CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

75 mm
150 mm

BOLTED CONNECTIONS P P

Sample Problem 1:
22 mm
A bolted bearing type connection shown consists of 16 mm x 150 mm steel plates with 22
mm diameter A325 bolts and A572 Grade 50 plate material with standard holes (F y = 345.6
MPa). Minimum tensile strength Fu = 449.3 MPa. Allowable shearing stress Fv = 207 MPa.
For bolt thread excluded from shear plane. Diameter of hole is 3 mm than bolt diameter.
a. Determine the tensile capacity of the bearing type connection if the bolt threads are
excluded from the shear plane
b. Determine the tensile capacity of the bearing type connection if the bolt threads are
included in the shear plane. Allowable shear stress, Fv = 145 MPa.
c. Compute the theoretical length L, if bolt threads are excluded from the shear plane.
SOLUTION:
P=189784 (4 )
P=759137 N =759.14 kN

a. Tensile capacity if the bolt threads Safe Capacity = 314748 N =

are excluded from shear plane 314.75 kN
 Net area of plates:
An =[ 150−2 ( 25 ) ] × 16 b. Tensile capacity if bolt threads are
2 included in shear plane.
An =1600 mm
Ae = A n=1600 mm2 
A g=150 ( 16 ) P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 345.6 )( 2400 )
P=497664 N=497.66 kN
A g=2400 mm2
P=0.50 F u A e =0.50 ( 449.3 ) ( 1600 )
P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 345.6 )( 2400 )
P=359440 N =359.44 kN
P=497664 N=497.66 kN
P=0.50 F u A e =0.50 ( 449.3 ) ( 1600 )
 Capacity of bolt in shear
P=359440 N =359.44 kN
π ( 22 )2 ( 145 )
Pss = A ss F v =
4 ( 1000 )
 Capacity of bolt in single shear
Pss =55119 N =551.19 kN
π (22)2 ( 207 )
Pss = A ss F v = P=55119 ( 4 )
4 ( 1000 )
P=220476 N =220.48 kN
Pss =78687 N =786.87 kN
P=78687 ( 4 )
 Bearing capacity of bolt
P=314748 N =314.75 kN
Pb= A b F p=1.2 ( 449.3 )( 22 ) ( 16 )
Pb=189784 N =189.78 kN
 Bearing capacity of bolt
P=189784 (4 )
Pb= A b F p=1.2 ( 449.3 )( 22 ) ( 16 )
P=759137 N =759.14 kN
Pb=189784 N =189.78 kN
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Safe Capacity = 220476 N = 2 P 2 ( 78687 )

le= =
220.77 kN F u t 449.3 ( 16 )
l e =21.89 ≈ 22 mm
c. Value of “L”
L=2 l e + 75 min l e =1.5 x diameter of bolt
2P min l e =1.5 ( 22 )=33 mm
le=
Fu t Use L = 2(33) + 75
314748 Use L =141 mm
P= =78687 N
4

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 2:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

From the figure shown a double lap

splice of a bearing type connection
with the threads excluded from the
shear plane and consists of double
row of bolts. A36 steel is used with
Fy = 248.8 MPa. The bolts used is an
A325 bolts having diameter of 18
mm in standard size holes.
Minimum tensile stress Fu = 400
MPa. Use NSCP Specs. Assume
diameter of rivet holes to be 3 mm
bigger than the bolt diameter.
Allowable shear stress of A325 bolts
is 207 MPa Use: Fp = 1.5 Fu.
a. Compute the tensile capacity of the plates
b. Compute the number of 18 mm bolts is required to developed the full strength of the
plates.
c. Compute the min. spacing between the rows of bolts.
SOLUTION:
a. Tensile of capacity of the plates π ( 18 )2 ( 207 ) ( 2 )
Pss = A ss F v = =105350 N
An =[ 250−2 ( 21 ) ] × 6 4 ( 1000 )
An =1248 mm2 Pss =105.35 kN
Max . A n=0.85 A g=0.85 ( 250 ) ( 6 )
Max . A n=1275 mm2  Bearing of bolts:
Ae = A n=1248 mm2 Pb= A b F p=1.5 ( 400 )( 18 )( 6 )=68400 N
Pb=684 kN
P=0.50 F u A e =0.50 ( 400 ) ( 1248 )=249600 N 223920
No. of bolts =
64800
P=249.6 kN
No .of bolts=3.46 ≈ 4 bolts
P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 248.8 )( 1500 ) =223920 N
P=223.92 kN
c. Spacing of rows of bolts:
2P d
Tensile capacity = 223.92 kN S= +
Fut 2
223920
b. No. of 18 mm bolt to develop full P= =55980
4
strength of the plates: Shear of bolt
2 P d 2(55980) 18
(double shear) S= + = +
Fut 2 400(6) 2

S=55.65mm ≈ 56 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 3:
A lap joint shown is bolted with an A325 bolts
having a diameter of 22 mm and A572 Grade 50
plate material 16 mm x 150 mm with standard
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

holes. Assume diameter of holes is 3 mm larger than the bolt. F y = 345.6 MPa, Fu = 449.3
MPa, Fv = 207.3 MPa for bearing type connection. Fv = 121 MPa for a friction type
connection.
a. Determine the tensile capacity of the plates if it is bearing type connection
b. Determine the tensile capacity of the plates if it is friction type connection
c. Compute the minimum theoretical length of the lap if it is a friction type connection.
SOLUTION:
a. Tensile capacity of the plate if it is
a bearing type connection P=0.50 F u A e =0.50 ( 449.3 ) ( 1600 )=359440 N
An =[ 150−2 ( 25 ) ] × 16 P=359.44 kN
An =1600 mm2 P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 345.6 )( 2400 )=497664 N
Ae = A n=1600 mm2 P=497.66 kN
Max . A n=0.85 A g=0.85 ( 150 ) ( 6 )
Shear of rivets:
Max . A n=2040 mm2
π ( 22 )2 ( 121 )
Pss = A ss F v =
4 ( 1000 )
P=0.50 F u A e =0.50 ( 449.3 ) ( 1600 )=359440 N
Pss =45996 N=459.96 kN
P=359.44 kN
P=45996 ( 4 )
P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 345.6 )( 2400 )=497664 N
P=183984 N =183.98 kN
P=497.66 kN
Use P = 184 kN
π ( 22 )2 ( 207.3 )
Pss = A ss F v =
4 ( 1000 ) c. Theoretical Length of lap:
Pss =78802 N=788.02 kN 2P
le=
P=78802 ( 4 ) Fu t
P=315208 N =315.21kN
183984
Pb= A b F p=1.2 ( 449.3 )( 22 ) ( 16 ) P= =45996 N
4
Pb=189784 N =189.78 kN 2P 2(45996)
le= =
P=189784 ( 4 ) F u t (449.3)(16)
P=759137 N =759.14 kN l e =12.8 mm ≈ 13 mm

Safe capacity = 315208 N = min l e =1.5 x diameter of bolt

315.21 kN min l e =1.5 ( 22 )=33 mm

b. Tensile capacity of the plate using

2 P d 2(45996) 22
a friction type connection. S= + = +
F u t 2 449.3(16) 2
An =[ 150−2 ( 25 ) ] × 16
S=23.8 mm<3 x diameter of bolt
An =1600 mm2 S = 3(22) = 66 mm
Ae = A n=1600 mm2
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Use L = 2(33) + 66 Use L =132 mm

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 4:
For the given riveted connection shown, having the allowable stresses:
Fy = 248 MPa, Fv = 150 MPa
Tensile Stress = 0.60 Fy
Bearing Stress = 1.35 Fy
Rivet hole has a diameter 2 mm greater than the
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

rivet diameter.
The main plate has width of 300mm and thickness of 20 mm.
a. Compute the diameter of rivets such the shear capacity of the rivets is equal to its
bearing capacity.
b. Compute the max. value of P so as not to exceed the allowable shearing stress
c. Compute the max. value of P so as not to exceed the allowable tensile stress of plate.
SOLUTION:
a. Diameter of rivets:
π
d ( 20 ) (1.35 ) F u= d 2 ( 150 )( 2 )
4
π ( 150 ) d
( 20 ) ( 1.35 ) (248 )= (2)
4
d=28.42
use d=28 mm ∅

b. Capacity of P is shear governs:

π ( 28 )2 ( 4 ) (150)(2)
Pss = A ss F v =
4 (1000 )
Pss=738903 N =738.90 kN

c. Capacity P if tensile stress governs:

Dia. of hole = 28 + 2
Dia. of hole = 30 mm

P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 20 )( 248 ) ( 300−2 (30 ) )

P=714240 N =714.24 kN

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 5:
Two plates each with thickness t = 16 mm are bolted together with 6−22 mm ∅ bolts
forming a lap connection. Bolt spacing are as follows S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80mm, S3 = 100. Bolt
hole diameter = 25 mm.
Allowable stresses:
Tensile stresses on gross area of the plate = 0.60 F y
Tensile stresses on net area of the plate = 0.50 Fu
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Shear stress on the bolt: Fv = 120 MPa

Bearing stress on the bolt: Fb =1.2 Fu
Calculate the tensile load P under the following conditions:
a. Shear capacity of bolts
b. Bearing capacity of bolts
c. Block shear strength
SOLUTION:
a. Based on shear capacity of bolts P=0.30 A v F v +0.50 Fu At =0.30 ( 400 )( 4400 )+ 0.50 ( 40
π P=768 kN
P= ( 22 )2 (6)(120)
4
P=273.70 kN  Second possible failure in block
shear
b. Based on bearing capacity of bolts:
P= A b F b=16 ( 22 ) ( 6 ) ( 1.2 )( 400 ) A v =( 200−25−25−12.5 )( 16 )
P=1013.76 kN A v =2200 mm2
At =( 140−12.5−25 ) ( 16 )
c. Based on block shear strength
A v =( 200−25−25−12.5 )( 16 )( 2 ) At =1640 mm2
P=0.30 A v F v +0.50 Fu At =0.30 ( 400 )( 2200 ) +0.50 ( 40
A v =4400 mm2
P=592 kN
At =( 100−12.5−12.5 ) ( 16 )
At =1200 mm2 Use: P = 592 kN

