Smart Grids: Basics to Advanced Technologies

Introduction to Energy Storage Devices

Prof. Narayana Prasad Padhy

Electrical Engineering Department

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 Table of Contents
01 Purpose of Storage Devices

02 History of Energy Storage Systems

03 Classification of Energy Storage Systems

04 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

05 Need of Energy Storage in Power Grid

06 Statistics of Storage Deployment: India and World Scenarios

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 Purpose of Storage Devices
• Increasing share of variable renewable energy (VRE).
• To address the intermittencies of VRE.
• Enable electrification and decarbonization of end-use sectors.
• Excess VRE can be stored and used in a consistent and controlled manner.
• Potential solutions to increase system flexibility.
• Unique capability to quickly absorb, hold and then reinject electricity.
• Can be deployed and scaled close to the location of need.

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 History of Energy Storage Systems
1839 Fuel cell 1969 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
•Sir William Robert Grove mixed hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of an •Ferrier introduced it as a source of energy to accommodate the diurnal
electrolyte and produced electricity and water. variations of power demands

1859 Lead acid battery 1978 Compressed energy storage

•French physicist Gaston Plante invented the first practical version of a •The first utility scale compressed energy storage plant with a capacity of
rechargeable battery based on lead-acid chemistry. 290 MW was installed in Germany.

1883 Flywheel energy storage 1982 Supercapacitor

• Developed by John A, Howell for military applications. • The Pinnacle Research Institute developed it with low internal resistance in
1982 for military applications

1899 Nickel-cadmium battery 1991 Lithium-ion battery

• Swedish scientist Waldemar Jungner invented a battery with nickel and • The first commercial lithium-ion battery was released by Sony
cadmium electrodes in a potassium hydroxide solution.

1907 Pumped hydro energy storage 2007 Paper battery

• First used at Engeweiher pumped storage facility near Schaffhausen, •Three scientists from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York first
Switzerland. invented the concept of paper batteries
Source: J. Mitali , S. Dhinakaran , A.A. Mohamad , Energy storage systems: A review, Energy Storage and Saving (2022).

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 Classification of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs)
Thermal • Sensible, Latent, and Thermo-chemical
Energy Energy Storage.

Mechanical • Pumped Hydro, Gravity, Compressed

Energy Energy Air, and Flywheel Energy Storage.
Storage
Systems Chemical • Hydrogen Energy Storage, Synthetic
Energy natural gas Storage, and Solar Fuel.
Electro-
chemical • Battery, and Flow Battery Energy
Energy Storage, Paper Battery, Flexible Battery.
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 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
• Mix appropriate features of several ESSs.
• Two categories of ESSs: high power and high energy density storage
systems.
• Merging two complementary storage systems, one with high energy density
and other with high power density.
• Combinations may be physically and technically limited.
• E.g. – 1.2 MW supercapacitor and battery at United States in 2016.
• 11.5 MW lithium-ion and sodium-sulphur batteries to balance out
frequency fluctuations in Varel, Germany, 2018.
• 1 MW vanadium flow and lithium-ion batteries for net-zero target of
Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, 2018.

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 Need of Energy Storage in Power Grid
Frequency regulation
SYSTEM Flexible ramping
OPERATION Black-start services
INVESTMENT Energy shifting and capacity investment deferral
DEFERRAL Transmission & Distribution congestion relief
PV & WIND Reduce RE curtailment
GENERATORS Capacity firming

MINI GRIDS Reduce reliance on diesel generators

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 System Operations
Provide key services needed for the operation of a system with high shares of VRE.

Frequency Flexible Black-start

Regulation ramping services
• Fast response • Flatten the • Provide
typically in load duck black-start
milliseconds curve by power for
suitable ramp restoration

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 Investment Deferral

Energy shifting Congestion Relief

Act as capacity Store energy

reserves from excess RE

Discharge Instantaneous
during peak response to
hours variability

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Services provided for VRE generators
Reduced
renewable
energy
curtailment
Greater
penetration of
variable
renewable
energy by
firming the
output
Capacity
firming

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 Largest solar
powered battery
• The Florida Power and
Light Company.
• Located in Manatee
County, Florida.
• 409 MW capacity.
• $300 million battery.
• 132 energy storage
containers across 40-acres
plot of land.
• Estimated to eliminate
1,000,000 tons of carbon
dioxide.

