INNOVATIVE EUROPEAN STUDIES on

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Energy Storage Systems and

Power System Stability
Dr. Necmi ALTIN
Outline
• Impacts of The Renewable Energy Penetration
• Energy Storage Technologies
- Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
- Compressed Air Energy Storage
- Battery Energy Storage Systems
- Flow Battery Energy Storage Systems
- Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
- Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
- Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems
- Supercapacitor Energy Storage systems
• Improvements of Power System Stability 2

• Control Systems
Evolution of The Power System

3
 Impact of Renewable Energy Penetration
• Why are we talking about energy storage technologies?

4
Impact of Renewable Energy Penetration
Residual Demand (average Power by day= Energy by day /24)
600 Average Variability
500 30 GW
400 10 / 70 GW
300
Average Load factor
200
5800 h
100
-
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Residual Demand with 15% of wind + solar (2020)

600 Average Variability
500 90 GW
30 / 150 GW
400
300 Average Load factor
200 5100 h
100
-
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Residual demand with 40% of wind+solar (2030)

600
500 Average Variability
400 200 GW per day
100/300 GW
300
200 Average Load factor
100 3800 h
- EP Public Hearing – The Concept of Storage – Why do we need it?
5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Source: EDF R&D, 25 September 2013
-100
Impact of Renewable Energy Penetration

Share of RES in Europe in 2012 and targets for 2020:

Turkey: 6.6% (present, without small hydro)
Turkey: 20% (target for 2020 )

(GW)* On-shore Wind + off-shore Wind + Solar

Sources :
EUROBSERVER, EREC, GWEC, IEA, REE, GOV.UK,
AGEE, RTE, RenewableEnergyWorld, Gov.cn
6
Impact of Renewable Energy Penetration
Initial solution:

7
 New Challenges with The Smart Grid Concept
• Natural effects (passing cloud or wind speed variations) cause voltage and frequency fluctuations:
Active-Reactive power control is required Requires Energy Storage System (ESS)
• Generation profile differs from load profile:
Load shifting is required Requires Energy Storage System (ESS)
• Specific generation of a PV system is maximum at noon:
Power management is required Requires Energy Storage System (ESS)
(Peak shaving)

8
New Challenges with The Smart Grid Concept
•Largely interconnected network >> complex and less secure power system
operation

•Power generation and transmission facilities - unable to meet these new demands

•Recent developments and advances in energy storage and power electronics

technologies make them important.

• Large-scale implementation of energy storage is considered to be the key for

enabling higher penetration (>20%) of renewable and variable generation sources,
such as wind and solar.

• Energy storage is also expected to contribute to more efficient and reliable grid
operation, as well as to reduced emissions.
9
 Microgrids
• Stability issues are more prevalent in microgrids than in a large electric grid
because power and energy ratings are much lower.
• Analysis of stability issues in AC microgrids follow the same concepts than
in the main grid:
• Voltage and frequency values need both to be regulated through
active and reactive power control.
• If sources are traditional generators with an AC output and are
connected directly without power electronic interfaces, stability is
controlled through the machine shaft’s torque and speed control.
• In DC systems there is no reactive power interactions, which seems to
suggest that there are no stability issues. System control seems to be
oriented to voltage regulation only.

10
 Installed Energy Storage Applications

• System storage (e.g., pumped-storage

plants, CAES, large-scale battery storage
• Currently 22 GW of pumped-storage in the
U.S.

• Renewable energy support (e.g., energy

storage combined with wind plant, etc.)

• Distributed energy storage (demand-side

storage, customer installations, PHEV &
EV batteries, etc.)
11
Requirements for Energy Storage

• Energy density
• High power output
• Cycle efficiency
• Cycling capability
• Operating lifetime
• Capital cost

12
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 13
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 14
 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Its operating principle is based on gravitational potential energy of water.
• It is a large scale energy storage system.
• Power demand is low Water is pumped to upper reservoir.
• Power demand is high Water flows down form upper reservoir to lower one.

15

Source:http://www.upsbatterycenter.com/
 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Energy capacity is related with stored
water volume (capacity of reservoir).
• Can operate for several days.
• Commonly used in high power
applications.
• Fast response time (< 1 min.)
• Round trip efficiency is 65-75%.
• Investment cost is 500-1500 €/kW and
10-20 €/kWh.

16

Source: www.powermag.com
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems

• Run-of-river hydro storage is

key research area.

• Limited by location!

