AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706-244

T H IS I S A R E P R IN T W IT H O U T C H A N G E O F O R D P 20-244

U S A D A C S Tachnlcal Library

5 0712 01001296 0

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

OF MATERIEL
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK

AMMUNITION SERIES
^ SECTION 1, ARTILLERY AMMUNITION— GENERAL
WITH TABLE OF CONTENTS, GLOSSARY AND INDEX FOR SERIES

I
I
» *

1C
]263
. U52p
no.
706-244
1963 ‘h e a d q u a r t e r s , u. s . a r m y m a t e r ie l co m m a n d SEPTEMBER 1963
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UC 263 .U52p n o .706-244 1963

Section 1, artillery ^'3

ammunition, general

#29252702
HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES AR M Y M ATERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON 25, D .C .

30 September 1963

AM C P 706-244, Section 1, A rtille ry Ammunition--General,

forming part of the Ammunition Series of the A rm y M ateriel Command
Engineering Design Handbook, is published for the information and guid­
ance of all concerned.
(AMCRD)

FOR THE COMMANDER:

SELVYN D. SMITH, JR.

Major General, USA
Chief of Staff
O FFIC IA L:

DISTRIBUTION: Special
 FOREWORD
The A R T I L L E R Y A M M U N IT IO N S E R IE S is being issued as
an interim publication o f the Ordnance Engineering Design Handbook, a
comprehensive sequence o f publications planned to treat the entire held
o f Ordnance design. When the Handbook was begun it was found to be
impractical to integrate into it the series relating to A rtillery Ammuni­
tion already in preparation under the direction o f Picatinny Arsenal. A l­
though they were similar, the objectives o f the two projects were not
identical. The subject breakdown adopted fo r the Handbook would have
necessitated redistribution o f the material o f this series throughout
several o f the planned volumes o f the Handbook, with consequent delay
in publication o f much o f the material. I t was therefore decided to issue
this material intact as an interim publication to make it available as early
as possible. The material appearing in this series w ill be gradually su­
perseded as pertinent volumes o f the Ordnance Engineering Design
Handbook become available.

Material fo r this series was prepared by the Technical W ritin g

Service o f the M cG raw-H ill Book Company, under Contract DAI-28-017-
501-ORD-(P)-912. Technical supervision and much o f the basic in for­
mation were furnished by Picatinny Arsenal. Engineers from other
Ordnance Design Centers also supplied much information, and aided in
the review. In fact, so many persons have given time and energy to this
project that it has been difficult to compile a complete list o f acknowl­
edgements.

The following were responsible fo r the conception and direction o f

the p roject

A R T I L L E R Y A M M U N IT IO N S E C T IO N , A R T I L L E R Y A M ­
M U N IT IO N A N D P A C K IN G D E V E L O P M E N T L A B O R A ­
T O R Y , S A M U E L F E L T M A N A M M U N IT IO N L A B O R A ­
T O R IE S , P I C A T I N N Y A R S E N A L

A lfre d F. Teitscheid Chief, A rtillery Ammunition Branch

W ild e r R. Carson Chief, A rtillery Ammunition Branch

R oy H. W ood Chief, A rtillery Ammunition Laboratory A

 MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS

George Demltrack Picatinny Arsenal Interior Ballistics,

Propellants

Lars Enequist Ballistics Research Lethality Criteria

Laboratory
t*
f
Henry P. Hitchcock Ballistics Research Exterior Ballistics
**
Laboratory
to
Dr. Robert H. Kent Ballistics Research Exterior Ballistics
Laboratory

Charles Lenchitz Picatinny Arsenal Thermodynamics of

Explosive Materials

Prof. Arthur F. Prof, of Mechanical Manufacturing

MacConochie Engineering, Uni­ Methods
versity of Virginia

Arnold O. Picatinny Arsenal Physical Testing of

Pallingston Explosive Materials

Richard E. Todd Picatinny Arsenal Quality Control

Col. Herman U. General Contributor

Wagner, USA and Consultant o
(Retired)

Murray Weinstein Picatinny Arsenal Physical Testing of

Explosive Materials

Dr. Lewis Zernow Ballistics Research Shaped Charge

Laboratory Theory, Blast

Col. Herman H. Ordnance Specialist

Zornig, USA and Consultant
(Retired)

GENERAL ASSISTANCE

Kenneth H. Abbott Watertown Arsenal Kinetic Energy

Ammunition to

Theodor Advokat Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose r

Shell
to11
Norman E. Beach Picatinny Arsenal Chemical Testing of
Explosive Materials

Donald R. Beeman Picatinny Arsenal Head Ammunition

Design Branch
 n
GENERAL ASSISTANCE (cont)

Willard R. Benson Picatinny Arsenal Lethality Theory

- Warren Bllttersdorl Frank!ord Arsenal Cartridge Case

Design, Manufac­
turing Methods
»
Joseph I. Bluhm Watertown Arsenal Rotating Bands

0* William Byrne Frankford Arsenal Cartridge Case

m
4)
John E. Capell Picatinny Arsenal Ammunition Design
Standards

Herbert N. Cohen Picatinny Arsenal Pyrotechnics

Corwin S. Davis Picatinny Arsenal Chief Propellant

Section

Abraham L. Dorfman Picatinny Arsenal Pyrotechnics

Cyrus G. Dunkle Picatinny Arsenal Shaped Charge

Ammunition

Leonard H. Eriksen Picatinny Arsenal Explosives Chem­

istry Laboratory

O
\ Harold N. Euker Frankford Arsenal A P Shell

Patrick Falivene Picatinny Arsenal Propellant Ignition

Arthur P. Field Picatinny Arsenal Inspection

A1 Fox Frankford Arsenal Manufacturing

Methods

Leo J. Frey, Jr. Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell

Robert Frye Picatinny Arsenal Head Chemical

Branch

Andrew J. Gaiko Picatinny Arsenal GB Shell

Thomas Hall Picatinny Arsenal HEP Shell

*
T'
'
Dr. David Hart Picatinny Arsenal Head Pyrotechnics
Laboratory

« Floyd Hill Ballistics Research Tank Vulnerability

0
Laboratory

Sidney Jacobson Picatinny Arsenal Kinetic Energy

Ammunition

iii
 _ n
GENERAL ASSISTANCE (cont)

William Josephs Picatinny Arsenal Propellants

Kurt Kupferman Picatinny Arsenal Shaped Charge

Ammunition
•
Robert G. Leonard! Picatinny Arsenal Prim er Ignition f*-

William L. Lukens Form erly in charge -

of Ammunition De­ •
sign Branch, 5
Picatinny Arsenal

Ulysses S. Picatinny Arsenal Inspection

MacDonald

James R. McKay Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell

Harold Markus Frankford Arsenal A P Shell

Anthony Muzicka Watervliet Arsenal Rifling and Gun

Chambers

Jacob H. Niper Picatinny Arsenal Inspection

Karl G. Ottos on Picatinny Arsenal Asst. Chief, Chem­ n

ical Test Section

Lawrence W. P e ll Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives

Ballard E. Quass Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell

Lt. Richard Rhiel D & P S Aberdeen Plate Penetration

Proving Grounds Monograms

Dr. William H. Form erly in charge

Rinkenbach of Picatinny Arsenal

Gilbert E. Rogers Picatinny Arsenal General A rtillery

Ammunition Design

Max Rosenberg Picatinny Arsenal Ammunition Design «r

**
William M. Rowe Picatinny Arsenal HEP Shell

Samuel Sage Picatinny Arsenal Chief, High Ex­ • ”

plosives Section

Marvin B. Schaffer Picatinny Arsenal Canister Shell

Arthur B. Schilling Picatinny Arsenal Foreign Ammunition

o
 GENERAL ASSISTANCE (cont)

Robert M. Schwartz Picatinny Arsenal General Ammunition

Design

- William F. Shirk Picatinny Arsenal Canister Shell

Morgan Smith Ballistics Research A ircraft Vulnera­

Laboratory bility
t-
'V/- Joseph V.Sperazza Ballistics Research Blast Theory
Laboratory

* Joseph Sterne Ballistics Research Lethality, F rag­

Laboratory mentation

Theodore W. Stevens Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives

Noah A. Tolch Ballistics Research Lethality, Frag­

Laboratory mentation

Paul B. Tweed Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives

Robert J. Vogel Picatinny Arsenal Assistant, Research

and Development
Section

Leo Volkheimer Picatinny Arsenal WP Shell

Stanley Wachtell Chief, Physical

Test Section

Garry Weingarten Picatinny Arsenal Head, Chemical

Research Section
Pyrotechnics
Laboratory

. Edward Wurzell Picatinny Arsenal Interior Ballistics

 PREFACE
This series is ■ compilation o f available data on the design o f
artillery ammunition. I t is intended to introduce the graduate engineer
to the art o f ammunition design and to serve as a ready reference fo r the
practicing artillery ammunition designer. - '

Inform ation contained in these publications has been obtained

from development reports and drawings o f ammunition items, from proof
firing records, and from research reports by United States and British
government agencies. The information obtained from these sources was
corroborated and supplemented by means o f direct interviews and cor­
respondence with personnel o f U. S. government and private research
and design agencies.

This series consists o f six sections. Section 1 is an introduction to

the general subject o f ammunition and its design. I t is prim arily intended
to fam iliarize newcomers to the field with the nomenclature and classifi­
cation o f ammunition items. F o r convenience in publication, the features
applying to the entire series, such as Table o f Contents, Glossary and
Index, have been bound with Section 1.

Section 2 is concerned with terminal ballistics, or the production

o f effect by the various types o f ammunition. Section 3 deals with the
control o f flight, and exterior ballistic design o f both fin-stabilized and
spin-stabilized rounds.

Section 4, on design fo r projection o f ammunition, includes the

design o f propellants fo r desired interior ballistic characteristics, stress
analysis, and the design o f cartridge case, gun chamber, and rifling and
rotating bands.

Section 5 describes the inspection aspects o f artillery ammunition

design. I t is included to acquaint the designer with dimensioning prac­
tices and the nature o f the limitations placed on design by the require­
ments o f gaging and quality control.

Section 6, on manufacturing methods, has been included to give

the neophyte designer some insight into the overall problem o f the manu-

vi
 n facture of metal parts of ammunition items, since methods of manu­
facture impose limitations upon the design of such items.

Much effort has been spent in locating and verifying this data.
However, in spite of this, it is probable that valuable sources have been
overlooked and that a certain percentage of the information is already
obsolescent because of the rapid advances being made in the field. It
is hoped that the users of the Artillery Ammunition Series will inform
the Office of Ordnance Research, Box CM, Duke Station, Durham, North
Carolina, of any omissions or errors that they may notice.

I*

>»

V ll

Vi
 table of contents

Section Page Paragraphs

FOREW ORD................................................ . iii

PREFACE ..................................................

1 A R TILLE R Y AMMUNITION -
GENERAL ....................................

Types and Classification of

Complete Rounds........................... 1-1 to 1-12

Types of P ro je ctiles........................ 1-13 to 1-21

Projectile Components................... . 1-3 1-22 to 1-28

Fuzes, Boosters, and Detonators . . . 1-4 1-29 to 1-37

Explosives for Ammunition............ . 1-6 1-38 to 1-41

Propelling C h a r g e s ........................ . 1-6 1-42 to 1-50

General Design Requirements . . . . . 1-8 1-51 to 1-54

References and Bibliography . . . . . 1-8

2 DESIGN FOR TERMINAL EFFECTS . 2-1

Introduction.................................... . 2-1 2-1 to 2-16

Blast E f f e c t .................................... . 2-7 2-17 to 2-49

v iii
m
 Section Page Paragraphs

2 DESIGN FOR TERMINAL

EFFECTS (cont)

References and B ibliograp h y.......... 2-20

Characteristics oi High Explosives . . 2-22 2-50 to 2-70

Shaped Charge Ammunition .................2-30 2-71 to 2-153

h
Fragmentation.................................... 2-93 2- 154 to 2-207

jr References and B ibliography..........2-113

Kinetic Energy Ammunition fo r the

Defeat of A r m o r ........................ 2-117 2-208 to 2-265

References and B ibliography.......... 2-148

Canister Ammunition.......................... 2-150 2-266 to 2-278

References and Bibliography . . . . . 2-155

High-Explosive Plastic (HEP) Shell. . 2-156 2-279 to 2-291

References and B ibliograp h y..........2-159

Special Purpose S h e ll..........................2-160 2-292 to 2-371

References and B ibliography.......... 2-199

3 DESIGN FOR CONTROL OF FLIGHT

CHARACTERISTICS........................ 3-1

Design fo r P r e c is io n ........................ 3-1 3- 1 to 3-22

References and B ibliography..........3-33

Design fo r Maximum Range or

Minimum Tim e of F lig h t................. 3-38 3- 23 to 3-48

References and Bibliography . . . . . 3-77

Projectile G eom etry...........................3-81 3- 49 to 3-64

4 DESIGN FOR PROJECTION................ 4-1

«i
Propellants and Interior Ballistics . . 4-1 4- 1 to 4-75

Cartridge Case and Gun Chamber

J
D esign ................................................4-117 4- 76 to 4-116

References and B ibliography..........4-137

ix

o
 o
Section Page Paragraphs

4 DESIGN FOR PROJECTION (cont)

Rotating Band and Rilling Design . . . 4-149 4-117 to 4-154

References and Bibliography . . . . . 4-176

Stress in Shell.................................. . 4-177 4-155 to 4-177

References and Bibliography . . . . . 4-190 4

5 INSPECTION ASPECTS OF A R T IL ­ %
LERY AMMUNITION DESIGN. . . . . 5-1

Quality Assurance Aspects of

Ammunition D e s ig n ...................... . 5-1 5-1 to 5-21

References and Bibliography . . . . . 5-12

Effect of Dimensioning and Tol-

erancing on In sp ection ................. , 5-13 5-22 to 5-28

6 MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC
COMPONENTS OF ARTILLERY
AMMUNITION............................... . 6-1

Introduction.................................... . 6-1 6-1 to 6-10

Forging of HE S h e ll............ . 6-4 6-11 to 6-33 O

Machining of HE Shell...................... . 6-14 6-34 to 6-56

Cold Extrusion of HE S h e l l ............ . 6-21 6-57 to 6-68

Compromise Method of Shell

Form ing......................................... . 6-25 6-69 to 6-70

Manufacture of High-Explosive
Plastic S h e ll.................................. . 6-26 6-71 to 6-77

Manufacture of Arm or-Piercing

Shot and C a p s ............................... . 6-29 6-78 to 6-86

The Manufacture of Hypervelocity

Arm or-Piercing (HVAP) Shot. . . . . 6-35 6-87 to 6-91

The Manufacture of Tungsten

Carbide C ores....................... .. .6-36 6-92 to 6-95

The Manufacture of Brass Cartridge

C a s e s ................... ....................... . 6-37 6-96 to 6-103

The Manufacture of Drawn-Steel

Cartridge C a s e s ........................... . 6-41 6-104 to 6-122
 Section Page Paragraphs

6 MANUFACTURE OF M ETALLIC
COMPONENTS OF A R TILLE R Y
AMMUNITION (cont)

The Manufacture of Trapezoidal-

Wrapped Steel Cartridge Cases . .. . 6-46 6-123 to 6-131

The Manufacture of Perforated

Cartridge C a s e s .......................... 6-132 to 6-133

References and Bibliography . . . . . 6-49

GLOSSARY...................................................

INDEX

o
n

GLOSSARY

A facturer. When necessary, it may also

include instructions for handling the ammu­
ABSOLUTE DEVIATION: The shortest distance nition.
between the center ol the target and the
point where a projectile hits or bursts. AMMUNITION IDENTIFICATION CODE: Code
symbol (for example, P5HBA) assigned to
each ammunition item for identification and
ABSOLUTE ERROR: Shortest distance between
to facilitate the supply of ammunition to
the center of impact or the center of burst
the field. The first two characters refer to
of a group of shots and the point of impact
the pertinent ordnance catalog, and the r e ­
or burst of a single shot within the group.
maining three characters to the weapon
group, type and model, and packaging. In
ACCURACY LIFE: The estimated average small arms ammunition the grade is in­
number of rounds that a particular weapon dicated.
can fire before its tube becomes so worn
that its accuracy tolerance is exceeded. AMMUNITION LO T NUMBER: Code number
that identifies a particular quantity of am­
ACCURACY OF FIRE: The measurement of munition from one manufacturer. The num­
the precision of fire expressed as the dis­ ber is assigned to each lot of ammunition
tance of the center of impact from the when it is manufactured.
center of the target.
ANGLE OF DEPARTURE: Angle between the
ADIABATIC FLAM E TEMPERATURE: The line of sight and the axis of the bore of a
temperature a combustible system would at­ gun at the instant the projectile leaves the
tain if all the energy of combustion went muzzle. Angle of departure is the sum of
into the formation of gas without energy the angles of site, elevation, and vertical
loss to the surroundings. jump.

AMATOL: High explosive made of a mixture of ANGLE OF F A L L : Angle between the hori­
ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene; zontal and the tangent to the trajectory at
sometimes used as a bursting charge in the point at which a projectile falls.
high-explosive projectiles.
ANGLE OF IM PACT: Acute angle between the
AMMONAL: High-explosive substance made of tangent to the trajectory at the point of
a mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitro­ impact of a projectile and the plane tangent
toluene, and flaked or powdered aluminum. to the surface of the ground at the point of
Ammonal is sometimes used as a bursting impact; angle at which a projectile strikes
charge in high-explosive projectiles, and the ground or a target.
produces bright flashes on explosion.
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: Angle at which a
AMMUNITION DATA CARD: Identification card projectile strikes a surface; acute angle
prepared for each individual lot of ammuni­ between the tangent to the line of impact of
tion manufactured, giving the type and com­ a projectile and the perpendicular to the
position of the ammunition, and identifying surface of the ground at the point of impact.
its components by lot number and manu­ It is the complement of the angle of impact.

G -l

n
AREA TARGET: Target fo r gunfire or bombing BALLISTIC CONDITIONS: Conditions which
covering a considerable space, such as am­ affect the motion of a projectile in the bore
munitions factory, airport, or freight yard. and through the atmosphere, including muz­
An area target differs from a point target, zle velocity, weight of projectile, size and
which is a particular object or structure. shape of projectile, rotation erf the earth,
density of the air, elasticity of the air and
ARMING: As applied to fuzes, the changing the wind.
from a safe condition to a state of readiness
for initiation. Generally a fuze is caused to BALLISTIC CURVE: Actual path or trajectory
arm by acceleration, rotation, clock mech­ of a bullet or shell.
anism, or air travel, or by combinations of
these. BALLISTIC DENSITY: Computed constant air
density that would have the same total effect
ARMOR: Protective covering, especially metal
on a projectile during its flight as the
plates used on ships, tanks, motor vehicles,
varying densities actually encountered.
etc.
ARMOR-PIERCING: A term applied to bullets BALLISTIC EFFICIENCY: Ability of a pro­
and projectiles designed to pierce armor jectile to overcome the resistance of the
plate. air. Ballistic efficiency depends chiefly on
the weight, diameter, and shape of the
ARMOR-PIERCING CAPPED: Term applied to projectile.
arm or-piercing projectiles which have a
steel cap in front of the projectile point, to BALLISTIC LIM IT: Velocity at which a given
assist in defeating face-hardened armor type of projectile w ill perforate a given
plate. thickness and type of armor plate at a
specified obliquity.
AUTOMATIC (Self-Acting): Moving or acting by
itself. A fter the first round is fired, an auto­ BALLISTIC MORTAR: Instrument used to de­
matic weapon fires, extracts, ejects, and termine the relative energy obtainable from
reloads without application erf power from an explosive materials.
outside source, repeating the cycle as long
as the firing mechanism is held in the proper BALLISTICS: The science of the motion of
position. Automatic action involves re peat - projectiles.
ing the cycle of operation, as distinguished
from semi-automatic, which is restricted to BALLISTIC TEMPERATURE: A computed con­
one complete cycle at a time. stant temperature that would have the same
total effect on a projectile traveling from
AUTOMATIC FEED MECHANISM: Mechanism the gun to the target as the varying tem­
in .an automatic gun that puts fresh shells peratures actually encountered.
into the chamber in position fo r firing.
BALLISTIC WAVE: Audible disturbance or
B wave caused by the compression of air
ahead of a projectile in flight.
BACK-BLAST: Rearward blast of gases from
the breech of recoilless weapons and rock­ BALLISTIC WIND: Assumed constant wind that
ets upon the burning of the propellant would have the same total effect on a pro­
charge. It is sometimes referred to as jectile traveling from the gun to the target
breech-blast. as the varying winds actually encountered.

BALLISTIC CAP: Cap fo r projectile, designed BALLISTITE: Smokeless powder used as a

to improve its ballistic efficiency. propelling charge in sm all-arm s and mortar
ammunition.
BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: Measure of the
ability of a m issile to overcome air re ­ BALLOTING: The bounding from side to side of
sistance. a projectile in the bore of a gun.

G-2

n
 BASE EJECTION SHELL: Type of special pur­ BLAST CUBE: Angle iron frame covered with
pose shell which functions by expelling its aluminum sheets; used fo r testing effective­
fille r out of the base of the shell. Expulsion ness of blast.
is usually achieved by a small charge of
propellant, called an expelling charge.
BLAST TUBE: Device used fo r the study of
shock waves, and fo r calibration of a ir-
BASE LINE: Line of known length and direction blast gages.
/< f ■

between two points whose locations are

known; used in fire control.
BLASTING MACHINE: Small hand-powered
generator for electrically firing one or
BASE PLUG: Seal in base of projectile. more detonators or squibs to explode or
ignite munitions or series of munitions.
BASE OF TRAJECTORY: Straight horizontal
line from the center of the muzzle of a BLOWBACK: Escape, to the rear and under
weapon to the point in the downward curve of pressure, of gases formed during the firing
the path of a projectile that is level with the of a gun. Blowback may be caused by a
muzzle. defective breech mechanism, a ruptured
cartridge, or a faulty primer.
BASE SPRAY: (See SPRAY.)
B O AT-TAIL: Rear end of a projectile that is
BIOLOGICAL AGENT: Viruses, any of certain tapered or cone-shaped, and not cylindrical,
classifications of micro-organisms and as in a projectile having a square base.
toxic substances, derived from living o r ­
ganisms used to produce death or disease BOOSTER: High-explosive element, sufficiently
in man, animals, and growing plants. sensitive to be actuated by small explosive
elements in a fuze, and powerful enough to
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE: Tactics and tech­ cause detonation of the main explosive
niques of conducting warfare by use of filling.
biological agents.
BORE: The cylindrical, and usually rifled,
BLACK POWDER: A sensitive, easily ignitible portion of the gun tube, or barrel interior,
explosive mixture, which produces dense extending from the forcing cone to the muz­
smoke; few remaining military uses, such zle. Bore is used both for the inside surface
as igniters, expelling and blank-fire of the barrel or tube of a gun, with its
charges. Black powder was used as a pro­ rifling, and for the cylindrical space en­
pellant before the advent of so-called closed by that portion of the tube.
smokeless powder.
BORE IMPRESSION: Impression of the bore of
BLANK AMMUNITION: Ammunition containing a gun tube, made with a plastic substance in
power but no projectile. Blank ammunition order to determine the condition of the
is used in training, in signaling, and in rifling.
firing salutes.
BORESAFE FUZE: Type of fuze having an in-
BLAST: Sudden air pressure created by the terruptor in the explosive train that pre­
discharge of a gun or the explosion of a vents a functioning until after the projectile
charge. has cleared the muzzle of a weapon.