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 5:
The 175 x 100 x 16 mm angle shown connected to a gusset plate with three 25 mm ∅ bolts
(A490) when threads are excluded from shear planes. The angle consists of A36 steel.
Properties of ∠ 175 x 100 x 16 A36 Steel Properties of A490 bolts
A = 4181 mm2 Fy = 248 MPa Fy = 276 MPa
t = 16 mm Fu = 400 MPa Nominal hole dia. = 27 mm
a. Compute the tensile strength of the connection due to bearing failure of bolts
b. Compute the tensile strength of the
connection due to shear failure of bolts
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

c. Compute the tensile strength of the connection due to tearing of angular section
d. Compute the allowable block shear strength
e. Compute the allowable tensile strength of the connection
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SOLUTION:
a. Tensile strength due to bearing An =A g −( 1 ) hole x t=4184−28.6 ( 16 )
failure of the connection: An =3723.4 mm2
P= A p F p Ae =U A n=0.85 ( 3723.4 )
F p=1.2 F u
Ae =3164.89 mm2
A p =25 (16 )( 3 )=1200 mm2
P= A p 1.2 Fu =1200(1.2)(400) P=0.50 F u A e =0.50 ( 400 ) ( 3164.89 )
P=576 kN P=632.98 kN
b. Tensile strength due to shear
failure to bolts: Use: P = 622.133 kN
P= A p F p
π
A v = (25 )2 ( 3 ) =1472.6 mm2 d. Allowable block shear strength:
4 P=0.30 F u A v +0.50 Fu A t
P= A v F v =1472.6 ( 276 ) A v =net shear area
P=406.44 kN
A v =( 250−14.3−28.6−28.6 ) (16 )=2856 mm2
c. Tensile strength due to tearing of
At =net tension area
angular section based on gross
area: At =( 75−14.3 )( 16 )=971.2 mm2
P=0.60 F y A g =0.60 ( 248 )( 4181 )
P=622.13 kN P=0.30 F u A v +0.50 Fu A t =0.30 ( 400 ) ( 2856 ) +0.50 ( 40
P=536.96 kN
Based on net effective area:
P=0.50 F u A e
Width of hole = nominal hole dia. + e. Allowable tensile strength of the
1.6 member:
Width of hole = 28. =6 mm P = 406.44 kN (due to shear
failure)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 6:
The bracket shown carries an eccentric load P at an
eccentricity e = 400 mm. the column and bracket are
A36 steel. Diameter of bolt is 22 mm ∅ in standard
holes. Assume that the column flange and bracket
are thick enough that single shear in the bolts will
control. Shear capacity of one bolt is 45kN.
a. Determine the polar moment of inertia
b. Determine the maximum load P that can be
supported by the bracket shown.
SOLUTION:
a. Polar moment of inertia
∑ ( x2 + y 2 ) =4 ( 187.50 )2 + 4 ( 112.50 )2 +4 ( 37.5 )2+12 ( 70 )2
∑ ( x2 + y 2 ) =255,675 mm2
b. Maximum Load P
M =P ( 400 )
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

My 400 P ( 187.5 )
R h 2= = =0.293 P
∑ ( x2 + y2 ) 255675
Mx 400 P ( 70 )
R v2= = =0.1095 P
2
∑ (x + y ) 2
255675

 R v2=0.1095 P

P P
= =0.0833 P
n 12
2 2 2
R = ( 0.293 P ) + ( 0.1928 P )
45=0.351 P
P=128.30 kN

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 7:
A plate with width of 300 millimeters is to be connected to tow plates of the same width
with half the thickness by 25 millimeters diameter rivets, as shown. The rivet holes have as
diameter 2 millimeters larger than the rivet diameter. The plate is A36 steel with yield
strength Fy = 248 Megapascals, allowable bearing stress of 0.60Fy and allowable bearing
stress of 1.35Fy. the rivets are A502, Graded 2, hot-driven rivets with allowable shear
stress of 150 Megapascals.
 Which of the following most early gives the maximum load, In Kilonewtons
that can be applied to the connection without exceeding the allowable tensile
stress in the plate?
 Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum load, in Kilonewtons,
that can be applied to the connection without exceeding the allowable shear
stress in the rivets?
 Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum load, in KiloNewtons,
that can be applied to the connection without exceeding the allowable
bearing stress between the plate and the rivets?
SOLUTION:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Allowable tensile stress in plates:

Ft = 0.6Fy
Ft = 0.60(248)
Ft = 148.8 MPa
P = Ft x An
An = net area of plate
An = [ 300 – 2(25 + 2)](20)
An = 4920 mm^2
P = 148.8(4920) = 732,096N
P = 732 kN

P = Fy Av
Fy = 150 MPa
Av = total area sheared off (double shear)
Av = 2Ab x 4 = 2[(π/4) (25^2)] = x 4 =3926 mm^2
P = 150 (3927) = 589,050 N = 589 kN

P = Fb Av
Fb = 1.35Fy = 1.35(248) = 334.8 MPa
Av = bearing area of four rivets = 25(20) x 4 = 200 mm^2
P = 334.8 (20000) = 669,600 = 669.6 kN
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 8:
A steel hanger consists of a plate 125 mm x 6mm held at the top of by 20-mm rivets in
single shear. The rivers are arranged in diamond form so that the first net section has one
hole and the second net section has two holes. Allowable stressed are 110 MPa for tension
in plates, 83 MPa for shear on rivets, and 165 MPa forbearing between the rivets and the
plates. Hole diameters is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.
SOLUTION:
Based of tensile stress in plates:
Tensile along river A
An = (125 – 23)6 = 612 mm^2
P = Ft An
P = 110(612) = 67,320 N
Tearing along rivets BC:
An = (125 – 23x2)6 = 474 mm^2
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Pnet = Ft An
P – P/4 = 110(612); P = 269,280 N
Tearing aalong rivet D:
An = (125 – 23)6 = 612 mm^2
P – 3P/4 = 110(612); P = 269,280 N
Thus P = 67,320 N = 67.32 kN
Based of shearing of rivets:
P = Fv Av = 83 x π/4 (20)^2 (4) = 104,300.9 N = 104.3 kN
Based on Bearing:
P = Fp Ab = 165 x (20)(6) x 4 = 79200 N = 79.2 kN

BOLTED CONNECTION:
Sample Problem 9:
The two plates shown in Figure are joined together by four 25-mm rivets. Allowable
shearing stress for the rivets is 70 MPa, allowable tensile stress on the net area of the plates
is 100 MPa, and the allowable bearing stress on contact area between the rivet and the
plate is 140 MPa.
SOLUTION:
Based on shearing on rivets:
P = Fy Ay
P = 70 (π/4 (5) ^2 x 4)
P = 137445 N
P = 137.445 kN
Base on tearing on net area of Plates:
For the 14-mm thick plates: (85% Ag = 1547 mm^2)
Tearing along rivet “a”:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Anet = (130 – 27) (14) =1442 mm^2

P = Ft Anet = 100(1442) = 144200 N = 144.2 kN
Tearing along rivets “b” and “c”
Anet = (130 – 27 x 2) (14)
Anet = 1064 mm^2
3P/ 4 = 100(1064)
P = 141867N
P = 141.867 kN
For the 10-mm thick plat: (85% Ag = 1275 mm^2)
Tearing along river “d”
Anet = (150 – 27) (10) = 1230 mm^2
P = Fy Anet = 100(1230) = 123000 N = 123 kN
Tearing along rivets “b” and “c”
Anet = (150 – 27 x 2) (10)
Anet = (960 mm^2
P – P/4 = Fy Anet
3P/4 = 10(960)
P =128000 N = 128 kN
Thus, the safe P = 123 kN
Based on bearing:
(The thinner plate is more critical in bearing)
P = Fp Ab = 140 [25(10) x 4] = 140000 N = 140kN
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 10:
A W16 x 58 is connected to W8 x 31 as shown in the figure shown. The material is A36 steel
with Fy = 248 MPa. The allowable bearing stress is 1.35 Fy. The rivets are A502 grade 2 hot
driver rivets with allowable stress of 120 MPa. The support is to be designed using the full
strength of the A16 x 58 beam based on the gross section. The properties of the section are:
W16 x 58; total depth, d = 403 mm
Thickness of web = 10 mm
W8 x 31: Flange thickness, tf = 11 mm
SOLUTION
The full strength (shear) of W16 x 58 is:
V
Fv = V =0.40 Fy
dtw
V
=0.4 ( 248 ) ; V =399776 N
403(10)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Shear stress in the rivets:

(Considering the 4 rivets in double shear connected to W16 x 58)
399776/4
V /4
Fv = =120; π = 120; D = 23.03 mm
2 At 2 x D2
4
Considering the rivets at the web of W16 x 58:
v /4
Fb = =1.35 Fy
dTw

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 11:
A riveted lap joint is shown in the figure. The rivets have 16 mm diameter, and the
permissible stresses are 124 MPa for shear in rivets, 296 MPa for bearing, and 165 MPa for
tension (on net area) on plates. The plates are 10 mm thick. Assume hole diameter be 1.5
mm larger than the rived diameter.
SOLUTION:
Shear on rivets:
π
P = Fv Av = 124 x ( 16 )2 x 5
4
P = 124,658 N = 124.658 kN

Tearing along a-a:

Anet = [200 – (16 + 1.5)] (10) = 1825 mm^2
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

85% Ag = 0.85(200) (10) = 1700mm^2

P = Ft Anet = 165(1700) = 280,500 N = 280.5 kN
Tearing along b-b
Anet = [200 - (16 + 1.5) (10) = 1825 mm^2
P – P/5 = 165(1475)
P = 304,218 N
Bearing:
P = Fp Ap = 296[ 16(10)) x 5 = 236,800 N = kN
Safe value of P = 124.6 kN

BOLTED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 12:
A plate with width of 400 millimeter and thickness of 12 millimeter is to be connected to a
plate of the same width and thickness by 34-millimeter diameter bolts, as shown in the
figure. The holes are 2 mm larger than the bolts diameter. The plate is A36 steel with the
yield strength Fy = 248 MegaPascals. Allowable tensile stress is 0.60Fy. It is required to
determine the value of b so that the net width along bolts 1-2-3-4 is equal to the net width
along bolts1-2-4.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

s2
Net width = Gross width - ∑ holes+
4g
Net width (1-2-4) = Net width (1-2-3-4)

602 ( 150−b )2 602 b2 b2

400 – 3(34 + 2) + + = 400 – 4(34 +2) + + +
4 (100) 4(200) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100)

( 1500−b )2 ( b )2
− =20.25
4 ( 200 ) 4 ( 100 )

22500 – 300 b + b 2 - 2b 2= 16200

b 2+ 300b – 6300 = 0
= −300 ± ¿¿mm
Considering path 1-2-3-4 or 1-2-4
2
602 (150−b)
Net width = 400 – 3(34 + 2) + +
4 (100) 4 (200)
2
602 (150−19.71)
Net width = 400 – 3(34 + 2) + +
4 (100) 4(200)
Net width = 322. 22 mm
Considering path 1-2-3:

602 (b)2
Net width = 400 – 3(34 + 2) + +
4 (100) 4 (100)
Net width = 301.97 mm
Critical net Area = 301.97(12) = 3624 mm 2
P = An x Ft
P = 3624 x [0.6(248)] = 539,251 N = 539.251 kN
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 1:
A welded connection is subjected to a tensile load
of 446 kN. Both plates are 12 mm thick. Use E60 xx
electrodes with Fu = 415 MPa. Use SMAW process
and A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa.
a. Compute the value of “b”
b. Compute the tensile capacity of the
connection
c. Compute the shear capacity of the plates.
SOLUTION:
a. Value of “b”