17
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 18
 Flywheels Energy Storage Systems
• Energy is stored mechanically (in a rotating disc)

Generator Operation Motor Operation

P P
http://www.vyconenergy.com

19

Flywheels Energy Systems

http://www.pentadyne.com
 Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Stored energy depends on the moment • High self discharge rate (20% per hour),
of inertia of the rotor and the square of
the rotational velocity of the flywheel.
• Not suitable for long term energy
storage applications
• Produce 100-2000 kW for 5-50 seconds.
• Best for high-power, low energy
• High efficiency (~90%) applications.
• Long cycle life, • Key research areas:
• Freedom from depth of discharge, Materials development
• High power and energy densities,
Cost reduction
• Wide operating temperatures,
Improved manufacture techniques

Flywheels can help with grid angular stability and voltage support. 20
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 21
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems (CAES)
• Usually combined
with gas turbines.

• Air is stored in cavern

at low demand times
and used through high
and low pressure
turbines and
converted to kinetic
energy at high
demand times.

22

Source: http://www.oenergetice.cz
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems (CAES)
• CAES has been operating for
over 20 years:
 Huntorf, Germany: 290 MW
(1978)
 McIntosh, Alabama: 110 MW
(1991)
 Iowa Stored Energy Park:
2700 MW (2011) (conjunction
Source: http://www.shpegs.org/cawegs.html with large wind farm)

• But not so common!

23
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems (CAES)

• Heat exchangers are key components.

• Enables wind to supply quick, reliable energy.
• Large storage: smoothens daily variability
• Ramps quickly: smoothens hourly variability
• Efficiency is about 70%.
• More cost-effective than batteries at GWh scale
• Low self-discharge rate,
• So, suitable for long term storage applications.
• Suitable locations are required. 24
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 25
 Lead-Acid Batteries

• Mature technology (invented in 1859)

• Low cost, + -
H2O
• Energy efficiency is about 80%. PbO2 Pb
• Two mayor types (flooded batteries H2O
and VRLA batteries) H2SO4
H2O
• Cell voltage is about 2 V, therefore, H2O
series and parallel connection is used. H2O

• Positive electrode: Lead dioxide (PbO2)

• Negative electrode: Lead (Pb)
• Electrolyte: Solution of sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) and water (H2O)
26
 Lead-Acid Batteries
Chemical reaction (discharge)
• Electrode plates sulfatation affects
battery life.
• To avoid accelerating the sulfatation 2H2O H SO
process, 2 4
2e- 2H+
 batteries need to be fully charged O22- 2H+
SO42- Pb2+
Pb
after every discharge PbO2 H2SO4 PbSO4
Pb2+ SO4 2-
2e-
 they must be kept charged at a float PbSO4
H2O
voltage higher than the nominal
voltage. (float voltage is between H2O
2.08 V/Cell and 2.27 V/cell). H2O
 they should not be discharged H2O H2O
below 1.75 V/cell. 27
 Lead-Acid Batteries
• Cycle life is about 1200-1800 cycles and highly
depending on depth of discharge and operating
temperature.
• Battery temperature exceeding 77°F (25°C) will
decrease expected life by approximately 50% for
each 18°F (10°C) increase in average temperature.
[Tyco Electronics IR125 Product Manual]

28
 Lead-Acid Batteries

• Low self-discharge rate (<0.1%, therefore,

suitable technology for storing energy for
long periods).
• Specific energy and specific power density
values are low (30Wh/kg and 180 W/kg).
• Lead carbon electrodes are used to improve
the energy and power densities.
• Low charge current.

29
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries

• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries

• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 30
 Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) Batteries
• Relatively recent technology,
• Most promising options for high
power energy storage,
• High operation temperature (~350C)
• Relatively high energy density (151
kWh/m3)
• High efficiency (85%),
• Relatively high cycle life (4000-5000)
• No self-discharge,
• Low maintenance,
• Highly recyclable 31
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 32
 Nickel Cadmium (Ni/Cd) Batteries

• Negative electrode: Cadmium (Cd)

• Positive electrode: nickel oxyhydroxide
(NiO(OH))
• Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
solution
• Float voltage is about 1.4 V,
• Nominal voltage 1.2 V,
• Minimum voltage is about 1 V,
• Two forms (sealed form for portable
applications and flooded form for
general industrial applications),
33
 Nickel Cadmium (Ni/Cd) Batteries

• Better performance at high

temperatures
• Relatively high cycle life (3500), but it
is highly dependent on depth of
discharge (DoD) (50.000 cycles for
10% DoD)
• Low maintenance,
• High cost (about 10X lead-acid),
• Memory effect,
• Cadmium and nickel are highly toxic.
34
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 35
 Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries
• Positive electrode: Lithiated form of a transition metal oxide (lithium cobalt
oxide-LiCoO2 or lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4)