BLASTING CAP: Small cylindrical case with a BOURRELET: Finely machined band or ring of
thin wall in which is enclosed a sensitive metal just behind the ogive of a projectile,
explosive, such as mercury fulminate, used designed to support the front portion of the
as a detonator to set off another explosive projectile by riding the lands as the pro­
charge. The explosive in the blasting cap is jectile travels through the bore of a gun.
fired either by a burning fuse or by elec­
tricity. Also called a detonator. BOW WAVE: (See BALLISTIC WAVE.)

G-3
n
BREECH: The rear part of the bore of a gun, CANISTER: (1) Metal cylinder containing metal
especially the opening that permits the pro­ fragments which are scattered when the
jectile to be inserted at the rear of the bore. cylinder breaks. (2) Cylinder containing ma­
terials fo r special terminal effects, such
BREECH-BLAST: (See BACK-BLAST.) as smoke, propaganda leaflets, chaff, etc.

BREECHBLOCK: Movable steel block that CANNISTER AMMUNITION: Shell containing

closes the rear part of the barrel in a preformed metal fragments which are dis­
firearm . persed by the centrifugal force caused by
the shell's rotation.

BRIDGE WAVES: Mach waves caused by the CANNELURE: (1) A ring-like groove in the
interaction erf two shock waves to form a jacket of a bullet which provides a means of
third that bridges the volume between the securely crimping the cartridge case to the
original two. bullet; analogous to the crimping groove in
artillery ammunition. (2) Ring-like groove
BRISANCE: Shattering power of high ex­ for locking the jacket of an armor-piercing
plosives. bullet to the core. (3) Ring-like groove in
the rotating band of a projectile, intended to
BURNING (of propellant): (See LINEAR BURN­ lessen the resistance offered to the gun
ING RATE.) riflings. (4) Groove around the base of the
cartridge case, where the extractor takes
hold. '
BURST: Explosion of a projectile in the air, or
when it strikes the ground or target.
CANNON: (1) Fixed or mobile weapon, larger
BURSTER: Explosive charge used to break than small arms, that ejects its projectile
open and spread the contents of chemical by the action of an explosive. Cannon inc-
projectiles, bombs, or mines. clude guns, howitzers, and breech-loading
mortars. (2) That portion of such a weapon
BURSTER TUBE: Tube that holds the burster required to fire a projectile (that is, tube,
in a chemical projectile. breech mechanism, and firing mechanism),
as contrasted to that portion which supports
BURSTING CHARGE: Quantity of explosive the weapon and which is called the carriage
which breaks the casing of a projectile or mount.
to produce demolition, fragmentation,
or chemical action. (See EXPLOSIVE CANT: A leaning or tilt, to one side, of any
CHARGE.) object; m ilitarily, the sidewise tilting of a
gun.
C
CAP: (1) Nosepicce on a projectile. (2) (See
CALIBER: (1) Diameter of the bore of a gun. In BLASTING CAP.)
rifled gun bores the caliber is obtained by
measuring between opposite lands. A caliber CARTRIDGE: Round of ammunition wherein the
.45 revolver has a barrel with a land diam­ propellant and prim er are contained in a
eter 45/100 of an inch. (2) Diameter of a casing and in which the propellant, primer,
projectile. (3) Unit of measure used to ex­ and projectile are assembled, stored,
press the length of the bore of a weapon. shipped, and issued as a complete unit.
The number of calibers is determined by
dividing the length of the bore of the weapon, CARTRIDGE BAG: Cloth bag holding the pro­
from the breech face of the tube to the pelling charge for some types of cannon.
muzzle, by the diameter of its bore. A gun
tube whose bore is 40 feet (480 inches) long CARTRIDGE CASE: Container that holds the
and 12 inches in diameter is said to be 40 prim er and propellant, and to which the
calibers long. projectile may be affixed.

G-4
CAST LOADING: Loading of HE shell by the CHORD: Straight line parallel to the centerline
pouring of molten high-explosive fille r into of the projectile from the leading edge to
shell body. the trailing edge of a fin; the length of that
line.
CAVITY CHARGE: (See SHAPED CHARGE.)
CHRONOGRAPH: Instrument for measuring and
CENTER OF BURST: Point in the air about graphically recording small intervals of
•which the bursts of several projectiles, time; frequently used fo r measuring v e ­
from rounds fired under like conditions, locity of projectiles.
are evenly distributed.
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS: Enumeration
CENTER OF BURST ERROR: Distance between
of possible defects of a product classified
the target and center of burst.
according to their importance.
CENTER OF DISPERSION: Theoretical center
of hits or bursts that would have been made CLOSED BOMB: Apparatus used for determin­
if an unlimited number of shots had been ing the thermochemical characteristics of
fired with the same data. Actually it has to combustible materials. Also called closed
be considered the center of impact or bursts chamber; bomb calorimeter.
of all shots already fired.
COEFFICIENT OF FORM: Factor introduced
CHAFF: Electromagnetic-wave reflectors in into the ballistic coefficient of a projectile,
the form of narrow metallic strips, used based on its shape.
fo r creating echoes with which to confuse
the enemy; also called window. COLORED MARKER SHELL: Projectile con­
taining a colored dye which is ejected by a
CHAFF SHELL: Hollow projectile containing a burster charge; used fo r spotting, marking,
fille r of chaff. (See CHAFF.) and signaling.

CHAMBER: Part of a gun in which the charge COMPLETE PENETRATION: (1) In the Army,
is placed; in a cannon, that space between penetration obtained when the projectile in
the obturator or breechlock and the forcing the target or light through the target can be
cone. Nominally it is the space occupied by seen from the rear of the target. (2) In the
the cartridge case. Navy, penetration obtained when the pro­
jectile passes through the target intact or a
CHAMBER C APAC ITY: Space available fo r gas major portion of the projectile passes
expansion when the projectile is seated in through.
position; measured from the face of the
closed breechblock, around the base of the COMPLETE ROUND: (1) A complete round of
projectile, to the rear of the rotating band separate-loading artillery ammunition con­
(or obturator). In fixed ammunition, it is the sists of a primer, propelling charge, and
volume of the cartridge case behind the (except fo r blank ammunition) a projectile.
projectile. (2) A complete record of fixed or sem i­
fixed ammunition comprises a primer, pro­
CHEMICAL AGENT: Solid, liquid, or gas whose pelling charge, cartridge case, and a pro­
chemical properties produce lethal, injuri­ jectile.
ous, or irritant effects; a screening or col­
ored smoke; or an incendiary agent. (War COMPUTED MAXIMUM PRESSURE: For any
gases, smokes, and incendiaries are the type of gun, the theoretical value of maximum
three main groups.) pressure computed by interior ballistics
formulas. When a new gun of the type in
CHOKING GAS: Casualty producing gas which question is fired under standard conditions,
causes irritation and inflammation of the with a propelling charge that will give a
bronchial tubes and lungs. Phosgene is an projectile its rated muzzle velocity, this is
example of this type of gas. the pressure which should be developed.

G-5
CONFINEMENT: Degree of physical restriction tance corresponding to the delay. Such fuzes
to passage of detonation wave through ex­ are used to permit penetration of the target
plosive material. before detonation, or for mining effect.

COOK-OFF: Functioning of a chambered round DESIGN PROCEDURE: Outline of steps to fo l­

of ammunition, initiated by the heat of the low in designing an item.
weapon.
DETERRENT: Material diffused into the sur­
COPPER CRUSHER GAGE: Device used to face of propellant grains to control burning.
measure pressure developed in gun chamber
by measuring the deformation bf a copper DETONATE: Explode suddenly and violently.
cylinder.
DETONATING AGENT: Explosive used to set
off another explosive. Fulminate of mercury
COPPERING: Metal fouling left in the bore of
and tetryl are used as detonating agents to
a weapon by the rotating band or the jacket
set off other less sensitive explosives.
of a projectile.
DETONATING CHARGE: Charge used to set off
CORDITE: Double-base powder in the form of a high-explosive charge.
cords, composed of guncotton, nitroglycerin,
and mineral jelly, used by some foreign DETONATING CORD: Flexible fabric tube con­
nations as a propellant in rounds of ammu­ taining a fille r of high explosive that is set
nition. off by a blasting cap or by an electric deto­
• nator. It has an extremely high rate of ex­
COUNTERRECOIL: Forward movement of a plosion, and is used to set off other high-
gun returning to firing position after recoil. explosive charges. The detonating cord
currently in use is known commercially as
CROSS-WIND FORCE (L IF T ): Component of primacord.
air resistance in a direction perpendicular
to the motion of the center of gravity, in DETONATING EXPLOSIVE: (See HIGH EX­
the plane of yaw. PLOSIVE.)

CRYSTAL DENSITY: Maximum density attain­ DETONATION: Extremely rapid reaction with
able for a given substance. evolution of considerable heat accompanied
by considerable violently disruptive effect
and intense shock wave. (See also D EFLA­
D
GRATION.)

DECELEROTOR: Device for slowing the rota­ DETONATION FRONT: (See WAVE FRONT.)
tion of parachute-containing projectile, be­
fore ejection of the parachute. DETONATION RATE: Velocity at which the
detonation wave travels through an explosive
DEFLAGRATION: Rapid reaction (explosion) material.
with evolution of considerable heat, accom­
panied by some disruptive effect but less DETONATION WAVE: (See SHOCK WAVE.)
violent than a detonation.
DETONATOR: Sensitive explosive used to set
DEGRESSIVE GRANULATION: Propellant grain off an explosive train, as well as the mech­
which burns with a continually decreasing anism and container connected therewith.
surface until the grain is completely con- '
sumed. DEVLOPED MUZZLE VELOCITY: The actual
muzzle velocity produced by any gun.
DELAY FUZE: Fuze that has a delay element
incorporated in the fuze train, permitting DOUBLE-BASE POWDER: (See DOUBLE-BASE
the missile to penetrate the target a dis­ PRO PELLANT.)

G-6
DOUBLE-BASE PRO PELLAN T: Propellant size. The number of sections used deter­
whose principle active ingredients are ni­ mines the muzzle velocity and range of the
trocellulose and nitroglycerin. (See PRO­ projectile.
PE LLA N T.) EQUATION OF STATE: An equation relating
the volume, temperature, and pressure of a
DRAG: Component of air resistance in the
system.
direction opposite to that of the motion of
the center of gravity of a projectile. EROSION: Wearing away of a bore due to com­
bined effect of gas washing, scouring, and
D RILL AMMUNITION: Ammunition without an mechanical abrasion. Due to the high tem­
explosive charge, used in training and prac­ peratures and velocities, and chemical ac­
tice. tion, the bore diameter becomes enlarged.

DUMMY PROJECTILE: Shell that has no ex­ EXPELLING CHARGE: Quantity of propellant
plosive charge. Dummy projectiles are used used in special purpose shell to eject the
fo r practice and training purposes. contents of the shell.

E. C. BLANK FIRE: (See E. C. SMOKELESS EXPLOSIVE: Substance which, when subjected

POWDER.) to heat, impact, friction, or other suitable
initial impulse, undergoes an explosion that
E. C. SMOKELESS POWDER: Orange or pink is a very rapid chemical transformation,
explosive powder, resembling coarse sand. forming other more stable products entirely
It is used as a charge in small arms, in or largely gaseous, whose combined vol­
blank cartridges. Also called blank-fire ume is much greater than that of the o rig i­
powder or E. C. blank fire. nal substance. Explosives are classified as
high-explosive or low-explosive, according
ECCENTRICITY: Distance from center line to to the rate of the transformation. (See HIGH
center of gravity of projectile. EXPLOSIVE and LOW EXPLOSIVE.)

ELASTIC STRENGTH PRESSURE: The com­ EXPLOSIVE CHARGE: Predetermined quantity

puted internal gas pressure in a gun which, of explosive required to produce a specific
at the section under consideration, will effect. (See BURSTING CHARGE; E X PE L­
stress the metal in some layer of the wall LING CHARGE; PROPELLING CHARGE.)
tangentially, up to the minimum elastic
lim it which is prescribed for the metal EXPLOSIVE D: Ammonium picrate, a high-
from which the member is made. explosive charge that is not easily set off in
transportation, or in handling, etc. Some­
ELECTRIC PRIMER: Metallic device contain­ times it is used as a bursting charge in
ing a small amount of a sensitive explosive armor-piercing projectiles.
or charge of black powder which is actuated
by energizing an electric circuit. It is used EXPLOSIVE TRAIN: That portion of a fuze or
for setting off explosive or propelling fuze system consisting of explosive com­
charges. ponents, such as primer, detonator, booster,
etc., necessary to cause functioning of a
ELECTRIC SQUIB: Commercial flash-fuze de­ warhead or destructor.
vice for electrical firing of burning type
munitions such as smoke pots. It consists EXTERIOR BALLISTICS: The branch of ballis­
essentially of a small tube sealed with tics which deals with the motion of the pro­
sulfur, containing a small charge of powder jectile after leaving the gun.
compressed around a fine resistance wire.
There are three types: open-end, flash- F
vented, and closed-end.
FIN: Light metal portion of a mortar shell,
EQUAL SECTION CHARGE: Propelling charge bomb, and some rockets, designed for sta­
made up of a number of charges equal in bilizing and controlling them while in flight.

G-7
FIN STABILIZATION: Method of stabilizing a FUZE: Device used to initiate a detonation
projectile, bomb, or m issile during flight under the conditions desired.
by the fitting of fins.
G
FIXED AMMUNITION: Ammunition with prim er
and propellent powder contained in a car­
tridge case permanently crimped or at­ GILDING M ETAL: Copper-zinc alloy (brass)
tached to a projectile, that is loaded into a used for rotating bands.
weapon as a unit.
GRANULATION: Size and shape of grain of
FIXED ROUND: Round of fixed ammunition. propellant.

FLAM E TEMPERATURE. (See ADIABATIC GRAVIMETRIC DENSITY: Weight of the pro­

FLAM E TEMPERATURE.) • pellant (in lb per in.®) divided by the volume
occupied by the propellant (includes the air
space in and around propellant grains).
FLASH REDUCER: Any material for use with a
propelling charge to reduce its muzzle
G-SERIES WAR GASES: Group of persistent
flash. blood and nerve poisons which are highly
toxic and practically odorless. GA, GB,
F L A T TRAJECTORY: Trajectory with little and GD are members of the G-series.
curvature, produced by a projectile with a
high velocity. GUNCOTTON: Nitrocellulose containing 13
percent or more of nitrogen.
FLECHETTE: Stabilized fragment having a H
pointed nose and finned tail; dart.
HANG FIRE: Temporary failure or delay in the
FORCE: A term, convenient in interior ballis­
action of a primer, igniter, or propelling
tics theory, which is defined as the product
charge. For a few seconds it cannot be
of the number of mols of gas per gram of
distinguished from a complete failure, or
propellant and the adiabatic-constant-vol­ misfire.
ume flame temperature.

FORCING CONE: Tapered beginning of the HANGFIRE TEST: Test to determine uniform­
lands at the origin of the rifling of a gun ity and promptness of fire of a type of am­
tube. The forcing cone allows the rotating munition.
band of the projectile to be gradually en­
gaged by the rifling thereby centering the HC MIXTURE: Solid, nonpersistent screening
projectile in the bore. smoke that, when burning, produces a gray­
ish white smoke having a sharp, acrid
FORM COEFFICIENT: Factor used in form odor, which is toxic if released in sufficient
functions to describe the ratio of burning quantities in enclosed places; used in
surface to fraction burned. bombs, shell, grenades, and smoke pots.
The smoke is cool burning as contrasted
FORM FUNCTION: Mathematical expression with white phosphorous, and tends to cling
relating burning rate to propellant grain to the earth.
geometry.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION: Heat evolved in the
FRAGMENTATION: The breaking and scat­ complete oxidation of a substance at con­
tering in all directions of the pieces of a stant pressure and 25°C. The test is usually
projectile, bomb, or grenade. accomplished calorimetrically by burning a
gram of sample in a combustion bomb con­
FULMINATE OF MERCURY: (See MERCURY taining one cc of water under a pressure of
FULMINATE.) 30 atmospheres of pure oxygen.

G-8
 HEAT OF EXPLOSION: Heat evolved in burn­ HYGROSCOPICITY: The tendency of a sub­
ing a sample in a combustion bomb under stance to absorb any available moisture
a pressure of 25 atmospheres of helium, or from its surroundings; specifically the ab­
other inert gas. (Products of explosion vary sorption of water vapor from the atmos­
with the oxygen balance of the sample.) phere.

HEAT OF FORMATION: Heat of formation of a

compound is equal to the sum of the heats HYPERVELOCITY: Muzzle velocity of an a rtil­
of formation of the products of combustion, lery projectile of 3,500 feet per second or
more.
minus the heat of combustion of the com­
pound. 'H f (reactants) = TAHf (products) -
AHC. HYPERVELOCITY ARMOR-PIERCING (HVAP)
AMMUNITION: Ammunition which embodies
HEAT OF REACTION: Heat evolved when a a core of hard, dense material (such as
sample is burned in a combustion bomb in tungsten carbide) within a shell of light
one atmosphere of helium or other inert material, such as aluminum. Its light over­
gas. (Products of this reaction are depend­ all weight permits it to be fired safely at
ent on the oxygen balance of the sample.) very high velocities. The velocity is rapidly
lost, but at short ranges it is effective
HEAT SHELL: (See HIGH-EXPLOSIVE AN TI­ against armor.
TANK SHELL.)
HYPERVELOCITY ARMOR-PIERCING DIS­
HEAT TEST: Accelerated stability test of an CARDING SABOT (HVAPDS) AMMUNITION:
explosive material. Ammunition which embodies a hyperveloc­
HEP SHELL: (See HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PLASTIC ity, armor-piercing, subcaliber projectile
SHELL.) within a discarding sabot. (See SABOT.)

HIGH-ANGLE FIRE: Fire delivered at eleva­ HYPERVELOCITY ARMOR-PIERCING DIS­

tions greater than the elevation of maximum CARDING SABOT FIN-STABILIZED (HVA-
range, its range therefore decreasing as the PDSFS) AMMUNITION: Ammunition which
angle of elevation is increased. Mortars embodies a hypervelocity, armor-piercing,
deliver high-angle fire. subcaliber, fin-stabilized projectile within
a discarding sabot. (See SABOT.)
HIGH EXPLOSIVE: Explosive which undergoes
an extremely rapid chemical transforma­ I
tion, thereby producing a high order detona­
tion and shattering effect. High explosives IGNITER: Device containing a ready burning
are used as bursting charges for bombs, composition, usually a form of black pow­
projectiles, grenades, mines, and for demo­ der, used to amplify the ignition of a pro­
lition. pelling charge by a primer. Also sometimes
used to amplify the initiation of a prim er in
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE ANTITANK (HEAT) SHELL: the functioning of certain types of fuzes and
Ammunition for defeat of armour by use of a burster charges.
shaped charge.
IGNITER TRAIN: Step-by-step arrangement of
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PLASTIC (HEP) SHELL (or, charges in pyrotechnic bombs, shells, etc.,
SQUASH-HEAD SHELL): Shell with deform­ by which the initial fire from the primer is
able nose, designed to contain a plastic transmitted and intensified until it reaches
explosive, for use against armor; shock and sets off the main charge. An explosive
transmitted through the armor causes the bomb, projectile, etc., uses a sim ilar se­
back of armor plate to spall. ries, called an explosive train.

HIGH-EXPLOSIVE SHELL: Projectile with a IG NITIB ILITY: Statement of the ease with
bursting charge of high explosive, used which the burning of a substance may be
against personnel and materiel. initiated.

G-9
IGNITING MIXTURE: Explosive mixture used INTERIOR BALLISTICS: Subdivision of ballis­
as a fuze in pyrotechnic signals. tics which deals with that part of the phe­
nomena within the chamber and bore of a
IGNITING PRIMER: Prim er designed to be
weapon associated with imparting kinetic
initiated by fiame from another primer.
energy to missiles. (See BALLISTICS.)
Sometimes used in subcaliber guns so as
to permit d rill or practice with the regular
ISOBARIC ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERA­
primer.
TURE: Adiabatic flame temperature attained
IGNITION CARTRIDGE: Igniter in cartridge in a constant pressure system. (See
form which may be used alone or with ad­ ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE.)
ditional propellant increments as a pro­
pelling charge for certain mortar ammuni­ ISOCHORIC ADIABATIC FLAM E TEMPERA­
tion. TURE: Adiabatic flame temperature attained
in a constant volume system. (See ADI­
ILLUMINATING SHELL: Projectile with a time ABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE.)
fuze that sets off a parachute flare at any
desired height; used for lighting up an area. J

IM PACT FUZE: Fuze designed to function on JOLT AND JUMBLE TESTS: Tests intended
impact. to simulate the shocks various components
of ammunition are subjected to in trans­
INCENDIARY: (1) Chemical agent used pri­ portation and handling.
marily for igniting combustible substances
with which it is in contact by generating JUMP: The movement which the tube of the
sufficient heat to cause ignition. (2) Filling gun describes under the shock of firing,
for incendiary munitions such as shells, but before the projectile leaves the muzzle.
bombs, grenades, and flame throwers. (3) Usually expressed as an angle.
Munition with flammable filling and means
of release and/or ignition. K

INCREMENT: A package of propellant, forming KINETIC ENERGY AMMUNITION: Ammuni­

part of the full propelling charge, which may tion whose effectiveness is dependent upon
be removed to reduce the velocity or range. its high density (mass) and high velocity.
(See MULTISECTION CHARGE.)
L
IN ITIAL AIR SPACE: Volume of gun chamber
not occupied by propellant when gun is LANDS: Raised portion between grooves in the
loaded for firing. bore of a rifled gun.

IN ITIAL VELOCITY: (See MUZZLE VE­ LATE RAL DEVIATION: Horizontal distance
LOCITY.) between the point of impact or burst and
the gun-target line.
INITIATOR: Small quantity of very sensitive
and powerful explosive used to start the LEAD AZIDE: Very sensitive high explosive
detonation of another less sensitive ex­ used in small quantities to initiate other
plosive. Mercury fulminate, lead azide, and less sensitive high explosives.
tetryl are the principle high explosives used
as initiators. LE A FLE T SHELL: Usually consists of stand­
ard-base ejection smoke shell, of any cali­
INSTANTANEOUS FUZE: One which w ill burst ber, with smoke canisters removed and
the projectile on the outside of a hard sur­ propaganda substituted therefor.
face (such as a concrete emplacement) be­
fore penetration or ricochet. This fuze will LIFTING PLUG: Threaded eyebolt which fits
give some crater on hard ground. (See into the fuze cavity, permitting heavy shells
SUPERQUICK FUZE.) to be handled by means of a winch.

