Ritzer and Dean: „Globalization is a transplanetary process, set of
processes involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows of people,
objects, places and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that
are barriers to or expedite those flows.
Another definition: Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process
has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity and on human physical well-being in societies around the
world.

Globalization (more definitions):

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world
into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its
scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings,
goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet. One
of the effects of globalization is that it promotes and increases interactions between
different regions and populations around the globe.
According to WHO: Globalization can be defined as ”the increased interconnectedness
and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two
inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of
goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies
at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”
In terms of geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social,
cultural, technological, institutional) that contribute to the relationship between
societies and individuals around the world. It is a progressive process by which
exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are intensified.
Globalization involves the integration of technology, markets, politics, cultures, labor,
production and commerce. Globalization is both the process and the result of this
integration.
Globalization is a process of interaction, integration, intensification, expansion and
acceleration
4 Common themes of Globalization according to Manfred Steger (professor of
sociology at the University of Hawaii).
Theme 1: Globalization involves the creation of new and the multiplication of existing
social networks and activities that increasingly overcome traditional, political,
economic, cultural and geographical boundaries.
Theme 2: Globalization is reflected in the expansion and stretching of social relations,
activities and interdependence.
Theme 3: Globalization involves the intesification and acceleration of social exchanges
and acitvities.
Theme 4: Globalization processes also involve the subjective plan of human
consciousness since the creation, expansion and intesification of social
interconnectedness and interdependence do not occur merely on an objective, material
level.
Manfred Steger: Globalization is a multidimensional phenomenon involving
economics, politics, culture, ideology, environment and technology. Globalization has 4
main dimensions: economic, cultural, political and ecological. Globalization is the
expansion and intesification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and
across world-space. Expansion refers to both the creation of new social networks and
the multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, cultural,
economic and geographic boundaries. Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching
and acceleration of these networks.
The main difference between globalism and globalization is that globalism is an
ideology based on the belief that people, information, and goods should be able to cross
national borders unrestricted, while globalization is the spread of technology, products,
information, and jobs across nations.
Antiglobalization: opposition to the methods and practices of globalization!
A Pro-Globalization: A widespread belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial to everyone, since it spreads freedom and
democracy across the world. Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories
such as comparative advantage suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient
allocation of resources, with all those involved in the trade benefitting. In general, they
claim that this leads to lower prices, more employment and better allocation of
resources.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization:
A:
peaceful relations= many countries have resorted to trade relations with each other in
order to boost their economy.
employment = more employment opportunities, education = one can move out from
the home country for better opportunities elsewhere.
product quality, cheaper prices = has brought in fierce competition in the market.
communication = internet, transportation.
GDP Increase = money value of the final goods and services produced within the
domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.
free trade = free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.
international trade = left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other
restrictions, travel und tourism, external borrowing= better access to external finance.
 The benefits of Globalization: It reciprocally developed economies all over the
world and increased cultural exchanges.
 It allowed financial exchanges between companies, changing the paradigm of
work.
 Many people are nowadays citizens of the world.
 The origin of goods became secondary and geographic distance is no longer a
barrier for many services to happen.

D:
health issues/problems: global pandemics, the dawn of HIV.
new threats and challenges every day.
loss of culture.

wealth distribution = the poor are getting more poor, the rich are getting more rich☹

environment degradation.
climate change.
disparity = in the development of economies, conflicts and violence (ethnical, cultural,
religious).

 The negative effects of Globalization: Cultural Loss: specific cultural

characteristics from some countries are disappearing.
 Income inequalities, disproportional wealth and trades that benefit parties
differently.
 Massive development of transport is responsible for serious environmental
problems such as gas emissions, global warming or air pollution.
 John Lennon: “Imagine there’s no countries. It isn’t hard to do. Nothing to kill or
die for. And no religion, too. Imagine all the people. Living life in peace. You may
say I’m a dreamer. But I’m not the only one. I hope someday you will join us. And
the world will be as one. ”

According to anthropologist Arjun Appadurai, different kinds of globalization occur on

multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration = Scapes Theory. In terms of
Globalization there are 4 levels/scapes.
A: ethno level (global movement of people) B: media level (the flow of culture)
C: finance level (global circulation of money D: idea level (political ideas)
?Do we need globalization/isolation in a contemporary world?
Yes/No/Why Yes/Why No/

The Structure of Globalization

History of Globalization:

 Globalization has gone through three phases.

 First phase (15th-18th century): Exchange of knowledge and discoveries.

  Second phase (late 19th century): Intensification of international connectivity
through transportation, communication, commerce, and science.

 Third phase (post-World War II): Establishment of a new global economic order
and international cooperation, followed by the challenges of neoliberal
globalism.

Overall, globalization is a complex concept with varying definitions and perspectives.

It is characterized by increased global connectivity, flows of people and information,
and historical development in different phases.

Definition and History of the Term Globalization:

 Globalization refers to the development of closer economic, cultural, and

political relations among countries due to easier travel and communication.

 It involves increased global trade and convergence of goods, services, and

influences worldwide.

 Definitions of globalization can be broad and inclusive or narrow and exclusive,

depending on the perspective.

 Economic dimensions are often emphasized, but political and social dimensions
are also considered.

Complexity and Perspectives:

 Defining globalization is complex and multifaceted (having many aspects or

various).

 Definitions vary/differ based on the perspective of the person defining it.

 Globalization can be seen as a unifying force or as a source of inequalities.

 The concept of globalization is the subject of ongoing debates and discussions.

Metaphors of Globalization:

 Metaphors of solid and liquid states are used to understand globalization.

 Solid metaphor represents barriers to movement, while liquid metaphor

symbolizes the increasing ease of movement in the contemporary world.

 Liquidity is the dominant metaphor for globalization, emphasizing flow and

movement.
Flows:

 Flows refer to the movement of people, things, places, and information

facilitated by the porous nature of global limitations.

 Examples include globalized foods, global financial crises, and migration

patterns.

The conclusion: We live in a global world( there are many pros and cons of
living our lives in a global world). We have to try to make this world
a better place for living, surviving, reproducing, procreating and moving
forward, to make this world a better place for everyone, for our future
generation.

Thank you and God Bless!