Title : Bolted Connection

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Differentiate a Simple Connection from a Moment Connection
2. Differentiate a Slip-Critical Connection from a Bearing Connection
3. Calculate the Nominal Strength of Connection Rn of the Bolted Connnection

Discussions :
Part A. Simple Connection

Types of Bolted Shear Connection failures

Single Shear Failure
Double Shear Failure
Excessive Tension, Shear and Bending
in the parts connected
Bearing Failure

Bearing Strength (510.3.10)

Tear-out Failure

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Part B. Moment Connection

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Slip-Critical Connection
Given : Use A36M Steel for both gusset plate and plate
Fy = 250 KN
Fu = 400 KN
t= 15 mm ,Gusset Plate
t= 13 mm ,Plate
d= 20 mm ,M 20 A325M
Required : Design Strength of the Connection, Use Standard Holes, Use Threads in Shear Plane

Solution:

1. Consider Nominal Bearing Strength

Use smaller t t= 13 mm
Rn=2.4 d t F u
Rn = 2.4(20)(13)(400)
Rn = 249.6 KN /bolt

Holes near edge(1,3)

h= 22
Lc = Le – h/2
Lc = 40 - 22/2
Lc = 29 mm

Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(29)(13)(400)/1000
Rn = 180.960 KN < 249.6 KN
use Rn = 180.960 KN/bolt
Other holes(2,4)
Lc = s – h
Lc = 75 - 22
Lc = 53 mm

Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(53)(13)(400)/1000
Rn = 330.720 > 249.6 KN
use Rn = 249.600 KN/bolt

All Holes
Rn = 2(180.96) + 2(249.6)
Rn = 861.120 KN

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2. Consider Nominal Shear Strength
Ab = π/4 (20)^2
Ab = 314.159 mm2

For A325M Bolts

Fnv = 372 MPa , from Table 510.3.2
Fnt = 620 MPa

Rn = Fnv(Ab)
Rn = 372(314.159)/1000
Rn = 116.867 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 467.469 KN

3. Nominal Slip-Critical Strength

Rn =μ Du hsc Tb Ns

μ= 0.35 Class A surface – Unpainted

Du = 1.13 Default Multiplier
hsc = 1.0 hole factor, Standard Hole
Tb = 142 KN Min. Fastener Tension (Table 510.3.1)
Ns = 1 Number of Slip Planes

Rn = 0.35(1.13)(1)(142)(1)
Rn = 56.161 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 224.644 KN

4. Tension on Gross Area

Pn = Fy Ag
Pn = 250(155 x 13) /1000
Pn = 503.750 KN

5. Tension on Net Area

Pn = Fu Ae
Pn = 400(155 - 2(20 + 4))13 /1000
Pn = 556.400 KN

6. Block Shear Strength

Hole Width = 20 + 4 = 24 mm
Agv = (40+75)13
Agv = 1495.00 mm2

Anv = 1495 - (1.5 x 24)13

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 Anv = 1027.00 mm2

Ant = 1495 - (1.5 x 24)13

Ant = 1027.00 mm2

R n =0.6 F u A nv+U bs F u A nt ≤0.6 Agv F y+U bs Fu A nt (510.4-5)

Rn1 = [0.6(400)1027 + 1.0(400)1027] /1000
Rn1 = 657.280 KN

Rn2 = [0.6(1495)250 + 1.0(400)1027] /1000

Rn2 = 635.050 KN
Rn1≤Rn2
use Rn = 635.050 KN

Strength Summary
Bolt Strength Rn (KN) Φ ΦRn (KN)
Bearing 861.120 0.75 645.84
Shear 467.469 0.75 350.60
prevent slip at
Slip-Critical 224.644 0.85 190.95 the required
strength level

Plate Strength Rn (KN) Φ ΦRn (KN)

Tension on 503.750 0.90 453.38
Gross Area
Tension on
556.400 0.75 417.30
Net Area
Block Shear 635.050 0.75 476.29

Answer : Design Strength of the Connection is ΦRn = 190.95 KN

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Combined Shear and Tension in Slip-Critical Connection(510.3.9)
Given :
PD = 42 KN
PL = 80 KN
Fy = 250 KN
Fu = 400 KN
Column
tf = 20.6 mm
Bracket
tf = 18.2 mm
Use M16 Bolts, A325M
d= 16 mm
Use A36M Steel for both column and bracket
Neglect Prying Action!