G-10
LINEAR BURNING RATE: The distance normal M
to any burning surface of the propellant
grain burned through in unit time. This MACH NUMBER: Ratio of the velocity of a
property depends upon the chemical com­ body to that of sound in the same medium.
position, and is not a function of geometry.
MACH WAVE: Supersonic shock wave.
LINER: (1) Inner tube, in a cannon, which bears
MAGNUS FORCE: (1) Force normal to the
the rifling and which may be replaced whenf
plane of yaw, caused by the spin. (2) Force
worn out. (2) Cone of material used as an
arising from interaction of a spinning body
integral part of shaped charge liner.
and the windstream when the body is yawing.
LIVE AMMUNITION: Ammunition containing
MAGNUS FORCE, CENTER OF: Vanishing
explosives. This is in contrast to drill am­
point of Magnus moment.
munition (dummy ammunition), which con­
tains no explosives and is used in training.
MAXIMUM PRESSURE: The maximum value of
the pressure exerted by the propellant gases
LOADING DENSITY: Ratio of weight of pro­
on the walls of a gun during the firing of
pellant (in lb per in. 3) to available chamber
the round.
volume.
MAXIMUM SKY BRIGHTNESS: Worst possible
sky condition for observing pyrotechnic sig­
LONG-DELAY FUZE: One which w ill burst the
nals; usually uniform clouds or overcast.
projectile after complete penetration into
hard ground. There is a variation in the
M EPLAT: Flat nose.
time element in long-delay fuzes required
for different uses. (This is a question to be MERCURY FULMINATE: Sensitive explosive
determined by the Ordnance Dept.) that is set off by friction, impact, or heat,
and detonates. Mercury fulminate is used
LOW EXPLOSIVE: Explosive which undergoes to set off other explosives in projectiles,
a relatively slow chemical transformation, mines, or bombs.
thereby producing a deflagration or an ex­
plosion, the effect ranging from that of a M ETAL FOULING: Deposit of metal, which
rapid combustion to that of a low order collects in the bore of a gun, that comes
detonation. It is suitable for use in igniter from the jackets or rotating bands of pro­
trains and certain types of propellants. (See jectiles.
PROPELLANT.)
MISFIRE: (1) Failure to fir e or explode prop­
LOW ORDER DETONATION: Incomplete deto­ erly. (2) Failure of a prim er or the propel­
nation of the explosive charge in a bomb, ling charge of a projectile to function,
projectile, or other sim ilar high explosive. wholly or in part. M isfire may be contrasted
(See DETONATION.) with hangfire, which is delay in any part of
a firing charge.
LOWER ACCEPTABLE MEAN MAXIMUM
PRESSURE: For any type gun, that value of MULTISECTION CHARGE: Propelling charge
the maximum pressure which is specified in in separate-loading or semifixed ammuni­
the propellant specification as the lower tion that is loaded into a number of powder
lim it for the average of the maximum pres­ bags. Range adjustments can be made by
sures that are developed by an acceptable increasing or reducing the number of bags
smokeless propellant in propelling charges used, as contrasted with a single-section
which w ill impart the specified muzzle ve ­ charge, in which the size of the charge can­
locity to the specified projectile. Smokeless not be changed.
propellant in propelling charges which in
acceptance tests develops an average maxi­ MUZZLE BLAST: Sudden air pressure exerted
mum pressure lower than this value is con­ in the vicinity of the muzzle of a weapon by
sidered as having failed to pass the test. the rush of hot gases and air on firing.

G - ll
MUZZLE BRAKE (also called a RECOIL NONDELAY FUZE: Fuze that functions as a
BRAKE): Device attached to the muzzle ol a result of inertia of firing pin (or primer)
gun which utilizes escaping gases to reduce as m issile is retarded during penetration
the effective recoil force of the gun tube on of target. The inertia causes the firing pin
the carriage or mount. In some designs it to strike the prim er (or prim er the firing
eliminates or reduces muzzle flash. pin), initiating fuze action. This type of fuze
is inherently slower in action than the
superquick or instantaneous fuze, since its
MUZZLE FLASH: Undesirable luminous igni­
action depends upon deceleration (retarda­
tion of unburned propellant gases issuing
tion) of the missile during penetration of
from the muzzle of a gun. The gases ignite
the target.
upon mixture with atmospheric oxygen.
NORMAL CHARGE: Propelling charge employ­
MUZZLE VELOCITY: Speed of a projectile at
ing a standard amount of propellant to fire a
the instant it leaves the muzzle of a gun.
gun under ordinary conditions, as compared
with a reduced charge or a supercharge
MUZZLE WAVE: Compression wave or reac­ used in special circumstances.
tion of the air in front of the muzzle of a
weapon immediately after firing.
NORMAL FORCE: (1) Component of air resist­
ance perpendicular to the axis of the pro­
N jectile in the plane of yaw (exterior ballis­
tics). (2) Any force perpendicular to a given
NERVE GAS: (See G-SERIES WAR GASES.) line or surface (general).

NITROCELLULOSE: Explosive substance NORMAL IM PACT: Striking of a projectile

formed by the nitration of cotton, or some against a surface that is perpendicular to
other form of cellulose. Used as the base of the line of flight of the projectile.
most U. S. propellants. Specific grades of
nitrocellulose (see PYROCELLULOSE and
NOSE SPRAY: (See SPRAY.)
GUNCOTTON) depend on the degree to which
the cellulose is nitrated.
NUTATION: A small periodic oscillation about
the motion of precession.
NITROCOTTON: (See GUNCOTTON.)

NITROGUANIDINE (nitrated aminomethanami- O

dine): Used as an additional base of propel­
lant; used as a "cool propellant” because of OBTURATION: Any process that prevents the
its low 'fla m e temperature which does not escape of gases from the tube of a weapon
erode gun bores nor produce as much lumi­ during the firing of a projectile.
nous flash as single base (nitrocellulose)
propellants. OBTURATOR: A device for making the tube of
a weapon gas-tight, preventing any escape
NITROGLYCERINE: Nitrated ester of glycerol of gas until the projectile has left the muz­
in which the OH radicals are replaced by zle.
NO2 ; used as primary base of British pro­
pellants and as gelatinizing agent of U. S. OGIVE: The shape of the head of the projectile,
propellants, but not used as primary base often a convex solid of revolution generated
of U. S. propellants because its high flame by an arc of a circle whose center lies on
temperature accelerates bore erosion. the side of the axis of revolution opposite
to the arc.
NITROGEN MUSTARD GASES: Group of blister
gases sim ilar to mustard gas with varying OPTIMUM CHARGE: Web and propellant weight
chemical properties and little or no odor; combination which produces maximum v e ­
gases affect eyes, nose, and lungs. locity at a specified pressure.

G-12
 OVERTURNING MOMENT (of a projectile in PICRIC ACID (trinitrophenol): High explosive,
flight): Couple about an axis through the more powerful than trinitrotoluene, used
center of gravity, perpendicular to the plane widely in the form of mixtures with other
of yaw. nitro compounds.
OXYGEN BALANCE: Ratio of self-contained PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL: Crystalline ma­
oxygen to fuel in a propellant or explosive. terial possessing the property that, when it
is mecahnically compressed or stretched
P in certain directions, electrical charges in
I
direct proportion to the mechanical strain
PARASHEET: Parachute-like device made appear on the crystal surfaces.
from a single flat piece of material, or as
few pieces as its size w ill permit; avoids PITCH (of rifling): Reciprocal of the twist.
cost of complex gore construction of para­ (See TWIST.)
chute. PLANFORM: Shape of plan view of fins.

PEAK PRESSURE: Instantaneous maximum PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE: Explosive which, within

pressure developed in the gun chamber by normal ranges of atmospheric temperature,
burning propellant; pressure immediately is capable of being molded into desired
preceding an expanding shock wave. shapes.

PERCUSSION COMPOSITION: High-explosive PLUNGING FIRE: Gunfire that strikes the

powder that is ignited in some types of earth's surface at a high angle.
firearm s by the blow of the firing pin
against the primer cap. POINT-BLANK RANGE: Distance, to a target,
that is so short that the trajectory of a
PERCUSSION FUZE: (See IM PACT FUZE.) bullet or projectile is practically a straight,
rather than a curved, line. Point-blank
PERCUSSION PRIMER: Cap or cylinder con­ range is one fo r which no superelevation is
taining a small charge of high explosive needed.
that may be set off by a blow. A percussion
primer is used in all fixed and semifixed POINT DETONATING FUZE: Fuze, located in
ammunition and in certain types of sepa­ the nose of a projectile, which is initiated
rate-loading ammunition to ignite the main upon impact.
propelling charge.
POWDER: Term sometimes loosely used for
PERFORATION: Passage of a missile com­ "propellant" or "propelling charge."
pletely through an object.
POWDER TRAIN: (1) Train, usually of com­
PERMISSIBLE INDIVIDUAL MAXIMUM PRES­ pressed black powder, used to obtain time
SURE: For any type gun, that value which action in older fuze types. (2) Train of ex­
should not be exceeded by the maximum plosives laid out for destruction by burning.
pressure developed by any individual round
under any service condition. PRACTICE AMMUNITION: Ammunition used
for target practice, ammunition with a pro­
PERMISSIBLE MEAN MAXIMUM PRESSURE: pelling charge, but with either an inert
, For any type gun, that value which should fille r or a low-explosive fille r to serve as
not be exceeded by the average of the a spotting charge.
maximum pressures developed in a series
of rounds fired under any service condi­ PRECISION: The quality of having small dis­
tions. persion about the mean.

PHOSGENE: Colorless choking gas having an PRECESSION: A change in the direction of the
odor of new-mown hay or fresh corn; causes axis of a rotating body. In this handbook,
choking and coughing, and injuries to the precession means the slow motion without
lungs. nutation.

G -13
n
PRESSURE, CENTER OF: The point where the properties suitable, to permit its use as a
resultant force caused by a ir resistance in­ propelling charge.
tersects the axis of the projectile.
PROPELLING CHARGE: Explosive charge that
PRIMACORD: Flexible fabric tube containing a is burned in a weapon to propel a projectile
fille r of high-explosive PE TN (pentareyth- therefrom (see PR O PE LLAN T). Burning of
ritetetranitrale) that is used to transmit a the confined propelling charge produces £
detonation from a detonator to a booster or gases whose pressure forces the projectile
bursting charge. Prim acord is the trade out. ,
name far the type of detonating cord cur­
«■
rently in use. PROXIMITY FUZE: Fuze designed to detonate
a projectile, bomb, mine, or charge when
PRIMER: Device used to initiate the functioning activated by an external influence in the
of an explosive or igniter train. It may be close vicinity of a target.
actuated by friction, blow, heat, pressure,
or electricity. PYROCELLULOSE: Nitrocellulose containing
12.60 percent nitrogen.
PRIMER-DETONATOR: Assembly consisting of
a prim er and a detonator. It may also in­ PYROCOTTON: (See PYROCELLULOSE.)
clude a delay element.
PYRO POWDER: Straight nitrocellulose pow­
PRIMER SEAT: Chamber in the breech mech­ der; smokeless propelling charge consisting
anism of a gun that uses separate-loading of a nitrocellulose that has a sm aller nitro­
ammunition, into which the prim er is set. gen content than guncotton; single-base
propellant.
PROBABLE ERROR: An e rro r of such magni­
tude that the probability of making an erro r PYROTECHNICS: Ammunition containing
greater than it in any given observation is chemicals that produce a smoke or brilliant
just equal to the probability of making one light in burning, used fo r signalling, mark­
less than it, both probabilities being one- ing, spotting, illuminating, etc.
half.
PYRO XYLIN (collodion): Nitrocellulose con­
PROCEDURE, DESIGN: Outline of steps to fo l­ taining 8-12 percent nitrogen.
low in designing an item.
Q
PROGRESSIVE GRANULATION: Propellant
grain which burns with a continually in­ Q U ALITY ASSURANCE: System of assuring
creasing surface until the grain is com­ that material accepted is in accordance
pletely consumed. with requirements, including inspection and
test procedures, acceptance criteria, etc.
PROJECTILE: Object, such as a bullet or
shell, that is propelled from a weapon by QUICKNESS (propellant burning): Rate of
an explosive propelling charge. change of pressure within the close chamber
with respect to time.
PROOF AMMUNITION: Ammunition incorpora­
ting solid, blunt-nosed, steel or cast iron R
shot of inexpensive manufacture; used in
proof firing of guns; used to simulate the RAM: (1) To push into position. (2) To seat a
weight of projectile designed fo r the gun in projectile in the bore of a gun.
adjusting the charge weight of propellant.
RAMMER: (1) Device fo r driving a projectile
PROPAGANDA SHELL: (See LEAFLET
into position in a gun. It may be hand- or
SHELL.)
power-operated or a part of the receiver
PROPELLANT: Explosive material whose rate mechanism. (2) Tool used to remove live
of combustion is low enough, and its other projectiles from the bore of a gun.

G-14

j
RATED MAXIMUM PRESSURE: F o r any type by centering the projectile, thus preventing
gun, -that value at the maximum pressure escape of gas, and giving the projectile its
which is specified in the propellant speci­ spin as it engages in the rifling.
fication as the upper lim it of average pres­
sure which may be developed by an accept­
ROUND: (1) A ll the parts that make up the
able propellant in the form of propelling
ammunition necessary in firing one shot
charges which w ill impart the specified
(also called COMPLETE ROUND). (2) One
muzzle velocity to the specified projectile.
shot fired by a weapon.
The smokeless propellant in propelling
charges which, in the acceptance test, de­
ROUND OF AMMUNITION: (See ROUND.)
velops an average maximum pressure ex­
ceeding this value is considered as having
failed to pass the test. S

SABOT: (1) Lightweight ca rrier in which a

RELATIVE FORCE: Ratio of observed maxi­
subcaliber projectile is centered to permit
mum pressure developed by a propellant
firing the projectile in the larger caliber
under test to the maximum pressure de­
weapon. The ca rrier fills the bore of the
veloped by a standard propellant under
weapon from which the projectile is fired;
identical test conditions.
and its light weight permits it to be safely
fired at very high velocities. It is normally
RELATIVE QUICKNESS: Ratio of the quickness discarded a short distance from the muz­
(dP/dt) of a test propellant to the quickness zle, in which case it is known as a discard­
of a standard propellant, measured at the ing sabot.
same initial temperature and loading density
in the same closed chamber. SAFETY WIRE: W ire set into the body of a
fuze to lock all movable parts into safe
position so that the fuze w ill not be set off
REMAINING VELOCITY: Speed of a projectile
accidentally. It is pulled out just before
at any point along its path of flight. Remain­
loading.
ing velocity is usually measured in feet per
second.
SCABBING: Breaking off of fragments in the
inside of a wall of hard material due to the
RICOCHET: Glancing rebound of a projectile impact or explosion of a projectile on the
after impact. outside.

RIFLE: (1) Any firearm that has rifling in the SCREENING SMOKE: Chemical agent which,
bore designed to give a spin to the pro­ when burned, hydrolyzed, or atomized, pro­
jectile fo r greater accuracy of fir e and duces an obscuring smoke; used to deny
longer range (not extensively used in this observation and reduce effectiveness of
manner, except fo r shoulder arms). (2) Cut aimed fire.
spiral grooves (rifling) in the bore of a gun
in order to give a spin to the projectile so SEMIFIXED AMMUNITION: Ammunition in
that it will have a greater accuracy of fire which the cartridge case is not permanently
and longer range. fixed to the projectile, so that the zoned
charge within the cartridge case can be ad­
RIFLING: Spiral grooves in the bore of a weap­ justed to obtain the desired range; loaded
on designed to give a spin to the projectile into the weapon as a unit.
for greater accuracy and carrying power.
Rifling includes both the grooves and the SEMIFIXED ROUND: Round of semifixed am­
ridges between, called lands. munition.

ROTATING BAND: Soft metal band around a SENSITIVITY: Measure of the response of an
projectile near its base. The rotating band explosive material to initiation by heat,
makes the projectile fit tightly in the bore friction, or impact.

G-15
SEPARATED AMMUNITION: Ammunition in SHRAPNEL: A rtillery projectile which contains
which the cartridge case is not fixed to the small lead balls that are propelled by a.
projectile, so that the zoned charge within powder charge in the base, set off by a time
the cartridge case can be adjusted to obtain fuze. Shrapnel has been replaced almost en­
the desired range; loaded into the weapon tirely by high-explosive shells. Wounds
as a unit. called shrapnel wounds usually are due to
shell fragments rather than to shrapnel.
SEPARATE-LOADING AMMUNITION: Ammu­
nition in which the projectile, propelling SHRINKAGE: Contraction of propellant grain
charge, and prim er are not held together from wet (green) dimensions (as it comes *
in a shell case, as in fixed ammunition, but from the graining dye) to the dry dimensions
are loaded into a gun separately. after solvent extraction and evaporation.

SEPARATING BURST: Method of ejecting the SIDE SPRAY: (See SPRAY.)

contents of a projectile by means of a
charge of propellant that breaks the pro­ SIGNALING SMOKE: Any type of smoke, but
jectile, into two approximately equal parts, usually colored smoke from a hand or rifle
along a specially designed circumferential grenade, or from a pyrotechnic signal, used
shear joint. fo r conveying a message.

SERVICE AMMUNITION: Ammunition intended SINGLE-BASE POWDER: (See SINGLE-BASE

fo r combat rather than fo r training pur­ PR O PE LLAN T.)
poses.
SINGLE-BASE PR O PE LLAN T: Propellant
SETBACK: Rearward jerk, caused by inertia, whose principle active ingredient is nitro­
of parts of a projectile when it is fired. cellulose. '

SHAPED CHARGE: An explosive so shaped and SINGLE-SECTION CHARGE: Propelling charge

designed as to concentrate its explosive in separate-loading ammunition that is
force in a single direction. loaded into a single bag. A single-section
charge cannot be reduced or increased for
SHELL: Hollow projectile filled with explosive, changes of range, as a multisection charge
or chemical or other material, as opposed can be.
to shot, which is a solid projectile.
SMOKE SHELL: Any projectile containing a
SHELL-DESTROYING TRACER: Tracer with smoke-producing chemical agent that is re ­
an igniter element, placed between the ex­ leased on impact or burst. Also called
plosive in an antiaircraft projectile and the smoke projectile. Smoke may be white or
tracer element, that is designed to detonate colored. (See COLORED MARKER SHELL.)
the explosive after the projectile has passed
the target point but is still high enough to be SMOKELESS POWDER: (See SMOKELESS
harmless to ground troops. PROPELLANT.)

SHOCK WAVE: Rapid expansion of the hot SMOKELESS PR O PE LLAN T: Propellant ex­
gases resulting from detonation of an ex­ plosive from which there is a minimum
plosive charge. amount of visible smoke on firing.

SHORT DELAY FUZE: One which w ill burst a SMOOTH-BORE: Having a bore that is smooth t
projectile on ricochet, preferably about 6 to and without rifling; shotguns and mortars
10 feet above ground. Some crater effect are commonly smooth-bore.
w ill be obtained on hard ground.
SPALL: Fragments broken from either surface f
SHOT: (1) A solid projectile. (2) Pellets, small of an armor plate as the result of penetra­
balls, or slugs used in shotgun shells, can­ tion, impact of a projectile, or detonation
isters, and some other types of ammunition. against the plate.

G -16
SPECIFIC DENSITY: Mass per unit volume. In STANDARD BALLISTIC CONDITIONS: Set of
interior ballistics it is usually distinguished ballistic conditions arbitrarily assumed as
Irom loading density and gravim etric den­ standard for the computation of firing ta­
sity, which see. bles.

SPIN: Angular velocity about the axis of the STANDARD DEVIATION: The root-mean-
projectile. square of the deviations from the mean.

STANDARD TRAJECTORY: Path through the

SPIN-DECELERATING MOMENT: A couple air that it is calculated a projectile w ill
about the axis of the projectile which di­ follow under given conditions of weather,
minishes spin. position, and materiel, including the par­
ticular fuze, projectile, and propelling
SPIN-STABILIZATION: Method of stabilizing charge that are used. Firing tables are
a projectile during flight by causing it to based on standard trajectories.
rotate about its own longitudinal axis.
STANDOFF: Distance between a shaped charge
SPRAY: Fragments of a bursting shell. The round and its target at the instant of func­
nose, side, and base sprays are the fra g­ tioning.
ments thrown forward, sideways, and rea r­
ward, respectively. STAR: Pyrotechnic signal that burns as a
single light.
SQUASH-HEAD SHELL: (See HIGH-EXPLO­
SIVE PLASTIC SHELL.) STAR GAGE: Instrument for measuring the
diameter of the bore of a gun.
SQUIB: Small pyrotechnic device which may be
used to fire the igniter in a rocket or for STAR SHELL: (See ILLUMINATING SHELL.)
some sim ilar purpose; not to be confused
with a detonator, which explodes. (See STOWAGE: (1) Method of placing cargo in a
ELECTRIC SQUIB.) vessel to prevent damage, shifting, etc. (2)
Method of placing equipment and supplies
STAB ILITY: Measure the ability of an ex­ in a vehicle to provide availability and
plosive material to be stored fo r long peri­ operating room. (3) Equipment when stowed.
ods.
STRIKER: Part of the firing mechanism of a
STAB ILITY TEST: Accelerated test to deter­ gun, mine, mortar, etc., that hits the
mine the suitability of an explosive ma­ prim er; hammer or firing pin of a gun.
terial for long-term storage.
STRIKING VELOCITY: Speed of a projectile
STABILIZER: Material added to propellent at the point of impact.
colloid to inhibit, or reduce, decomposition
in storage. SUBCALIBER: Of a caliber sm aller than
standard.
STACKED CHARGE: Powder charge in which
the powder grains lie end to end within the SUPERQUICK FUZE: Fuze that functions im ­
powder bag. mediately upon impact of the missile with
the target. Action of this type of fuze is the
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE: Values of tem­ quickest possible: the firing pin is driven
perature and pressure determined by NACA, into the prim er immediately upon first con­
based on the yearly averages at 40° N tact of the missile; functions at the surfaces
latitude. At sea level T = 59°F; P = 29.92 of the target. Also called instantaneous fuze.
in. Hg; lapse rate * 3.6°F per 1,000 ft alti­
tude. Various other standards have been SUPERSENSITIVE FUZE: Fuze that w ill set
defined, but this is the standard used in off a projectile when it strikes even a very
this handbook. light target, such as an airplane wing.