• Negative electrode: Carbon (C),

usually graphite (C6)

• Electrolyte: solid lithium-salt electrolytes

(LiPF6, LiBF4, or LiClO4)
and organic solvents (ether)

http://www.fer.hr/_download/repository/Li-ION.pdf 36
 Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries
• Less sensitive to high temperatures (specially with solid electrolytes)
• Lighter (compare Li and C with Pb)
• High efficiency (80%)
• High cost,
• High energy and high specific energy density (170-300 Wh/l and 75-125
Wh/kg),
• Fast charge and discharge capability,
• High cycle life (3500 cycles) but it depends on DoD (not useful for back-up
applications)
• High daily self-discharge rate (1-5% ),
• Maintaining safe voltage and temperature is required (fragile).
37
Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries

Future prospects
38
Comparison of Battery Technologies

39
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 40
Flow Batteries
• It compose of
• two electrolyte liquids in separate
tanks,
• an electrochemical cell.
• In the electrochemical cell, a membrane is
held between two electrodes.
• Electrolytes are pumped through the
electrochemical cell and ion exchange
occurs through the membrane.
• Today, three types of flow batteries are
commercially available in the market:
• Vanadium redox battery,
• Polysulphide bromide battery,
41

• Zinc bromine battery.

 Flow Batteries

Flow Battery Cell Stack

 Array or “stack” of individual

cells in series
 Each cell consists of
 bipolar plate
 2 electrodes
 membrane separator

42
 Flow Batteries
Advantages
 Rapidly charged by replacing the electrolyte liquid (like refilling fuel tanks of ICE).
 No daily “off periods” - always on
 Power and energy capacity can be sized independently of one another (Energy
capacity is related with electrolyte volume, power is related with electrode area. )
 Long cycle life,
 Operates at any SOC without life impact
 Efficient over 100% DOD range Disadvantages
 Very low self-discharge rate  Low energy storage density = big footprint
 Quick response,  Complicated than standard batteries,
 Closed loop no emissions  Relatively high operating cost
– no disposal issues  Not mobile
43
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)

• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems

• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 44
Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems

• Regenerative fuell cell

45
 Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Energy is stored in form of hydrogen.
• System is composed of electrolyzer,
hydrogen tank, fuel cell and power
converters.
• Different type of electrolyzers such as
alkaline electrolyzers or Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers.
• Types of fuel cell:
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel
Cell (PEMFC),
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC),
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), 46

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

 Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Good dynamic behavior,
• Energy capacity can be sized,
• Modular structure eases the high power high energy applications.
• Very low self-discharge
• Long life and life cycle (>15 years and 20.000 cycles)
• Low efficiency (~42% because of electrolyzer and fuel cell efficiencies
(60% and 70%, respectively)

47
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 48
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) Systems
AC Dewar
Transformer Power Conversion System Bypass
Line ICoil
CSI Switch Coil
or
VSI + dc-dc chopper VCoil

Cryogenic
System

Controller
Coil Protection

• Relatively recent technology (1970)

• Based on storing energy in a magnetic field. 49
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) Systems
• W=0.5LI2
• Thus, inductance design is
important.
• High temperature coils – around 70
K
• Low temperature coils – around 5 K
• Cooling system is also core
component.
• It consumes energy.
• Efficiency is about 90%.
50
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) Systems
• Very fast response (MW/millisecond)
(it can inject or absorb very large
amount of energy in very short
time).
• Energy capacities are around
100kWh .
• Very long life cycle (tens of
thousands cycles),
• Very high cost.

51
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) Systems
• Potential applications:
 load leveling,
 frequency support (spinning reserve) during loss of generation,
 enhancing transient and dynamic stability,
 dynamic voltage support (VAR compensation),
 improving power quality,
 increasing transmission line capacity, thus enhancing overall security and
reliability of power systems.
• Further development continues in power conversion systems and control schemes,
evaluation of design and cost factors, and analyses for various SMES system
52
applications.
 Energy Storage Technologies
• Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Systems
• Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
• Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
• Lead-acid (L/A) batteries
• Flooded L/A batteries
• Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
• Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
• Nickel cadmium (Ni/Cd) batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• Flow Batteries
• Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide
• Zinc bromine (Zn/Br)
• Vanadium-redox (V-redox)
• Hydrogen Based Energy Storage Systems
• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
• Supercapacitors 53
 Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitors)
•Supercapacitors technology: construction Ultracapacitor with carbon
nano-tubes electrodes
Double layer capacitor
Traditional standard (ultracapacitor)
capacitor

The charge of ultracapacitors, IEEE

A
Spectrum Nov. 2007
C 
d
• Key principle: area is increased and distance is
decreased
54
• There are some similarities with batteries but there are
no reactions here.
 Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitors)
• Some typical Maxwell’s ultracapacitor packages:

www.ansoft.com/firstpass/pdf/CarbonCarbon_Ultracapacitor_Equivalent_Circuit_Model.pdf

• At 2.7 V, a BCAP2000 capacitor can store more than 7000 J in the volume of a soda
can.