Max. size fillet weld, te = 12 – 1.6 = 10.4 mm

Min. size fillet weld = 5mm (thickness of thicker part is 12 mm)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Use 10 mm fillet weld

FORMULA, Pcap =A w ( 0.30 ( Fu ) ) – for weld metal

0.707 ( 10 ) ( 2 b ) ( 0.30 )( 415 )

446 kN=
1000
b=253.3471936 mm=253.35mm
2 b=506.6943872mm

b. Tensile Capacity of the connection

FORMULA, Pcap =0.60 F y A g
Pcap =0.60 ( 248 )( 12 ) ( 200 )
Pcap =357120 N =357.12 kN

c. Shear Capacity of Plates

FORMULA, Pcap =0.40 F y A v

Pcap =0.40 ( 248 )( 12 ) ( 506.6943872 )

Pcap =603168.9985 N =603.17 kN

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 2:
A welded connection shown. An A36 steel is
used with Fy = 248 MPa. Size of fillet weld is 8
mm. Use E70 electrodes with Fu = 485 MPa.
a. Compute the capacity of the connection
using SMAW process.
b. Compute the capacity of the connection
using SAW process.
SOLUTION:
a. Capacity of the connection using SMAW process.
 Tensile capacity of plates / Tension of gross area section
FORMULA, Pcap =0.60 F y A g
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Pcap =0.60 ( 248 )( 18 )( 200 )

Pcap =535680 N =535.68 kN

 Shear capacity of fillet welds

P=0.707 ( 8 ) (150+ 200+ 150 )( 0.30 )( 485 )

P=411474 N =411.47 kN

allowable capacity=411.47 kN

b. Capacity of the connection using SAW process.

 Tension capacity of plates / Tension of gross area section.
FORMULA, Pcap =0.60 F y A g

Pcap =0.60 ( 248 )( 18 )( 200 )

Pcap =535680 N =535.68 kN

 Shear capacity of fillet welds

Effective length = 8 mm since t < 10 mm
P = 8(150+200+150)(0.3)(485)
P = 582000 N = 582 kN
Use P=535.68 kN

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 3:
A 76 mm x 76 mm x 6 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate having a thickness of
8 mm as shown in the figure. The length L1 = 125 mm and L2 = 65 mm. The angular section
has a cross sectional area of 929 mm2.
Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa.
a. Determine the value of tensile
force P based on gross area.
b. Determine the value of tensile
force P based on net area, if the
strength reduction is 0.85.
c. Determine the value of tensile
force P based on block shear in
gusset plate along the weld.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SOLUTION:
Allowable stresses:
Allowable tensile stress (gross area) = 0.60F y
Allowable tensile stress (net area) = 0.50Fu
Allowable shear stress (net area) = 0.30Fu
a. Value of P (gross area)
FORMULA, Pcap =0.60 F y A g
Pcap =0.60 ( 929 ) (248 )
Pcap =138.24 kN

b. Value of P (net area)

FORMULA, Pcap =0.50 F u A n
An = U(Ag) = 0.85 (929) = 789.65 mm2
Pcap =0.50 ( 400 ) ( 789.65 )
Pcap =157.93 kN

c. Value of P based on block shear in gusset plate along the weld.

FORMULA, Pcap =0.50 F u A t +0.30 F u A v
Pcap =0.50 ( 400 ) ( 65+125 ) ( 8 ) +0.50 ( 400 )( 76 ) ( 8 )
Pcap =304 kN

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 4:
A tension member, two angles 100 mm x 75
mm x 12 mm carries a tension load P = 536
kN with a direction of 30 degree from the
horizontal axis. The bracket used is a 16 mm
plate which is welded to the center of the
column flange using a double-level full
penetration groove weld. Fillet welds
attaching the Neutral axis of the connection
of the double angles to eliminate any
eccentricities. Assume no welds is placed
along the end of the angles. Use E70
electrodes with Fu = 485 MPa. Size of weld is
10mm. A36 has Fy = 248 MPa.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

a. Compute the value of “a”

b. Compute the value of “b”
SOLUTION:
a. Value of “a”
 Tension force of an angle:
536000
P= =268000 N=268 kN
2
 Length of fillet weld required:
0.707 (10 )( L ) ( 0.30 ) ( 485 )
268 kN =
1000
L=a+b=260.53 mm
 Capacity of 10 mm fillet weld per mm:
q=0.707 ( 1 ) ( 0.30 ) ( 485 )=1028.685 N /mm
1028.685 ( a ) ( 100 )=268000(33.25)
a=86.63 mm
b. Value of “b”
a+ b=260.53
b=260.53−86.86
b=173.90 mm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 5:
From the given welded connection shown, and
using A36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa and E60
electrodes with Fu = 415 MPa. Use SMAW
process.
a. Determine the plate thickness
b. Design the size of the fillet welds
c. Determine the length of lap
SOLUTION:
a. Plate thickness
P=0.60 F y A g290000=0.60 ( 248 )( 225 )( w )w=8.66 mm ≈ 9 mm

b. Size of fillet weld

CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Max. size of weld = 9 – 1.6

Max. size of weld = 7.4 mm ≈ 7 mm

c. Length of lap
Shear capacity of fillet weld:
P=0.707 t ( L+ L+ 225 )( 0.3 )( 415 )290000=0.707 ( 7 ) ( L+ L+225 )( 0.3 ) ( 415 ) L=122.83 mm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 6:
An angle is welded to a plate to resist a load P acting through its centroid. The specific
lengths of 8mm welds is shown at A but a welder applies them as shown at B. Allowable
shearing stress of the fillet weld is 145MPa. Assuming elastic action to occur only in the
welds.
a. Which of the following gives the value of P?
b. Which of the following gives the force per mm of weld due to bending only in figure
B?
c. Which of the following gives the total maximum force per mm of welds in figure B.

SOLUTION:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

a. Value of P which is acting at the centroid of angular

section:
P=0.707 t ( L ) t w =0.707 ( 8 )( 150+75 )( 145 ) P=184527 N

b. Force per mm of weld due to bending only:

M =P ( 25 ) M =184527 ( 25 ) M =4613175 N . mm
L2 2 2 ( 150 )2
J=L
12 [ ]
+ x + y ( 2 )=150
12[ + ( 0 )2 + ( 75 )2 ]
J=2250000

Mx ( 4613175 )( 75 ) f =153.8 N
f y= = y
J 2250000 mm
My ( 4613175 ) ( 75 ) f =153.8 N
f x= = x
J 2250000 mm

2 2 N
R2=x 2 + y 2 R=√( 153.8 ) + ( 153.8 ) R=217.51
mm

c. Total max. force per mm of welds

184527
force per mm due ¿ axial load=
300
N
force per mm due ¿ axial load=615.009
mm
R2=x 2 + y 2
2 2
R=√( 768.89 ) + ( 153.8 )
N
R=784.12
mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 7:
A double-angle truss member consists of two angle 125mm x 88mm x10mm thick with the
125mm side welded to a gusset plate. The member is to carry a total tensile force of 848
kN. Using 6-mm fillet weld with E70, determine the total length of weld required. Use Fy =
250 MPa.

0.101325 MPa
Fu = 70 ksi = 70,000 psi x =482.5 MPa
14.7 psi
Length of weld on the side, L = L1 + L2
Based on weld metal shear
P = 0.707 t L Fv
Fv = 0.30Fu (code requirement, NSCP)
Fy = 0.3(483.5) = 144.75 MPa
P = 848/2 = 424 kN (tensile load on one member)
424,0000 = 0.707(144.75); L = 691 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Based on the base metal shear:

P = Av Fv
Fv = 0.4Fy (NSCP)
Fv = 0.4(250) = 100 MPa
Af = 2t x L + 12L (contact area between the weld and metal)
424,000 = 12L (100); L = 353 mm
Use L = 691 mm on one side only;
Therefore; the total length of weld required is 3L = 1382 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 8:
The angular section in Figure is welded to a 12 mm gusset plate. Both materials are gusset
plate. Both materials are A36 with Fy = 248 MPa. The allowable tensile stress is o.60Fy. the
weld is E80 Electrode with Fy = 550 MPa. Allowable shearing stress for the weld is 0.30Fu.
Properties of L 150 x 90 x 12;
Area = 2751 mm2
B = 90 mm
y = 51 mm
t = 12 mm
H = 150 mm
 Which of the following gives the value of a + b in millimeters?
 Which of the following gives the value of B in millimeters?
 Which of the following gives the value of P in KiloNewton

Value of P:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

P = Ft x A = (0.6 Fy) A
P = [0.6(248)] (2751)
P = 409348.8 N
P = 409.35 kN
Value of a+b:
P = 0.707 t L Fv
P = 0.707(10) L [0.3(550)] = 409,350
L = 351 mm = a + b
Taking moment pf weld length about P:
A (99) = b (51); a + 0.5151b
a + b =351
0.5151b + b = 351; b = 231.7 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 9:
A 100 x 100 x 10 mm angle is to be welded to a gusset plate. The angle carries a load of 185
kN applied along its centroid axis which is 28 mm above the short leg as shown in figure.
Use 8 mm fillet weld with a minimum tensile strength Fu = 490 MPa.
 Which of the following gives the length of a transverse fillet weld along the edge
of the angle in order to avoid eccentricity of loading?
 Which of the following gives the length of side fillet weld required at the heel?
 Which of the following gives the length of side fillet weld required at the toe?

SOLUTION:
Length of the side filled weld along the edge of the angle
L3 = 2 (29)
L3 = 58 mm
Length of side fillet weld at the heel:
F3 = 0.707 t L3 ().3) Fu
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

F3 = 0.707 (8) (58) (490)

F3 = 48223.056

∑ mA=0
(200000 – 48223.056) (71.2) = F1 (100)
F1 = 108216.9611 N
F1 = 0.707 t L1 (0.3) (F1)
108216.9611 N = 0.707 9 (0.3) (8) (L1) (490)
L1 = 130.15 mm
Length of weld at the toe:

∑ mB=0
F2 (100) = (200000 - 48223.056) (29)
F2 = 44015.31 N
F2 = 0.707t L2 (0.3) (Fu)
44015.31 = 0.707 (8) L2 (0.3) (490)
L2 = 52.94 mm (length of the weld at the heel)
Check:
200000
Total L required =
.707 ( 8 ) ( 0.3 )( 490 )
Total L required = 240.55 mm

L = L1 + L2 + L3
L = 130.15 + 52.94 + 57.46
L = 240.55 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 10:
In the connection shown in the figures a load transmits 40 kN load acting at an eccentricity
of 200 mm. The load is transmitted to the column by the plates and 8 mm weld. The plates
are adequate to transmit the load to the weld. The connection can be analyzed by replacing
the given load with an equivalent loading composed of a vertical force alone acting through
the centroid of the rivets and a moment.
 Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum shear stress in the welds in
MegaPascals for equivalents vertical force alone acting on the centroids?
 Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum shear stress in the weld in
MegaPascals for the equivalent moment alone?
 Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum shear stress in the weld in
MegaPascals?