G-17
SUPPLEM ENTAL CHARGE: F iller, which is observation and adjustment of fire, fo r in­
normally TNT, used in deep cavitied pro­ cendiary purposes, and fo r signaling. Am ­
jectiles to fill void between ordinary fuze munition containing tracers is called tracer
and booster combination and bursting ammunition.
charge.
TRAJECTORY: Path of projectile, m issile, or
SURVEILLANCE: Observation, inspection, in­ bomb in flight.
vestigation, test, study, and classification of
ammunition, ammunition components, and
TRAJECTORY CHART: Diagram of a side view
explosives in movement, storage, and use w*
of the paths of projectiles fired at various
with respect to degree of serviceability and
elevations, under standard conditions. The
rate of deterioration.
trajectory chart is different fo r different
guns, projectiles, and fuzes. •’ ft
SWELL DIAMETER: Maximum diameter of the
ogive extended to the place where its gen­ TRAU ZL TEST: Method of determining relative
erating arc is parallel to the center line. energy available from an explosive material
by measurement of the volume expansion of
SYMPATHETIC DETONATION: Explosion a lead test block.
caused by the shock of another explosion
nearby. TRIMONITE: High explosive used as a sub­
stitute fo r trinitrotoluene as a bursting
T charge. Trimonite is a mixture of picric
acid and mononitronaphthalene.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS: The branch of ballis­
tics which deals with the ultimate effect TRINITROPHENOL: (See PICRIC ACID.)
produced by a projectile.
TRINITROTOLUENE (T N T ): High explosive
TERMINAL VELOCITY: Remaining speed of a widely used as explosive fille r in projectiles
projectile at the point in the downward path and by engineers; trinitrotoluol.
of the projectile where the projectile is
level with the muzzle of the gun. The speed TRINITROTOLUOL: (See TRINITROTOLUENE.)
at the point of impact is called the striking
velocity. TRIPLE-BASE PRO PELLANT: Propellant
whose principal active ingredients are
TE TR Y L: Sensitive explosive used especially nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitro-
in caps and boosters to detonate less sensi­ guanidine. (See PRO PELLANT.)
tive explosives, and as the explosive fille r
in some types of projectiles. TR IPLE POINT: Intersection of the original
shock wave, the reflected shock wave, and
THERMATE: Standard incendiary agent used as the Mach stem.
filling fo r incendiary munitions. Mixture of
thermite (iron oxide and aluminum) and TUBE: The inner cylinder of a built-up gun,
other oxidizing agents; it burns at about usually extending from the inner face of the
4,300°F. breechblock to the muzzle.

THERMIT: Thermite, commerical welding TWIST: Inclination of the spiral grooves to the
mixture of iron oxide and aluminum; used axis of the bore of a weapon. The degree of
as an incendiary fo r some munitions. twist is the determing factor in the speed of
rotation of the projectile.
TNT: (See TRINITROTOLUENE.)
V
TRACER: Element of a type of ammunition
containing a chemical composition which VACUUM STAB ILITY TEST: (See STABILITY
burns visibly in flight. Tracer is used for TEST.)

G-18

O
 w WHITE PHOSPHORUS (W P): Yellow, waxy solid
which ignites spontaneously when exposed
WAVE FRONT: Surface which is the locus of to air. It is used as a filling fo r various
all molecules having motion in identical projectiles as a smoke-producing agent,
phase in a propagating wave. and has an incendiary effect. White phos­
phorus may be mixed with a xylene solu­
WEB; WEB SIZE; WEB THICKNESS: A lte r­ tion of synthetic rubber to form plasticized
native terms describing the minimum dis­ white phosphorus.
tance between any two specified burning
surfaces of a propellant grain. WP: (See WHITE PHOSPHORUS.)

WEB RANGE: Tolerance of web thickness to Y

allow fo r manufacturing limitation.
YAW : Angle between the axis of the projectile
WINDSHIELD: (See BALLISTIC CAP.) and the tangent to the trajectory.

G-19
n
n

INDEX
A-3, composition, 2-157 reducing, 2-186
Abel equation o f state, 4-35 water proofing, 2-186
Aberdeen chronograph, 2-94 A ir
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 2-158 blast
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Development and Proof cooling, 6-4
Services, 2-126 gage, 2-11
Absolute temperature, 4-35 calibration of, 2-11
Absorber, shock, 2-175 intensities, determination o f relative, 2-11
Absorption, selective, 2-177 burst
Acceleration height, optimal, 2-107
angular, 4-179 lethal area, 2-107
burning rate, 4-16 aircraft
g a s ,2-138 damage
due to gravity, 4-34 evaluation, 2-110
linear, 4-179 by external blast, 2-15
Acceptable (acceptance, acceptability) by internal blast, 2-14
o f cases, 4-137 defeat of, 2-3
criteria, 5-1 effect o f blast on, 2-14
gage tolerance, 5-24 flares, 2-195
gaging, 6-44 structures, blast against, 2-13
of lot, 5-12 vulnerability, 2-111
probability of (Pa), 5-2 to external blast of, 2-16
quality level (AQL), 5-3, 8 studies, 2-111
level, establishing the (AQ L), 5-4 density, 3-8
sampling, 5-2 any altitude, method o f calculating, 2-198
o f sublot, 6-44 foil
test, 4-93 blades, rotating, 2-171
Accessory section, polygonal, 3-14
metal parts, 2-164 speed, drag coefficient, 2-196
parts design, 2-177 Algebraic sign of stress, 4-181
parts design WP shell, 2-180 Alignment -
Acids, occluded, 4-6 of cone and charge, 2-56
Acid wash, 6-17 jib, 4-132
Accuracy of HEP shell, 2-157 o f perforations, 6-49
A Damage, 2-110 Alkali metal salts, 4-3
Adapter Alkaline wash, 6-17
fuze, 2-175 A ll burnt, 4-39
nose, 2-186 position of, 4-39
steel, 2-180 equations fo r period after, 4-45
tapered, 2-118 Allowance (allowable)
Adiabatic flame temperature, 4-87, 88 pressures, 2-118, 4-137
Advantage(s) shear stress, 2-164
of Extrusion over Forging, 6-3 wear, 5-24
of HEP shell, 2-156 Alloys, critical, 6-3
for increasing twist, 4-170 All-plastic
of wrap-up cases, 6-47 sabot, 2-138
Aerodynamic shell body, 2-175
coefficient, 3-8 Altitude
of a projectile, estimation of, 3-8 effect on internal blast, 2-15
forces, 3-6 finding, 3-73
A fter burnt, 4-39, 75 Aluminum
After splintering, 4-75 carrier, 2-128
Age harden, 4-49, 6-46 cones, 2-40
Agents explosives, 2-13
binding, 2-186 magnesium-aluminum fuels, properties o f, 2-190
decoppering, 4-2 split sleeves, 2-162
GB, 2-186 to-steel, closure versus, steel-to-steel, compari­
gelatinizing, 4-2 son of, 2-181
moistureproofing, 4-2 windshield, 6-35
oxidizing, 2-186 Amatol, 2-178

1-1
 Ammonium perchlorate explosive, 2-13 process, 6-41
o
Ammunition saltpeter, 6-39
armor-defeating, 2-156 stress-relief, 4-135, 6-40
arm or-piercing (A P ), 1-2 Antipersonnel fragmentation weapon(s), 2-103, 106
base ejection, 2-5 Antitank projectiles, 2-4, 156
with burster charges, 2-5 A P shot (shell) (see also Arm or-piercing), 4-153
canister, 1-3, 2-5, 150, 151 A P caps, matching and soldering, 6-33
design, 2-162, 4-123 A P projectiles, effect o f nose geometry of, 2-138
canister, 2-153 A P shot caps, specifications o f steel for, 6-29
fixed, 4-117, 4-160 A P shot design, 2-128
items, dimensioning of, 5-13 A P and APC projectiles, comparative performance
high-explosive, 2-3 of, 2-142
antitank (HEAT), 2-4 . APC shell, 4-178
plastic (HEP), 2-5 APC and A P projectiles, comparative performance
hypervelocity arm or-piercing discarding sabot of, 2-142
(HVAPDS), 1-3 Application o f Metal Fragmentation Characteristics
kinetic energy, 2-4, 117 < Data to Design o f Shell, 2-98 *
m issiles fo r canister, 2-150 Approximating the ballistic lim it, 2-126
pyrotechnic-type, 1-3 AR, 2-85
recoilless, 2-153 A rc, Ogival, 3-87
semifixed, 4 - l i ? Area
semifixed and, separate-loading, 4-160 o f chamber, 4-34
separate loading, 4-117 fire effectiveness, 2-107
separated, 4-117 illumination, optimum height for, 2-195
special purpose, 2-154 lethal, 2-3, 93, 104, 106, 154
Amount o f Inspection, 5-1 vulnerable, 2-101
Amplitude - Arhennius function, 2-192
o f nutation, 3-8 Arm co iron, soft, 4-149
o f precession, 3-8 Arm or, 2-4, 128
Analysis, 2-106 British (CTA) cemented tank, 2-120
beam, 4-155, 158 bullet proof (B P), 2-120
boiler, 4-156 classification, 2-119
combat, 2-107 defeat of, 2-117
constrained shell, 4-154 defeating ammunition, 2-156
evaluation o f present methods of, 2-91 design fo r defeat of, 2-4 •
methods o f data, 2-85 face-hardened, 2-141
stress, 2-153,4-178, 179 bullet-proof, (FHBP), 2-120
stress in shell, 4-189 glass, 2-82
by statistical method, 2-126 homogeneous, 2-36, 120, 138, 139
weapon system, 2-107 Krupp, 2-120
Angle(s) machinable quality (MQ), 2-120
o f attack, 2-123, 3-11, 12 noncemented, 2-120
small, 3-13 parameters, effect o f varying, 2-129
cone apex, 2-53 penetration, 2-137
cone o f dispersion, 2-153 perforation, 2-124, 125
o f departure, 3-39 plate failure, 2-119
o f fa ll, 2-93 types of, 2-120
o f fire , 2-83 performance of, 2-125
o f impact, 2-137 ' skirting, 2-137, 157
index, 2-77, 79 solid, 2-137
Mach, 3-14 spaced, 2-49, 129, 137
o f obliquity, 2-156 spalling o f (HEP), 2-1
sweepback, 3-11, 14 targets, heavy, 2-145
sweepforward, 3-11, 14 thickness, effect on projectile performance, 2-129
toleranced, 5-20 U. S. Navy Class A, 2-120
o f yaw, 3-2 U. S. Navy Class B, 2-120
Angular Arm or-piercing (see also A P )
acceleration, 4-179 cap(s), 2-4, 117, 123, 137, 141, 144, 4-178
velocity, 3-28 steel shell, 2-4
Anisotropic material, 4-149 on, tungsten Carbide cores, effect of, 2-142
Anisotropic plastic, 4-189 projectiles, 2-125, 139
Anneal(s), annealing performance of, 2-126
of, cartridge case mouth, 6-44 (HVAP), shell, hypervelocity, 2-117
o f cones, effect of, 2-46 shot (A P ), 2-4, 117
intermediate, 6-1 comparison of HEP shell with, 2-156
operations (cartridge case manufacture), 6-39 caps, manufacture of, 6-29

1-2

o
 HVAP, manufacture of, 6-35 Baffle plate, 2V175
Arm y Biophysics Laboratory, 2-102 Bags, cartridge igniter, 1-7
Arsenal
Bags, pancake, 4-85
Frankford, 2-82
Balance, oxygen, 4-3
Picatinny, 2-82, 153
Ball(s)
Watertown, 2-139, 142
A rtillery ammunition, 1-1 point m icrom eter, 6-24
ammunition, design of, components of, 6-1 powder process, 4-7
ammunition, manufacture of, 6-1 steel, 2-150
prim er, 4-84 Ballistic(s)
shell, 6-2 cap, 2-117
Asbestos-filled phenolic, 2-176 characteristics, uniform exterior, 2-151
As drawn, 4-123 coefficient (C), 3-38 , 39, 64
Aspect ratio, 3-71 computing, 3-73
fins o f low, 3-13 factors upon which it depends, 3-38
large, 3-12 maximum, 3-64
low, 3-13 computations, 4-24
ASN (Average Sample Number), 5-6 effect, uniformity of, 4-20
Assembly
equations, 4-45
candle, 2-164, 175
fundamental, 4-43
o f HVAP shot, 6-35
solution of, 4-36
illuminant, 2-160, 182, 184
of projectile, 2-151 equivalence, 4-26
tail fin, 2-172 failure, 6-43, 47
Assessment integrator, 3-85
tank damage, 2-129 Interior, 2-153, 4-1, 164
types o f damage, 2-111 lim it, 2-125, 127, 141, 144, 145
Assurance, quality, 5-1 approximating the, 2-126
Assymetry charts for, 2-128
Assym etrlcal estimating, 2-126, 127
effects of, on velocity drop and jump o f finned matching, 2-6, 157, 177
projectiles, 3-30 method, 4-26
projectiles, stability of, 3-29 mortar test, 2-23
Atmosphere potential, 4-2
Atmospheric problem, exterior, 3-38
carburizing, 6-36 research laboratories, 2-36 , 39, 41, 66 , 68 , 70, 73,
furnace, reducing, 6-29 81, 94 , 97, 129
hydrogen, 6-36 tables, 3-39
protective, 6-36 uniformity, 4-1
moisture, 2-191 wound, 2-3, 93, 154
resistance to, 2-190 Ballot(ing), 3-30, 4-178, 6-35
standard, 2-198, 3-4 forces, 4-178
Attaching band to projectile, 4-154 of projectile, 4-164
Attachment, swivel, 2-173 Band
Attack driving, 6-17
angle(s) of, 2-123, 3-11, 12 fly off, 4-154
Kamikaze, 2-110 land, 4-155
obliquities of, 2-145 width, 4-155
Attenuation, wavelength, 2-193 wiping o ff of, 4-164
Attribute, 5-14 material, yield stress of, 4-157
inspection, 5-12 outside diameter, determination of, 4-149
Austenitic, steel, 6-1 pre-engraved, 6-27
Available energy fo r IMR powder, 2-169 pressure, radial, 4-149, 153
Average theoretical prediction of, 4-151
bore diameter, 4-152 to projectile, attaching, 4-154
densities and compositions o f explosives, 2-12 retention, 4-154
outgoing quality (AOQ), 5-3 calculation for, 4-154
outgoing quality lim it (AOQL), 5-4 rotating, 1-3, 2-163, 4-33, 153, 179, 189, 6-1, 17,
web, 4-21 26
Axis welded overlay, 2-5, 4-149, 154
Axial seat, 4-155, 6-23
moment of inertia, 3-2 cleaning the, 6-17
spin, 3-29 diameter, determination of. 4-150
o f revolution, 3-84 position of, 4-158
shearing of, 4-172
turning, 6-17

1-3
 uncannelured, 4-153 Bernoulli
o
width, 4-155 equation, 2-31
method fo r computing, 4-150 theorem, 2-33, 34
without grooves, 6-17 Beryllium copper cones, 2-46
Banding o f shell, 6-17 Bifurcation, 2-69
Baratol, 2-176, 178 Bifurcation o f jet, 2-35, 64
Bare charges, 2-10, 11, 16 Big-end-up, mold, 6-29
Barrelling, 4-119 Billet, 6-5
Basal porosity, 6-13 scale and descaling, 6-6
Base separation, 6-5
area, estimation of, (effect o f drag), 3-67 Bimetallic cones and nonconical shapes, 2-42
o f case, 4-137 Binary mixtures, 2-190
. contour of, 4-124 Binder metal, 6-36 r
cover, 1-4 Binding agents, 2-186
' diameter, 3-88 Binomial probability distribution, 5-3
drag, 3-70 Birkhoff, 2-64
coefficient, 3-71 Black powder, 2-5, 168, 4-1 «*
estimation o f drag, 3-71 charge, 4-84
ejection, 1-3, 2-183 ejection charge, 2-183
ammunition, 2-5 initiator, 2-183
shell, 2-160, 161, 4-1 loading density versus pressure curve of, 2-183
smoke shell, 2-176 pellet, 1-5
flange, 2-45 train, 1-4
flat, 4-182 Blanking and cupping o f cartridge case, 6-37
control of, 4-126 Blast, blasting, 2-1, 50, 93, 156
o f HVAP shot, 6-35 against aircraft structures, £-13
major, 3-87 aircraft damage by external, 2-15
plate, 2-162, 164 aircraft damage by internal, 2-14
fastening, 6-17 aircraft, effect of, 2-14
removable, 2-172 contours, 2-16
plug, 2-160, 162, 164, 170 cube, 2-11
shearing, 2-169, 184 damage criteria, external, 2-16
shear stress on threads of, 2-163 determination of relative intensities, 2-11
shear threads, design of, 2-163 effect, 2-7
pressure, 4-36 on aircraft, 2-14
reinforcement, 4-137 altitude on internal
round, 4-182
C
o f case on internal, 2-14
rupture of steel cartridge cases, 4-133 evaluation, 2-11
o f shell, finishing the, 6-16 explosives for, 2-12, 4-2
shell, square, 3-64 external damage criteria, 2-16
stress in, resulting from setback o f filler, external vulnerability o f an aircraft, 2-16
4-183 information to be obtained from later experimenta­
Basic tion, 2-9
angle dimensioning, 5-20, 23 measurement of, 2-10
dimension, 5-13, 23 Blast, Muzzle, 3-28, 29, 30
problems o f interior ballistics, 4-33 propagation of, 2-10
radial dimension, 5-20 reflected, 2-9
Battle salvage, 6-47 shot, 6-5, 12, 13, 15
Battlefield illumination, 2-162 tube, 2-11
BAT weapon, 2-81 vulnerability of aircraft to external, 2-16
B Damage, 2-110 waves, 2-19
Bead, inverted, 4-134 Blended guncotton, 4-6
Beads, obturating, 4-134 Blended nitrocelluloses, 4-2
Beam analysis, 4-155, 158 Blending radius, 4-125
Bearing-mounted charges, 2-82 Blowholes, 6-1
Bearing stress o f rotating band, 4-153 Blow-throughs, 4-120
Before heating, inspection o f shell, 6-13 Blunt
Before splintering, 4-76 headed shot, 2-124
Beginning o f motion o f projectile, 4-34 nose, 2-157
Beginning of motion, time since, 4-47 projectiles, 2-154
Behavior o f fille r, 4-189 shot, 2-122
Bench, draw, 6-8 trailing edge, fins with a, 3-13
Bending stress(es), 2-124 Boat-tail, 3-8 , 64 , 67, 68 , 6-21
Bent fins, 3-29 Boat-tail projectiles, 4-160
Benzene nucleus, resonance of, 4-90 Body
Bergmann-Junk test, 4-93 fin interference, 3-71

1-4
 of HVAP shot, 6-35 method o f estimating muzzle velocity o f a sub­
shell, 2-170 caliber projectile, 2-138
determination of critical points in, 4-178 wear factor, 4-150
o f wrapped cartridge case, 6-46 Brittle fracture, 2-123
B oiler analysis, 4-156 Bruceton, 2-34
B oiler formula, 4-154 staircase method, 2-23
Bolling o f mouth, 4-122 Budd Co., 2-39
Bomb, closed, 4-16, 19, 33, 88 Buffer cap, 2-144
Bombs, photo-flash, 2-178 fo r defeat o f spaced arm or, 2-144
Bonderized, 6-24 Bulldozer(s), 6-7, 9
Bone penetration, 2-103 Bullet pull, 4-129
Boom, 2-172, 3-29 Bullet proof arm or (B P), 2-120
Booster(s), 1-5, 2-57, 63 Bullet proof arm or, face hardened (FHBP), 2-120
black powder pellet, 1-5 Buoyancy, center of, 6-35
o f charge, 2-57 Bureau o f Mines test, 2-22
lead azide, 1-5 Burn, burning
requirements, 2-10 candle, 2-173
sensitivity test, 2-23 characteristics, 2-190
standard, 2-177 cigarette, 2-170, 187
tetryl, 1-5 constant (B ), 4-40
Bore control of, 4-2, 3
clearance, 3-4 dye composition, 2-183
diameter, average, 4-152 equation, 4-18
erosion, 4-1, 3 fille r. 2-178
residue, 4-2, 3 flare, 2-164, 193
safe fuze, 1-5 of pressed compositions, 2-189
safety, 1-5 progressive, 4-24, 25
yaw in the, 3-28 propagatively, 2-189
effects and magnitude of initial yaw due to, 3-28 Burning, propellant, 4-16, 33, 43
Boundry, increment, 2-183 rate, 2-187, 189, 190, 191, 4-1, 9, 22 , 33 , 36
Bourrelet, 1-3, 3-4, 82, 6-29 acceleration of, 4-16
clearance between and rifling, 4-164 burning rate, control of, 4-13
clearance, minimum, 4-178 effect o f grain shape on, 4-20
o expanding, 6-23
finishing, 6-17
rate equation, 4-35
linear, 4-16, 18, 20
ring gage, 6-24 proportional law of, 4-20
tolerances of, 6-17 regressive, 4-25
Box seven-perforated grains, 4-48
gage, 2-10 surface, 4-6
tests, 2-84 constant, 4-24, 26, 27
Brass control of, 4-16
cartridge, 6-1, 37 time, 2-167
cases, manufacture of, 6-37 rotating candle, 2-162
copper and alpha, 4-160 type, smoke compositions, sensitivity of, 2-183
overworking, 4-125 zone A, 2-189
tensile strength, 4-135 zone B, 2-189
Break(-up) zone C, 2-189
nick and, 6-5 Burner, strand, 4-16
fragments, 2-109 Burnt, burned
jet, 2-32 after, 4-76
projectile, 2-129 all, 4-39
shell, 2-144 fraction, 4-21
two-dimensional, 2-94 Burst
three-dimensional, 2-94 explosive, 1-3
Breech, 4-119, 137 height, mean, 2-107
Breech pressure, 2-164, 4-36, 37 position of, 3-39
Bridge waves, 2-19 separating, 1-3
Brinell hardness, 6-15 Burster(s)
Brisance values, 2-187 casing, 2-180
Brisant, 2-181 extruded-aluminum, 2-180
British charge(s), 2-5, 160, 176, 178, 181
Armaments Design Department o f the Ministry of ammunition with, 2-5
Supply, 4-117 determination of weight of, 2-178, 182
armor, cemented tank (CTA), 2-120 smoke charge, ratio of, 2-178
practice, design of drawn cartridge cases, 4-117 column, 2-178

n 1-5
 explosive, 2-160 shot, 2-138
materials, 2-178 soft, 2-144 ■
tetryl, 2-178 steel armor-piercing shell, 2-4
tube, metal, 2-160, 179 Carbide, 6-36
cored, 2-4
tungsten, 2-117,137
Carbon, unoxidized, 4-87,89
C-4, 2-157 Carburizing atmosphere, 6-36
"C damage” , 2-110 Cardboard wadding, 2-151
Cabbages the nose, 6-21
Carnegie Institute o f Technology, 2-37,45,68,72,78,80
Cable, suspension, 2-175 C arrier
Calculation of aluminum, 2-128
band retention, 4-154 discarding, 2-152
deceleration, 2-166 Cartridge
density o f propellant composition, 4-89 bags, 1-7
geometric characteristics o f projectile, 3-90 brass, 6-1,37
heat o f combustion, 4-90 case(s), 1-6, 4-117, 6-1,2,43,44
heat o f explosion (Q), 4-89, 90 blanking and cupping of, 6-37
interior ballistic, 4-9 body of, wrapped, 6-46
maximum pressure, 4-81 in chamber, clearance of, 4-122
tables fo r, 4-47 design, 4-117,118,125,129,137
muzzle velocity, tables for, 4-47 . ' dimensioning of, 4-133
ogive segment, 3-85 drawing of, 6-37
thermodynamic properties o f propellants, 4-87 functioning, theory of, 4-118
web, 4-14 hardness requirements, 4-125,135
Caliber, 3-38 heading of, 6-37
Calibration o f air-blast gages, 2-11 head machine and stamping of, 6-39
Calibration chart, standard, 4-40 internal volume of, 4-126
Calorim etric test, 4-89 length of, 4-121,128
Cameras, Fas tax high-speed, 2-94 machining operations on head and mouth of, 6-44
Candle. 2-170 manufacture, 4-119,133, 6-1
assembly, 2-164, 175 annealing operations, 6-39
burning, 2-173 of drawn steel, 6-41
case(s), 2-187 of perforated, 6-49
strength of, 2-176 o f trapezoidal, wrapped steel, 6-46
power, 2-167 marking on bases, 4-126
minimum, 2-195 materials for, 4-132
Canister(s), 2-160, 163, 177 mouth, anneal of, 6-44
ammunition, 2-5, 150, 151 mouth, design of, 4-123
casualty, criteria for, 2-154 neck of, 4-134
design of, 2-153 perforating of, 6-49 ‘
m issiles for, 2-150 steel, 4-133, 6-1,41,44
optimum, pellet size, 2-153 tapering of, 6-37,43
preformed m issiles, 2-1 trend in specifications for, 4-129
ejection, 2-165 typical calculations for, 4-126
illuminating, 2-185 volume, 4-1
information, tactical requirement for, 2-154 wraparound, 4-135
plastic, 2-183 head space, 4-122,123
projectile, plastic, 2-152 igniter bags, 1-7 '
shot, dispersion of, 2-154 ignition, 2-172
smoke, 2-182, 183, 184 Case(s), cased, casing(s)
Cannelure(s), 4-153, 154 acceptability of, 4-137
Canopy-first, 2-196 advantages of wrap-up, 6-47
Cans, varnish, 2-11 base of, 4-137
Capacity, chamber, 4-9,11,156,158 burster, 2-180
Cap(s), capped candle, 2-187
action, theories, mechanism of, 2-141 cartridge, 1-6, 4-117, 6-1,2,43,44
arm or-piercing, 2-4,117,123,137,141,144,178 manufacture, 6-1
ballistic, 2-117 of brass, 6-37
buffer, 2-144 chamber, clearance of in, 4-121
for defeat of spaced arm or, 2-143 charges, 2-10,13,16
effect o f skirting armor on, 2-143 comparison of steel and brass, 4-119
hard, 2-144 design, 4-124
material, optimum weight of, 2-143 diameter, 4-137
monobloc shot, 6-29 different-length in same gun, 4-120
radius o f spherical, 3-3 effect on internal blast, 2-14