Required : Check the adequacy of the slip-critical connection

Use Standard Holes
Use Threads in Shear Plane
Use LRFD

Solution:
1. Consider Nominal Bearing Strength
Use smaller tf t= 18.2 mm
Rn=2.4 d t F u

Rn = 2.4(16)(18.2)(400)
Rn = 279.552 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 1118.208 KN

2. Consider Nominal Shear Strength

Ab = π/4 (16)^2
Ab = 201.062 mm2

For A325M Bolts

Fnv = 372 MPa , from Table 510.3.2
Fnt = 620 MPa

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 Rn = Fnv(Ab)
Rn = 372(201.062)/1000
Rn = 74.795 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 299.180 KN

3. Calculate Shear and Tension Force per Bolt

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Pu = 1.2(42) + 1.6(80)
Pu = 178.40 KN
Force per Bolt
Pu = 178.4/4
Pu = 44.60 KN/bolt

Shear Force Per Bolt

Pu sin30o = 44.6 sin 30
Pu sin30o = 22.30 KN/bolt
Vu = Pu sin30o

Tension Force Per Bolt

Pu cos30o = 44.6 cos 30
Pu cos30o = 38.62 KN/bolt
Tu= Pu cos30o

4. Combined Shear and Tension

Tb = 91 KN , from Table 510.3.1

Du = 1.13 ,multiplier see Section 510.3.7
hsc = 1.0 ,standard size hole
μ= 0.35 ,Class A surface
Ns = 1 Number of Slip Planes
Nb = 4 Number of Bolts
Tu
ks=1 – (510.3-5a)
D u Tb N b
ks = 1 - 38.62/(1.13*91*4)
ks = 0.9061
Rn=k s μ D u h sc T b Ns
Rn = 0.9061 (0.35)(1.13)(1)(91)(1)
Rn = 32.611 KN/bolt

Strength Summary Per Bolt

Strength Rn Φ ΦRn vs. Pu Remarks
Bearing 279.552 0.75 209.66 > 22.30 Ok
Shear 74.795 0.75 56.096 > 22.30 Ok
Combined
Checked
Shear and 32.611 0.85 27.72 > 22.30 Ok against
Tension shear

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Answer : Slip-Critical Connection is Adequate!

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Combined Shear and Tension in Bearing-Type Connection(510.3.7)
Given :
PD = 45 KN
PL = 80 KN
Fy = 248 KN
Fu = 400 KN
Column
tf = 21 mm
Bracket
tf = 19 mm

d= 22 mm A325M Bolt
Use A36M Steel for both column and bracket
Neglect Prying Action!

Required : Check the adequacy of the bearing-type connection

Use Standard Holes
Use Threads in Shear Plane
Use LRFD

Solution:
1. Consider Nominal Bearing Strength
Use smaller tf t= 19 mm
Rn=2.4 d t F u

Rn = 2.4(22)(19)(400)
Rn = 401.28 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 1605.120 KN

2. Consider Nominal Shear Strength

Ab = π/4 (22)^2
Ab = 380.133 mm2

For A325M Bolts

Fnv = 372 MPa , from Table 510.3.2
Fnt = 620 MPa

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 Rn = Fnv(Ab)
Rn = 372(380.133)/1000
Rn = 141.409 KN /bolt
Use 4-Bolts
Rn = 565.637 KN

3. Calculate Shear and Tension Force per Bolt

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Pu = 1.2(45) + 1.6(80)
Pu = 182.00 KN
Force per Bolt
Pu = 182/4
Pu = 45.50 KN/bolt

Shear/Bearing Force Per Bolt

Pu sin30o = 45.5 sin 30
Pu sin30o = 22.75 KN/bolt
Vu = Pu sin30o

Tension Force Per Bolt

Pu cos30o = 45.5 cos 30
Pu cos30o = 39.40 KN/bolt
Tu= Pu cos30o

4. Combined Shear and Tension

Fnt f v
F'nt =1.3Fnt− ≤F (510.3-3a)
ΦFnv nt
fv = Vu/Ab
fv = 22.75*1000/(380.133)
fv = 59.848 MPa

F'nt = 1.3(620) - 620(59.848)/(0.75(372)

F'nt = 673.006 MPa > Fnt 620MPa
Use F'nt = 620.000 MPa

Rn = F'nt Ab (510.3-2)
Rn = 620(380.133)/1000
Rn = 235.682 KN /bolt

Strength Summary Per Bolt

Strength Rn Φ ΦRn vs. Pu Remarks
Bearing 401.280 0.75 300.96 > 22.75 Ok
Shear 141.409 0.75 106.057 > 22.75 Ok
Combined
Shear and 235.682 0.75 176.76 > 39.40 Ok
Tension

Answer : Bearing Type Connection is Adequate!

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Simplified Analysis

Column W200x86 A36 M Steel for Column and Steel

tf = 20.6 mm Fy = 250 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
Bracket WT205x425 Bearing-Type Connection is Assumed
tf = 12.2 mm M 20 Bolts are used. A325M
Fnv = 372 MPa
e= 175 mm Fnt = 620 MPa
Loads
PD = 45 KN Threads are in shear plane.
PL = 85 KN

Required : Check the adequacy of the connection. Use LRFD.