Stress due to mement: (at B)

T = Pe = 40,000 (200) = 8,000,000 N-mm

L2 2 2
J = ∑ L( +x +y )
12
J = 2 x 200( 2002 /12 + 02 + 1002 )

J = 5,333,333 mm2
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Ty 8 x 106 (100)
FBx = =
J 5333333
FBx = 150 N/mm
6
Tx 8 x 10 (100)
FBy = =
J 5333333
FBy = 150 N/mm

F = √ F BX 2 + F BY 2

F = 212.13 N/mm

212.13( 1)
Stress per mm length at B, fv = = 37.51 MPa
0.707(8)(1)

Maximum stress in the weld (at B)

40,000
RB = =100 N /mm
2(200)
R = √¿ ¿
R = √¿ ¿
R = 291.55 N/mm
291.55( 1)
Stress per 1 mm length at B = =¿51.55 MPa
0.707(8)(1)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 11:
A bracket is welded to a steel column as shown in the figure
Given:
a = 200 mm
b = 500 mm
Load, P 360 kN
Allowable weld shear stress Fvw = 93 MPa
 Calculate the load in the weld ( N/mm) when a = 0
 Calculate the maximum resultant in the weld (N/mm) due to eccentricity
load P.
 F the maximum resultant load in the weld is 750 N/mm, what required weld
thickness in mm?

Solution:
Direction load (due to P)
p
Ry = Lt = 2b = 1000 mm
¿
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

360,000
Ry =
1000
Ry = 360 N/mm
Resultant load of weld:
M
Rx =
Sx
M = Pa = (360)(0.2) = 72 kN-m

b2 5002
Sx = = = 83,333.33 mm2
3 3

72 x 106
Rx = = 864 N/mm
83,333.33
2 2
Rt = √ Rx2+ ¿Ry ¿ Rt = √ (864 )2+¿(360) ¿

Rt = 936 N/mm
Resultant load; R = 750 N/mm
Weld capacity; R = Fvw x 0.707 t
750 = 93 x 0.707 t
t = 11.41 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

WELDED CONNECTION
Sample Problem 12:
A 150 x 90 x 12 mm, angular section to a gusset plate as shown in the figure:
Area of angular section is 2736 mm^2
Fu = 550 MPa Fy = 250 MPa
Allowable shear Fv = 0.30 Fu
Allowable tensile stress Ft = o.60 Fy

 Which of the following gives the design force P.

 Which of the following gives the total length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld?
 Which of the following gives the value of “b”?

SOLUTION:
Design force P
P = A Ft
P = 2736 (0.60) (250)
P = 410400 N

Total length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld

P = 0.707 t L 0.30 Fu
410400 = 0.707 (12) (0.3) (L) (0.3) (550)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

L = 293.2 mm
Value of “b”

∑ mB=0
L (150-51) = b (150)
293.2(99) = b (150)
b = 193.5 mm

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 1:
A steel column is to support an axial load of 1900 kN and a moment about the strong axis of
the column section equal to 340 kN.m. The column has a height of 5.4m. and has its both
ends pin-connection and is to be laterally braced in the weak direction at the mid height.
The compression members are subjected to joint translation (sideway) Cm = 0.85 Es =
200000 MPa, Fy = 250 MPa, K = 1.0. Design
Properties of available W section

Section Area d bf tf tw Sx rx ry
(mm2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm3 ¿ (mm) (mm)
W360x216 27600 372 374 262 16.4 3790 x 103 161 101

W360x262 33500 387 398 33.3 21.1 4620 x 103 163 102

W610x140 17900 617 230 22.2 13.1 3630 x 103 250 50.3

W760x161 20400 758 266 19.3 13.8 4900 x 103 302 54.50

Solution:

fa fb
+ ≤ 1.0
Fa Fb
fa fb
Let = 0.5 and ¿ 0.5
Fa Fb
KL
Assume = 0)
r
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

KL KL 3
F.S = 5
+
3
r ( ) ( )
−
r
3 8 cc 8 Cc3
5
F.S =
3

Fa = ¿
Fy
Fa = (1−0¿
F.S .
250
Fa =
573
Fa = 150

Use 80% of Fa = 0.8(150)

Fa = 120
fa
=0.50
Fa
fa
=0.50
120
fa = 60
P
=60
A
1900000
=60
A
A = 31667 mm2
fb
=0.50
Fb
fb=0.50
Mx
=75
Sx
340 x 10 2
Sx=
75

Trial Sx = 4533 x 102

Try W 360 x 262

A = 33500 mm2 > 31667

Sy = 33500 x 10 2 > 4533 x 10 3
rx = 163 d = 387 tw = 21.1
ry = 102 bf = 398 tf = 33.3
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

( KLr ) x = 1.0(5400)
163

( KLr ) x=33.13
KL 1.0(2700)
( r ) 102
y =

( KLr ) y = 26.7
Use ( KLr ) = 33.13
2 π 2 (E)
Cc =
√ Fy

2 π 2 (200000)
Cc =
√
Cc = 125.66
250

Fa = ¿
5 3(33.13)
F.S. = + - 3¿¿
3 8(125.66)
F.S. = 1.76
Fa = ¿
Fa = 137.11
P
fa=
A
1900000
fa=
33500
fa=56.72 MPa
fa 56.72
=
Fa 137.11
fa
=0.41> 0.13
Fa
fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Use Fa fa
(1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
fa Cmfbx
F e ' x= ≤1.0
Fa fa
(
1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
2
12 π Es
F e ' x=
KL 2
23 ( )
rx
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

' 12 π 2 (200000)
F e x= 2
23 ( 33.13 )

F e ' x=938.30 MPa

0.85
Magnification factor = 56.72
1−
938.30
Magnification factor = 0.905 < 1.0
Cm
=1.0
Use = 1− fa
F e' x
Ms
fbx=
Sx
340 x 106
fbx=
4620 x 10 6
fbx=73.59 MPa
Lb=2700 mm¿
200 bf
Lb=
√ 250
200(398)
Lb=
√ 250
Lb=5034 mm
Lb< Lc
Allowable bending stress:
Use Fbx = 0.66 Fy
Fbx = 0.66 (250)
Fbx = 165 MPa
fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
(
1− ' Fbx
Fe x)
56,72 1,0 ( 73.59 )
+ =0.86<1.0 ( safe )
137.11 165

Check also from the following equation:

fa fbx
+ ≤1.0
0.60 Fy Fbx
56.72 73.89
+ =0.824 ≤ 1.0
0.60(250) 16.5
Use W 369 x 262
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SHEAR COLUMN
Sample Problem 2:
A steel column 3.6 m long is pin connected at the top and bottom and is aprt of a frame
subjected to bucking and side away. It carries an axial load of 800 kN and moment of
70kN.m at the top and a moment at the bottom which is 90% of the moment at the top.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

The steel section has the following properties

A = 13000 m m2

Sx = 1200 x 1 03 mm2
r = 94 mm
K = 1.0
Fy = 248 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Axial compression stress that would be permitted if axial force alone existed Fa = 115 MPa.
Compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending moment alone existed. Fb =
148 MPa
 Which of the following gives the axial compressive stress if axial load only
existed?
 Which of the following gives the bending stress id bending moment alone
existed?
 Using the interaction formula which of the following gives interaction value of
both axial and bending stress.
Solution:
Axial compressive stress if axial load only existed:
P
fa=
A
800000
fa=
13000
fa=61.54 Ma
Axial stress if bending moment alone existed:
Mx
fbx=
Sx
70 x 106
fbx=
1200 x 103
fbx=58.33 Ma
Interaction value:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Cm = 0.85 for compression members subjected to point translation (sidesway)

12 π 2 Es
F e ' x=
KL 2
23
rx ( )
' 12 π 2 ( 200000 )
F e x=
2600 2
23
94 ( )
F e ' x=702.16 MPa

fa 61.54 fa 56.72
= =
Fa 115 Fa 137.11

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Use Fa fa
( 1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
Cm 0.85
=
fa 61.54
1−
Fe ' x
1−
702.16 ( )
Cm
=0.93≤ 1.0
fa
( 1− '
Fe x )
Cmfbx
=1.0
Use fa
(
1− '
Fe x )
61.54 1.0 ( 58. .33 )
+ =0.929<1.0 ( ok ! )
115 148
intercation value=0.929
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 3:
A W 8 x 27 steel column 6 m long is pin connected at the top and the bottom and is part of a
frame subjected to joint translation (side sway). It carries an axial load of 800 kN and a
counter clockwise moment at the top and a clockwise moment at the bottom which is only
90% of the moment at the top.
Properties of W 8 x 27 section
A = 0.013 m2
r =194 mm

Sx=0.00099 m3
Es=200000 MPa
K=1.0
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

 Which of the following gives the axial compressive stress if axial load only existed.
 Which of the following gives the allowable axial compressive stress?
 If the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa, what is the value of the moment at the
top?
Solution:
Axial compressive stress:
P
fa=
A
800000
fa= 3
0.013 ( 1000 )
fa=61.54 Ma

Allowable axial compressive stress:

KL ( 1 )( 6000 )
=
r 94
KL
=63.83
r

2 π 2 Es
Cc=
√
Fy

2 π 2( 200000)
Cc=
√ 248
Cc=126.17
Fa = ¿

KL KL 3
5
F . S .= +
r
3
−
( ) ( )
r
3 8 Cc 8 C c3

5 3 ( 63.83 ) ( 63.83 )3
F . S .= + −
3 8(126.17) 8 126.173

F . S .=1.84
Fa = ¿
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Fa = 117.53 MPa

Moment at the top:

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
(
1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
Cm=0.85 frames subjected ¿ joint translation (sideway )

' 12 π 2 Es
F e x=
KL 2
23 ( )
rx

12 π 2 ( 200000 )
F e ' x=
23 ( 63.83 )2

F e ' x=252.77 MPa

Magnification factor:
Cm 0.85
=
fa 61.54
1− 1−
'
Fe ❑ x 252.77
Cm
=1.124>1.0(ok )
fa
1−
Fe ' x
Fbx=149 MPa

fa Cmfbx
+ =1.0
Fa fa
(
1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
61.54 1.124 fbx
+ =1.0
117.53 149
fbx=63.15 MPa

Ms
fbx=
Sx
M
63.15=
0.00099 ( 1000 )3
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

M =62.52 kN . m

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 4:
A steel column section carries an axial load of 1784 kN and a clockwise moment of 272
kN.m at the top and a counter clockwise moment of 272 kN.m at the bottom. In the plane of
loading there is no bracing and the column is subjected to side sway.
Use Kx = 1.92 and Ky = 1.0 Fy = 248 MPa Eb = 200000 MPa.