1-6
n
failures due to, 4-120 burning, 2-190
hardness of, 4-125 cartridge case designs, 4-137
moth, thickness of, 4-124 deep-drawing operations, 6-2
necking, 4-129 fragmentation, 2-94,95,97
plastic, 2-152 o f chamber designs, 4-137
punch, stripping from , 4-124 of high explosives, 2-22
recovery of, 4-118 of pyrotechnics composition, 2-186
stop, 4-121 required, 2-187
thin-walled, 6-1 ogive, 3-88
trapezoidal-wrapped, 6-47 operating curve (OC), 5-2
-to-case variation, 4-126 propellant, 4-93
volume of, 4-137 rotating band, 4-151
wrap-up, 6-47 target, 2-85
Casting(s) uniform ballistic, 2-151
centrifugal, 6-1 Charge(s)
versus forging of steel shells, 6-1 bare, 2-10,11,16
high-explosive shells, 6-1 bearing-mounted, 2-82 ,
in mold, 6-1 black powder, 4-84
notched, 2-108 ejection, 2-183
plastics, 2-152 boostering of, 2-57
Casualty burster, 2-5,160,176,178,181
criteria, 2-102 cased, 2-10,13,16
for canister ammunition, 2-154 confined, 2-49
Categories o f damage, 2-83 diameter of, 2-189
Cavity(ics) double-ejection, 2-160
charges, lined, 2-31 effect of shape o f explosive, 2-18
deep, 2-177 ejection, 2-160,162,170,173,184
forge, finish of, 6-1 expelling, 2-5,161
obstructions within, 2-44 fuze-ejection, 2-172
torn, 6-13 initiating, 2-177
Cell, K err, 2-34 length, 2-49
Center lined cavity, 2-31
o f buoyancy, 6-35 maximum, 4-50
o f gravity, 2-172, 3-10,86 moving, 2-16
location of, 3-8 optimum, 4-9
motion of, 3-6,38 preparation, 2-62
position of, 3-81 pressure curve, 4-9
ogival arc, 3-84 pressure relationship, 4-9
o f pressure, 2-172, 3-7,8,10,12 propellant, 2-138,150
Centerless grinder, 6-29 propelling, 2-72, 4-9
Centerless grinding, 6-17 separating, 2-175
Central ballistic parameter, 4-38 shape, 2-50,85
Centrality, 5-14 single ejection, 2-160
Centrality o f holes, 5-22 spotting, 2-187
Centrifugal casting, 6-1 squash, 2-157
Centrifugal force, 2-167, 4-178 static, 4-1,3
Chamber, 1-6, 4-117 supplementary, 2-177
area'of, 4-34 surface charges vs internal, 2-14
capacity, 4-9,11,158 tetryl, 2-182
effective, 4-126 -to-gage distance, 2-11
estimate of, 4-126 unrotated, 2-32
designs, characteristics of, 4-137 velocity curve, 4-9,10
dimensioning of, 4-133 velocity relationship, 4-9
effective length of, 4-37 weight of, 2-138, 4-20
expansion, elastic, 4-120 zoned, 4-134
gage inspection, 6-44 Charts for ballistic limit, 2-128
length of, 4-137 Chase Brass and Copper Company, 6-37
pressure, 2-163,172,182, 4-93 Check(s)
conditions, 2-129 dimonsional, 6-40
shape of, 4-117,124 gas, 4-189
slope, 4-137 profile, 6-24
tapers, 4-134 Chemical Corps, 2-161,172
volume, 2-128, 4-33 Chemical, chemistry
Chamberlain Corporation, 2-158, G-26 energy rounds, 2-88
Chapman-Jouguet condition, 2-30 flash reducers, 4-2
Characteristic(s), 2-95 of pyrotechnic compositions, 2-186

I-
 reactions, exothermal, 2-189 Cocked centerlines, 5-15
shell (W P), sealing of, 2-180 Coefficient(s), 3-64
Chipboard, 2-172 aerodynamic, 3-8
Chi-square tests, 2-95 ballistic (C), 3-38,39,64
Choice o f method o f stabilization, 3-2 factors upon which (C) depends, 3-38
Chopped-glass fiber, 2-175 maximum, 3-64
Chord, 3-71 base drag, 3-71
root, 3-11 cross-wind force, 3-10,12
tip, 3-11
drag (KD), 2-118,166,195,196, 3-10,38,39,64,67,68,
wing, 3-11 69,70,75
Chrome flash, 6-37 friction, 3-10
Chronograph, Aberdeen, 2-94 drag, 3-68,71
Cigarette burning, 2-170, 187 form , 4-21,23,24 /
C ircle, tolerance, 5-18,23 lift, 3-10,12
Circular mSplat, 3-69 moment yawing, 3-10
Circumferential rupture, 6-42 normal force, 3-8,9,13
Class B arm or, U. S. Navy, 2-120 overturning moment, 3-9
Classification, 5-5 partial drag, 3-71
o f ammunition, 1-2 practical drag, 3-38
fixed, 1-1 skin friction drag, 3-10
semifixed, 1-1 slopes, lift, 3-27
separated, 1-1,2 wave drag, 3-70
separate loading, 1-1 yaw-drag, 3-5,28,69
arm or, 2-119 Coining, 4-122
o f defects, 5-1,5 Cold
of explosives, 1-6 extrusion, 6-1,3,9
m issiles, 2-1 HE shell, 6-21
by effect, 2-1 comparison of hot forging with, 6-24
blast, 2-1 tests of, 6-23
defeat of personnel, 2-3 forming, 6-25
fragmentation, 2-1 pressing, 6-36
incendiary, 2-1 shuts, 6-40,43
leaflets, 2 - i work, 6-3
light, 2-1 hardening, 6-37
poison gases, 2-1 steel, 6-2,43
penetration o f arm or (kinetic energy shot), 2-1 influence of hot work versus, 6-1
penetration of arm or by (shaped charges), 2-1 Collapsing cone, 2-38
preformed m issiles (canister), 2-1 Colloid, 4-2,6,87
smoke, 2-1 Color(ed), 2-178
Cleaning band seat, 6-17 cloud, 2-176,178
Clearance dye, 2-160
bore, 3-4 emission, 2-193
between bourrelet and rifling, 4-164 filters, 2-193
o f case in chamber, 4-121,122 intensifiers, 2-186
estimating, 4-121 marker, 2-160
initial, 4-119 shell, 2-160,176,178,182
minimum, 4-121 design of, 2-179
Cleat, shroud, 2-171 tactical requirements, 2-176
Clipped-delta wing, 3-27 smoke, 2-178
Closed cloud, control of, 2-178
bomb, 4-16,19,33,88 method of producing, 2-178
test, 4-16,40 screen, 2-160
pit test, 2-94 shell, 2-160,182
Closing plug, 1-2,7 saturation, 2-177
Closure steel-to-steel, comparison o f aluminum-to- value, 2-187
steel, 2-181 Column
Cloud(s) burster, 2-178
colored, 2-176,178 diameter, limits o f propagation versus minimum,
control o f colored smoke, 2-178 2-182
duration of, 2-177 of explosive, 2-182
pillaring o f (W P), 2-181 strength, 2-185
Coating(s), coated, 6-17 Combat
nitrocellulose lacquer, 6-47 analysis, 2-107
phosphate, 6-17,21 models, 2-107
protective, 4-134, 6-44 Combustion, heat of, 4-88,89
soap, 6-41 Compacts, sintered-iron, 4-161

1-8
n
Compacting and sintering o f Tungsten carbide, 6-36 Computation
Comparative Computing
Comparator ballistic, 4.-24
Comparing ballistic coefficient, 3-73
Comparison o f ballistic lim it, 2-126
aluminum-to-steel closure versus steel-to-steel, energy of HE shell, 3-76
2-181 lethal area, 2-103
effectiveness o f full-caliber versus subcaliber momentum of HE shell, 3-76
steel shot, 2-138 for ogive, 3-82
explosives, 2-11 of vulnerability, 2-91
of HEP shell with A P shot, 2-156 Concentricity, 5-13,20, 6-13,33
o f hot forging with cold extrusion shell, 6-24 symbol, 5-13,14
magnetic, 6-45 Concept of optimum height, 2-193
hardness, 6-43 Conclusions on HEP performances, 2-158
o f peak pressure and impulse, 2-13 Condenser microphone gage, 2-10
performance of A P and APC projectiles, 2-142 Condition(s), 5-24
performance of KE shot, 2-145 Chapman-Jouguet, 2-30
o f properties o f pyrotechnic compositions with maximum metal, 5-20,24
explosives, 2-188 minimum metal, 5-20,24
range firings, 3-68 optimum, 4-50,74
o f results, 4-82 Conductive prim er mixture, 1-7
o f spinning shell with top, 3-2 Conductivity, electrical, 4-2,3
study of shell forging methods, 6-13 Conductivity, thermal, 2-189
o f steel and brass cases, 4-119 Cone(8)
Compatible, compatibility, 2-22,177, 4-94 Conic(al), 3-65,69
quantitative definition of, 2-24 aluminum, 2-40 '
Compensation, 2-35 angle, optimum, 2-54
rotation, 2-35 angle, effect on penetration under rotation, 2-66
spin, 2-35.36,37,71,73,75,78 apex angle, 2-53
Complete beryllium copper, 2-46
ogive, volume of, 3-86 bimetallic, 2-42
round, components of, 1-1 and nonconical shapes, 2-42
solution fo r pressure-time trace, 4-76 and charge, allnement of, 2-56
Complex yaw, 3-3
n Component(s), 3-3
collapse, 2-58
collapsing, 2-38
of, artillery ammunition, design of, 6-1 of dispersion, 2-150
of complete round, 1-1 angle of, 2-153
solids of revolution, 3-81 double-angle, 2-43
tolerances, 5-24 electroformed, 2-39
Composite rigid projectile, 2 -lf7 copper, 2-46
Composition(s), 2-13 effect of annealing of, 2-46
A-3, 2-157 forcing, 4-33,121,162
composition B, 2-13,63,178 frustums, 3-88
C-4, 2-157 glass, 2-38
of, average densities o f explosives and, 2-12 head, 3-65
burning o f pressed, 2-189 lead, 2-41
delay fuze, 2-187 liners, 2-31
dye, 2-177,178 malformed, 2-39
burning, 2-183 sharp apex, 2-55
first-fire, 2-172 steel, 2-41
flare, 2-167 tail, 2-172,175
illumlnant, 2-175 wall thickness, 2-53
igniter, 2-192 zinc, 2-41
ignitibility of, 2-192 Confine(d), (ment), 2-31,57,181,4-16
photoflash, 2-187 charges, 2-49
pyrotechnic, 2-191 o f explosion, 2-109
of standard propellants, 4-2 Consideration o f liner parameters, 2-49
tracer, 2-192 Consistent muzzle velocity, 2-152
Compression Consistent notation, 4-16
Compressive Consolidation, degree of, 2-189
force, radial, 4-178 Constant
stress, 4-181 burning (B), 4-40
test, 4-93 surface, 4-24,26,27
yield stress, 2-165 grains, 4-48
wave, 2-123 distortion (Hencky-Von Mises), 4-185,186
Compromise method of shell forming, 6-25 form function, 4-78

o 1-9
 gas, 4-35 selection o f propellant materials, 4-2
Gurney, 2-98 o f shaped charge effectiveness, 2-82
Constituents o f pyrotechnic compositions, 2-186 Sterne's, 2-102
Constrained-shell analysis, 4-154 yield, 4-181,185
Continuous-sampling plans, 5-10 theories, 4-185
Contour(s) utilization, 4-178
blast, 2-16 Critical
of base, 4-124 alloys, 6-3
of case, internal, 4-124 defects, 5-5
Control(led), (ling) opening velocity, 2-196
o f colored smoke cloud, 2-178 points in, body o f shell, determination for, 4-178
burning, 4-2,3 range, 6-27
rate, 4-13 o f steel, 6-1
surface, 4-16 relative humidity, 2-191
of flatness o f base, 4-126 temperatures, 6-12,14
fragmentation, 2-3,107,108,109,111 velocity, 2-126
methods of, 2-108 Cropping, 6-13
ring, 2-110 Cross, 3-3
scale, 6-42 rolls, 6-7
web dimensions, 4-13 slide, 6-27
Cook, 2-93,106 wind force, 3-3,5,7,10,29,30
Cooling, air-blast, 6-4 coefficient, 3-10,12
Coordinates, toleranced, 5-17 damping factor, 3-6,10
Copper . Crusher gage, 4-94
and alpha brasses, 4-160 Crush-up of nose, 2-5
cones, electroformed, 2-41 Crush-up, shell, 2-157
gage pressure, 4-40 Cryolite, 4-2
gasket, 6-27 Cube, blast, 2-11
liners, 2-32,46 Cumulative probability, 2-154
Coppering, 4-3 Cup(ping), 6-1,7,8,41
Cord, 4-23 of, cartridge case, blanking and, 6-37
propellant, 4-24 and draw, 6-37,47
equations for, 4-27 expanding, 4-150
Core(s), 6-36 glazed-board, 4-122
high-explosive, 2-160,176 preparation for, 6-41
tungsten carbide, 2-123,128, 6-35 obturating, 2-173
Corner form coefficient, 4-21 • Curve(s)
Corner’s treatment, 4-21 Curvature
Corps, Chemical, 2-161 charge-pressure, 4-9
Cost o f shell manufacturing plant, 6-24 charge-velocity, 4-9,10
Cover, base, 1-4 design, 4-10
Covolume, 4-17,37,47,88 normal error, 2-100
Crack(s), (ing). 2-123, 6-17 probability, 2-126,127
season, 6-40 radius o f longitudinal, 3-81
shearing, 6-5 stress-strain, 4-118, 6-2
"Cranz, law o f", 2-32 o f trajectory, 3-11
Crimp(ing), 4-33,132, 6-44 web-velocity, 4-10
effect of methoid of, 4-132 web-charge, 4-10
g ro o v e ,4-132 Cutting
design, 4-122 o ff base o f HEP shell, 6-27
press-type, 4-132 flame, 6-5,14
rubber-die, 4-132 Cyclotol, 2-40,178
C riteria Cylinder(s)
Criterion Cylindrical, 3-69
acceptance, 5-1 liner, 2-69,71
for, canister ammunition casualty, 2-154 right circular, 3-1
casualty, 2-102 tapered, 6-46
damage, 2-93
external blast damage, 2-16
Hencky-Von Mises, 4-187
homogeneity, 5-1 Damage, 2-36,82,129
incapacitation, 2-104 assessment, types of, 2-111
lethal area, 2-154 tank, 2-129
lethality, 2-93,101,111 categories of, 2-83
protection, 2-128 A, 2-110
sampling plan, 5-2 B, 2-110

I - 10
 C, 2 -HO classification of, 5-1,5 ,
F, 2-83 critical, 5-5
K, 2-83,110 major, 5-5
KK, 2-110 minor, 5-5
M, 2-83 surface, 6-41
criteria, 2-16,93 Deficiency, oxygen, 4-89
external blast, 2-16 Definition
region I, 2-16 o f lots, 5-1
region n , 2-16 o f perforation, 2-125
region HI, 2-16 Deflection dispersion, 2-107
evaluations, 2-129 Deformation
aircraft, 2-110 elastic, 4-150,178
external blast to (aircraft), 2 -IS during nosing, 6-17
fuel, 2-111 permanent, 4-185,178
to gun, 4-178 plastic, 4-133,178,186, 6-43
internal blast (aircraft), 2-14 projectile, 2-141
probability of, 2-108,111 o f shell, 4-178
estimates, 2-88 Degree of consolidation, 2-189
qualitative description o f shaped charge, 2-84 Degree of nitration, proper, 4-6
structural 100A, 2-15 Degressive, 4-9
test ranking, 2-13 degressive shapes, 4-23
threshold, 2-16 Delay fuze, 1-4
Damping factor(s), 3-4,6,30 composition, 2-187
cross-wind force, 3-6,10 Degreasing, washing and, 6-17
magnus moment, 3-6,10 Delta wing, 3-27 .
spin-decelerating moment, 3-6 Demarrc formula, 2-125,137
yawing moment, 3-6 Density(ties), 4-87
Danger air, 3-8
o f resonance between pitching period and rolling average compositions o f explosives and, 2-12
period, 3-29 compositions of explosives and average, 2-12
o f too much spin (magnus moment), 3-29 fragment, 2-106
Data gas, 4-35
Datum jet, 2-38
dimensions, 5-13 loading, 2-11,14, 4-1,33
fragmentation, 2-105 function, 4-48
hole, 5-20 Ordnance Corps standard, 3-38
method o f dimensioning tapers, 5-24 o f propellant composition, calculated, 4-89
required to design cartridge case, 4-120 relative, 2-198
surface, 5-14 Departure, angles of, 3-39
symbol, 5-13 Dependent locational symbol, 5-15
Dead metal, 6-42 Dependent locational tolerance(s), 5-13,17,19
Decarburization, 6-36 Deployment methods, parachute, 2-166,196
surface, 6-33 Depth o f cannelure, 4-154
Deceleration Depth o f penetration, 2-78
calculation of, 2-166 Derivation of equations, OSRD 6468 method, 4-42
efficiency, 2-165 Derivation of optimum height, 2-193
parachute, 2-166 Derivative, time, 3-6
design of small, 2-166 Deriving shell stress formulas, 4-178
Decelerotor, 2-164,165,166 Descent rates, 2-171
Decompose in, storage (must not), 4-2 Description
Decomposition rate, 4-2 of notched casings, 2-109
Decoppering agent, 4-2 of notched-wire method, 2-109 -
Decrease hygroscopicity, 4-2 of test methods, 2-22
Deep cavity, 2-177 Design, 2-6
Deep-drawing operations, characteristics, 6-2 accessory parts, 2-177
Defeat A P shot, 2-128
o f aircraft, 2-3 ammunition, 2-162, 4-123, 6-1
o f armor, 2-117 of canister, 2-153
o f spaced buffer caps for, 2-144 o f base plug (optimum), 2-162
o f spaced caps fo r, 2-143 o f base plug shear threads, 2-163
o f fortification, 2-4 cartridge case, 4-117,118,124,129
o f personnel, 2-3 data required, 4-117,120
of shaped charge weapons, 2-82 mouth of, 4-123
o f tank, 2-129 o f colored marker shell, 2-179
o f target, 2-93 crimping groove, 4-122
Defects curves, 4-10

1-11
 fo r defeat o f armor, 2-4 Deterrent material, 4-3
o f dies, 4-7,13 Detonation
o f drawn cartridge case, 4-117 Detonator (s), 1-6
British practice, 4-117 electric, 1-6, 2-57
ejection charge, 2-167,181 front, 2-30,31
equipment (new), 4-121 high order, 1-5
fille r, 2-177 lead azide, 1-5
flange, 4-122 low order, 2-183
grain, 4-13 mercury Eliminate, 1-5
gun, 4-119,124 premature, 2-180, 4-178, 6-13
chamber, 4-117 propagation, 2-24
of illuminating shell, 2-162 rate, 2-24
of mortar-type, 2-172 tetryl, 1-5
and use of, factors affecting the, 2-162 velocity, high, 2-157
o f liquid-filled shell burster, 2-186 wave, 2-30,81,182
mortar ammunition, problems of, 2-172 Development and Proof Services, Aberdeen Proving
optimum, 2-93 Grounds, 2-126
parameters, effect on penetration, 2-39 Development of fundamental equations, 4-34
parachute, 2-162 Development o f HEP shell, 6-26
small deceleration, 2-166 Deviation
pyrotechnic, 2-193 from mean, 4-137
parallel, 5-11 standard, 2-127, 3-8,10, 5-12
pin plates, 4-13 Diagrams, vulnerability, 2-141
for precision, 3-1 Dial indicator, 5-13,14
prim ers, standard, 4-84 Diameter
procedure, 2-3 base, 3-88
projectile, 2-2,128,129 case, 4-137
fo r gun already made, 3-1 of charge, 2-189
fo r Q. F. guns, German, 4-123 flange, 4-137
rifling, 4-169 nose, 3-87
rotating band, 4-149,153,180 pin circle, 4-14
of shaped charge m issile, 2-47 rifling, 4-152
of shell, application of metal fragmentation char­ swell, 3-69,81,84,87,88
acteristics data to, 2-98 Diametral
shell metal parts, 2-162,177 taper, 3-83
propaganda shell, 2-184 tolerance, 5-13,19,20
signal smoke shell, 2-182 Dibutylphthalate, 4-2
split-sleeve, 2-164 Die(s), 4-14, 6-9
visibility, 2-193 design of, 4-13
for volume, 4-117 piercing, 6-7
of web dimensions, 4-9 ring, 6-7,8,9
WP shell, 2-180 tapered, 6-8
accessory parts, 2-180 tungsten carbide, 6-37
wraparound, 4-135 Differential expansion, 2-181
Desirable properties of liner, 2-38 Different-length cases in same gun, 4-120
Desired bullet pull, methods of achieving, 4-132 Difficulties, extraction, 4-132,134
Detection of gun battery, 4-3 Difficulties, Ignition, 4-50
Deterioration in penetration, 2-78 Dimension(s)
Deterioration of propellant, 4-93 basic, 5-13,23
Determine(ation), (ing), 2-129 angular, 5-20
of band outside diameter, 4-149 radial, 5-20
of band-seat diameter, 4-150 chamber, 4-133
critical points in body of shell, 4-178 datum, 5-13
o f effective width of band, 4-150 reference, 5-13
effect of yaw, 3-75 of shell forgings and shapes, 6-5
grain design, 4-9 Dimensional(ing)
internal volume of cartridge case, 4-126 of ammunition items, 5-13
initial velocity factors, 3-72 basic angle, 5-23
lethality, 2-106 of cartridge case, 4-133
of maximum forces acting on shell during firing, mouth, 4-124
4-178 of chamber, 4-133
o f rifling twist, 4-173 checks, 6-40
o f relative air-blast intensities, 2-11 control, 5-13
o f web range, 4-10 o f grain, 4-7
o f weight o f burster charge, 2-178,182 radial, 5-20
weight of tetryl burster required, 2-178 of rifling, 4-169