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 Storage Deployment Statics
Electro-mechanical Electro-chemical Thermal storage Pumped hydro Grand total (GW)
storage
India 0.0 0.2 6.8 7.0
China 0.1 0.1 32.0 32.1
Japan 0.3 28.3 28.5
United States 0.2 0.7 0.8 22.6 24.2
Spain 0.0 0.0 1.1 8.0 9.1
Germany 0.9 0.1 0.0 6.5 7.6
Italy 0.1 0.0 7.1 7.1
Switzerland 0.0 0.0 6.4 6.4
France 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 5.8
Republic of Korea 0.4 4.7 5.1
Grand total (GW) 1.1 1.6 2.3 128.1 133.1

Source: US DOE (2017) DOE Global Energy Storage Database. United States Department of Energy.[Online]. Available at https://sandia.gov/ess-ssl/gesdb/public/statistics.html

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 The Indian Scenario
 India’s energy storage (ES) 14 MW
capacity stands at 27.2 GWh. solar
power with Leh and Kargil
 First grid-scale battery storage 42 MWh
BESS
project was commissioned in
February 2019 by Tata Power 100 MW
solar, solar-
Delhi Distribution Limited and Haryana wind, or
small
Fluence. hydropower
with ES
 ES tender activity increased by
4 MW
41 % in 2021. floating
solar Andaman &
 A total of 7700 MWh of ES power with Nicobar Islands
2 MWh
projects have been tendered. BESS

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 1000 MW Tehri Pumped Storage Plant
• Reservoir created by Tehri and
Koteshwar dam will function as
upstream and downstream.
• Enhance system reliability by
meeting the peak load and
balancing requirement.
• Consist of four reversible pump
turbine units of 250 MW each.
• Expected commissioning of
Unit-1 and Unit-2 by March
2023.

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 Case Studies of Utility-scale Battery Deployment
Utility-scale battery Location Service provided
Tesla 100 MW / 129 MWh Li-ion battery South Australia, Australia Frequency regulation, Capacity firming
storage project at Hornsdale Wind Farm
STEAG’s 90 MW / 120 MWh battery storage Germany Frequency regulation

38.4 MW / 250 MWh sodium-sulphur Italy Grid investment deferral, Reduced RE

battery by Terna curtailment
NGK Insulators 34 MW / 204 MWh sodium- Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan Capacity firming, Reduced RE curtailment,
sulphur battery storage system Ancillary services
1.5 MWh battery + 270 kW solar PV project Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia Reduced reliance on diesel generators in
by Secretariat of the Pacific Community mini-grids
Low-carbon Li-ion battery in Glassenbury United Kingdom Frequency regulation
(40 MW) and Cleator (10 MW)
AES-SDG&E 30 MW / 120 MWh Li-ion California, United States Capacity firming, Reduced RE curtailment,
battery storage project Capacity investment deferral
Source: IRENA (2019), Innovation Landscape Brief: Utility Scale Batteries, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, https://www.irena.org/-
/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/IRENA_Utility-scale-batteries_2019.pdf

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 References
1. J. Mitali , S. Dhinakaran , A.A. Mohamad , Energy storage systems: A
review, Energy Storage and Saving (2022).
2. US DOE (2017) DOE Global Energy Storage Database. United States
Department of Energy.[Online]. Available at https://sandia.gov/ess-
ssl/gesdb/public/statistics.html .
3. IRENA (2019), Innovation Landscape Brief: Utility Scale Batteries,
International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi,
https://www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep
/IRENA_Utility-scale-batteries_2019.pdf

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Thank You

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