Proximate Analysis of Sapal (Coconut Pulp)

THANT MON PAING (2019-65210)

I.INTRODUCTION

Coconut residue known as is the solid material obtained after extracting coconut milk from
the fresh grated coconut or comminuted meat. It is a by-product of the coconut milk. It is usually
disposed as waste or utilized as animal feeds. Coconut residue represents approximately 25-40 %
of the weight of freshly grated coconut meat on a wet basis (Auke, 1998).

Copra meal was a known by product used as a feed. The difference between copra meal
and sapal is that copra meal is a by-product of coconut oil production, whereas sepal is the waste
product after it is extracted of coconut milk.

The sepal or coconut meat left after extracting the coconut milk. It is also called coconut
residue is one of the by-products of coconut. Sepal is prepared by manually grating of the coconut
meat and the extraction of coconut milk. It is currently being used to make coconut flour in most
countries such as in Philippines. The coconut flour can be used as an alternative to wheat flour.

Agdeppa-Namoco and Gican, 2012 suggested that sapal contains 5.1% CP, 38.3% CFat,
0.6% Calcium, and 0.6% Phosphorus. Its maximum inclusion rate is 40% because of the fiber
content, palatability and poor protein quality. Sapal can also be utilized for ruminant diets due to
its fiber content. Aregheore, E. M. & Tunabuna, T. (2000) studied that the utilization of diets
containing increasing levels of dried coconut waste meal in growing crossbred Anglo-Nubian
Goats. Therefore, we should studies and concluded for coconut pulp that this proximate analysis
will gain valuable to determine whether coconut pulp is a useful alternative feed ingredient for
future feed formulations.
 II.METHODOLOGY

(1) Moisture

Three crucibles were placed in an oven to dry to constant weight overnight. The following
day, crucibles were taken out and immediately placed in a dessicator. The crucibles were cooled
for about 10-15 minutes and then weighed. One (1) g of the sample was then placed into the
crucible. The crucible containing the sample was placed in the oven at 105°C overnight. The dried
sample was then allowed to cool in a dessicator for 20-30 minutes and then weighed.Percent
moisture will be calculated as:

wt.before drying − wt.after drying

% moisture = 𝑥100
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
% dry matter = 100 - % moisture

(2)Ash

The dried samples from the moisture test were placed in muffle furnace. The samples were
ignited to 550C overnight. The samples were then placed in a dessicator and cooled to room
temperature before weighing.Percent ash was computed with the following formula:

% ash = wt of crucible + ash - wt of crucible

(3)Crude Protein

(3.1)Digestion
A 2.5 to 3g sample was weighed and wrapped in a piece of filter paper. The sample was
then placed in a 300ml kjeldahl flask. 0.5g salt and 5 ml H2SO4 was added. This was then digested
until the solution cleared into a bluish or colorless solution. This was then cooled.

(3.2)Distillation

The end of a condenser was immersed in a receiver containing 10ml 2% boric acid and 2
drops indicator. Approximately 125-150 ml distilled water was added to the Kjeldahl flask and
swirled gently to dissolve the digested sample. 30 ml 45% NaOH was added immediately. The flask
was then connected to the Kjeldahl bulb. The flask was gently swirled to mix the solution. The
distillate was then collected. Using the same procedure, a blank, using filter paper, was run.

(3.3)Titration

The distillate with standard 0.1 N HCl was titrated until the end-point was reached (light
yellow color). The percent crude protein will be derived using the following equations:

(𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑥 𝑚𝑒𝑞.𝑁 𝑥 0.1 𝑁 𝐻𝐶𝑙

%N= x100
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔𝑚)

where: meq. N = 14 / 1000 = 0.14

% CP = % N x 6.25 (The factor will vary depending on the kind of sample but 6.25 is generally used)

(4)Crude Fiber

Three ~2.5 g samples were weighed and placed in a beaker. 200 ml 0.255 N H2S04 was
added and boiled for 30 minutes. While boiling, the beaker was swirled frequently to prevent the
samples from adhering to the sides of the beaker. Filtering cloth was used to filter the sample into
a fluted funnel. The residue was washed with distilled water 3 times. The residue was then washed
back into the beaker with 200 ml 0.313 N NaOH. This was then boiled/refluxed for 30 minutes.

(5)Crude Fat or Ether Extract

Three 0.5 to 1.0 g samples were measured into a piece of filter paper and then tightly
wrapped. The 3 samples were then dried in an oven overnight. The hot dried samples were each
weighed the following day. Samples were then placed in the Soxhlet extractor and fat was
extracted continuously with petroleum ether for 16 hours. The samples were then removed from
the extractor and placed in a petri dish to evaporate the solvent. These were then dried overnight
at 105C. The samples were weighed again the following day while the samples were hot.

