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Non Aligned Movement Upsc Notes 48

The Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961 by developing countries that were not aligned with any major power bloc during the Cold War. It aimed to create an independent path in world politics and encourage peaceful resolution of disputes. Currently there are 120 member countries, and India is a founding member and still sees the group as important for pursuing its international interests.

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67 views3 pages

Non Aligned Movement Upsc Notes 48

The Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961 by developing countries that were not aligned with any major power bloc during the Cold War. It aimed to create an independent path in world politics and encourage peaceful resolution of disputes. Currently there are 120 member countries, and India is a founding member and still sees the group as important for pursuing its international interests.

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Non Aligned Movement

After World War II, 120 developing countries formed the Non-Alignment Movement. These
countries were not formally against or aligned with any of the major power blocs in the world.
The United Nations is the largest block of countries worldwide.
NAM was established in Belgrade in 1961 under the leadership of the Prime Minister of India
(Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru), the President of Egypt ( Gamal Abdel Nasser), and the President of
Yugoslavia (Josip Broz Tito).

Origin of Non Aligned Movement


After independence, India followed the Non Aligned Movement path and became one of this
block's founding members. Because of much orientation of Nehru towards the soviet era, it
followed the path of NAM.
• Although in reality, many of the members of the Non Aligned Movement were closely
aligned with the superpowers, which somehow served their interests.
• NAM became less relevant by following the same path in the later years after Nehru.
• Due to the changing geopolitics, India followed the path of globalization and collaborated
with superpowers from time to time.
• This approach of India not only leaves the country negligent towards Non Aligned
Movement but in the time frame, the importance of this bloc diminishes for India.

Non Aligned Movement Functioning


Non Aligned Movement doesn't possess a formal hierarchy or permanent secretariat. The
functioning of the NAM is explained as follows-
• The administration of the Non Aligned Movement is non-hierarchy and rotational.
• It has a Coordinating Bureau established at the UN, New York City.
• The NAM member countries meets at the NAM Summit Conference of the Heads of the
States every three years.
• NAM takes a universal decision by consensus. However, it requires a substantial
agreement as well.
• A post of the chair is chosen at the Summit for three years.
• Every member country of the Non Aligned Movement has equal weight.

NAM Member Countries


Non Aligned Movement is the largest inter-country organization outside the United Nations.
Currently, there are 120 NAM Member countries. India is the organization's founding member.
The details of the NAM Member Countries are as follows-
• Along with India, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and
Pakistan are also NAM Members.
• Observer status is given to China.
• Except for South Sudan and Western Sahara, all African countries are NAM Members.
• Along with China, various other countries and organizations are given observer status.
Some of these countries and organizations are the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,
the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Arab League, the African Union, the United Nations,
etc.
• Among European countries, members of NAM are Belarus and Azerbaijan.

Objectives of NAM
Non Aligned Movement were formed with the prime objective of creating an independent path in
the world's politics. It encourages the threat of the use of force in international relations. The
fulfilment of these objectives will maintain tranquillity, peace, and harmony in the global order.
These elements define the approach of the organization-
• Struggle against neo-colonialism and imperialism.
• Right to independent judgement.
• Using relations moderately with big powers of the world.
• It also focuses on the struggle against colonialism domination, disarmament, foreign
occupation, racism, and neocolonialism. It supports the peaceful co-existence of all the
nations and non-interference in the States' internal affairs.
• NAM targets non-adherence of opposition to multilateral military pacts and NAM
members' independence to block influences and rivalries.
• It promotes strengthening the United Nations, international cooperation on an equal
footing, and the democratization of international relations.

Non Aligned Movement Evolution


Historians believe the Bandung Conference of 1955 is the most important antecedent to the
Non Aligned Movement formation. Twenty-nine heads of different governments from Africa and
Asia's first post-colonial generation of leaders attended the conference. It included Sukarno of
Indonesia, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Tito, Nasser, and Nehru. They adopted 10 guiding
principles, and these are-
• Respect for international obligations and justice.
• Promotion of cooperation and mutual interest.
• Settlement of global disputes peacefully.
• Prohibit the use of collective defence pacts. It will enhance the interest of the great
powers.
• Respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all the nations.
• Respect for the objectives and principles of the UN charter and an individual's
fundamental rights.
• Non-interference of non-intervention in the internal affairs of another country.
• In conformity with the UN's Charter, respect the right of a nation to defend itself
collectively or individually.
• Refraining from all sorts of threats or acts of aggression along with the use of force
against the political independence or territorial integrity of any nation.
• Recognition of equality among all nations, be it large or small, and equality among all
races.
NAM was formally established with 25 developing countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1961
during the first NAM Summit Conference. India was the founding member of the NAM. At first,
the founders of the Non Aligned Movement were interested in calling it an organization.

Relevance of NAM
Presently, there are 120 permanent members of the Non Aligned Movement, and India is at the
stage where it can emerge as the leader of the group concerning the democratic value,
economy, and demographic size of the country. Also, India, one of the Movement's founding
members, is valued more.
• Recently, Prime Minister Modi addressed a virtual summit of the non-aligned nations that
has given the global order an edge to rethink India's role in NAM. This also signifies
India's stakes in the so-called "Global South", so NAM can be used as a climbing ladder.
In this way, Non Aligned Movement still exists as a critical diplomatic forum for India in
the pursuit of India's international interests.
• It is always believed that NAM is an organization formed at the time Cold War and has
worked according to the needs of that time. Now also, the world is feeling that a new
Cold War can begin between the two superpowers of the world: the US and China.
• In this situation, India has every reason to try and preserve some political space
between the two. In the last few years, India has been devoting time to many diplomatic
forums like BRICS.
• These forums concluded profits only for Russian and Chinese leadership; that's why
India needs NAM to mobilize support on issues of interest to Delhi.

Global Pandemic Crisis and Aftermath Leadership role of NAM


Modi must check his nationalist image and authority in the international arena from a strategic
point of view. If he became a leader of the world’s largest multipolar organization, he would gain
a significantly different position from leaders like Trump and other such leaders who actively
postponed multilateralism.
• Further, the Nehruvian template of foreign policy is redeemed by the NAM. This foreign
policy was accepted in the Middle East and the West, and Modi has received maximum
pushback from these two regions for a year.
• A new global order’s emergence was expected by the world for a new international order
in COVID-19's aftermath.
• Thus, developing middle powers like India are ready to perform an essential role in what
India has identified during its NAM intervention, which acknowledged the existing
international system’s limitations and suggested a "new globalization template, based on
humanity, equality, and fairness. This forum can achieve that."
• It can also be said that along with economic growth, international institutions should
promote human welfare. Also, India’s initiatives of International Yoga Day, the Coalition
for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, and the International Solar Alliance are highlighted.

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