INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 18134-2

Second edition
2017-01

Solid biofuels — Determination

of moisture content — Oven dry
method —
Part 2:
Total moisture — Simplified method
Biocombustibles solides
iTeh STANDARD — Dosage de la teneur en humidité —
PREVIEW
Méthode de séchage à l’étuve —
(standards.iteh.ai)
Partie 2: Humidité totale — Méthode simplifiée

ISO 18134-2:2017
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017

Reference number
ISO 18134-2:2017(E)

© ISO 2017
ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 18134-2:2017
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org

ii  © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Apparatus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6 Sample preparation............................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
6.1 Sample reduction................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6.2 Drying of test portion......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6.3 Size of test portion................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
7 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7.1 Handling of test portion................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7.2 Weight of test portion........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
8 Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
9 Performance characteristics..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
10 Test report.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 18134-2:2017
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved  iii

ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/​patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www​.iso​.org/​iso/​foreword​.html.
(standards.iteh.ai)
The document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first ISOedition (ISO 18134-2:2015), of which it constitutes a
18134-2:2017
minor revision with the following changes:
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017
— the source has been deleted in 3.2 and in 3.3;
— a few subclauses have been rephrased;
— the last sentence of 7.2 has been deleted;
— in Clause 10, the last two items have been renumbered e) and f).
A list of all parts in the ISO 18134 series can be found on the ISO website.

iv  © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18134-2:2017(E)

Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content —

Oven dry method —
Part 2:
Total moisture — Simplified method

1 Scope
This document describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a test sample of solid
biofuels by drying in an oven and is used when the highest precision is not needed, e.g. for routine
production control on site. The method described in ISO 18134 (all parts) is applicable to all solid
biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass
of the test sample (wet basis).
NOTE The term moisture content, when used with biomass materials, can be misleading since untreated
biomass frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which might evaporate when
determining moisture content by oven drying (see References [1] and [3]).

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

2 Normative references
(standards.iteh.ai)
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of ISO the 18134-2:2017
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
ISO 147801), Solid biofuels — Sample2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017
preparation
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
ISO 181352), Solid biofuels — Sampling

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
3.1
nominal top size
aperture of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of the material passes
[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2014, 4.137, modified.]
3.2
test sample
original sample sent to the laboratory for analysis

1) To be published.
2) To be published.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved  1

ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


3.3
test portion
sample extracted from the test sample (3.2) and used during the analysis

4 Principle
The test portion of solid biofuel shall be dried at a temperature of 105 °C in air atmosphere until
constant mass is achieved and the percentage moisture shall be calculated from the loss in mass of the
test portion.
The difference with this procedure compared to the reference method ISO 18134-1 is that the effect due
to buoyancy is neglected and only a single determination is required. The weight of a tray when still hot
is less than the weight of the cold tray due to buoyancy. The magnitude of the buoyancy effect depends
of the size and the weight of the tray.

5 Apparatus

5.1 Drying oven, capable of being controlled at a temperature within the range of (105 ± 2) °C and in
which the air atmosphere changes between three to five times per hour. The air velocity shall be such
that the test portion particles are not dislodged from their tray.

5.2 Dishes and trays, of non-corrodible and heat-resistant material and of such dimension that they
will hold the total test portion in the proportion of not exceeding 1 g of material per cm2. The surface of
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
the trays shall be such that the possibility to adsorption/absorption is minimized (very clean and even
surface). (standards.iteh.ai)
5.3 Balance, capable of reading to the nearestISO 0,118134-2:2017
g.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017
6 Sample preparation

6.1 Sample reduction

Test samples for the determination of total moisture content shall be obtained in accordance with
ISO 18135 and shall be received in the laboratory in sealed air-tight containers or bags. A test portion
shall be prepared in accordance with ISO 14780 and the nominal top size reduced to below 31,5 mm.