1-12

o
 tapers, datum method of, 5-24 estimation of, 3-71
Dimensionless factor (K), 2-178 minimum, 3-64
Dimensionless parameter, 4-39 variation in, 3-67
Dinitrotoluene, 4-2 base, 3-70
Diphenylamine, 4-2,6 estimation of, 3-71
Direction o f future designs, 2-170 coefficient, 3-71
Disadvantage(s) coefficient (K tj). 2-118,166,195,196, 3 10,38,39,64,
of HEP shell, 2-156 67,68,69,70,75
fo r increasing twist, 4-170 estimating, 3-74
Discarding of fin-stabilized projectiles, 3-70
c a rrier, 2-152 partial, 3-71
method o f releasing, 2-119 practical, 3-38
petal, 2-119 versus air speed, 2-196
sabot, fin-stabilized, 2-4 friction, 3-68,70
sabot, shot, 2-4,118 estimation of, 3-71,
Discussion o f fragmentation patterns, 2-100 coefficient, 3-71
Disking, 2-122,124 force, 2-195,196
Dispersion, 2-39, 4-137 formula, 2-196
of canister shot, 2-154 skin friction, 3-10
cone of, 2-150 coefficient, 3-10
.angle of, 2-153 stabilize, 2-4,5
deflection, 2-107 wave, 3-70
excessive, 4-129 estimation of, 3-70
o f fragments, 2-137 coefficient, estimating the, 3-76
of fille r, 2-178 Draw(ing)
fuze, 2-107 Drawn, 4-124,132, 6-1,8,42
gases, nonperistent, 2-185 bench, 6-8
gases, persistent, 2-185 of cartridge case, 6-37
m issile, 2-152 design of, 4-117
radial, 2-150 British practice, 4-117
range, 2-107 steel, manufacture of, 6-41
o f smoke signal, 2-183 copper liners, 2-68
Displacement, water, 2-180 cup and, 6-37,47
Dissociative equilibrium, 4-87 number of, 4-125
Distance insufficient, 4-125
charge-to-gage, 2-11 pierce and, 6-7,8
standoff, 2-49 successive, 6-1
wadding, 1-7 taper, 4-135
Distortion, (Hencky-Von Mises) constant, 4-185 Drift firings, 3-10
Distribution . Driving
area method, 2-88 band, 6-17
binomial probability, 5-3 face force — (no friction), 4-153
erro r, 2-110 face force — (with friction), 4-153
fragment weight, 2-93 Drop(s)
hypergeometric, 5-2 tear, 6-13
poisson, 5-3 velocity, 3-5,28,30
Diverging yaw, 3-4 Dry-soap lubricated, 6-37
Double Ductlle(ity)
angle cones, 2-43 failure, 2-120
angle nose, 2-124 good, 6-4
base propellant, 1-6, 4-1,93 jet, 2-52
ejection charge, 2-160 perforation, 2-129
ejection system, 2-171 Du Pont, 2-37,60
sampling, 5-5 Duration of cloud, 2-177
wedge profile, 3-71 Dye(s)
wedge, symmetrical, 3-71 composition, 2-177,178
Drag, 2-58, 3-5,7,10,11,38 colored, 2-160
estimation of, 3-64 organic, 2-178
effect of base area, 3-67 fo r smokes, 2-186
effect of head curvature, 3-65
effect o f head length, 3-65
effect o f meplat diameter, 3-67
effect of shell length, 3-68 Ears, 6-37
effect o f yaw, 3-69 Ease of extraction, 4-121,134, 6-1
increase in, 3-67 Eccentric, 5-13,21
interference, 3-70 loading forces caused by, 4-178

1-13
 o f mouth, 4-124 yaw, determining, 3-75
o f projectile, 4-137 Effective
ramming, 4-178 chamber capacity, 4-126 .
shell, 3-30 ejection pressure, 2-163
Economics o f shell forging, 6-12 fragments, 2-107
Edge, 6-37 length o f chamber, 4-37
leading, 3-11,13,14 mass o f projectile, 4-36
trailing, 3-11,13,14 width o f band (determination of), 4-150
Effect(s) of Effectiveness
altitude on internal blast, 2-15 area fire, 2-107
annealing o f cones, 2-46 comparative, full-caliber vs subcaliber steel shot,
arm or-piercing caps on tungsten carbide cores, 2-138
2-142 pyrotechnic composition radiation, 2-193
armor thickness on projectile performance, 2-129 shaped charge, 2-48
blast, 2-7 against tanks, 2-82
on aircraft, 2-14 a
weapon, 2-106
case on internal blast, 2-i4 wounding, 2-98 ’
classification o f missiles by, 2-1 Efficiency, deceleration, 2-165
cone angle on penetration under rotation, 2-66 Efficiency, point o f optimum, 4-75
design parameters on penetration, 2-39 Eichelberger, 2-32
estimation o f drag Ejection
base area on, 3-67 base, 2-183
head curvature on, 3-65 canister, 2-165
head length on, 3-65 charge, 2-160,162,170,173,184
mSplat diameter, 3-67 design, 2-167,181
shell length, 3-68 black-powder, 2-183
yaw, 3-69 powders, 2-171
erosion, 4-163 pressure, 2-169
o f gage tolerance on component tolerance, 5-24 effective, 2-163
o f grain shape on burning rate, 4-20 second, 2-164,166
gun on extraction, 4-119 velocity, 2-163,164
Initial yaw due to bore clearance, 3-28 Elastic
effect o f liner chamber expansion, 4-120
material on penetration under rotation, 2-68 deformation, 2-9, 4-150,178
shape on penetration under rotation, 2-69 expansion o f gun, 4-119
thickness on penetration under rotation, 2-67 limit, 6-43
method of crimping, 4-132 modulus of, 2-165
moisture, protection against, 2-192 recovery, 4-118, 6-43
moisture on shelf life, 2-191 setback, 4-125
effect, Munroe, 2-110 stress state, 4-187,188
nose, 2-157 stress waves, 2-157
geometry o f A P projectiles, 2-138 Electric
geometry o f tungsten carbide cores, 2-139 conductivity, 4-2,3
on HEP shell performance, 2-157 detonators, 1-6, 2-57
obliquity, 2-123 fuze, 2-57,63
rotation, 2-34 prim er, 1-7
on penetration, 2-66 End squeeze, 6-6
on shaped charge jets, 2-63 Enamel seam sealer, 2-151
scale, 2-125 Electroformed cones, 2-39,41,46
second order, 4-33,36 Element, percussion, 4-84
secondary, 2-156 Eliminating spin degradation, 2-81
shaped charge, 2-18,57,59 Elliptic integral, 3-27
shock wave, 2-9 Elongation
skirting armor on cap, 2-143 factor, 2-178
skirting plate, 2-137 percentage, 4-136, 6-43
spaced armor on HEP shell, 2-157 low, 6-44
specific surface of reactants, 2-190 Emission
spit-back (flash-back) tubes, 2-46 color, 2-193
standoff on penetration under rotation, 2-68 fragment, 2-101
tapered walls on penetration, 2-43 Energy
thick-thin, 2-72 available IMR powder, 2-169
transport, 2-72 balance equation, 4-33,35,30,37,43 *
varying armor parameters, 2-129 competing o f HE shell, 3-76
varying projectile parameters, 2-137 equation, 4-37
velocity, 2-123 allowing for friction, 4-37
water sprays on hot forgings, 6-12 including heat loss, 4-37
 maximum, 4-185 drag, 3-64
o f motion, 4-43 coefficient, 3-74
muzzle, 3-38,72 fin-stabilized projectiles, 3-70
o f propellant, 4-87 effect of, 3-69
propellant gases, 3-73 base area, 3-67
radiant, 2-187,189 head curvature, 3-65
relative, 4-88 head length, 3-65
specific limit, 2-124 meplat diameter, 3-67
strain, 2-182 shell length, 3-68
Engines, peripheral jet, 2-82 yaw, 3-69
Engraving, 2-152, 4-151,152,153 friction drag, 3-71
pressure, 4-150 interference drag, 3-71
rifling, 4-153 wave drag, 3-70
4i rotating band, 4-164 coefficient, 3-76
Equation(s) Ethyl centralite, 4-2
ballistic, 4-45 Eutectic, 6-36
solution of, 4-36 Evaluation
Bernoulli's, 2-31 blast, 2-11
burning, 4-18 damage, 2-129
rate, 4-35,43 aircraft, 2-110
fo r cord propellant, 4-27 fragmentation effectiveness (parameters required),
derivation o f OSRD 6468 method, 4-42 2-93
energy balance, 4-33,35,36,37,43 o f present methods o f analysis, 2-91
allowing for friction, 4-37 Example by Le Due system, 4-81
including heat loss, 4-37 Example fo r optimum loading density, 4-50
form-function, 4-43 Excessive dispersion, 4-129
Hill-Mott-Pack, 2-33 Exothermal chemical reactions, 2-187,189
of interior ballistics, 4-22,33,35 Expansion
Lame, 4-182 bourrelet, 6-23
of motion, 4-36,38,42 cups, 4-150
modified, 4-37 differential, 2-181
projectile, 4-34

r
o f gun (elastic), 4-119
o f shell, 3-4 permanent, 4-118
Mott, 2-94,98 wrapped cartridge case (rough rolling and), 6-39
for multlperforated grain, 4-28 Expelling charge, 2-5,161
fo r period after all powder burned, 4-45 Experimental, 2-73
fo r single-perforated propellant, 4-27 case design (notes on), 4-126
solution of RD38, 4-37 to determine penetration, 2-102
fo r specific surface, 2-190 firings, 4-84
fo r strip propellant, 4-27 results with fluted liners, 2-73,76
o f state, 2-30, 4-33,34,42,43,88 shell (ring-type), 2-97
Abel, 4-35 Explosion
van der Waals, 4-35 confinement of, 2-109
virial, 4-34 heat of, 4-2,3,87,89
Equilibrium, dissociative, 4-87 premature, 6-17
Equipment, designing new, 4-121 temperature test, 2-23
Equivalence, ballistic, 4-26 Explosive(s)
Equivalent rotating band geometry, 4-155 average densities and compositions, 2-12
Erratic pressures, 4-11 fo r blast, 2-12
Erosion, 4-162,163 blasting, 4-2
bore, 4-1,3 burst, 1-3
causes of, 4-164 shell, 2-160
effects of, 4-163 burster, 2-160
methods used to control, 4-169 classification of, 1-6
of rifling, 4-162 high, 1-6
E rror distribution, 2-110 low, 1-6
Establishing acceptable quality level, (AQ L), 5-4 column of, 2-182
Establishing web size, 4-13 comparison of, 2-11
Estimate(s) pyrotechnic compositions with, 2-188
aerodynamic coefficients o f projectile, 3-8 fille r, pinching of, 2-158
ballistic limit, 2-127 fluting of, 2-81
base drag, 3-71 initiation of, 2-61
chamber capacity, 4-126 liquid, 2-62
minimum, 4-125 pellets, 2-82
clearance, 4-121 plastic, 2-156
damage probability, 2-88 pressed, 2-95

n r - i5
 ratios, 2-178 design and use of illuminating shell, 2-162
react with, 6-17 freedom of extraction, 4-118
In shaped charges, 2-59 initial velocity, 3-72
solid, 2-63 liner performance, 2-36
train, 2-177 luminous intensity, 2-189
prim er, 1-6 parachute design, 2-195
types penetration o f subcaliber projectiles, 2-137
aluminum, 2-13 pyrotechnic compositions, 2-187
ammonium perchlorate, 2-13 range, 3-38
HBX, 2-13 time o f flight, 3-38
Medina, 2-13 Failure
MOX, 2-13 armor plate, 2-119,120
Pentolite, 2-13 ballistic, 6-43,47
RDX, 2-13,14 ductile, 2-120
Silas Mason, 2-178 due to case, 4-120
T N T , 2-13 due to gun causing hard extraction, 4-120
Torpex, 2-13 the gun tube, 4-162
Tritonal, 2-13 to pentrate, 2-123
wave propagation, 2-7 o f shell under stress, 4-178
Extension, plastic, 4-118 Fall, angle of, 2-93
Exterior ballistics False ogive, 2-117
problem, 3-38 Fastax high-speed cameras, 2-94
sample of, 3-73 Fastening base plate, 6-17
of sabot, 2-119 Felt wadding, 2-172
External blast FFAR (shell), 2-85
damage criteria, 2-16 Fiber, chopped-glass, 2-176
vulnerability o f aircraft, 2-16 Field interchangeability, 2-182
Extraction, 4-119, 6-40 Figure o f m erit, 2-103,106
difficulties, 4-132,134 F llle r (s ), 2-5,150
ease of, 4-121,134 behavior of, 4-189
effect o f gun, 4-119 burning of, 2-178
free, 4-117 design, 2-177
factors Influencing, 4-118 propaganda shell, 2-184
grooves, 1-7 dispersion of, 2-178
stiff, 4-119 fleehette-type, 2-150
Extractor(s) liquid, 2-6,161,185
gun, 4-117,122 loading (W P), 2-180
pockets, 4-119 pinching o f explosive, 2-158
Extruded-aluminum burster casing, 2-180 setback (Sr ), 4-179,181,182,189
Extrusion, 4-6, 6-3,21 Fillets, rotation of, 3-81
over, advantages o f forging, 6-3 Fillet, volume of partial, 3-85
cold, 6-1,3,9 Film , protective, 2-192
to length, 6-21 Filters, colored, 2-193
process, French, 6-7 Fin(s)
rearward, 6-8 bent, 3-29
fo r shell manufacture, 6-2 with blunt trailing edge, 3-13
interference, 3-71
low aspect ratio, 3-13
rectangular, 3-12,71
F damage, 2-83 stabilize(d), 3-1
Fabric, tensile strength of, 2-198 discarding sabot, 2-4
Face, 6-27 hypervelocity, 2-4
hardened armor, 2-119,141 shell, 2-82,175, 3-10,28,70, 4-189
bullet proof (FHBP), 2-120 estimation of drag coefficients of, 3-70
Factor lift of, 3-12
damping, 3-4,6,30 ensure static stability, lift of, 3-11
dimensionless (K), 2-178 at subsonic velocities, 3-12
elongation, 2-178 sweptback, 3-13
form , 3-38,39,65,66,69, 4-23 supersonic speeds, thin, 3-12
overturning couple, 3-2 supersonic speeds, three-dimensional, 3-12
overturning moment, 3-8 thin, pointed, short, 3-13
righting moment, 3-30 wedge-type, 3-71
shock-load, 2-198 Final head, 6-43
stability, 3-2,5,6,8 Final inspection, 6-39,44,45
Factors (affecting) Finding
ballistic coefficient, 3-38 altitude, 3-73

1-16
 horizontal range, 3-73 chrome, 6-37
maximum range, 3-73 first, 4-3
Flnish(lng), 6-20 metal dust, 2-187
base o f shell, 6-16 muzzle, 4-3
bourrelet, 6-17 - less propellant, 1-6
cavity, forge, 6-1 radiographs, 2-69,73,93
HEP shell, 6-27 reducers, chemical, 4-2
machining, 6-15 second, 4-3
microsurface, 2-180 tube, 2-183
« surface, 6-27 Flashlessness, 4-2,11
, F lre(s) Flat
, angles of, 2-83 base, 4-182
, closed-chamber, 4-40 projectiles, 4-160
drift, 3-10 plate, 2-166
,* effectiveness, area, 2-107 spin, 3-30
. experimental, 4-84 Flatness o f base, control of, 4-126
first, 2-192 Flattening o f lands, 4-178
forces during, 4-178 Flechettefs), 1-3, 2-150
determination o f nunHmnm forces acting on loading of, 2-150
shell, 4-178 type fille r, 2-150
low-temperature, 4-129 Flight
percussion, 4-126 stability in, 4-170, 6-35
range, 3-65 time of, 3-4
tables, 2-177 minimum, 3-38,64
terminal ballistic, 2-83 spin, versus, 3-10
Fireman, 2-34 whipping o f casing In, 2-185
Firestone T ire and Rubber Co., 2-36,37,68,78,81 Flow, plastic, 2-120,123,143, 4-118
First, 2-3,4 Flute(s)
flre (s ), 2-192 liner, 2-35,69,71,72,75,82,108,109
composition, 2-172 experimental results with, 2-73,76
nonhygroscoplc, 2-192 mechanism o f spin compensation by, 2-72
flash, 4-3 methods fo r manufacturing, 2-80
hit, 6-21 performance of, 2-80
moment about plane, 3-81 tolerances of, 2-80
order theory, 2-34 nonideal, 2-78
round hit, 2-47 nonlinear, 2-80
round probability o f kill, 2-4 types of, 2-76
Fit Fluting, 6-43
interference, 4-121 o f explosive, 2-81
least-square, 4-20 spiral, 2-36
press, 4-132,180 Flyoff, band, 4-154
web to gun, 4-9 Follm eter, 2-10
Fixed ammunition, 4-117,160 F orce(s), 4-87
Five-second Incapacitation, 2-102 acting on shell, 4-178
Flame during firing, 4-178
action prim er, 1-6 summary of, 4-181
cutting, 6-5,14 determination o f maximum, 4-178
temperature, 4-35 in handling, 1-8
adiabatic, 4-87,88 propellant gas pressure, 4-179,181
isobarlc, 4-88 aerodynamic, 3-6
lsochorlc, 4-88 balloting, 4-178
Flange centrifugal, 2-167, 4-178
base, 2-45 cross-wind, 3-3,5,7,10,29,30
design, 4-122 coefficient, 3-10,12
diameter, 4-137 damping factor, 3-6,10
stepped, 4-123 drag, 2-195,196
thickness, 4-123,133 driving face (no friction), 4-153
types of, 4-122 driving face (with folctlon), 4-153
ro lle r, 6-46 eccentric loading, 4-178
F lare(s), 2-160,187 inertial, 4-178
aircraft, 2-195 normal, 3-7
burning, 2*154,193 coefficient, 3-13
composition, 2-167 propellant, 4-88
parachute, 2-161 radial compressive, 4-178
Flareback, 1-7 relative, 4-16,19
Flash, 4-1,3,11 setback, 2-108,109,162, 4-178,179

n 1-17
 shear, 2-162 data, 2-105 o
in shell wall resulting from rotation (tension), effect, secondary, 2-5
4-181 effectiveness, parameters needed to evaluate, 2-93
stresses in shell, resulting from, 4-181 Klrkwood-Brinkley's theory, 2-9 •
tangential, 4-179 nature of, 2-93
inertia, 4-178 patterns, 2-93
on rotating band, 4-181 discussion of, 2-100
at given section o f shell, 4-181 tests, 2-23,94,106
Forcing cone, 4-33,121,162 weapons, antipersonnel, 2-103,106
slope of, 4-126 Frankford Arsenal, 2-82 , 4-129,133,134,137,160,169
Forging, 6-3 Franklin Institute, 4-137
advantages o f extrusion over, 6-3 Free
finish o f cavity, 6-1 body stress analysis, 4-188
heat, 6-9 extraction, 4-117,118
hot, 6-1,25 flight system, 2-195
inspection of shell after, 6-13 run projectile, 4-164
shell, 6-4,6 space, initial, 4-38
steel, casting versus, 6-1 Free Flight Aerodynamics Branch of the Exterior
French extrusion method, 6-9 Ballistics Laboratory, 3-65
thlck-and-thin, 6-7 French extrusion method of forging shell, 6-7,9
upsetter, 6-9 Friction
Form, 4-21 coefficient, 3-10
coefficient, 4-21,23,24 drag, 3-68,70
corner, 4-21 estimation of, 3-71
factor, 3-38,39,65,66,69, 4-23 coefficient, 3-68,71
function, 4-16,18,21,23,25,26,27 projectile, 4-33
constants, 4-78 sensitivity, 2-23,187
equation, 4-43 Front
for seven perforated propellant (sim plified), 4­ detonation, 2-30,31
25,26 shock, 2-7
o f nitrocellulose, 4-2 Frustums, 3-81
Formation conic, 3-88
heat of, 4-89 volume of, 4-126
o f nitrocellulose, 4-90 Fuel damage, 2-111
jet, 2-31,32 Fuel tank vulnerability, 2-112
Forming Function
cold, 6-25 Arhennius, 2-192
punch, 6-26 density of loading, 4-48
tool, 6-16 form , 4-16,18,21,23,25,27
Formula pressure, 4-48
boiler, 4-154 of rotating band, 4-149
Demarre, 2-137 of skirting plate, 2-137
drag, 2-196 o f special purpose shell, 2-160
Gurney, 2-98 o f stability factor, 3-31
o f interior ballistics, 4-39 travel, 4-48
fo r maximum pressure, 4-41 velocity, 4-48
penetration, 2-125 Functional
R itter's, 2-165 Functioning
simple beam, 4-154 parachute, 2-163
solids o f revolution, 3-81 premature, 4-162,164
stress (deriving), 4-178 tests, 4-129,137
stress (summary of), 4-184 theory of cartridge case, 4-118
thick-cylinder, 4-180 time, fuze, 2-157
two-dimensional, 3-12 Fundamental
Formulation, 4-1 ballistic equation, 4-43
Fortification, defeat of, 2-4 equations of interior ballistics, 4-33
Fouling, metal, 4-149 development of, 4-34
Four-wheeled planimeter, 3-85 Furnace
Fraction burned, 4-21 induction, 6-33
o f powder, 4-47 reducing atmosphere, 6-29
o f web, 4-17 Future designs, direction of, 2-170
Fracture, brittle, 2-123 Fuze(s), 1-1,4
Fragments, 2-14,85,95,112,154 adapter, 2-175
Fragmentation, 2-1,50,93,94,156 black powder train, 1-4
characteristics, 2-94,95,97 boresafe, 1-5
control(led), 2-3,107,108,109,110,111 delay, 1-4

