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2.2 Venn Diagram

The document discusses Venn diagrams and their use in representing relations between sets. It defines Venn diagrams and provides examples of diagrams with two and three sets. It also explains operations that can be performed on sets such as union, intersection, complement, and difference and provides properties and examples of each using Venn diagrams.

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Jasmine Jegan
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206 views5 pages

2.2 Venn Diagram

The document discusses Venn diagrams and their use in representing relations between sets. It defines Venn diagrams and provides examples of diagrams with two and three sets. It also explains operations that can be performed on sets such as union, intersection, complement, and difference and provides properties and examples of each using Venn diagrams.

Uploaded by

Jasmine Jegan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Venn Diagram

A diagram used to represent all possible relations of different sets. A Venn diagram can be
represented by any closed figure, whether it be a Circle or a Polygon (square, hexagon, etc.).

In the above figure, we can see a Venn diagram, represented by a rectangular shape about the
universal set, which has two independent sets, X and Y. Therefore, X and Y are disjoint sets. The
two sets, X and Y, are represented in a circular shape. This diagram shows that set X and set Y
have no relation between each other, but they are a part of a universal set.

For example, set X = {Set of even numbers} and set Y = {Set of odd numbers} and Universal
set, U = {set of natural numbers}

We can use the below formula to solve the problems based on two sets.

n(X ⋃ Y) = n(X) + n(Y) – n(X ⋂ Y)

Venn Diagram of Three Sets

The formula used to solve the problems on Venn diagrams with three sets is given below:

n(A ⋃ B ⋃ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ⋂ B) – n(B ⋂ C) – n(A ⋂ C) + n(A ⋂ B ⋂ C)


Venn Diagrams of Set operations
In set theory, there are many operations performed on sets, such as:

● Union of Set
● Intersection of set
● Complement of set
● Difference of set

Complement of a set in Venn Diagram


A’ is the complement of set A (represented by the shaded region in fig. 2). This set contains all
the elements which are not there in set A.

Figure 2:

Properties of Complement of set:

● A ∪ A′ = U
● A ∩ A′ = φ
● (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
● (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
● U′ = φ
● φ′ = U

Intersection of two sets in Venn Diagram


A intersection B is given by: A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.

This represents the common elements between set A and B (represented by the shaded region in
fig. 3).

Figure 3:
Intersection of two Sets

Properties of the intersection of sets operation:

● A∩B=B∩A
● (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
● φ∩A=φ;U∩A=A
● A∩A=A
● A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
● A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)

Union of Two Sets in Venn Diagram


A union B is given by: A ∪ B = {x | x ∈A or x ∈B}.

This represents the combined elements of set A and B (represented by the shaded region in fig.
4).

Figure 4:

Union of two sets

Some properties of Union operation:


● A∪B=B∪A
● (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
● A∪φ=A
● A∪A=A
● U∪A=U

Complement of Union of Sets in Venn Diagram


(A ∪ B)’: This is read as complement of A union B. This represents elements which are neither
in set A nor in set B (represented by the shaded region in fig. 5).

Figure 5:

Complement of A U B

Complement of Intersection of Sets in Venn Diagram


(A ∩ B)’: This is read as complement of A intersection B. This represents elements of the
universal set which are not common between set A and B (represented by the shaded region in
fig. 6).

Figure 6:

Complement of A ∩ B

Difference between Two Sets in Venn Diagram


A – B: This is read as A difference B. Sometimes, it is also referred to as ‘relative
complement’. This represents elements of set A which are not there in set B(represented by the
shaded region in fig. 7).

Figure 7:

Difference between Two Sets

Symmetric difference between two sets in Venn Diagram


A ⊝ B: This is read as a symmetric difference of set A and B. This is a set which contains the
elements which are either in set A or in set B but not in both (represented by the shaded region in
fig. 8).

Figure 8:

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