Properties of steel column:

A = 29999.94 mm2
d = 381 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

bf = 394,97 mm
tf = 30.18 mm
tw = 18.54 mm
rx = 162.56 mm
ry = 101.60 mm
Sx = 4146 x 106 m m3
Sy = 1570 x 106 m m3

 Compute the allowable axial stress if the only axial stress occurred.
 Compute the allowable bending stress if only bending stress occurred.
 Compute the interaction value of both axial and compressive stresses and
indicate the adequacy of the column section.
Allowable axial stress:
KxLx 1.92 ( 5400 )
=
rx 162.56
KxLx
=63.78
rx
KyLy 1.0 ( 5400 )
=
ry 101.60
KyLy
=53.15
ry
KL
=63. 78
r

2π2E
Cc=
√ Fy

2 π 2( 200000)
Cc=
√ 248
Cc=126.17

Fa = ¿

KL KL 3
F.S = 5
+
r
3
−
( ) ( )
r
3 8 cc 8 Cc3
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

5 3 ( 63.78 ) ( 63.78 )3
F.S = + −
3 8 ( 126.17 ) 8 ( 126.17 )3

F.S. = 1.84
Fa = ¿
Fa = 117.56 MPa

Allowable bending stress:

200bf
L 1=
√ Fy
200(394.97)
L 1=
√ 248
Lb=5400
Lb > Lc = 5016 mm.
Lb < Lc = 17397 mm.

Use Fb = 0.60 Fy
Fb = 0.60(248)
Fb = 148.8 MPa

Interaction value:
Cm = 0.85 (subject to side sway)
P
fa=
A
1784000
fa=
29999.92
fa=59.97 MPa

M
fbx=
Sx
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

272 x 106
fbx=
4146 x 10 3
fbx=65.61 MPa

fa 59.47
=
Fa 117.56
fa
=0.51> 0.15
Fa

Use:
fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
(
1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
' 12 π 2 ( 200000 )
F e x=
23 (63.78 )2
Fe ' x=¿ 253.17

Magnification Factor:
Cm 0.85
=
fa 59.17
1− ' 1−
Fe x 253.17
Cm
=1.11>1.0 ok
fa
1−
Fe ' x

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
( )
1− ' Fbx
Fe x

59.47 1.11 (65.61)

+ =0.995≤ 1.0
117.56 148.8

Check also:
fa fbx
+ ≤ 1.0
0.60 Fy Fb
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

59.47 65.61
+ =0.84 ≤ 1.0
148.8 148.8
Therefore, the column is adequate to carry the loads

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 5:
A W 10 x 45 column carries a central load and a lateral load as shown in figure. Use A 36
steel Fy = 248 MPa Cm = 1.0 for unrestrained ends K = 1.0
Properties of W 10 x 45
A = 8516 m m2
d = 257.05 mm
bf = 203.76 mm
tf = 15.70 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

tw = 8.89mm
Sx = 805 x 103

Sy = 218 x 103
rx = 109 98 mm
ry = 50.8 mm

 Compute the allowable compressive axial stress.

 Compute the allowable bending stress
 Is the column safe to carry the loads if so, what is the load interaction value for both
axial and bending stresses?
Solution:
Allowable axial compressive stress:
KL ( 1 )( 4000 )
=
r 50.8
KL
=78.74 MPa
r

2π2E
Cc=
√ Fy

2 π 2( 200000)
Cc=
√ 248
Cc=126.17>78.74
Fa = ¿

5 3 (78,74 ) ( 78.74 )3
F . S .= + −
3 8(126.17) 8 126.173

F . S .=1.87
Fa = ¿
Fa = 106.79 MPa

Allowable bending stress:

Lb = 4000 m (unbraces length)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

200 bf
Lc =
√ 248
Lc = 2588

13700
Lu = Fyd
bftf
13700
Lu = (248)(257.05)
(203.76)(15.7)

Lu = 6920 mm.

Lb > Lc
Lb < Lu

Use Fs = 0.60 Fy
Fb = 0.6(248)
Fb = 148.8MPa

Total interaction value for both axial and bending stresses:

∑ mA=0
4R2 + 90(0.3) = 20(0.2)
R2 = 3.25 kN
R1 = 20 – 3.25
R1 = 16.75 kN

Max. M = 16.75(2)
Max. M = 33. 50 kN.m
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

P
fa=
A
(4500000+ 90000)
fa=
8516
fa=¿63.41 MPa
fa 63.41
=
Fa 106.14
fa
=0.593> 0.15
Fa

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
( 1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
M
fbx=
Sx

33.50 x 106
fbx=
805 x 103
fbx=41.61 MPa

' 12 π 2 Es
F e x=
KL 2
23
rx ( )
KL ( 1 )( 4000 )
=
r 109.98
KL
=36.37
r

12 π 2 ( 200000 )
F e ' x=
23 (37.36 )2

F e ' x=778.57

Magnification factor:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Cm 1.0
=
fa 63.14
1− ' 1−
Fe x 778.57

Cm
=1.09
fa
1− '
Fe x

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
( )
1− ' Fbx
Fe x

63.41 1.09(41.61)
+ =0.898<1.0(safe)
106.79 148.8

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 6:
A 4.8 m column is acted upon by an axial gravity loaded of 76 kN and a uniform load of W
kN/m as shown in the figure. The column section is a W 12 x 58, A36 steel with lower and
built in.
Assume Ks = 0.80 Ky = 2.1, Fy + 248 MPa, E = 200, 000 MPa Cm = 0.85
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Properties of W 12 x 58
A = 11032m m2
d = 30.63 mm
bf = 254.36 mm
tf = 16.28 mm
tw = 9.12 mm
Sx = 1280 x 103 mm3

Sy = 351 x 103 mm 3
rx = 134.11 mm
ry = 63.75 mm
 Compute the allowable axial stresses.
 Compute the required spacing of lateral bracing for maximum uniform lateral
loading,
 Compute the maximum uniform lateral loading allowed using the calculated
spacing of lateral bracing.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Solution:
Allowable axial stress:
KL ( 0.8 ) ( 4800 )
=
r 134.11
KL
=28.63
r
KyL ( 2.1 )( 4800 )
=
ry 63.75
KL
=158.12
r

2π2E
Cc=
√
Fy

2 π 2( 200000)
Cc=
√ 248
Cc=126.17<158.12

12 π 2 E
Fa=
Use KL 2
23
r ( )
12 π 2 ( 200000 )
Fa=
23 ( 158.12 )2
Fa=41.19 MPa

Spacing of lateral bracing for max lateral loading:

200 bf
Lc=
√ Fy
200(254.36)
Lc=
√ 248
Lc=3230 mm
Use Lc=323 m ( spacing of lateral bracing )
Max. uniform lateral loading:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

P
fa=
A
76000
fa=
11032
fa=6.89
fa 6.89
=
Fa 41.19
fa
=0.17>0.15
Fa

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
( 1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
' 12 π 2 Es
Fe =
KL 2
23 ( )
rx

12 π 2 (200000)
F e'= 2
23 ( 158.12 )

F e ' x=41.19 MPa

bf 170
=7.81< =10.8 ( compact section )
2tf √248

Use Fb=0.66 Fy
Fb=0.66 ( 248 )
Fb=163.68 MPa

fa Cmfbx
+ ≤1.0
Fa fa
( 1− ' Fbx
Fe x )
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

6.89 0.85 fb
+ =1.0
41.19 6.89
( 1−
41.19 ) 163.68

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 7:
A column having a length of 7m. is to support an axial load of 500 kN. Design a W section to
carry the given loads using Eulers Formula with a proportional limit of 200 MPa, E =
200000 MPa and factor of safety of 3.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

a. Assume both ends hinged.

b. Assume one end fixed and the other end hinged.
Available W section
Area mm2 rx (mm) ry (mm) Ix (mm9) Iy (mm9)
W 12 x 65 12323 134.11 76.71 221.9 x 106 72.8 x 106
W 14 x 43 8129 147.83 48.01 178.6 x 106 18.8 x 106
W 10 x 49 9290 106.68 64.52 113.6 x 106 38.7 x 106
W 10 x 30 7419 108.46 50.29 87.4 x 106 18.7 x 106
W 10 x 33 6265 106.68 49.28 71.18 x 106 15.2 x 106

SOLUTION:
a. Both ends are hinged
π 2 EI
P= 2
L
P=500 ( 3 ) =1500 kN
π 2 ( 200000 ) I
1500000=
( 7000 )2
I =37.24 ×10 6

L
>100
r
L
r =¿
100
7000
r =¿
100
r =¿ 70 mm

Select a section with min r less than 70 mm and min I greater than 33.51x10 6
Try W10x49, ry = 64.52, Iy =38.7x106, A=9290

L 7000
=
r 64.52
L
=108.49> 100
r
P 1500000
=
A 9290
P
=161.46< proportional limit =200
A

Use W10x49
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

b. One end is fixed, other end is hinged.

π 2 EI
P= 2
( Le )
Le =0.7 ( L )=0.7 (7 )=4.9 m
π 2 ( 200000 ) I
1500000=
( 4900 )2
I =18.25 ×106 mm 4
L
r≤
100
4900
r≤
100
Try W14x43, ry =48.01 mm, Iy = 18.8x106, A = 8129 mm2
L 4900
=
r 48.01
L
=102.26 >100 ok
r
P 1500000
=
A 8129
P
=184.52< proportional limit of 200 ,ok
A

Try lighter one; W10x33, Iy = 15.2x106, ry = 49.28, A = 6265 mm2

Based on proportional limit:
L 4900
=
r 49.28
L
=99.43<100
r
P
=200
A

Required Area:
1500000
=200
A
A=7500 mm2> 6265 mm2 (not ok )

Try; W10x39, A = 7419 mm2, ry = 50.29, Iy = 18.7x106

Based on proportional limit:

Required Area:
1500000
=200
A
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

A=7500 mm2> 7419 mm2 (not ok )

L 4900
=
r 50.29
L
=97.43<100
r

I y =18.7 ×106 >18.28 × 106 ok

Note:
L
if <100 , the proportional limit is takenas the critical stress that is
r
P
proportional limit =200 MPa .
A
Use W10x39

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 8:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

A column that us 9m long is to carry a load 890 kN. The member will be braced about both
principal axis at top and bottom and in addition will be braced about its minor axis at mid-
height. Using Fy = 345.5 MPa, design a section to carry the loads safely: K x = Ky = 1.0
Properties of Steel Section Available
Sections Area rx ry
W 8 x 40 7612 mm2 89.66 mm 51.82 mm
W 8 x 48 9097 mm2 91.69 mm 52.83 mm
W 10 x 49 9290 mm2 110.49 mm 64.52 mm
W 12 x 50 9484 mm2 131.57 mm 49.78 mm

