ELECTIVE COURSE S6b-S8b

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
FOR SENSORS

The operational amplifier

The building brick of analog electronics

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 Objectives
To know, understand, learn about :
➢ The rationale for the Opamp.
➢ The importance and influence of feedback.
➢ Opamp imperfections and their consequences on the measurement system.

To know how to, be able to :

➢ Identify the basic linear circuits : inverting, non inverting, buffer.
➢ Calculate the response of other circuits based on the basic ones.
➢ Design an Opamp amplifier from specifications.
➢ Quantify the consequences of Opamp imperfections on the circuit’s operation.

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 OUTLINE

1. Introduction

2. Negative feedback

3. Basic circuits

4. Imperfections

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 OUTLINE

1. Introduction

2. Negative feedback

3. Basic circuits

4. Imperfections

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 Why do we need amplification?

low power actuator

source

noise

sensor

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 Why do we need amplification?

Source : Patrick Mercier, ECE 203, chapter 8, UCSD

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 A/D conversion
without amplification

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 A/D conversion
with amplification

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 Examples of Opamp conditioners
thermocouple

UAB = AB(T1-T2), AB  40V/K

Gain G=1+R1/R2 is determined to set U0 within the input voltage
range of the ADC.

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 Examples of Opamp conditioners
photodiode

U0 = RfIph
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 Examples of Opamp conditioners
capacitive sensor

𝐴
𝐶𝑠 = 𝜀
𝑑 𝐶𝑠
𝑈0 = − 𝑈𝑖
𝐶𝑓
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 Opamp versatility
Amps Oscillators

Comparators

Filters
ADC

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 The Opamp
a differential amplifier
i+ iS
Rs

 Ad

Re
VS
V+ i-

V-

Vs
VH

Ad 𝑉+ +𝑉−

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑑 𝑉+ − 𝑉− +𝐴𝑚𝑐
2
VB
Linear zone 𝐴𝑚𝑐 <<𝐴𝑑
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 The Opamp
the ideal model
i+ iS

 Ad VS
V+ i-

V-

▪ perfect differential amp  Amc = 0

▪ infinite input resistance  i+ = i- = 0
▪ zero output resistance
▪ infinite diff gain Ad   = 0
▪ linear gain
▪ infinite bandwidth
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 The Opamp
What’s inside?

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 Plan

1. Introduction

2. Negative feedback

3. Basics circuits

4. Imperfections

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 Genesis of the opamp
The negative feedback amplifier
H. S. Black, 1927

+
The 1st integrated circuit
J. Kilby, 1958
Nobel prize 2000

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 Negative feedback


e + A s
-
+
A
-


s A 1
GCR = = ⎯⎯⎯→
e 1 + A 
A 1

s
 = ⎯⎯ ⎯→ 0
A→+
A
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 Example
Voltage-to-voltage negative feedback

+15 V
+

Ve
- R2
-15 V VS

R1 VR

VR R1 1 𝑅2
= = 𝐺𝐶𝑅 ≅ =1+
VS R1 + R2 𝛽 𝑅1
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 Negative feedback
Influence on bandwidth
A0
A=
 1+ j
f
+ A
- fc
ve vs A A0 '
vr vs = =
v e 1 + βA 1 + j f
A0 fc '
 A0 ' = f c ' = f c (1 + βA 0 )
1 + βA 0

A0 ' fc ' = A0 fc
A0
open loop
with feedback
A1

A2

f
fc1 fc2 fc3

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 Negative feedback
Influence on input/output impedance
ie iS
+
Zs

Ze A
Ve 
VS
i2
- R2

R1

i1

Ze ' = Ze (1 + βA)  Ze
Zs
Zs ' =  Zs
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(1 + βA ) 21
 Negative feedback
Influence on noise

be bs

+ +
e + + A + s
-

A A 1
s= e+ be + bs
1 + βA 1 + βA 1 + βA
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 Negative feedback
Awesome, brilliant ☺

+
Zs
 Ze A0 vs

Ze  ZS  BP  bruit 
GCR  ind. de A0
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 Linear/non linear operation
Stable, linear R2 R2 Unstable, non linear

VH R1 VH
R1
- +
 
+ -
vs vs
VB ve VB
ve

Vs Vs
VH VH

Amps Ad Ad Comparators
Filters Triggers
 
Oscillators

VB VB
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 OUTLINE

1. Introduction

2. Negative feedback

3. Basic linear circuits

4. Imperfections

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 Amplifiers
inverting / non inverting
R2
R2

R1 is VH
R1 is VH -
-
+
ie vs
ve + ve VB
vs
VB

vs R vs R
Av = =− 2 Av = = 1+ 2
ve R1 ve R1
Z e = R1 Ze = ∞

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 Buffer circuit

VH
-

+
vs
ve VB

Av = 1

Ze = ∞

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 adder/substractor
R2 R2

R1 VH R1 VH
- -
R3
R1 + +
v1 vs v1 vs
v2 VB VB
v2 R4

R2
vs = −
R2
( v 2 + v1 ) R1 = R 3 , R 2 = R 4  vs = (v 2 − v 1 )
R1 R1

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 integrator/differentiator

C
R
C
R
- -
ve +
ve +
vs vs

t
v s (t ) = − v e dt + v s (0)
1
v s (t ) = −RC
dv e

RC 0 dt

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 Tranfer Function Synthesis
with feedback dipole