1-18

n
 dispersion, 2-107 persistent, 2-186
ejection charge, 2-172 dispersion, 2-185
electrical, 2-63 relative energy in, 4-87
functioning time, 2-49,157 temperature, 4-47
impact, 1-4 volume, 4-87
magnetic, 2-57 calculated fo r organic chemical constituent, 4-87
nondelay, 1-4 calculated fo r propellant composition, 4-87
point-detonating, 1-4,5, 2-177 wash, 4-120
proximity (VT),. 1-4, 2-177,184 Gasket, copper, 6-27
- for'shaped charge m issiles, 2-63 GB agents, 2-186
. spitback (flash-back), 2-63 Gelatinizing agents, 4-2
a superquick, 1-4 General form functions, 4-26
> tim e, 1-4, 4-1 Generator, piezoelectric, 2-63
mechanical, 2-177,183,184 Geometric
* V T, 1-4, 2-177,184 components o f projectile, 3-89
» Fuzing calculations of, 3-90
o f high-velocity rounds, 2-63 * density of loading, 4-46 '
o f low-velocity rounds, 2-63 Geometry
grain, 4-3,9,26
nose, 2-140
projectile, 3-69,81
Gafarian, 3-14 German designs fo r Q. F. guns, 4-123
Gage, 2-10, 6-20 Gilding-metal, 2-152, 4-149,160
acceptance, 6-44 Glazed-board cup, 4-122
air-blast, 2-11 Glass
calibration of, 2-11 armor, 2-82
blast cube, 2-11 cones, 2-38
blast tube, 2-11 filled phenolic, 2-175
bourrelet ring, 6-24 GO and NOT GO gaging, 5-5,12,24, 6-20
box, 2-10 Good ductility, 6-4
condenser microphone, 2-10 Government Inspection
crusher, 4-94 intermediate, 6-44
dial indicating, 5-13 and marking o f shells, 6-24
distance, charge-to-, 2-11 Graham, 3-12,13
n foilm eter, 2-10 Grain, 4-20
GO, 5-5,24 design, 4-13
NOT GO, 5-5,12 determination of, 4-9
head thickness, 6-45 dies, design of, 4-7
icosahedron, 2-100 dimensioning of, 4-7 -
inspection, chamber, 6-44 geometry, 4-3,9,26
mechanical, 2-10 green, 4-7
NOT GO, 5-5,24 (seven-perforated), multiperforated, 4-13,21,24,26,
papter blast, 2-85 36,48
meter, 2-10 shape, 4-7
peak-pressure, 2-10 burning rate, effect of, 4-20
piezoelectric, 2-10, 4-16,94 shrinkage of, 4-13
pressure, copper, 4-40 single perforated, 4-22,23
pull-over, 4-163 propellant, 4-16,20,93
resistance, 2-10 surface, 4-6
snap, 6-24 constant-burning, 4-48
thread, 6-24 Granulation, 4-1
tolerances, 5-24 propellant, 4-9,16
varnish cans, 2-11 Gravity, acceleration due to, 4-34
Gain twist, 4-170 Gravity, center of, 2-172, 3-10,86
Gas(es) . Green grains, 4-7
acceleration, 2-138 Gregg, 2-102
check, 4-189 Grinding, centerless, 6-17,29
constant, 4-35 Grommet, 1-4
density, 4-35 Groove(s)
evolution, 4-1 bands without, 6-17
internal energy of, 4-35 crimping, 4-132
kinetic energy of, 4-36 extracting, 1-7
muzzle, 4-3 rifling, 4-155
nonpersistent, 2-186 rings, 2-3,108
dispersion, 2-185 wire, 2-108
obturate, 2-172 Ground

1-19
 burst (lethal area), 2-106 o f explosion, 4-2,3,87,89
impact, 2-177 calculation o f (Q), 4-89,90
Gun fo r organic chemical constituent, 4-87
battery, detection of, 4-3 fo r propellant composition, 4-87
chamber design, 4-117 forging, 6-9
dahiage to, 4-178 o f formation, 4-89
design of, 4-119,124 o f nitrocellulose, 4-90
extractors, 4-117,122 loss, energy equation including, 4-37
high-pressure, 4-125 o f reaction, 2-189, 4-89
o f infinite length, 4-80 sensitivity to, 2-187,192
and mount, weight of, 3-72 of pyrotechnic compositions, 2-192
optimum, 4-50 specific, 4-35
separate loading, 4-117 test (100° C), 2-22
shell, recoilless, 6-4 test (115° C), 4-93
stress limits, 4-1 treatment, 6-3,4,14,33,43
tank, 4-50 none required, 6-47
tapered-bore, 2-4,118 sidewall, 6-43
tube, failure of, 4-162 HEAT shell, 2-32,58, 3-70,85
Guncotton, 4-2,6 Heavy arm or targets, 2-145
blended, 4-6 Height, 3-64
Gurney, 2-93,94,106 o f ogive, 3-65
constant, 2-98 optimum, 2-195
formulas, 2-98 HE shell, 4-153
Sarmousakls scaling formula, 2-95 cold extrusion of, 6-21
Gyration, radius of, 2-165, 4-153 computing energy of, 3-76
computing momentum of, 3-76
forging of, 6-4
machining of, 6-14
Half-weight, 2-98 HEP shell, 1-3, 2-5,156,158
Handling, forces acting on projectiles in, 1-8 accuracy of, 2-157
Hangfires, 4-84 action, 2-158
Hard advantages and disadvantages, 2-156
caps, 2-144 comparison o f with arm or-piercing shot, 2-156
extraction (failures due to gun causing), 4-120 cutting-off base of, 6-27
spot, 4-125 development of, 6-26
Hardening theory, status of, 2-158
age, 4-149, 6-46 finishing of, 6-27
strain, 6-21 fuzing requirements, 2-157 -
work, 4-119, 6-24 hardness of, 6-27
cold, 6-37 one-piece, 2-158
Hardness, 4-119 performance, 2-157
Brinell, 6-15 conclusions on, 2-158
o f cartridge case, 4-125 effect o f nose on, 2-157
requirements, 4-135 effect o f spaced arm or on, 2-157
o f HEP shell, 6-27 theory of, 2-156
loss of, 6-43 principles of, 2-157
test fo r, 6-15 spalling o f armor, 2-1
magnetic comparator, 6-43 Hexagonal planform, 3-14
Harvard tables (use o f), 3-85,86,87,88,89 High
HBX, 2-13 detonation velocity, 2-157
Hencky-Von Mises criterion, 4-187 explosive(s), 1-6
Hencky-Von Mises theory (constant distortion or), characteristics of, 2-22
4-185,186 core, 2-160,176
Head Shell, 1-2, 2-3, 3-10, 6-7,17
conical, 3-65 antitank (HEAT), 1-2, 2-4
final, 6-43 casting, 6-1
machining and stamping o f cartridge case, 6-39 plastic (HEP), 2-5,156
ogival, 3-65 notch sensitivity, 4-129
ogivo-conical, 3-64 obliquity, 2-124
thickness, 4-133 order detonation, 1-5
gage, 6-45 pressure guns, 4-125
Heading o f cartridge case, 6-37 pressure, sporadic, 4-84
Heat speed cameras (Fastax), 2-94
capacity, mean, 4-87,88 speed jet, 2-31
o f combustion, 4-88,89 sulfur steel, 6-2
calculated, 4-90 (objections to), 6-4

1-20
 o
velocity rounds, fuzing of, 2-63 Igniter sticks, 4-84
yield, 6-44 Ignitibility, 2-191,192
Hlll-Mott-Pack equation, 2-33 Ignition
Hlrschfelder Interior ballistic system, 4-18,20,21 cartridge, 2-172
solution by, 4-48 charges, 1-7
' Hitchcock, 3-9,10 difficulties, 4-50
« Hit, first, 6-21 interval, 4-84
Hit, second, 6-21 temperature, 2-187,189
Hole(s) tim e-to-, 2-192
- centrality of, 5-22 Mum inant
\ datum, 5-20 assembly, 2-160,182,184
• prim er, 6-43 composition, 2-175
« vent, 4-84 Illuminating
Hollow jet, 2-64 canister, 2-185
Homogeneity criteria, 6-1 shell, 2-160,161,164,182,:
Homogeneity o f lot, 5-2 design of, 2-162
Homogeneous armor, 2-36,120,138,139 elements o f mortar-type, 2-172
Hoop stress, 4-179 factors affecting use of and, 2-162
tenslonal, 2-163 metal parts of, 2-162
Horizontal range, finding, 3-73 optimum height of, 2-162
Hospitalization of shells, 6-18 Illumination
Hot battlefield, 2-162
-and-cold water tested, 6-29 intensity, 4-3
-forged stock, 6-2 maximum, 2-195 .
-forging, 6-1,25 Immediate incapacitation, probability of, 2-102
comparison with cold extrusion of shell, 6-24 Impact, 2-117
effect of water sprays on, 6-12 angle of, 2-137
pressing, 6-36 ftize, 1-4
tops, 6-29 ground, 2-177
work versus cold work on steel, influence of, 6-1 resistance, 6-4
Howitzers, obturating problem in, 4-134 sensitivity to, 2-187
HVAP rifle bullet, 2-23
shot, 2-128, 6-35,36 test, 2-22
assembly of, 6-35 velocity, 2-5,93
o base of, 6-35
body of, 6-35
Impaired penetration, 2-38
Implied requirement, 5-15,22
windshield of, 6-35 Importance o f slow roll, 3-29
projectiles, 4-153 Improper heat treatment, 2-123
HVAPDS Impulse, 2-16,72
round, 2-137 comparison of peak pressure and, 2-13
shot, &-118, 6-36 positive, 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,19
projectile, 2-138 IMR powder, 2-188
HVAPDSFS available energy for, 2-169
projectiles, 2-128 Incapacitation
shot, 2-119 criterion, 2-104
Hydraulic piercing, 6-7 probability of immediate, 2-102
Hydrogen atmosphere, 6-36 types of, 2-102
Hydrostatic pressure, 4-186 A, 2-102
Hydroxide, metal, 2-191 B, 2-102
Hygroscoplclty, 2-22 K, 2-102
decrease, 4-2 five-second, 2-102
test, 4-94 Incendiary, 2-1
Hypergeometric distribution, 5-2 Incident wave, 2-8,9
Hypervelocity, 2-4,118 Incipient plastic flow, 4-186
armor-piercing shell (HVAP), 2-117 Incipient plastic stress state, 4-188
manufacture of, 6-35 Increase in drag, 3-67
discarding sabot ammunition (HVAPDS), 1-3 Increasing twist, 4-172
fin-stabilized shot (HVAPDSFS), 1-3 advantages, 4-170
discarding sabot, fin-stabilized shell, 2-4 disadvantages, 4-170
projectiles, 2-123 Increment(s), 1-7
Hypothetical shell, lethality of, 2-106 boundary, 2-183
propellant, 2-172
Indentation pressure, 4-152
Independent
Icosahedron gage, 2-100 locational tolerance, 5-13
Igniter compositions, 2-192 symbol, 5-15

1-21

r
 tolerance, S-21 fit. 4-121
0\
Index, 2-77 minimum, 2-180
angle, 2-77,79 ratio, 4-152
lethality, 2-103,106,107 recommended, 4-123
o f satisfactory Ignition, 4-84 aero, 4-169
Indicator, dial, 5-14 Interior ballistics, 2-153, 4-1,164
Induction furnace, 6-33 basic problems of, 4-33
Inertia(l) calculations, 4-9
forces, 4-178 equations of, 4-22,33,35
tangential, 4-178 summary of, 4-39,46
momenta of, 3-86,89 properties, 4-16
polar, 4-179 systems of, 4-18,33
o f shell, 3-4 Intermediate anneals, 6-1
Influence o f hot work versus cold work on steel, 6-1 Intermediate inspection, government, 6-44
Information-bearing leaflets, 2-183 Internal
Infrared, 2-189 contour o f case, 4-124
Initial contour o f shell, 2-185
clearance, 4-119 energy o f gas, 4-35
free space, 4-38 mouth diameter, 4-124
shot start pressure, uniform, 4-149 volume o f cartridge case (determine), 4-126
velocity, 3-38 International heat test (75° C), 2-22
factors determining, 3-72 Interpolator, transparent, 4-17
fragment, 2-106 Interpolation, linear, 3-88
prediction of, 2-98 Interval o f burning o f propellant, 4-43
yaw, 3-5,28 , 4-164,178 Interval, ignition, 4-84
magnitude and effects of, due to bore clearance, Inverted bead, 4-134
3-28 Inverted piercing, 6-8
Initiating charge, 2-177 Iron
Initiation powder, 4-161
o f explosive, 2-61 sintered, 4-149,161
peripheral, 2-62 sulfide, 6-4
Initiator Isobaric adiabatic flame temperature, 4-88
black powder, 2-183 Isochoric adiabatic flame temperature, 4-88
test, 2-23
Inspection, 6-5,18 o
amount of, 5-1
chamber gage, 6-44 Jaeger, 3-13
final, 6-39,44,45 Jet, 2-58
government and marking o f shells, 6-24 bifurcation of, 2-35
methods of, 5-1, 6-40 ' breakup, 2-32
by attributes, 5-5,12 density, 2-38
lot-by-lot sampling, 5-1 ductility, 2-52
100-percent, 6-44 engines, peripheral, 2-82
by variables, 5-12 formation, 2-31,32
visual, 6-20,24 high speed, 2-31
personnel required, 6-47 hollow, 2-64
in process o f manufacture, 6-13,19,23 radiographic studies, 2-68
o f shell forgings, 6-13 shaped charge, 2-38,85
o f wrapped case, 6-48 velocity, 2-63
Insufficient number o f draws, 4-125 water, 6-6
Integral, elliptic, 3-27 Jib, alining, 4-132
Integrator, 4-126 Joint press, 6-17
ballistic, 3-85 Joint, shear, 2-160
Intensifiers, color, 2-186 Jominy tests, 6-29
Intensity Jump, 3-6,28,30
illumination, 4-3 finned projectiles, assymetry effects on, 3-30
luminous (candlepower), 2-187,190,191 measurement of, 3-6
factors affecting, 2-189
Intensities, determination o f relative air-blast, 2-11
Interacting wave front theory, 2-157
Interchangeability, field, 2-182 K damage, 2-83,110
Interference(s) KK damage, 2-110
drag, 3-70 Kamikaze attack, 2-110
estimation of, 3-71 Kelley, 3-12
fin, 3-71 Kent, 4-36
body, 3-71 K err cell, 2-34

1-22
n
Kl-starch test, 4-93 criteria , 2-93,101,111 '
K ill, 2-110 determination, 2-105,106
first-round probability of, 2-3,4 o f hypothetical shell, 2-106
'Iflinetic energy index, 2-103,106,107
ammunition, 2-1,4,85,117 Lieberman, 2-69 '
o f gas, 4-36 Lift(ing)
of powder, 2-137 coefficient, 3-10,12
o f projectile, 4-9,33,35 slopes, 3-13,27
shot, comparative performance of, 2-145 o f fins to ensure static stability, 3-11
, shot, penetration o f arm or, 2-1 o f finned projectile, 3-12
Kirkwood-Brinkley’s theory, 2-9 plug, 1-4
, Knurling rollers, 6-16 Light, 2-1
Krupp arm or, 2-120 characteristics o f pyrotechnic compositions (fac­
tors which affect), 2-187
output, 2-170
signal color, 2-193
Labyrinth seal, 4-134 Lim it(s)
Lagerstrom , 3-12,13 ballistic, 2-125,127,141,144,145
Lame, equations by, 4-182 approximating the, 2-126
Lam ellar pearlite, 6-29 elastic, 6-43
Laminae, 2-192 to length o f shell, 3-1
Land(s), 3-4, 6-35 pressure, 4-1,9,11
band, 4-155 o f propagation vs. minimum column diameter,
width, 4-155 . 2-182
flattening of, 4-178 signal smokes (terminal effects), 2-182
rifling, 4-155 tolerance, 5-11,18
wear of, 4-164 velocity, 2-125
Lapin, 3-14 web, 4-11
Late collapse, 2-69 Linear
Law(s) acceleration, 4-179
o f Cranz, 2-32 burning rate, 4-16,18,20
o f mass action, 2-190 interpolation, 3-88
Newton's, 4-34 -shaped charges, 2-82
scaling, 2-9,16,65 Liner(s), 2-108
o Lead
azide, 1-5
conical, 2-31
copper, 2-32,46
carbonate, 4-3 drawn, 2-68
. cones, 2-41 cylindrical, 2-69,71
Leading edge, 3-11,13,14 desirable properties of, 2-38
Leaflets, 2-1 fluted, 2-35,69,71,72,75,82,108,109
information-bearing, 2-183 materials, 2-85
Leaflets, propaganda, 2-184,185 effect on penetration under rotation, 2-68
rolls, 2-184 selection of, 2-50
method o f reinforcing, 2-184 method o f attaching, 2-55
surrender, 2-183 parameters, consideration of, 2-49
warning, 2-183 performance, 2-36
Leakage, 2-6 factors affect!: ;, 2-36
propellant gases, 2-180 measures of, ' 36
Least-square fit, 4-20 shape, 2-52
Le Due system, 4-33,80,81 effect on penetration under rotation, 2-69
Length shaped charge, 2-52 ,
cartridge case, 4-121,128 soft porous, 2-109
tolerance of, 4-121 steel, 2-32,61
o f chamber, 4-137 thickness, effect on penetration under rotation,
extrusion to, 6-21 2-67
gun o f infinite, 4-80 trumpet-shaped, 2-69
ogival, 3-87 Lined cavity charges, 2-31
arc, 3-82 Lin es-first, 2-196
o f swell diameter, 3-85 Lines, Lucdcr's, 6-44
LcsscHs' and Associates, 2-158 Linfoot, 2-94
Lethal area, 2-3,93,104,106,154 Liquid
air-burst, 2-107 explosives, 2-62
computation, 2-103 fille rs , 2-6,161,185
criteria, 2-154 -filled shell, 2-160,185
ground-burst, 2-10G burster, design of, 2-186
Lethality, 2-4,36,71,119,153 saltpeter, 6-37

1-23
Litmus-paper test, 6-40 operations on mouth o f cartridge case, 6-44
Loaded, press, 2-156 ■ Magnaflux test, 6-33
Loading Magnesium-aluminum fuels, properties o f aluminum
density, 2-11,14, 4-1,33 and, 2-190
maximum, 4-50 Magnetic
optimum, 4-50 comparator, 6-45
vs, pressure curve o f black powder, '2-183 hardness, 6-43
o f propellant, 4-164 fuzes, 2-57
flechettes, 2-150 hardness test, 6-43
geometric density, 4-46 Magnitude of initial yaw due to bore clearance, 3-28
mortar shell, 4-178 Magnus moment, 3-8,29
tool, 6-41 damping factor, 3-6,10
WP fille r, 2-180 Main body taper, 4-121
Location of center o f gravity, 3-88 Major base, 3-87
Locational tolerance symbols, 5-13 Major defects, 5-5
Longitudinal stress, 4-182,189 Malformed cones, 2-39
longitudinal tensile stress, 4-179 Malfunctions, 6-47
Long-term surveillance, 2-175 caused by twisting o f shroud lines, 2-166
Loose rotating bands, 6-26 Mandrel, 6-9
Loss Manganese sulfide, 6-4
o f hardness, 6-43 Manufacture
in obturation, 4-163 arm or-piercing shot and caps, 6-29
in penetration, 2-57 artillery ammunition, 6-1
in shot-start pressure, 4-163 cartridge case, 4-119,133
Lot annealing operations, 6-39
acceptability of, 5-12 brass, 6-37
definition of, 5-1 perforated, 6-49
homogeneity of, 5-2 steel, drawn, 6-41
-by-lot sampling inspection, 5-1 trapezoidal-wrapped, 6-46
size, sam ple-size-to-, 5-6 o f HEP shell, 6-26
tolerance percent defective (LT P D ), 5-3 of hypervelocity arm or-piercing shot (HVAP), 6-35
Low inspection in process of, 6-23
aspect ratio, 3-13 o f shell during closing, 6-19
explosives, 1-6 o f nitrocellulose, 4-6
notch toughness, 6-4 progress in techniques, 6-1
order detonation, 2-183 o f propellants, 4-6
oxygen balance, 4-3 steel shells, pierce-and-draw process of, 6-2
percentage elongation, 6-44 of tungsten carbide cores, 6-36
-temperature firing, 4-129 Marker, colored, 2-160
-temperature stress relieving, 6-43 Marking
-velocity rounds (fuzing of), 2-63 on bases o f cartridge cases, 4-126
Love, 4-36 of shells, 6-18
Lueder's lines, 6-44 government inspection and, 6-24
Luminous intensity (candlepower), 2-187,190,191 Martensite structure, 2-143
factors affecting, 2-189 Mass
Lupersol, 2-192 action, law of, 2-190
Luther, 3-13 fragment, 2-109,111
presented area, relation between, 2-99
o f projectile, 3-38
Matching
M damage, 2-83 ballistic, 2-6,157
M l propellant, 4-1 and soldering A P caps, 6-33
M2 propellant, 4-2 weight, 2-180
M15 propellant, 4-2 Material(s)
Mach anisotropic, 4-149
angle, 3-14 burster, 2-178
number, 3-4,9,12,13,39,65,68,71 for cartridge cases, 4-132
stem, 2-9 deterrent, 4-3
wave, 2-9,19 liner, 2-85
Machinable quality armor (MQ), 2-120 rotating bands, 4-149
Machining, 6-1 properties required of, 4-149
finish, 6-15 stabilizing, 4-1
of HE shells, 6-14 Mathematical statement o f Von Mlses yield condi­
outside of, rough, 6-14 tion, 4-187
preparation for, 6-14 Matrix, use of, 2-150
operations on head of cartridge case, 6-44 Maximum '