SOLUTION:
kL
let =0
r

kL kL 3
5
FS= +
r
−
3
r ( ) ( )
3
3 8 Cc 8 Cc
5
FS= =1.67
3

L 2

[ ]
F a= 1 −
r()
2
Fy
2 C c FS

Fy
F a=( 1−0 )
FS
Fy
F a=
FS
Trial Area:
345.5
F a= =206.89 MPa
1.67
Use F a=60 % ¿ 80 % of 206.89

F
=206.89 ( 0.60 )
A
890000
A= =7170 mm 2
206.89( 0.60)
Try W8x40
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

A = 7613 mm2, rx = 89.66 mm, ry = 51.82 mm

K x L ( 1 ) ( 9000 )
= =100.38
rx 89.66
K y L ( 1 )( 4500 )
= =86.84
ry 51.82
KL
use =100.38
r

2π2E 2 π 2 ( 200000 )
C c=
√
Fy
=
√345.5
=106.89>100.38

KL 2

[ ]
Use : F a= 1−
r( ) Fy
2C c 2 FS

kL kL 3
5
FS= +
r
3
−
( ) ( )
r
=
5 3 ( 100.38 ) ( 100.38 )
+ −
3
=1.92
3 8 Cc 8 C c3 3 8 ( 106.89 ) 8 ( 106.89 )3

KL 2

[ ]
F a= 1 −
( )
r Fy
2C c 2 FS
= 1−
[
2
( 100.38 ) 345.5
] 2
2 ( 106.89 ) 1.92
=100.60 MPa

P=F a A=100.60 ( 7613 )=765866 N

P=765.87 kN <890 kN ( failed )

Try W8x48
A = 9097 mm2, rx = 91.69 mm, ry = 52.83 mm
K x L ( 1 ) ( 9000 )
= =98.16
rx 91.69
K y L ( 1 )( 4500 )
= =85.18
ry 52.83
KL
use =98.16
r
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

kL kL 3
5
FS= +
3
r
−
( ) ( )
r 5 3 ( 98.16 )
= + −
( 98.16 )3
=1.91
3 3
3 8 Cc 8 C c 3 8 ( 106.89 ) 8 ( 106.89 )

KL 2

[ ]
Use : F a= 1−
( )
r Fy
2C c 2 FS

KL 2

[ ] [
( )
F a= 1 −
r Fy
2C c 2 FS
= 1−
2
( 98.16 ) 345.5
]
2
2 ( 106.89 ) 1.91
=104.62 kPa

P=F a A=104.62 ( 9097 ) =951728 N

P=951.73 kN >890 kN ( safe )

Use: W8x48 column section
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 9:
A W14x142 is used as a column having a length of 9m long. It is hinged at the upper end
and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing perpendicular to the minor axis of
the W section at a point 5.4m above the bottom support. It is assumed to be pinned
connected at the bracing point. Using A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa and the NSCP specifications,
Es = 200000 MPa.
a. Compute the slenderness ratio.
b. Compute the allowable axial stress.
c. Compute the capacity of the column section.
Properties of W14x142
A = 26967.69 mm2
d = 374.65 mm
bf = 393.70 mm
tf = 27.00 mm
tw = 17.27 mm
Ix = 695.11 x 106 mm4
Iy = 274.71 x 106 mm4
Sx = 3719.86 x 103 mm3
Sy = 1396.18 x 103 mm3
rx = 160.53 mm
ry = 100.84 mm
Assume Kx = 0.80 for 9m length
Ky = 1.9 for the 3.6m length
Ky = 0.80 for the 5.4m length
SOLUTION:
a. Slenderness ratio
K x L x =0.80 ( 9000 )=7200
K y L y =1.9 ( 3600 )=6840K y L y =0.80 ( 5400 )=4320

K x Lx 7200
= =44.85
rx 160.53
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

K y L y 4320
= =42.84
ry 100.84
KL
use =44.85
r

b. Allowable axial stress

KL
use =44.85(bigger slenderness ratio)
r

2π2E 2 π 2 ( 200000 )
C c=

KL
√ Fy
=
√ 248
=126.17

<Cc
r

KL 2
Use : F a= 1−

kL
[ ]
r
2
( )
Fy
2C c FS
kL 3
5
FS= +
r
−
3
r ( ) ( )
5 3 ( 44.85 )
= + −
( 44.85 )3
=1.79
3 3
3 8 Cc 8 C c 3 8 ( 126.17 ) 8 ( 126.17 )

KL 2

[ ]
F a= 1 −
r ( )
2
Fy
2C c FS
F a=129.79 MPa
= 1−
( 44.85 )
[
2

2
]
248
2 ( 126.17 ) 1.79

c. Capacity of the column section

P= A F a=26967.69 ( 129.79 )
P=3500.24 kN
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 10:
A W12x72 is used as a column to carry an axial load P. The column has a fixed support at
the bottom and hinged at the top. The column has an unsupported height of 5m. Using A36
steel with Fy = 248 MPa, Es = 200000 MPa.
Properties of W12x72

A=13677.40 mm2 I x =248.5 ×10 6 mm 4 S y =530.94 ×106 mm4

d=311.15 mm I y =81.17 ×10 6 mm 4 r x =134.87 mm
b f =305.82 mm r y =77.22mm
S x =1597.74 ×106 mm 4
t f =17.04 mmt w =10.92 mm

a. Compute the recommended value of the slenderness ratio

b. Compute the allowable compressive stress
c. Compute the allowable axial load P
SOLUTION:
a. Slenderness ratio
KL 0.80 ( 5000 ) KL =51.80 MPa
=
r 77.22 r

b. Allowable compressive stress

2π2E 2 π 2 ( 200000 )
C c=

KL
√ Fy
=
√ 248
=126.17

<Cc
r

KL 2
use : F a= 1−[ ]r ( )
2
Fy
2 Cc FS
KL 2 KL 3
5
FS= +
r
+
3
r ( ) ( )
5 3 (51.80 )
FS= + +
( 51.80 )3
3 8 (126.17 ) 8 ( 126.17 )3
FS=1.83
3
3 8 Cc 8 Cc
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

KL 2

[ ]
F a= 1 −
( )
r
2
2C c FS
[
F y F a= 1−
2
( 51.80 )2 248
( 126.17 ]) 2
F =124.10 MPa
1.83 a

c. Allowable axial load

P= A F a=13677.40 ( 124.10 ) P=1697.37 kN

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 11:
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

A W8x35 steel column has an unsupported height of 6m. Using A36 steel with F y = 248 MPa
and Es = 200000 MPa. Compute the allowable axial load that it could support.
a. If both ends are fixed.
b. If both ends are pinned.
c. If one end is fixed and the other end is pinned.
Properties of W8 x 35

A=6645.15 mm2 t f =12.52mmt w =8.00 mm S x =509.64 x 103 mm3

d=206.35mm S y =173.7 x 103 mm3
I x =52.45 x 10 6 mm 4
b f =203.89mm
I y =17.69 x 106 mm4 r x =88.9 mmr y =51.56 mm

SOLUTION:
a. Allowable load if both ends are fixed. K = 0.65
KL 0.65 ( 6000 )
= =75.64
r 51.56
2π2E 2 π 2 ( 200000 ) KL
C c=
√ Fy
=
√ 248
=126.17
r
<Cc

KL 2 KL KL 3

[ ]
use : F a= 1−
( )
r Fy
2C c FS
5
FS= +
3
3
r
8 Cc
( ) ( )
−
r
8 C c3
5 3 ( 75.64 ) ( 75.64 )3
FS= + − FS=1.86
3 8 (126.17 ) 8 ( 126.17 )3

KL 2

[ ]
F a= 1 −
( )
r Fy
2 C c FS
= 1−[ ( 75.64 )2 248
]
2 ( 126.17 ) 1.86
P= A F a=6645.15 ( 109.37 ) P=726.8 kN
=109.37 MPa

b. Axial load if both ends are pinned. K = 1.0

KL 1 ( 6000 )
= =116.37
r 51.56
2π2E 2 π 2 ( 200000 ) KL
C c=
√Fy
=
√ 248
=126.17
r
<Cc
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

KL 2 KL KL 3

[ ]
use : F a= 1−

FS=1.91
( )
r Fy
2C c FS
5
FS= +
3
3
r
8 Cc
( ) ( )
−
8 C c3
5 3 ( 116.37 ) (116.37 )
r FS= + −
3

3 8 (126.17 ) 8 ( 126.17 )3

KL 2

[ ( )]
F a= 1 −
r Fy
2 C c FS
P=495.8 kN
[
= 1−
( 116.37 )2 248
]
2 ( 126.17 ) 1.91
=74.62 MPa
P= A F a=6645.15 ( 74.62 )

c. Allowable load if one end is fixed and the other one is pinned. K = 0.85

KL 0.85 ( 8000 )
= =93.10
r 51.56
2π2E 2 π 2 ( 200000 ) KL
C c=
√Fy
=
√ 248
=126.17
r
<Cc

KL 2 KL KL 3

[ ]
use : F a= 1−
( )
r Fy
2C c FS
5
FS= +
3
3
r
8 Cc
( ) ( )
−
r
8 C c3
5 3 ( 93.10 ) ( 93.10 )3
FS= + − FS=1.89
3 8 (126.17 ) 8 ( 126.17 )3

KL 2

[ ]
F a= 1 −
( )
r Fy
2 C c FS
P=634.6 kN
[
= 1−
( 93.10 )2 248
]
2 ( 126.17 ) 1.89
=95.49 MPa
P= A F a=6645.15 ( 95.49 )
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

BEAM COLUMN
Sample Problem 12:
A W460x177 column section has a length of 8m. Using NSCP specification A = 22600 mm 2 ,
rmin = 68.2 mm, Fy = 380 MPa
a. Which of the following gives the safe axial load if both ends are hinged
b. Which of the following gives the safe axial load if both ends are built-in or fixed.
c. Which of the following gives the safe axial load if both ends are fixed but braced at
the mid-point
SOLUTION:
a. Both ends are hinged Le = L = 8m

Le 8000 2 π2 E 2 π 2 ( 200000 )
=
r 68.2
=117.30C=
Fy√ =
√ 380
=101.93<117.30

P 12 π 2 E 12 π 2 ( 200000 )
= = P
A L 2 23 ( 117.3 )2 A =1692 kN
23()
r
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

b. For fixed ended columns.

8
Le = =4
2
L 2
Le 4000
=
r 68.2
=117.30 P
A
= 1− [ ]
r
2
2C FS
()
Fy

L L 3
5
FS= +
r
3
−
r () ()
5 ( 117.30 )
= + −
( 117.30 )3 FS=1.86
3 8C 2 8 C3 3 8 ( 101.93 ) 8 ( 101.93 )3

2
L
P
A [ ]
= 1−
()
2
Fy
r
2C FS
2
( 58.65 )
P
22600 [
= 1−
]
380
2 ( 101.93 ) 1.86
2
P=3853 kN

c. Braced at mid-point, the column is equivalent to one having a length of 4m., fixed at
one end and hinged at the other end.

