MATH 3110 Fall 2018

Final Exam Information

Topics Covered:

• 50% new material (5.1-5.3, 6.1-6.2) and 50% old material (1.1-1.9, 2.1-2.3, 3.1-3.3,
4.1-4.6)

• Rework Test 1, Test 2 and practice exams

• About 11 − 12 problems on the final.

Practice problems on the new material:

 
7 2
1. Let A = . Find a closed form formula for Ak with k ≥ 1.
−4 1

ANSWER: Step 1: The eigenvalues of A are given by λ = 3, 5.  

1
Step 2: When λ = 3, a basis vector for the eigenspace Nul(A − 3I) is given by ~v1 = ;
−2
 
1
When λ = 5, a basis vector for the eigenspace Nul(A − 5I) is given by ~v2 = .
−1
     
1 1 −1 −1 −1 3 0
Step 3: Let P = , then P = , and D = . Then
−2 −1 2 1 0 5
A = P DP −1 and
 k
2 · 5k − 3k 5k − 3k
    
k k −1 1 1 3 0 −1 −1
A = PD P = = .
−2 −1 0 5k 2 1 2 · 3k − 2 · 5k 2 · 3k − 5k

1 3 3
 

2. Let A =  −3 −5 −3 . Suppose we know the eigenvalues of A are 1 and −2,

3 3 1
diagonalize A, that is to find a diagonal matrix D and an invertible matrix P such that
A = P DP −1.

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 1
 

ANSWER: For λ = 1, basis vectors for Nul(A − I) are given by ~v1 =  −1 ;

1
−1 −1
   

for λ = −2, basis vectors for Nul(A + 2I) are: ~v2 =  1  and ~v3 =  0 . So
0 1
1 −1 −1
 
 
P = ~v1 ~v2 ~v3 =  −1 1 0 
1 0 1
1 0 0
 

and D =  0 −2 0 .
0 0 −2

1 −5
 

3. Let W = Col(A) with A =  −3 9 . Find a basis for the orthogonal complement

−2 1
⊥
W .

ANSWER: Use the result that (Col(A))⊥ = Nul(AT ). So we just need to find a basis for
5
 

the nullspace Nul(AT ), which is given by  3 .

−2

 
3 −1 1 
    

4. a) Determine whether the set S = ~v1 =  1  , ~v2 =  2  , ~v3 =  4  is an
1 1 −7
 
orthogonal set. Show your work.
2
 

b) Express ~y =  4  as a linear combination of ~vi ’s.

6

ANSWER: a) Yes, compute the inner products.

~
y ·~
vi 16
b) The weights of the linear combination are given by ci = ~
vi ·~
vi
, so we get c1 = ,c
11 2
=
2, c3 = −4
11
. That is
16 −4
~y = ~v1 + 2~v2 + ~v3 .
11 11

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7 4
5. Let ~y = and ~u = . Find the orthogonal projection of ~y onto L = Span{~u}
6 2
and the component of ~y orthogonal to ~u. Compute the distance from ~y to L.

   
8 −1
ANSWER: ~yˆ = projL (~y ) = ~ ·~
y
u·~
~
u
u
~u = , ~z = ~y − projL (~y ) = . The distance is the
4 2
√
length of ~z which is k~zk = 5.

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