Z2

Z1 -
ve +
vs

Vs Z2
H ( j ) = = −
Ve Z1

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 Tranfer Function Synthesis
with feedback quadrupole

I2

Q2 ()

VH
I1
-
Q1 (α)
ve + vs
VB

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 Tranfer Function Synthesis
with feedback quadrupole
i1 i2

v1 Q v2

transfer admittance
transfer impedance

 v1   z11 z12  i1   i1   y11 y12  v1 

  =       =    
 v2   z 21 z 22  i2   i2   y21 y22  v2 
 i1  t11 t12  − i2   − i2  t '11 t '12  i1 
  =       =    
 v1  t 21 t 22  v2   v2  t '21 t '22  v1 
 v1   h11 h12  i1   v2   h'11 h'12  i2 
hybrid

hybrid
  =       =    
 i2  h21 h22  v2   i1  h'21 h'22  v1 
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 Tranfer Function Synthesis
with feedback quadrupole
I2

Q2 ()

VH
I1
-
Q1 (α)
ve + vs
VB

I1 =  ( p )v e ( p ) vs  ( p)
Av = =−
I 2 =  ( p )vs ( p ) ve  ( p)

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 Tranfer Function Synthesis
with feedback quadrupole
Quadrupole element α(p)
1
R

pC

1
pL
R R
1
 RC 
C 2R1 + p 
 2 

C1 R 1 + RpC1 (2 + RPC2 )
 RC 2 
2R1 + p 
R
C2  2 

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 Tranfer Function Synthesis
with feedback quadrupole

α3
v3 2

α2
v2 Ir 1

Vcc
-
α1 Ie
v1 + vs
-Vcc

α1V1 + α 2 V2 + α 3 V3 + ... With all vi α i

vs = − vs =− i
vi
β1 + β 2 + β 3 + ...
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i
i 35
 Plan

1.Introduction

2. Negative feedback

3. Basic circuits

4.Imperfections

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 Limitations, defects
➢ Power

➢ Offset

➢ Input currents

➢ Noise
a more realistic model

➢ Common mode

➢ Bandwidth

➢ Slew rate
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 Power

Pente -Rs Current source

VH VS type of
ideal Opamp
- behaviour
Rs
ε A Voltage source type
+ of behaviour
VB VS

real opamp iS
Courant limite
Orders of magnitude :-Bipolar (LM 741) : ismax = 25 mA (en c.c.)
- JFET (TL 081) : ismax = 20 mA

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 Limitation of output current

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 Offset
- Bipolar (LM 741) : ed = 1 mV
VH - JFET (TL 081) : ed = 3 mV
- JFET (LMC 6132) : ed = 0,25 mV
-

+
ve=0
ed VB vs=ed0

R
-
1 t 1 t
ve + v s (t ) = −  v e dt + ed +  e d dt
ed RC 0 RC 0

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 Input currents
ideal opamp
VH
i- 0
-
0 A
+
i+ VS
VB
real opamp

iB (input bias current) iB =

1
(i+ + i− )
2 Vs = 0

iOS (input offset current) iOS = i+ − i− V =0 s

Orders of magnitude : - Bipolar (LM 741) : iB = 80 nA et iOS = 20 nA

- JFET (TL 081) : iB = 30 pA et iOS = 5 pA
- JFET (LMC 6001) : iB = 25 fA
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 Consequence
R2

R1 VH
i-
-
ve
+ vs
i+
VB
R3

𝑅2 −
𝑅2
𝑉𝑆 = − 𝑉𝑒 + 𝑅2 𝑖 − 1 + 𝑅3 𝑖 +
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅3 = , 𝑉𝑆 = − 𝑉 + 𝑅2 𝑖 − − 𝑖 +
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑒

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 Noise
ideal opamp
VH
0
-
vB A
0
+
VB VS
iB+ iB-
real opamp

vB (voltage noise)

iB+ , iB- (input noised currents)

Orders of magnitude (psd):

1 à 20 nV/Hz voltage noise
0.1 fA/Hz à 10 pA/Hz current noise
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 Common mode
V- -
Ad VS
V+ +

𝑉+ +𝑉−
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑑 𝑉+ − 𝑉− +𝐴𝑚𝑐
2

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

𝐴𝑑
𝑇𝑅𝑀𝐶 = 𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑐
Orders of magnitude: 70 to 120 dB, but  when frequency 

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 Bandwidth
A0
open loop
with feedback
A1

A2

f
fc1 fc2 fc3

A𝑣 𝑓𝑐 = constant
=gain×bandwidthproduct

Orders of magnitude : few MHz to few 100 MHz

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 Slew rate R2

R1 VH
-
SR

ve +
vs
VB

𝑑𝑣𝑠
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Ve Vs SR slope 𝑑𝑣𝑠 𝑅2
= 𝑉 2𝜋𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 < SR
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅1 𝑒

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 A more realistic model

“quasi-ideal opamp”
0
-
ed,vB A
0
+
VS
i+,iB+ i-,iB-
real opamp
LTSpice model

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 Remember
➢Specifications of the ideal opamp.

➢Consequences of negative feedback.

➢Basic linear circuits.

➢Imperfections of the opamp.

➢Their consequences on the measurement system.

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