6.2 Drying of test portion

The necessary drying time of the test portion depends, among other things, on the particle size of the
test sample material. In order to reduce the necessary drying time, the particle size of the material may
be reduced to below 31,5 mm by cutting up the material, provided that the cutting procedure does not
change the moisture content of the material. To minimize loss of moisture, the cutting shall be carried
out as fast as possible while avoiding air ventilation as much as possible. Visibly wet samples cannot be
cut up without loss of moisture and shall therefore be pre-dried.
If the above procedure is not practical, larger test sample sizes and longer drying times shall be used.
Deviations from the established procedures shall be documented on the test report.
WARNING — Dried solid biofuels are hygroscopic. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that
moisture is not lost during preparation of the test portion. Significant losses of moisture from
test portion will occur after a few minutes in room atmosphere.

2  © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


6.3 Size of test portion

The mass of the test portion shall have a minimum mass of 300 g.
NOTE For fine particulate solid biofuels (e.g. sawdust and fuel powder), the test portion can be reduced to
200 g or 100 g, respectively, if using a balance capable of reading to the nearest 0,01 g.

7 Procedure

7.1 Handling of test portion

Weigh an empty and clean drying tray to the nearest 0,1 g.
Transfer the test portion from the package (container or bag) in which it is delivered to the empty and
clean drying tray and spread the material evenly, not to exceed 1 cm2 of surface area per 1 g of material.
In case moisture remains on the inside surfaces of the package, shake the package to allow the material
to re-absorb the moisture prior to emptying the package.

7.2 Weight of test portion

Weigh the tray with the test portion to the nearest 0,1 g before heating.
NOTE 1 Do not use larger dimension of the drying tray than necessary in relation to the size of the test portion
due to buoyancy when hot weighing is undertaken (see ISO 18134-1).
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Thereafter, place the tray in the temperature-controlled oven at (105 ± 2) °C. Heat the tray until
(standards.iteh.ai)
constant mass has been achieved. Constant mass is defined as a change not exceeding 0,2 % absolute
of the initial mass of the test portion during a heating period of 60 min. The drying time required will
depend on particle size of the material,ISO rate18134-2:2017
of atmospheric change in the oven, and thickness of the
layer of material. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
Remove the tray from the oven and2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017
weigh when still hot to the nearest 0,1 g within 10 s to 15 s in order
to avoid absorption of moisture. Use heat-insulating material on the balance pan to avoid direct contact
with the hot tray.
NOTE 2 The required drying time can be determined in pre-tests on similar fuel types with comparable
particle size.

Do not overload the drying oven. The space above the trays and between the trays shall allow free flow
of air and moisture.
To prevent unnecessary losses of volatile compounds, generally, the drying time should not exceed 24 h.

8 Calculation
The moisture content, Mar, of the test portion, as received, shall be reported on a wet basis and expressed
as a percentage by mass and shall be calculated in accordance with Formula (1):

M ar =
( m2 − m3 ) × 100 (1)
( m2 − m1 )
where

m1 is the mass of the empty drying container, in g;

m2 is the mass of the drying container and test portion before drying, in g;

m3 is the mass of the drying container and test portion after drying (weigh when still hot), in g.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved  3

ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


The result shall be calculated to two decimal places and rounded to the nearest 0,1 % for reporting.

9 Performance characteristics
Because of the varying nature of the solid biofuels covered by this document, it is not possible to give a
precision statement (repeatability or reproducibility) for this test method.

10 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information:
a) an identification of the laboratory performing the test and the date of the test;
b) an identification of the product (or sample) tested;
c) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 18134-2;
d) the results of the test on wet basis;
e) any unusual features noted during the determination which might affect the result;
f) any deviation from this document or operations regarded as optional.

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 18134-2:2017
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017

4  © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 18134-2:2017(E)


Bibliography

[1] ISO 16993, Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
[2] ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1:
Total moisture — Reference method
[3] Samuelsson R., Burvall J., Jirjis R. Comparison of different methods for the determination of
moisture content in biomass. Biomass Bioenergy. 2006, 30 pp. 929–934
[4] Samuelsson R., Nilsson C., Burvall J. Sampling and GC-MS as a method for analysis of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) emitted during oven drying of biomass materials. Biomass Bioenergy.
2006, 30 pp. 923–928

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 18134-2:2017
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/39902e5e-2283-40bc-ba1a-
2c505fa2f388/iso-18134-2-2017

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved  5