• In comparison a 1.5 mF, 500 V electrolytic capacitor can store less than 200 J in the 55
same volume.
 Supercapacitors

• Very low equivalent resistance and therefore, very short time constants and
fast response
• High power density (10X higher than the batteries).
• Efficiency is about 75-80%,
• Cycle life is 50,000-100,000.
• High specific power density -- 2000-5000 W/kg
• High power density -- 20,000-30,000 W/m3

56
 Supercapacitors

• High self-discharge rate (20% of rated

capacity in 12 hours),
• Low specific energy density -- 2-5Wh/kg,
• Low energy density values -- 10,000Wh/ m3 ,
• High cost,
• Aging effect because of degrading materials
with time
• Aging is also influenced by temperature and Linzen, et al., “Analysis and Evaluation of Charge-Balancing
cell voltage Circuits on Performance, Reliability, and
Lifetime of Supercapacitor Systems”

• The supercapacitor systems are useful for 57

short time applications.
Power vs. energy delivery profile technologies

58
Storage Requirement of Power Quality and
Stability Issues
Power (MW)

Dynamic Response
10,000 Generation
Frequency
Control Spinning
Reserve
1,000
s
Voltage/VAR e c ond
S rs
Transmission s Hou
les ute
100 c s Min rs
Cy ond Hou
Se c s Load Leveling
our
s toH Generation
Stability ute
Min
10 Custom Transmission Load Leveling
Power Transmission
les rs
Cyc to Hou
1 s utes
ond Min
Sec Power Load Leveling
Quality Distribution

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

MWs MWhr 59
Energy
Summary of Energy Storage Technologies

60
Cycle Efficiency of Energy Storage Technologies

61
Energy Storage Capital Costs Requirements

62
Size and Weight of Energy Storage

63
Applications of Energy Storage Technologies
Source ASA

64
Supports to The Grid

65
 Supports to The Grid
Bulk Energy Services Distribution Infrastructure Services
 Electric Energy Time-Shift (Arbitrage)  Distribution Upgrade Deferral
 Electric Supply Capacity  Improvement of Power Quality/ Voltage
Ancillary Services Support
 Frequency Regulation and Response  Mitigation of System Outages
 Spinning, Non-Spinning, and  Integration of Distributed Renewable
Supplemental Reserves Generation
 Voltage Support Customer Energy Management Services
 Ramping and Load Following  Maintain Power Quality
 Black Start
 Ensure Power Reliability – Uninterruptible
 Transmission Infrastructure Services Power Supply
 Transmission Upgrade Deferral  Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift
66
 Transmission Congestion Relief  Demand Management
Supply/Demand Balance, Ancillary Services Requirements
• Short-term storage (seconds to minutes)
• For services such as frequency regulation, reactive power supply and voltage
support
• Requires fast/secure communications for automatic control
• For contingency reserves (e.g., spinning reserve)
• Requires communication to verify the requirement to operate and to confirm the
available capacity

• Longer term storage (minutes to hours)

• Energy/price arbitrage, load following and ramping
• Scheduling of charging and discharging requires information on current value of
energy and the expected future value of energy (may include value of capacity
and energy)
• Information on constraints on total capacity, ramping, and total energy limits of 67
the storage system
Energy Storage Technologies - Different Applications
• Flywheels, super-capacitors, SMES, and other
storage technologies with the short-term
power output (minute time scale)
• Regulation service
• Spinning reserve, etc.

• NaS batteries, flow batteries, hydrogen fuel

cells, CAES, pumped storage can provide
several hours of full capacity:
• Load shifting
• Electricity generation
68
 Control of Energy Storage Systems
• The controller determines the power reference for the energy storage
systems.
• The first order low pass filter based controllers which can be implemented
easily and suitable for real time applications are commonly used as
controller.
• The larger values of T (time constant) provide smoother power, but the
required storage system capacity also increase.

69
 Control of Energy Storage Systems
• Impact of the first order
low pass filter based
control system

70
 Combination with Other Technologies

• STATCOM+ESS Active and reactive power support to the grid

71
THANKS…