Use the simplified method.

Solution :
1. Determine the Shear Strength
Ab = π/4(d)2
Ab = (π/4)20^2
Ab = 314.1593 mm2

Rn = Fnv Ab
Rn = 372(314.1593)/1000
Rn = 116.8672 KN /bolt

2. Determine the Bearing Strength

h= 20 + 2 = 22 mm
a. Near Edge hole b. Other holes
Lc = Le – h/2 Lc = Le – h
Lc = 40 - 22/2 Lc = 60 - 22

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 Lc = 29 mm Lc = 38 mm

Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(29)(12.2)(400) /1000 Rn = 1.2(38)(12.2)(400) /1000
Rn = 169.824 KN Rn = 222.528 KN

Limit Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
Limit Rn = 2.4(20)(12.2)(400) /1000
Limit Rn = 234.2 KN

3. Factored Load
Pu = 1.2(45) + 1.6(85) Mu = Pu e
Pu = 190 KN Mu = 190(175)
Vu = 190 /8 Mu = 33250 KN-mm
Vu = 23.75 KN (Shear)

4. Calculate rt
Mu = ∑ Mc
Mu = 2rt (90 + 30 + 30 + 90)
33250 = 2rt (240)
rt = 69.27 KN

5. Calculate Tensile Strength

Shear Stress
Vu
f v=
Ab
fv = 23.75(1000) / 314.1593
fv = 75.599 MPa

Fnt f v
F'nt =1.3Fnt− ≤F
ΦFnv nt
F'nt = 1.3(620) - (620 x 75.599) / (0.75 x 372) ≤ 620 MPa
F'nt = 638.003 MPa

use F'nt = 620.000 MPa

Rn = F'nt Ab
Rn = 620 (314.159)
Rn = 194.779 KN/bolt

Summary
Strength per Bolt Rn(KN) Φ ΦRn (KN) vs Factored Load(KN) Remarks
Shear 116.867 0.75 87.65 > 23.75 ok
Bearing 169.824 0.75 127.37 > 23.75 ok
Tensile 194.779 0.75 146.08 > 69.27 ok

Answer : The section is adequate!

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Given : Bearing-Type Connection, Threads in Shear Plane
Bolts M 22 A325M Plate A36M Steel t= 7 mm
Fnv = 372 MPa Fy = 248 MPa s= 80 mm
Fnt = 620 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

Load
PD = 25 KN
PL = 35 KN
θ= 15 o

Required : Check the Adequacy of the Connection, Use the Elastic Analysis

Solution:
1. Calculate the Bolt Shear Strength
Rn = Fnv Ab
Rn = 372 [ π/4 (22)^2] /1000
Rn = 141.409 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(141.409)
ΦRn = 106.057 KN /bolt

2. Calculate the Bearing Strength

h= 22 + 2 = 24 mm
Near Edge Hole Other Holes
Lc = 40 - 24 /2 = 28 mm Lc = 80 - 24 = 56 mm
Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(28)(7)400 /1000 Rn = 1.2*(56)(7)400 /1000
Rn = 94.080 KN /bolt Rn = 188.160 KN /bolt

Limit Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
Limit Rn = 2.4(22)(7)400 /1000
Limit Rn = 147.840 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(94.08)
ΦRn = 70.560 KN /bolt

Use ΦRn = 70.560 KN /bolt

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3. Calculate Direct Shear
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6 PL Components of Pu
Pu = 1.2(25) + 1.6(35) Pu cosθ = 86cos(15)
Pu = 86.00 KN

Components of Pu
Pu cosθ = 86 cos(15) Pu sinθ = 86 sin(15)
Pu cosθ = 83.0696 KN ↓ Pu sinθ = 22.2584 KN ←

For Any Bolt (Equal Force Distribution)

Pcy = (Pu cosθ) /5 Pc /bolt = 17.20 Kn/bolt
Pcy = 16.614 KN /bolt KN ↓
Pcx = (Pu sinθ) /5
Pcx = 4.452 KN /bolt KN ←

4. Locate the Center of Rigidity

y= 80 mm (By Inspection)

Moment about Line 1-4

AT x = Σ Ai xi
5(x) = 3(0) + 2(80)
x= 32 mm

5. Calculate Moment Mu
Mu = Σ Mo
Mu = Pu cosθ(ex) - Pu sinθ(ey)
Mu = 83.0696 [80 + 40 + 2(80) - 32] - 22.2584(80 + 40)
Mu = 83.0696[248] - 22.2584[120]
Mu = 17930.253 KN-mm

