ANATOMY

CELLS ANATOMY
CELL STRUCTURES

HISTORY OF THE CELL PROKARYOTIC CELLS

● 1665 - ROBERT HOOKE OBSERVED CORK CELLS ➔ HAVE NO MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS NOR MEMBRANE
(DEAD) AND NAMED THE “CELL”. BOUND ORGANELLES
● 1675 - ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK FIRST TO ➔ MOST ARE SINGLE-CELLED
DESCRIBE LIVING CELLS SEEN THROUGH A SIMPLE ➔ EXAMPLES ARE BACTERIA AND CYANOBACTERIA
MICROSCOPE.
● COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE: SERIES OF LENSES
THAT MAGNIFY OBJECTS.
● 1665 - HOOKE OBSERVED CORK CELLS (DEAD) AND
NAMED THE “CELL”.
● SCHLEIDEN ,SCHWANN AND VIRCHOW ARE
THE AUTHORS OF THE CELL THEORY

CELL THEORY
1. THE CELL IS THE BASIC FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL EUKARYOTIC CELLS
UNIT OF ALL LIFE .
➔ have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane
2. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS, CELL bound organelles.
PARTS, OR CELL PRODUCTS. ➔ Either single-celled or multicellular.
➔ Organelles are separated by membranes so several
processes can be going on at once.
3. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS.
➔ Lynn Marguli’s hypothesis suggests that eukaryotic
cells come from prokaryotic cells.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES PLASMA MEMBRANE

1940’S - ELECTRON MICROSCOPES This phospholipid bi-layer membrane acts as a selectively
permeable gateway for the passage of substances into and out
● Aims a beam of electrons through a magnetic field, of the cell
then over the surface of the specimen.
● Uses electromagnets. ● Boundary between cell and environment.
● Most specimens must be dead and in a vacuum. ● Controls materials that enter and exit the cell.
● Projects onto a screen or monitor.. ● Example: oxygen & nutrients IN -wastes OUT
● The membrane also contains proteins embedded
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES within its phospholipid layers that act to encourage
molecular movement, or as recognition molecules.
● SEM = Scanning Electron Microscope
- Ion coated surface shows 3D picture CYTOPLASM
● TEM = Transmission Electron Microscopic-slice
- Stained with metal ions ● Jelly-like substance that surrounds organelles.
● STEM = Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscope ● Makes up 1/2 of the volume of animal cells.
- Creates a 3-D surface image of a “Living cell”. ● Many important chemical reactions occur here.

CELL TYPES
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ORGANELLES GOLGI APPARATUS

➔ “Packaging Factory”
NUCLEUS ➔ A series of flattened, closely stacked membranous
➔ The nucleus is the command center of the cell. sacs near the nucleus that coats enzymes .
➔ Surrounded by a nuclear envelope - double ➔ Lysosomes (“stomachs” of the cell) bud off from the
membraned, 4 layers thick. golgi bodies as the cell needs.
➔ Pores in the nuclear envelope allow chemical ➔ Digest worn out cell parts, food particles and viruses
messages to move in and out of the nucleus. or bacteria.
➔ Contains DNA - made up of long strands called
chromatin threads.
➔ The nucleolus (inside the nucleus) produces
ribosomes.

RIBOSOMES
➔ The protein synthesis factories (make proteins and
enzymes).
➔ Composed of RNA.
➔ Non-membrane structures
➔ Directed by DNA

CENTRIOLES
➔ Centrioles are only found in animal cells.
➔ These are two small bundles of cytoskeleton arranged
at right angles to one another & surrounded by dense
cytoplasm.
➔ Centrioles aid in cell division in animal cells.

MITOCHONDRIA
➔ Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
➔ Site of aerobic respiration. These organelles capture
glucose and use oxygen to release energy for the cell.
➔ Foldings within the mitochondria are called cristae.
➔ O2 + C6H12O6 +Mito -----> E + H2O +CO2

LYSOSOMES
➔ These small “suicide sacs” are filled with digestive
enzymes used to breakdown molecules within the
cell.
➔ As complex molecules enter the cell lysosomes
surround food and digest it.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
➔ Bilayer of lipids used for transport within the cell.
➔ 2 TYPES:
1. Smooth E.R. does not have ribosomes attached and
are known to produce lipids.
2. Rough E.R. have ribosomes attached and are known
for both protein synthesis and lipid synthesis and
transport.

ANATOMY 2
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VACUOLES MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT

➔ Vacuoles are storage vessels found within the cell.
➔ Plant cells usually have large vacuoles while animals 1. CYTOSKELETON:
have vacuoles that are small or even absent.
➔ Vacuoles can store food, water, or waste ● Fibrous, provides support for organelles.
products. ● Maintains cell shape.
● Composed of: Microtubules and Microfilaments
➔ A contractile vacuole is a specialized vacuole to ● Assist organelles to move from place to place.
remove excess water from unicellular aquatic
organisms. 2. CILIA AND FLAGELLA

A. Cilia:
- Short, numerous, hairlike
- Beat in a “wave”. Example: lungs

B. Flagella:
- Longer, 1-2 per cell.
- Move in a whip-like motion.
Example: sperm cells
● Single-celled organisms usually depend on cilia or
flagella to move.
● Multicellular organisms use cilia on cells to move
fluids over the surface of tissues.
-
CHLOROPLASTS
➔ Only found in plant cells. ORGANIZATION:
➔ Filled with the green pigment chlorophyll, these
organelles function to transform light energy into CELLS ----> TISSUE ----> ORGANS -->
stored energy (glucose and starch). --> ORGAN SYSTEMS ----> ORGANISM
● Grana: stacked membranous sacs.
● Stroma: fluid that surrounds grana.
1. TISSUE:
● A group of cells organized together.
● Linked at cell junctions.
Examples: muscle, nerve, brain, bone, blood or root tissue.

2. ORGANS
● Groups of 2 or more tissues functioning together.
Example: the stomach, heart, or a leaf.

3. ORGAN SYSTEM
● Group of organs working together to carry out major
CELL WALLS life functions.
➔ Cell walls in plants are protective dead layers of thick Examples: nervous system or flower.
cellulose
➔ Bulk of fiber in diet. 4. ORGANISM
● Group of organ systems working together.
➔ In fungi - cell walls are made out of a carbohydrate
Examples: human, dog, cat, plant.
called chitin!

ANATOMY 3