CORNELL NOTES

Directions: You must create a UNIT 2: Cells

minimum of 5 questions in this Cell Structure and Function
column per page (average). Use
these to study your notes and
prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes I. Cell Theory (3.1)
will be stamped after each assigned
sec- tions (if completed) and turned A.Early studies led to the development of the cell theory
in to your teacher at the end of the
Unit for scoring. 1. Discovery of Cells

a. Robert (1665)-Used
compound microscope to look at cork
cells. Gave name “cells”

b. Anton van (1674)-

made powerful single lens microscope. One
of first to look at anddescribe living cells

2. More was learned as were improved

B. Development of Cell Theory

1. Matthias Schleiden (1838)- proposed all

made of cells

2. Theodor Schwann (1839)- after talking with

Schleiden, concluded that all were also
composed of cells

3. Rudolf Virchow (1855)- Proposed that all cells

come from cells

4.Accumulated research summarized as Cell Theory

(one of first unifying concepts in biology

a.All organisms are made of

b.All cells are produced by

other living cells

c.The cell is the unit of life

most

C. All cells share certain characteristics

1. Cells tend to be

2. All cells are enclosed by a

3. All cells are filled with

D. Cells can be separated into two broad categories

1. Prokaryotic cells- have a nucleus or
 other membrane-bound
_

2. Eukaryotic cells- have a

and other
membrane bound organelles.
May be single or
multicellular or- ganisms

II. Cell Organelles (3.2)

A.Cells have an internal structure

1. Each eukaryotic cell has a

a. Supports and shapes the cell and helps

position and transport organelles ( )

b. Provides strength (intermediate )

c. Helps cells move and divide ( )

2. cytoplasm- important contributor to cell structure

a. In eukaryotes, it fills space between

and cell

b. Made up mostly of

c. Many chemical reactions occur in cytoplasm

B.Nucleus- storehouse for material

1. Two major demands on

nu- cleus

a. Protects

b. DNA must be
available for use
at proper time

2. Nucleus surrounded by double membrane called

a. Nuclear membrane pierced with holes

called
 .

b. Allows large molecules to pass between

nucleus and cytoplasm

3.Contains - makes ribosomes

C. Enodplasmic Reticulum (ER)

1.Interconnected network of thin

folded membranes

2. and are produced in ER

3. Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

a. Rough ER- studded with

- makes proteins and
lipids

b. Smooth ER- ribosomes on surface.

Makes lipids and helps break down drugs
and alcohol

D. Ribosomes -composed of and

1.Site of production

2. Some bound to Rough ER and others

suspended in cytoplasm

E. Golgi Apparatus- cells “post office”

1.Closely layered stacks of membrane-

enclosed spaces

2. proteins (some stored for later

use)

3. and proteins

F. - stores separate reactants for

various chemical reactions

1. Membrane bound sacs

2. materials from place to place

(or for secretion)

3. Generally short lived and formed and

recycled as needed
G. Mitochondria- cells “ ”

1. Supply to cell

2. Bean-shaped with membranes

3. Series of chemical reactions

inside folded inner folds converts
into usable _ for cell

4. Thought to have been originally free-living

prokaryote because contain their own
and

H. - fluid-filled storage sac

1. Stores water, food molecules, inorganic

ions, and enzymes.
2.Plants contain large, vacuole

a. Takes up most of space in plant cell

b. Filled with and strengthens

the cell and helps to plant

3. Animal cells contain many vacuoles

I. Lysosome- “suicide sacs”

a. membrane organelle containing

b. Defend cell from invading and

c. Break down damaged and worn-out

d. Not found in cells

J. Centrosome and Centrioles

1. Small region of cytoplasm that

pro- duces .

2. In animal cells, contains two

small structures called
.

a. cylinder-shaped
organelles made of short
microtubules.

b. Help in cell in
animalcells
 c. Form and

K. Cell Walls- found in plants, algae, fungi, and most

bacteria

1.Strong rigid layer that cell membrane

2. Provides protection, support, and to cell

3. Cell wall composition varies (plants-

cellulose, fungi-chitin, bacteria-
peptidoglycan)

L. Chloroplasts- carries out

1. Highly compartmentalized
organelle with outer and inner
membranes.

2. Contain (disc-
shaped sacs) with light-absorbing
chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
(give plants green color)

3. Also thought to be free-living

pro- karyote originally because
also contain own and

III. Cell Membrane (3.3)

A. Forms between
cell and outside environment.

B. Controls passage of materials

into and out of cell. Is
(allows some
things but not others) Helps to
maintain the cells homeostasis

C. Consists of double layer of _

interspersed with other molecules (proteins and
carbohydrates)

1. Phospholipid- molecule composed of _ basic parts

a. phosphate and glycerol form “ _ ”

b. fatty acid forms “_ ”

c. forms molecule (“head”

hydrogen bonds to water molecules, and
“tail” does not)
 d. Double layered membrane had “heads” on
and “tails” on _.

2. Forms double layer because of water on inside

and outside of cell.
E. Other molecules are embedded with the phospholipid
layers

1. Cholesterol molecules _ cell

membrane

2. extend through membrane and form

channels

3. Carbohydrates attached to proteins act

like “ tags”

4. Fluid Mosaic Model- describes arrangement of

molecules in cell membrane. Flexible “fluid like”
lipid embedded with “mosaic” of other
.

F. Molecules cross membrane in several ways

1. Some methods of transport require and

some do not.

2.Depends molecules size, polarity, and

concentration
inside versus outside.

G. Cell membrane contains that help

transmit
signals across membrane

1. Made of

2. It detects a signal molecule and

per- forms an in response
3. Receptors bind to molecules
called
.
 a. When bind, they change

b. This changed shape affects how receptor

with other molecules

4. Two types of receptors

a. receptors-
(means “within” cell)- can interact with
DNA and start production of certain
proteins

b. receptor- Molecules
that cannot cross membrane can send
message to inside of cell. Causes
molecules inside cell to respond

IV. Diffusion and Osmosis (3.4)

A. transport- allows cell to move materials

across cell membrane without using energy

1. Diffusion- Movement of materials (fluid or gas)

from region of _ concentration to region of
concentration

a. Concentration - used
to describe areas of high and low
concentration.

b. When movement makes concentration

equal- reaches dynamic
(Molecules still continue to move- )

c. Diffusion plays important role in movement

of
and molecules

2. Osmosis- Diffusion of molecules

a. Three terms used to describe the

amount of dissolved particles in cell
compared to amount of water (terms are
)

1). Isotonic- concentration

of dissolved materials (water moves in
and out at rate)

2). Hypertonic- solution has

concentration of dissolved materials
(Water concentration higher in cell
than outside- water moves
__ of cell)
 3). Hypotonic- Solution has
concentration of dissolved materials
(water moves
the cell)

B. Facilitated diffusion- larger molecules can still diffuse

through openings formed by _

1.Still form of transport

2. Many types of transport proteins-

most allow only certain molecules
to travel into cell

V. Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis (3.5)

A. Active Transport- requires by cell to

move materials in or out of cell.

1. Can use transport proteins to

move molecules against
concentration
(from low to high)

2. Use energy from _ molecule

B. Endocytosis- Movement of liquids or large molecules

a cell by engulfing them in a membrane

1. Phagocytosis- “cell ”

a. Key role in
system (white blood cells)
b. Cell membrane make
“ ” around
material
2. - opposite of endocytosis

a. of substances from cell

b. vesicle moves to cell membrane, fuses,

and then lets go of its contents out of the
cell.

c. Occurs constantly in your body (release of

during nerve impusle)