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6. Calculate Shear due to Eccentricity
Σr2 = Σ(x2 + y2) Bolt x y x2 y2
Σr2 = 7680 + 25600 1 -32 80 1024 6400
Σr =
2
33280 mm 2
2 48 80 2304 6400
3 -32 0 1024 0
4 -32 -80 1024 6400
5 48 -80 2304 6400
Σ 7680 25600
Consider Bolt 5 (most stressed)

P mx =M
( ) y
Σr 2
Pmx = 17930.253(80/33280)
P my =M
( )
x
Σr 2
Pmy = 17930.253(48/33280)
Pmx = 43.102 KN ← Pmy = 25.861 KN ↓

Total Shear = Direct Shear + Shear due to Eccentricity

Px = Pcx + Pmx Py = Pcy + Pmy
Px = 4.452 + 43.102 Py = 16.614 + 25.861
Px = 47.553 KN ← Py = 42.475 KN ↓

Pu 5=√( Px +Py )
2 2
= (47.553^2 + 42.475^2)^05 = 63.761 KN , ΦRn = 70.560 KN

Pu5 < ΦRn , Answer : The connection is Adequate!.

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Given : Bearing-Type Connection, Threads in Shear Plane
Bolts M 20 A325M Plate A36M Steel t= 18 mm
Fnv = 372 MPa Fy = 248 MPa s= 60 mm
Fnt = 620 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

Load
PD = 25 KN
PL = 35 KN

Required : Check the Adequacy of the Connection, Use the Instantaneous Center Method.

Solution:
1. Calculate the Bolt Shear Strength
Rn = Fnv Ab
Rn = 372 [ π/4 (20)^2] /1000
Rn = 116.867 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(116.867)
ΦRn = 87.650 KN /bolt

2. Calculate the Bearing Strength

h= 20 + 2 = 22 mm
Near Edge Hole Other Holes
Lc = 40 - 22 /2 = 29 mm Lc = 60 - 22 = 38 mm
Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu Rn = 1.2Lc t Fu
Rn = 1.2(29)(18)400 /1000 Rn = 1.2*(38)(18)400 /1000
Rn = 250.560 KN /bolt Rn = 328.320 KN /bolt

Limit Rn = 2.4 d t Fu
Limit Rn = 2.4(20)(18)400 /1000
Limit Rn = 345.600 KN /bolt

ΦRn = 0.75(250.56)
ΦRn = 187.920 KN /bolt

Use ΦRn = 87.650 KN /bolt (Bolt Shear Strength Controls!)

Limit Rn = 116.867 KN /bolt

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3. Calculate Factored Load
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6 PL
Pu = 1.2(25) + 1.6(35)
Pu = 86.00 KN

4. Locate the Center of Rigidity

y= 90 mm (By Inspection)
Moment about Line 1-4
AT x = Σ Ai xi
5(x) = 3(0) + 2(60)
x= 24 mm

3. Calculate The Bolt Reactions and the magnitude of P

−0.3937Δ 0.55 r
R=329.1684 (1−e ) Δ= Δ max
r max
Try d = 10 mm Δmax = 8.636 mm
rmax = 114.018 mm TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
Bolt x (mm) y(mm) r(mm) Δ(mm) R(KN) Rx Ry rR(KN-m)
1 10 90 90.554 6.859 316.81 314.88 34.986 28.689
2 70 90 114.018 8.636 323.08 255.02 198.352 36.837
3 10 0 10.000 0.757 156.19 0.00 156.195 1.562
4 10 -90 90.554 6.859 316.81 -314.88 34.986 28.689
5 70 -90 114.018 8.636 323.08 -255.02 198.352 36.837
Σ 0 622.872 132.613

Equilibrium :
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0 P = ΣRy = 622.87 KN
ΣMI.C. = 0 P(d + s + 40+ 1.5s)/1000 - 132.61 = ΣMI.C.
622.87(10 + 60 +40+1.5(60))/1000 - 132.613 = -8.039 KN-m
Negligible Difference!
4. Calculate the Design Strength ΦP of the Connection

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 P n=P
[ ] Rn
R max
Pn = 622.872(116.867/329.1684) (Based of Limit Rn)
Pn = 221.143 KN

ΦPn = 0.75(221.143) (Design Strength of the Connection)

ΦPn = 165.86 KN > 86.00 KN , Ok.

Answer : The Connection is Adequate!

Visibility TRUE
FALSE

Try d = 12.426 mm

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Self-Learning Assesment( Problem Set)
P1. Simple Connection

P2. Moment Connection

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Segui, W.T. (2007), Structural Steel Design fourth edition, Nelson Thompson Canada Ltd.
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (2019), COMPANION TO THE AISC STEEL
CONSTRUCTION MANUAL Volume 1: Design Examples Version 15.1, AISC USA

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