Le = 0.7L
Le = 0.7(4)
Le = 2.8 m

Le 2800 Le
= =41.06<101.93
r 68.2 r

5 3 ( 41.06 ) ( 41.06 )3
FS= + − FS=1.81
3 8 (101.93 ) 8 ( 101.93 )3

2
( 41.06 )
P
22600 [
= 1−
]
380
2 ( 101.93 ) 1.81
2
P=4360 kN
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 1:
A W 24 x 94 beam is subjected to a shear force of 900 KN.

Properties of W sections:
A = 17870 mm2
tf = 22.15 mm
Ix = 1119.7 x 10⁶ mm⁴
bf = 230.15 mm
tw = 13.11 mm
d = 616.97 mm

 Compute the shear stress at junctions of flange and web.

 Compute the shear stress at neutral axis.
 Compute the shear force carried by the flange.
 Compute the shear force carried by the web.
 Compute the average shear stress on web.
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Solution:
Shear stress at junction of flange and web:

VQ
fv =
Ib

Q = 230.15(22.15)(297.41)
Q = 1.52 x 10⁶ mm3
b = 230.15

VQ
fv =
Ib
b = 13.11 mm
900000(1.52 x 106 )
fv =
1119.7 x 106 (13.11)
fv = 93.19 MPa
Shear stress at neutral axis:
Q = 230.15(22.15)(297.41) + 286.335(13.11)(143.1675)
Q = 2.05 x 10⁶ mm3

VQ
fv =
Ib
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

900000(2.05 x 106 )
fv=
1119.7 x 106 (13.11)
fv = 125.69 MPa

Shear force carried by flanges: (Two flanges)

( 2 ) 5.31
F= (230.15)(22.15)
2
F = 27069 N
Shear force carried by web section:

F = 900000 – 27069
F = 872931 N

Average shear stress on web:

V
fv =
dtw
900000
fv=
616.97(13.11)
fv = 111.27 MPa

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 2:
A W 420 x 85 steel beam is fully restrained with a uniformly distributed super-imposed
load of 25 K N/m. The beam has a span of 10m.

Properties of W 420 x 85
A = 10839 mm2
d = 420 mm
tw = 11 mm
Ix = 310 x 10⁶ mm⁴
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

tf = 18 mm
bf = 180 mm

 Compute the bending stress in MPa.

 Compute the maximum web shear stress in MPa.
 Compute the maximum horizontal shear stress in MPa.

Solution:
Bending stress in MPa.

85(9.81)
W = 25 +
1000
W = 25.834 KN/m

W L2
Ma =
12
25.834(10)2
Ma =
12
Ma = 215.28 KN.m

MC
fb =
I
215.28 x 106 ( 420)
fb =
2(310)106
fb = 145.83 MPa

Maximum web shear stress in MPa

CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

V
fv =
dtw
2R = 25.834(6)
R = 77.50 KN
V = 77.50 KN

V
fv =
dtw
77500
fv =
420(11)
fv = 16.77 MPa
Maximum horizontal shear stress in MPa

Q = Aȳ
Q = 180(18)(201) + 11(192)(96)
Q = 853992

VQ
fv =
Ib
77500(853992)
fv =
310 x 10 6 (11)
fv = 19.41 MPa

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 3:
The beam is fabricated by attaching a C 180 x 15 channel to a W 250 x 18 shape with a 15
mm diameter rivets as shown. The maximum shear force in the beam is 65 KN.

Properties of C 180 x 15 channel

A = 1850 mm2
tw = 5.3 mm
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

x = 13.8 mm
Ix = 8.86 x 10⁶ mm⁴
Iy = 0.405 x 10⁶ mm⁴

Properties of W 250 x 18
A = 2270 mm2 Ix = 22.4 x 10⁶ mm⁴
bf = 101 mm d = 251 mm
tw = 4.8 mm tf = 5.3 mm

 Determine the moment of inertia at the neutral axis of the beam

 Determine the maximum allowable spacing of the rivets if the working
stress is 100 MPa in shear.
 Determine the corresponding maximum bearing stress exerted by the
rivets.

Solution:
Moment of inertia at the neutral axis of the beam.

A1 = 1850 y1 = 13.8
A2 =2270 y2 = 130.8
A = 4120

4120ȳ = A1 y1 + A2 y2
ȳ = 78.26 m

I = 0.405 x 106 + 1850(64.46¿2 + 22.4 x 10⁶ + 2270(52.54¿2

I = 36.76 x 106 mm⁴

Maximum spacing of 15mm diameter rivets

RI
S=
VQ
R = SS AS
π
R = 100( )(15¿2 (2)
4
R = 35342.92 N

Q = Aȳ
Q = 1850(64.46)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Q = 119251

RI
S=
VQ
35342.92( 36.76)10⁶
S=
65000(119251)
S = 167.61 mm

Maximum bearing stress:

On the W section:

R = Sb Ab
35342.92 = 15(5.3) (2) Sb
Sb = 222.28 MPa on the W section

On the channel section:

R = Sb Ab
35342.92 = 15(13.8) (2) Sb
Sb = 85.37 MPa

Max. stress = 85.37 MPa

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 4:
Design a W section for a beam of A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa to carry a uniform load of 293
KN/ m on a simply supported span of 1.5m. Assume lateral bracing is adequate for stability.

Properties of W sections available

W 12 x 27 W 12 x 31 W 14 x 16
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Wt. of beam 394.9 N/m 453.4 N/m 380.27 N/m

Area 5129 5890 4948
Depth (d) 303.78 307.09 352.81
Flange width(bf) 165.02 165.74 127.64
Flange 10.16 11.81 10.62
thickness(tf)
Web thickness(tw) 6.02 6.73 6.48
Moment 84.9 x 106 mm⁴ 99.5 x 106 mm⁴ 101.56x 106
Inertia(Ix) mm⁴
Section Modulus 560.4 x 103 mm3 674.3 x 103mm3 575.2 x 103mm3
(Sx)

Solution:
By bending:
W L2
M=
8
M = 293 ¿ ¿
M = 82.41 KN.m
M = 82.41 x 106 N.mm
M
Fb =
Sx
M
Sx =
0.66 Fy
82.41 x 106
Sx =
0.66(248)
Sx = 503.48 x 103
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Try W 14 x 26
bf 127.64
=
2tf 2(10.62)
bf 170
= 6< = 10.8
2tf √ Fy
d 352.81
=
tw 6.48
d 1680
= 54.4 < = 106.7
tw √ Fy
This is a compact section use Fb = 0.66Fy
Total uniform load = 293 + 0.38027
Total uniform load = 293.38027 KN/m

M = 293.38027 ¿ ¿
M = 82.51
M = 82.51 x 106 KN.m

M
Fb =
Sx
82.51 x 106
Fb =
575.2 x 103
Fb = 143.44 MPa < 0.66 Fy
= 163.68 MPa
Check for shear:
h 331.57
=
tw 6.48
h 998
= 51.17 < = 63.37
tw √ Fy

Use Fv = 0.40 Fy
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

V
Fv =
d tw
293.3807(1.5)
V=
2
V = 220.04 KN

V
Fv =
d tw
220040
Fv =
352.18(6.48)
Fv = 96.25 MPa < 0.40 Fy
Fy = 99.2 MPa (safe)
≈Use W 14 x 26 beam

SHEAR IN BEAM
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Sample Problem 5:
A built up wide flange section consists of a section having a total depth of 353 mm, flange
width of 254 mm, flange thickness 16.4mm and a web thickness of 9.55mm.
Use Fy = 250 MPa

a. Compute the max. shear capacity of the built-up section using 2001 NSCP
specifications.
b. Compute the shearing stress at the junction of the web and the flange, due to
shear of 300KN.
c. Compute the shearing stress at the neutral axis due to shear of 300KN.

Solution:

a. Max. shear capacity of the built-up sections:

Allowable shearing stress

h 998
Fv = 0.40 Fy , when <
tw √ Fy
h 998
<
tw √ Fy
320.2 998
<
9.5 √ 250
33.71 < 63.12

V = Fv(d)(tw) max. shear capacity

V = 0.40 Fy d tw
V = 0.4(250) (353) (9.5)
V = 335350 N
V = 335.35 KN

b. Shearing stress at the junction of web and flange:

I = 254 ¿ ¿ - 122.25 ¿ ¿
I = 262.2 x 106 mm⁴

Q = Aȳ
Q = 254(16.4) (168.3)
Q = 701070.48
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

VQ
fv =
Ib
300000(701070.48)
fv =
262.2 x 106 (9.5)
fv = 84.44 MPa

c. Shearing stress at the neutral axis:

Q = 254(16.4) (168.3) + 160.01(9.5) (80.05)

Q = 822754.08

VQ
fv =
Ib
300000(822754.08)
fv =
262.2 x 106 (9.5)
fv = 99.09 MPa
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 6:
A floor is made up of 150 mm thick concrete slab and 50mm thick floor finish both of which
has a unit weight of 24 KN/m3. The floor also carries ceiling whose weight is 720 Pa and a
live load of 2400 Pa. the floor is supported by simply supported steel beams with a span of
10m spaced at 4.6 m on centers with compression flange rigidly attached to the concrete
floor. The steel is A36 with yield strength (Fy) = 248 Mpa. The allowable shear stress
specified in the 1992 NSCP is 0.40 Fy. Considering the weight of the beam, which of the
following sections is the most economical (lightest) section for the given load assuming
that shear stress governs the design.