%E.E.=(Wt.before extraction-wt.after extraction)/ (Sample weight (g)) x100

Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE)

Percent NFE was taken with the following formula:

% NFE=100-(% MOISTURE+ % CP+ %CF+ %EE+ % Ash)

III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table1. Table showing data for percent moisture computation.

Sample Weight Before Weight After Sample % Moisture % Dry Matter

No. Drying Drying Weight (g)
1 19.66 19.64 1.01 1.31 98.69
2 38.77 38.76 1.00 1.50 98.50
3 39.63 39.62 1.03 1.50 98.50
➢ Average 1.44 98.65

Table 2. Table showing data for percent ash computation.

Sample Weight Before Sample Weight Weight % Ash

No. Drying (g)
1 19.66 1.01 18.66 1.78
2 38.77 1.00 37.78 1.59
3 39.63 1.03 38.60 -0.27
➢ Average 1.03

Table 3. Table showing data for percent crude protein computation.

Sample Filter Paper Sample total %N % CP

No.
1 0.39 0.28 0.67 0.51 .019
2 0.37 0.29 0.66 0.59 3.66
3 0.37 0.28 0.65 0.55 3.43
➢ Average 3.43
Table 4. Table showing data for percent crude fiber computation.

Sample Sample Weight Weight after Weight after %Fiber

No.
1 0.25 28.59 28.49 40.37
2 0.25 29.13 29.04 37.09
3 0.25 28.31 28.24 29.31
➢ Average 35.59
Table 5. Table showing data for percent crude fat computation.

Sample Wt. Before Wt. After Sample Weight % Ether Extract

No. Extraction Extraction (g)
1 1.42 0.94 1.47 32.97
2 1.44 0.95 1.49 32.58
3 0.99 0.71 1.47 18.91
➢ Average 28.16
Table 6. Table showing data for Non-Protein Nitrogen computation.

Sample No. Moisture CP CF EF ash Total NFE

1 1.31 3.19 40.37 32.97 5.07 114.77 17.09
2 1.50 3.66 37.09 32.58 2.55 113.74 22.61
3 1.50 6.43 29.31 18.91 2.61 89.96 44.23
➢ Average 27.98

IV.CONCLUSION

Agdeppa-Namoco and Gican, 2012 showed that Sapal contains 5.1% CP, 38.3% CFat, 0.6%
Calcium, and 0.6% Phosphorus. Sapal (Coconut Pulp) by our proximate analysis has not only low
CP content but also CFat compared to recommended rate. Increasing most valuable input of
animal feed is to be met with approximately 60 percent of total cost. There are very few published
studies that focus on Sapal as a feed ingredient. Sapal is mixed with molasses and fermented or
fed directly for ruminant feed. Therefore, sapal should be fed as an alternative feed ingredient for
animals.

Coconuts grow in abundance in Myanmar. Coconut byproducts and residues are mostly
used in agriculture sector. Coconut coir dust is also mostly used to retain moisture in the soil,
coconut husks as a growing medium for orchids, and packing material. Coconut Husks are also
used as fuel for coconut processing as well as copra drying and small-scale coconut oil making, as a
domestic fuel and as a source of fiber for rope, mats, and filling of mattresses. The direct domestic
consumption of the husks and shells are especially for a domestic source of energy.

There are many kinds of crop residues in Myanmar. Among them coconut residues are
mostly utilized in agriculture and it has never been used as feed for animals in my country.
Therefore, because of this very valuable feed analysis, I got not only experiences but also
knowledge in details. Moreover, I will share knowledge to both coconut industries and value-
added producer how we can use coconut pulp as an alternative feed ingredient for animals. After I
go back home, I will share this information and assign my students in my university as a special
project to do feed analysis of coconut residues.
REFERENCES

Agdeppa-Namoco, R. P., & Gican, K. C. P. (2012). Alternative feed rations for grower stage
backyard swine. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology, 0, 93-106.

Aregheore, E. M., & Tunabuna, T. (2001). Utilization of diets containing increasing levels of dried
desiccated coconut waste meal (DCWM) by growing crossbred Anglo-Nubian Goats in Samoa.
Journal of Animal Science, 14(3), 316-320.

Auke Koopmans and Jaap Koppejan,1998, Agricultural and forest residues - generation, utilization
and availability

http://vitalsigns.com.ph/coconut-sapal-an-alternative-to-wheat \
ANSC-143: Livestock and Poultry Feeding

Proximate Analysis of Sapal (Coconut Pulp)

Report

by

THANT MON PAING

(2019-65210)