Solution:
Ceiling load = 720 N/m 2
Live load = 200 N/m 2
Flooring slab = 24,000(0.2)
Flooring slab = 4, 800 N/m 2 (200 mm thickness)
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Total load = 720 + 2,400 + 4,800

Total load = 7, 920 N/m2
Total load = 7, 920 (4.6) (10)
Total load = 364, 320 N
(excluding wt. of beam)
V
0.40 fy =
dtw
V = 0.40 fy d tw
Try W 12 x 19;
Total load = 364, 320 + 278(10)
Total load = 367, 100 N
367 100
Vmax =
2
Vmax = 183, 550 N
V = 0.40 fy d tw
V = 0.40 (248)(309)(6)
V = 183916.8 > 183550 N
≈ Use W 12 x 19 section
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 7:
A W24x94 beam is subjected to a shear force of 900 kN.
Properties of W Section:

A=17870 mm2d=616.97 mmt w =13.11 mmb f =230.15mm

t f =22.15 mm I x =1119.7 x 106 mm 4

a. Compute the shear stress at junction of flange and

web
b. Compute the shear stress at neutral axis
c. Compute the shear force carried by the flange
d. Compute the shear force carried by the web
e. Compute the average shear stress on web
SOLUTION:
a. Shear stress at junction of flange and web

VQ
f v= Q=230.15 ( 22.15 ) ( 297.41 )Q=1.52 x 10 6 mm3 b=230.15
Ib

( 900000 ) ( 1.52 x 106 )

f v= f v =93.19 MPa
1119.7 x 106 ( 13.11 )

b. Shear stress at neutral axis

Q=230.15 ( 22.15 ) ( 297.41 ) +286.335 (13.11 )( 143.1675 ) Q=2.05 x 106 mm3
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

6
VQ 900000 ( 1.52 x 10 ) f =125.69 MPa
f v= = v
Ib 1119.7 x 106 ( 13.11 )

c. Shear force carried by flanges (two flanges)

2 ( 5.31 )
F= ( 230.15 ) ( 22.15 ) F=27069 N
2

d. Shear force carried by web section

F=900000−27069F=872931 N

e. Average shear stress on web

V 900000
f v= = f =111.27 MPa
d t w 616.97 ( 13.11 ) v

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 8:
For the section shown, the shear force acting is 670 kN
and the bending moment is 1475 kN.m
a. Compute the max. bending stress of the beam.
b. Compute the total shear carried by the web and
the flanges
c. Compute the total bending moment carried by the
web and the flanges
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

SOLUTION:
a. Bending stress
10 ( 1050 )3 300 (16 )3 250 ( 16 )3
I=
12
+ [
12
6
2
] [
+300 ( 16 ) ( 533 ) 2+
12 ]
+250 ( 16 ) ( 549 )2 2 I =6103.5 x 106

I 6103.5 x 10 3
S= = =10958 x 10
C 557
M 1475 x 106
f b= = f =134.60 MPa
S 10958 x 103 b

b. Shear carried by the flanges and web

VQ
f v=
Ib

For flanges:
Q=250 ( 16 )( 549 ) +300 ( 16 ) ( 533 )Q=4754400
VQ 4754400 ( 670000 )
F v= = F =1.74 MPa
Ib 6103.5 x 106 (300 ) v
VQ 4754400 ( 670000 )
F v= = F v =52.19 MPa
Ib 6103.5 x 106 (10 )

Average Stresses:

V 670000
f v= = f =60.14 MPa
d t w 1114 ( 10 ) v

Shear force carried by the two flanges:

1.74
Ff= ( 2 ) + [ 250 (16 ) +300 (16 ) ]
2
F f =15312 N

Force carried by the web:

F w =670000−15312F w =654688 N
c. Moment carried by the flanges and the web:
x 134.60
= x=126.87 MP a '
525 557

126.87+ 0
F 1= ( 10 ) ( 525 ) F 1=333034 N
2
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

M 1=F 1 ( 350 ) ( 2 )=333034 ( 350 ) ( 2 )

M 1=233123800 N .mm=233.12 kN . m( moment carried by the web)

M 2=1475−233.13
M 2=1241.88 kN . m(moment carried by the flanges)

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 9:
A W10x29 has a span of 9m. It carries a total floor of 4.8 kPa. Including that of concrete
slab. Neglect weight of beam. Es = 200000 MPa. Use
A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa
Properties of W10x29

A=5509.7 mm2d=259.59mm b f =146.79 mm

t f =12.70 mmt w =7.34 mm I x =65.8 x 10 6 mm 4
S x =504.7 x 103 mm3

a. Compute the spacing of the beam if

allowable bending stress governs
b. Compute the spacing of the beam if
allowable shearing stress governs
c. Compute the spacing of the beam if deflection governs. Allowable bend 1/360 span.
SOLUTION:
a. Spacing if bending controls:
bf 146.79 b f
= =5.78
2t f 2 ( 12.70 ) 2t f
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

b f 170 d 259.59 d d 1680

< =10.8 = =35.37 < =106.68
2t f √ F y tw 7.34 t w tw √ F y

The beam is a compact section

F b=0.66 F y

total load W =4.8 ( 9 )( 5 ) total load W =43.2 S

wL ( 43.2 S )( 9 )
M= = M =48.6 S
8 8

F b=
M M )( 6)
0.66 F y = 0.66 ( 248 ) = 48.6 S 103 S=1.70m .
(
Sx Sx 504.7 x 10

b. Spacing if shear governs

h 234.19 h h 998 V
= =31.91 < =63.37use : F v =0.40 F y =0.40 F y
tw 7.34 t w tw √ F y dtw
V 43.2 S 43.2 S
=0.40 ( 248 )V =189015 N =189.02kN V = 189.02= S=8.75 m
259.59 ( 7.34 ) 2 2

c. Spacing if deflection controls

5W L4 9000
δ= = δ =25 mm
384 EI 360
5 W ( 1000 ) ( 9000 )3
25= W =34.66 kN
384 ( 200000 ) ( 65.8 x 10 6 )
43.2 S=34.66S=0.80 m

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 10:
A built-up beam is made up of 1250 mm x 9 mm web section and two flange sections of 620
mm x 20 mm plate. It has a span of 14m and carries a uniform load of 40 kN/m including its
own weight. Use A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa.
P
20 mm
W = 40 kN/m

1250 mm
14 m

20 mm

a. Compute the section modulus of the given beam.

CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

b. Compute the allowable bending stress using NSCP specifications

c. Compute the safe concentrated load that it could carry at its mid-span besides the
uniform load.
SOLUTION:
a. Section modulus
9 ( 1250 )3 620 ( 20 )3
I=
12
+[ 12 ]
+ 620 ( 20 )( 635 )3 2

I =11466 x 106 mm4

C=645
11466 x 106
Sx= S x =17776.7 x 103 mm3
645

b. Allowable bending stress

For the flange section
bf 620 b f
= =15.5
2t f 2 ( 20 ) 2t f
b f 170
> =10.8
2t f √ F y

h 1250 h h 2547
For web section: = =138.9 < =161.73
tw 9 tw tw √ F y
( non−compact section )it isbuilt up section

For built up section with non-compact flanges and with webs whether compact or non-
compact, the allowable bending stress is:
4.05 h 4.05
bf F y K c= if >70K c = =0.419
[
F b=F y 0.79−0.000762
2tf √ ]
Kc
h
( )
tw
0.46
tw h 0.46
( )
tw
bf Fy
[
F b=F y 0.79−0.000762
2tf √ ] [
Kc
=248 0.79−0.000762
0.419√ ]
248 F =124.66 MPa
b

c. Safe load P it could carry at mid-span:

M
F b=
Sx
M
124.66= M =2216 kN .m
17767 x 10 3
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

2
w L2 PL 40 ( 14 ) P ( 14 )
M= + 2216= + P=353.14 kN
8 4 8 4

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 11:
Design a built-up wide flange section with no intermediate
stiffness for a 15m. simple span to support a uniform load
of 43.88 kN/m (excluding the weight of the beam). Assume
steel weighs 77.10 kN/m3. The section is to be frame
between columns and is to have full lateral bracing for its
compression flange. Use A36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa. The
web depth could be estimated to be equal to the girder
depth less 50 mm.
SOLUTION:
Web section:
1
approximate d= of spanh=d−50
12
h=1250−50h=1200 mm
h 1995
< ( non compact ) ( web )
tw √ F y
1200 1995
= =126.68 t w =9.47 mm
tw √F y

Try 12 mm.

h 1200 h
= =100 <126.68 ( non−compact )
tw 12 tw

Total load = 43.88 + wt. of beam

Assume wt. of beam = 1.60 kN/m
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Total load = 43.88 + 1.60

Total load = 45.48 kN/m
2
W L2 45.48 ( 15 )
M= = M =1279.13 x 106 N . mm
8 8
Area of flange:
2
h
t w h3 h 2 t h 3 2 Af ()
2
I=
12
+2 A f()
2
S= w
h
+

2 ()
(12 ) ( h2 )
Approximately:

M twh 1279.13 x 10 6 12 ( 1200 )

Af= − = − A f =4764
0.60 F y h ( 6 ) 0.60 ( 248 ) ( 1200 ) 6
b f t f =4764

4764
Try t f =14 mmb f = =340 ≈ 400b f =400 mm
14

Try 400x14 mm
bf 400 b f
= =14.29
2t f 2 ( 14 ) 2t f
b f 170 h 2547
< =15.88 ( non−compact )( flange ) < =161.73
2t f √ F y tw √ F y
Allowable bending stress:
4.05 h
bf F y K c= if >70 4.05
[
F b=F y 0.79−0.000762
2tf √ ] ()
Kc
h
tw
0.46
tw K c=
( 100 )0.46
=0.487

bf Fy
[
F b=F y 0.79−0.000762
2tf √ ] [
Kc
=248 0.79−0.000762 ( 14.29 )
248
0.487 √ ]
F b=135 MPa ( allowable bending stress )

12 (1200 )3 400 ( 14 )3
I NA =
12
+ [ 12 ]
+400 ( 14 )( 607 )3 2I NA =5854.8 x 10
6

I 5854.8 x 10 6 3 1279 x 106

S= = =9535.5 x 10 f b= f b=134.14 MPa<135 ( safe )
C 614 9535.5 x 103
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Use 1200 x 12 mm (web section)

400 x 12 mm (flange)
Dead load = 77.10 [1.2(0.012) + 0.4(0.014)]
Dead load = 1.542 kN/m < 1.6 ok

SHEAR IN BEAM
Sample Problem 12:
An A36 built–up wide flange steel section is used
as a simple beam for a span of 12.0m. If it has full
lateral support, determine the maximum uniform
load that it can support using shear considerations
alone.
Given: a = 3000mm, Cv = 0.85
SOLUTION:

F v =0.40 F y =0.40 ( 248 ) F v =99.20 MPa

h 700 h
= =70
t w 10 t w

998 998 h 998

= =63.37 since , >
√ F y √248 t w √F y
CE-506 / Steel MW 1:30 – 4:30 pm

a 3000 a
= =4.29since , <1.0
h 700 h

4 4 k v 500 5.56
=5.56C v = 500

)√ √
k v =5.34+ 2
=5.34+ 2 = =1.07
a ( 4.29 ) h F y 70 248
()h tw(
F y C v 248 ( 1.07 )
F v= = =91.82 MPa since , F v <0.40 F y ∴ ok
2.89 2.89

300 ( 740 )3 12 ( 700 )3

I= −( 2 ) I =1.8 x 109 mm 4
12 12

ωL ω ( 1 )
V= = =6 ω kN
2 2
@the junction of the web∧flange , ( @ the flange )

700+20 VQ ( 6 ωx 106 ) ( 2.16 x 106 )

Q=∑ A x́ =( 300 )( 20 ) ( 2 )
=2.2 x 106 mm3 F v =
Ib
91.82=
( 1.84 x 109 ) ( 300 )
kN
ω=3913.90
m
@the junction of the web∧flange , ( @ the web )

6 ωwx 103 ( 2.16 x 106 ) kN

91.82= w=130.46
6
( 1.84 x 10 ) ( 10 ) m

@ neutral axis
700 ( 10 ) 700
Q=2.16 x 106 +
2 ( )
4
Q=2.8 x 102 mm 3

6 ωwx 103 ( 2.77 x 106 )

91.82=
( 1.84 x 106 ) ( 10 )
kN
w=101.64
m
∴ safe load , w=101.64 kN / m