1-24
 ballistic coefficient, 3-64 fragmentation characteristics data to design of
charge, 4-50 shell, application of, 2-98 .
energy, 4-185 gilding. 2-152, 4-149,160
theory, 4-185 hydroxide, 2-191
illumination, 2-195 oxide, 2-191
likelihood, method of, 2-95,127 parts
loading density, 4-50 accessory, 2-164
metal conditions, 5-20,24 o f illuminating shell, 2-162
pressure, 4-16,19,20,26,39,40,48,94,188 signal-smoke shell design, 2-182
attainable, 4-33 setback of, 4-181
Calculate, 4-81 sabots, 2-138
tables for, 4-47 salts, alkali, 4-3
formula for, 4-41 Metallurgy, powder, 6-1
position of, 4-45,47 M eter, paper blast, 2-10
propellant, 4-180,188 Method(s), 4-149
rated, 4-11,50 analysis
ratio of, 4-88 o f data, 2-85
time of, 4-45,48 evaluation o f present, 2-91
range, 3-38,64 by, statistical, 2-126
finding, 3-73 of arming, 1-5
shear ballistic, 4-26
stress, 4-185 Bruceton staircase, 2-23
theory, 4-185,187 bullet pull, of achieving desired, 4-132
(Tresca's rule o f flow), 4-185 o f producing colored smoke, 2-178
sky brightness, 2-193 comparative study of shell forging, 6-13
square, 6-8 o f computing ‘
velocity, 4-9,50 air density at any altitude, 2-198
permissible, 4-156 ballistic limits from firing data, 2-126
muzzle, 2-128 band width, 4-150
McMiUen, 2-102 muzzle velocity of a subcaliber projectile,
Mean, 5-12 British, 2-138
burst height, 2-107 o f crimping (effect of), 4-132
deviation from , 4-137 of controlling fragmentation, 2-108
dimension o f ogive, 3-2 of dimensioning mouth o f case, 4-124
n heat capacity, 4-87,88 distributed area, 2-88
calculated fo r organic chemical constituent, 4-88 used to control erosion, 4-169
calculated fo r propellant composition, 4-88 of forging shell, French extrusion, 6-9
Measurements of imparting rotation, 2-119, 4-149
of blast, 2-10 of inspection, 5-1
of jump, 3-6 liner, of attaching, 2-55
of liner performance, 2-36 liners, for manufacturing fluted, 2-80
piezoelectric, 4-94 of maximum likelihood, 2-95,127
of presented area o f fragment, 2-100 of reinforcing leaflet rolls, 2-184
o f sensitivity, 4-93 of releasing and discarding c a rrier, 2-119
o f stability, 4-93 test, 4-93 .
wind tunnel, 3-9,71 description of, 2-22
Mechanical gage, 2-10 of shell forming (compromise), 6-25
time fuze, 2-177,183,184 shock velocity, 2-11
Mechanism of stabilization, 3-1
of cap action (theories), 2-141 stochastic, 2-107
recoil, 3-72 up-and-down, 2-127
of spalling, 2-157 vulnerable area, 2-88
of spin compensation (by fluted liners), 2-72 . of weight control (shell manufacture), 6-17
Medina explosives, 2-13 Methyl violet test, 4-93
Meplat (flat nose), 3-67 Micrometer, ball point, 6-24
circular, 3-69 Microsurface finish, 2-180
diameter, effect on estimation of drag, 3-67 Midwest Research Laboratories, 2-82
Mercury fulminate, 1-5 Minimum
M erit, figure of, 2-103,106 bourrelet clearance, 4-178
Metal candlepower, 2-195
binder, 6-36 chamber capacity (estimating), 4-125
burster tube, 2-160,179 clearance, 4-121
case, solid-drawn, 4-120 drag, 3-64
dead, 6-42 interference, 2-180
dust flashes, 2-187 metal conditions, 5-20,24
fouling, 4-149 permissible yield stress, 4-156

1-25
n
 stress in shell wall, 4-158 illuminating, design elements of, 2-172
tim e o f flight, 3-38,64 loading, 4-178
Minor defects, 5-5 special design problems of, 2-172
M isfires, 4-84 spin-stabilized, 2-173
M issile(s), 2-150 Motion
fo r canister ammunition, 2-150 o f center o f gravity, 3-6,38
classification of, 2-1 energy of, 4-43
effect by, 2-1 equation of, 3-4,4-36,38,42
design o f shaped charge, 2-47 o f projectile, 4-33
dispersion, 2-152 o f spinning shell, 3-2
preformed, 2-1 start of, 2-73, 4-43
secondary, 2-4 Mott, 2-93,94,106
equation, 2-94,98 r
Mixed zone, 2-127
Mixtures, binary, 2-190 reliability of, 2-95
Mixture, pyrotechnic, 2-192 ' scaling formula, 2-95
Models, combat, 2-107 < Mouth '
Modifications o f shape o f shell, 3-64 anneal o f cartridge case, 6-44
Modified equation o f motion, 4-37 boiling of, 4-122
Modulus diameter, internal, 4-124
elasticity, 2-165 eccentricity of, 4-124
rigidity, 4-186 thickness at, 4-133
Young's, 4-118 Moving charge, 2-16
Moisture MOX explosives, 2-13
atmospheric, 2-191 Mullins Manufacturing Corporation, 6-21
proofing agents, 4-2 Multichek gage, 6-24
protection against effects, 2-192 Multiperforated grain (seven-perforated), 4-13,21,24
on shelf life , effect of, 2-191 (equations fo r), 4-28
Mold, big-end-up, 6-29 Multiple
Mold casting in, 6-1 punching, 6-49
Moles o f gas, number of, 4-87 sampling, 5-6
Molybdenum disulfide, 2-181 wall shell, 2-108,109
Molykote, 2-181 Multipurpose shell, 2-161
Moment Munk's theoretical values, 3-9
inertia, 3-86,89 Munroe effect, 2-110
axial, 3-2 Murphy, 3-9,10 '
polar, 3-81,89,4-179 Murray-Ohio Corporation, 6-46
o f shell, 3-4 Must not decompose in storage, 4-2
transverse, 3-2,10,28,81,90 Muzzle .
firs t about plane, 3-1 blast, 3-28,29,30
Magnus, 3-8,29 energy, 3-38,72
damping factor, 3-10 rotational, 4-150
overturning, 3-2,7,10,11,29 flash, 4-3
coefficient, 3-9 reduce, 4-2
factor, 3-8 gases, 4-3
righting, 3-7,10,11 momentum, 3-38,72 '
factor, 3-28,30 pressure, 4-11
spin-decelerating, 3-8 velocity, 2-118,129,153 , 3-39,72 , 4-26,40,48,129,
coefficient, 3-10 137,173,189
damping factor, 3-6 consistent, 2-152
transverse, 3-89, 4-178 o f subcaliber projectile (British method o f es­
yawing, 3-3,8,10 timating), 2-138
coefficient, 3-10 tables fo r calculation of, 4-47
damping factor, 3-6
Momentum
o f HE shell (computing), 3-76
muzzle, 3-38,72 National Defense Research Council, 2-37
o f projectile, 3-72 National Pneumatic Company, 6-29
o f propellant gases, 3-72 Nature o f fragmentation, 2-93
recoil, 3-72 Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 2-60
Monobloc Naval Ordnance Test Station, 2-37
projectiles, 2-141 Navy star shell, 2-173
shot, 2-117,138 Neck of cartridge case, 4-134
capped, 6-29 Necking case, 4-129
Morikawa, 3-14,27 Newton's laws, 4-34
Mortar ammunition Nick and break, 6-5
forgings, 6-4 Nitration, proper degree of, 4-6

1-26
 Nitrocellulose, 1-6, 4-1,2,6,13 amplitude of, 3-8
blended, 4-2 angular velocity, 3-29
forms of, 4-2 yaw, 3-6
heats o f formation of, 4-90 Nylon shrouds, 2-167
lacquer coatings, 6-47
manufacture of, 4-6
Nitroglycerin, 4-1,2
propellants, 4-134 Objections to high sulfiir content steel, 6-4
Nitroguanidine, 1-6,4-2 Objectives in shell forging, 6-7
propellants, 4-93 Obliquities o f attack, 2-145
\ Nomograph, 4-17 Obliquity, 2-125,137,138,141
No heat treatment required, 6-47 angle of, 2-156
Non- effect of, 2-123
cemented arm or, 2-120 high, 2-124
deformable projectiles, 2-137 Obscuration, target, 4-3
delay fuze, 1-4 Obstructions within the cavity, 2-44
hygroscopic firs t-fire , 2-192 Obturation, 1-7, 2-152, 4-117,134,149,150,152, 6-1,
ideal flute, 2-78 40
linear flutes, 2-80 beads, 4-134
persistent gas, 2-186 cup, 2-173
dispersion, 2-185 gases, 2-172
undercut seat, 4-154 loss in, 4-163
Normal problem in howitzers, 4-134
e rro r curve, 2-100 Obturators, rubber, 2-152
force, 3-7 Occluded acids, 4-6
coefficient, 3-8,9,13 Office o f Scientific Research and Development, 2-66,
stresses, 4-181 68
Nose OSRD 6468 method, derivation o f equations, 4-42
adapter, 2-186 Offsets, 2-36
blunt, 2-157 Ogival
cabbage of, 6-21 arc, 3-87
charge, single, 2-175 center of, 3-84
crush-up of, 2-5 length of, 3-82
diameter, 3-87 radius of, 3-69
double-angle, 2-124 heads, 3-65
geometry, 2-140 length, 3-87
A P projectile (effect of), 2-138 radius, 3-8,67
tungsten carbide cores (effect of), 2-139 solid o f revolution, 3-87
notching, 6-17 zone, volume of, 3-86
pointed, 2-124 Ogive, 1-3, 2-49,128, 3-64,69,81
radius o f projectile, 3-82 arc, radius of, 3-82
truncated conical, 2-139 characteristics, 3-88 .
truncated ogival, 2-124 computations for, 3-82
tapping, 6-16 false, 2-117
Nosing, 6-23 height of, 3-65
deformation during, 6-17 mean dimension of, 3-82
o f shell, 6-14 pointed, 3-87
NOT GO gage, 5-24 radius of, 2-139
NOT GO, GO-and-, 6-20 secant, 3-64,65,81,87
Notation, consistent, 4-16 segment, 3-85
Notch(es), (ed), (ing), 6-41 calculation of, 3-85
casings, 2-108 shape, 2-58
castings (description of), 2-109 shell, volume o f thin, 3-86
(or grooved) rings, 2-108 tangent, 3-65,81,87,88
(or grooved) w ire, 2-3,108,109 volume o f complete, 3-86
nose, 6-17 Ogivo-conical head, 3-64
Notch sensitivity, 4-129,133, 6-43 Olin Malhieson Chemical Corporation, 4-7
Notes on cartridge case designs, 4-125,126 One, 6-7
Nubbin, 6-27 -piece HEP shell, 2-158
Number, 3-4 -shot method, 6-7
o f draws, 4-125 -shot piercing process, 6-7
o f fragments, 2-93 -shot press, 6-7
Mach, 3-4,9,12,13,39,65,68.71 100-percent inspection, 6-44
o f moles of gas, 4-87 Opening of parachute, stages in, 2-196
Reynolds, 3-68 Opening velocity, critical, 2-196
Nutation, 3-3 Operating characteristic, curve (OC), 5-2

n 1-27
 Operations, characteristic deep-drawing, 6-2 Parachute, 2-160,173
Operations in the machining o f sheila, sequence of, deceleration, 2-166
6-14 deployment, 2-166
Optimum methods, 2-196
air-burst height, 2-107 design, 2-162
base plug, design of, 2-162 factors affecting, 2-195 '
charge, 4-9 pyrotechnic, 2-193
cone angle, 2-54 flares, 2-161
conditions, 4-50,74 functioning, 2-163
design, 2-93 shaped, 2-195
efficiency, point of, 4-75 stages in opening of, 2-196
gun, 4-50 . standard flat, 2-195
height, 2-195 suspension system, 2-196
for area illumination, 2-195 types of, 2-195
concept of, 2-193 Parallel axis (or plane) theorem, 3-89
derivation of, 2-193 Parallel design, 5-11
o f illuminating shell, 2-162 Parallelism , symbol for, 5-14
ignition, requirement for, 4-85 Param eter(s)
loading density, 4-50 central ballistic, 4-38
example for, 4-50 dimensionless, 4-39
pellet size (canister ammunition), 2-153 needed to evaluate fragmentation effectiveness,
standoff distance, 2-38,49 2-93
visibility, 2-177 Parasheet, 2-195
warhead size, 2-14 Partial drag coefficients, 3-71
web, 4-10,11 Partial randomness o f sampling, 5-2
weight o f cap material, 2-143 Particle size, 2-106,189
Ordnance Particle velocity, 2-7,30
Ammunition Command, 4-7 Parts design, accessory, 2-177
Board, 4-119 Parts design, shell metal, 2-177
Committee Minutes (OCM), 2-2 Patterns, fragmentation, 2-93
Corps standard density, 3-38 Peak, 4-20
Department, 4-7,169 penetration, 2-68
Organic pressure, 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,16,19, 4-1,20,38
chemical constituent, gas volume (n) calculated gage, 2-10
for, 4-87 _ impulse and comparison of, 2-13
mean heat capacity y calculated for, 4-88 Pearllte, lam ellar, 6-29
heat o f explosion (Q) calculated fo r an, 4-87' Pearlltic structure, 2-143
relative energy in gas calculated for, 4-88 Pellet
dye, 2-178 black powder, 1-5
Origin o f rifling, 4-173 explosive, 2-82
Oscillatory projectile motion, 3-2 size, optimum (canister ammunition), 2-153
Output, light, 2-170 Penetrate, failure to, 2-123
Ovality, 4-122, 5-13 Penetrated, thickness o f plate, 2-137
Overcoming deficiencies o f conventional long a rtil­ Penetration, 2-32,34,35,36,40,41,45,46,49,53,58,60,
le ry prim ers (proposals made fo r), 4-84 62,63,66,71,74,80,81,83,117,122,128,138
Overlay bands, welded, 6-17,26 arm or, 2-137
Overturning kinetic energy shot, 2-1
couple factor, 3-2 by shaped charges, 2-1
moment, 3-2,7,10,11,29 bone, 2-103
coefficient, 3-9 depth of, 2-78
factor, 3-8 deterioration in, 2-78
Overworking brass, 4-125 effect o f design parameters on, 2-39
Oxidations, exothermal, 2-187 effect o f rotation upon, 2-66
Oxide, metal, 2-191 experiments to determine, 2-102
Oxidizing agents, 2-186 fall-off, 2-64
Oxygen balance, 4-3 formula, 2-125
Oxygen deficiency, 4-89 impaired, 2-38
loss in, 2-57
peak, 2-68
performance, 2-70,137
Painting o f shells, 6-19 power, 2-78
Pancake bags, 4-85 rate of, 2-33
Panel test, 2-94 rotational, 2-68
Panzerfaust, 2-83 effect of cone angle on, 2-66
Paper blast gages, 2-85 effect of liner shape on, 2-69
Paper blast m eter, 2-10 effect of standoff, 2-68

1-28

o
 effect o f liner thickness on, 2-67 Pierce-and-draw process o f manufacturing steel
spin versus optimum, 2-4 shells, 6-2,5,7,8,29
subcaliber projectiles, factors limiting, 2-137 Piercing
sufficient residual, 2-85 die, 6-7
Pentolite, 2-13,40 drawing after, 6-8
Percentage elongation, 4-136, 6-43 hydraulic, 6-7
Percentage oxygen deficiency, 4-89 inverted, 6-8
Percussion press, 6-7,8
element, 4-84 prim er hole, 6-43
firing, 4-126 process, one-shot, 6-7
prim er, 1-7, 2-172 progressive, 6-9
V Perforate, 2-125 punch, 6-7
Perforated cartridge cases, manufacture of, 6-49 Piezoelectric
Perforation, 2-82,85 gage, 2-10, 4-16
alignment of, 6-49 generator, 2-63
arm or, 2-124,125 measurements, 4-94
o f cartridge case, 6-49 Pillaring o f WP cloud, 2-181
definition of, 2-125 Pin(s)
ductile, 2-129 circle diameter, 4-14
probability of, 2-88 plate, 4-14
punching type of, 2-129 design of, 4-13
Performance shear, 2-5,160,161,164,172,175,184
o f arm or plate, 2-125 size, 4-13
o f arm or-piercing projectiles, 2-126 twist, 2-161
of, A P and APC projectiles, comparative, 2-142 Pinching o f explosive fille r, 2-158
o f fluted liners, 2-80 Pipe, 6-13,17
HEP shell, 2-157 P it
effect o f nose, 2-157 sand, 2-94
theory of, 2-156 sawdust, 2-94
o f kinetic energy shot, comparative, 2-145 water, 2-94
liner, 2-36 Plane detonation wave, 2-31
factors affecting, 2-36 Plane o f yaw, 3-7
penetration, 2-70,137 Planform, hexagonal, 3-14
shaped charge, 2-62 Planimeter, four-wheeled, 3-85
o f wrapped case, 6-47 Plans sampling, continuous, 5-10
Peripheral Initiation, 2-62 Plastic
Peripheral jet engines, 2-82 anisotropic, 4-189
Permanent deformation, 4-178,185 canister, 2-183
Permanent expansion, 4-118 projectile, 2-152
Perm issible tolerance zone, 5-17 casings, 2-152
Perpendicularity, 5-21 deformation, 4-133,178,186, 6-43
o f surface, 5-15 explosives, 2-156
symbol for, 5-14 extension, 4-118
Persistent gas, 2-186 flow, 2-120,123,143, 4-118
dispersion of, 2-185 incipient, 4-186
Personnel, defeat of, 2-3 phenolic-type, 2-175
Personnel needed, Inspection, 6-47 plug, 4-122
Petal, discarding, 2-119 rotating bands, 4-154
Petal, retained, 2-119 sabot, 2-119
Petalling, 2-120 shell, manufacture o f high-explosive, 6-26
Phenolic strain, 4-118
asbestos-filled, 2-176 stress state, 4-188
glass-filled, 2-175 Plasticity theory, 4-150,187
type plastic, 2-175 Plate
Phillips, 3-14 baffle, 2-175
Phosphate coating, 6-17,21 base, 2-164
« Phosphate, zinc, 6-3 flat, 2-166
Photoflash bombs, 2-178 skirting, 2-129
Photoflash composition, 2-187 pin, 4-14
Phthalates, 4-6 vibrations, 2-123
Picatinny Arsenal, 2-82,153,176, 4-16,137,182 Plug(s), 2-124
Picatinny test, 2-22 base, 2-160,162,164,170
Pickled, 6-21 closing, 1-2,7
Pickled, shot-blasted, 6-3 lifting, 1-4
Pickling, 6-41 plastic, 4-122
Pidduck, 4-36 white metal, 4-122

1-29

n
Flogging, 2-122 o f shell fo r machining, 6-14
Pockets, extractor, 4-119 o f slug, 6-21
Pocket, prim er, 6-43 Presented area o f fragment, measurement of, 2-100
Pointed) Press(ed), (tag) .
-detonating fuze, 1-5, 2-177 cold, 6-36
o f maximum pressure, 4-47 compositions, burning of, 2-189
noses, 2-124 explosives, 2-95
ogive, 3-87 fit, 2-180, 4-132
o f optimum efficiency, 4-75 surface, 2-180
at which powder all burned, 4-45 hot, 6-36
stagnation, 2-31,33 loaded, 2-156
triple, 2-9 one-shot, 6-7
V-0, 2-126 piercing, 6-7,8
V-50, 2-126 type crimping, 4-132
V-100, 2-126 Pressure, 4-47
yield, 2-153,4-118, 6-23 acting on projectiles during firin g (summary of),
Poison gases, 2-1 4-181
Poisson distribution, 5-3 • allowable, 2-118, 4-137
Poisson's ratio, 4-155 base, 4-36
P olar moment o f inertia, 3-81,89, 4-179 breech, 2-164, 4-36,37
Polygonal a irfo il section, 3-14 center of, 2-172, 3-7,8,10,12
Poor velocity uniformity, 4-84 chamber, 2-129,163,172,4-93,182
Porosity, 2-196 curve o f black powder, loading density va, 2-183
basal, 6-13 ejection, 2-163,169
Position engraving, 4-150
o f all burnt, 4-39 erratic, 4-11
o f band seat, 4-158 force resulting from propellant gas, 4-179,181
o f burst, 3-39 function, 4-48
o f center o f gravity, 3-81 hydrostatic, 4-186
o f maximum pressure, 4-45 (dentation, 4-152
under head, 4-122 limitations, 4-1,9,11
Positive impulse, 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,19 maximum, 4-16,19,20,26,39,40,48,94
Potassium sulfate, 4-2 allowable, 4-188
potential, ballistic, 4-2 attainable, 4-33
Fowder(s)
all burned, point at which, 4-45
propellant, 4-180,188
rated, 4-9,50 o ,
black, 2-168,4-1 muzzle, 4-11
burned, fraction of, 4-47 peak, 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,16,19, 4-1,20,38
ejection, 2-171 propellant, 4-189
gas, kinetic energy of, 2-137 relative, 4-94
IMR, 2-168 setback, 2-164
iron, 4-161 on shell wall resulting from rotation o f fille r ,
metallurgy, 6-1 4-180,181
process, Ball, 4-7 space average, 4-36,76
smokeless, 4-1 stagnation, 2-34
Power, penetrating, 2-78 Prevailing shell steel specifications, 6-4
Practical drag coefficient, 3-38 Prim e requirement, 5-15
Precession, 3-3 Prim er(s), 1-1,7, 4-33
amplitude of, 3-8 artillery, 4-84
yaw, 3-6 conductive mixture, 1-7
Precision, design for, 3-1 design, standard, 4-84 ■
Precup, 6-41 electric, 1-7
Prediction of initial fragment velocity, 2-98 explosive train, 1-6
Pre-engraved rotating band, 2-152, 6-27 flame action, 1-6
Pre-engraved shells, 3-10 hole, 4-133, 6-43
Preignition im e , 2-189 piercing, 6-43
Preform ed fragments, 2-108 percussion, 1-7, 2-172
Preform ed m issiles, 1-3, 2-1,150 pocket, 6-43
Preheading, 6-43 stab action, 1-6
Premature(s), 2-183 tube, 4-84
detonation, 4-178,180, 6-13 Prtociple(s)
explosion, 6-17 o f HEP shell, 2-157
functioning, 4-162,164 separating burst, 2-174
Preparation shearing stresses, 4-185
charge, 2-62 o f similitude, 2-125
fo r cupping, 6-41 stresses o f shell, 4-182,185

1-30

o
H
Probability - kinetic energy, 4-9,33,35
o f acceptance (Pa). 5-2 mass of, 3-38
cumulative, 2-154 effective, 4-36
curve, 2-126,127 momentum of, 3-72
damage, 2-108,111 manobloc, 2-141
o f Immediate Incapacitation, 2-102 motion of, 4-33
o f kill, first-round, 2-3,4 beginning of, 4-34
o f perforating, 2-88 oscillatory, 3-2 .
single-shot, 2-106,107 nondeformable, 2-137
Problem (s) . nose radius of, 3-82
exterior ballistic, 3-38 parameters, effect o f varying, 2-137
sample, 3-73 performance o f arm or-piercing, 2-126
o f interior ballistics, basic, 4-33 performance, effect o f arm or thickness a n ,: 1-129
o f propellant ignition, 4-84 requirements fo r gun, 2-2
sample, 3-31 shattered, 2-123
Procedure(s) , skirted, 2-118,4-124
design, 2-3 . solid geometry, 3-85
Inspection, 6-40 ' spin-stabilized, 3-64 '
test, 6-5 squeeze-bore, 2-4
Process subcaliber, 1-3, 2-4,118,137
anneal, 6-41 T33 (F A P ), 2-138
Ball powder, 4-7 T33 (F A P T ), 2-138
o f manufacture, Inspection in, 6-23 tapered back, 4-189
one-shot, 6-7 torque (T ) applied to, 4-179
pierce-and-draw, 6-5,29 total volume behind, 4-34
Producing colored smoke, method of, 2-178 travel of, 4-44,47
P rofile tumbling of, 4-164
check, 6-24 - typical, 3-39
double wedge, 3-71 velocity of, 4-20,35,44
o f finish-machined rotating bands, 4-154 w el^d of, 4-50
o f rifling, 4-155,169 weight distribution in, 4-189
single wedge, 3-71 yaw o f inside gun, 4-149
Progress in manufacturing techniques, 6-1 Propaganda, 2-160 '
Progressive, 4-9 disseminating shell, 2-5,160,161,183,185
n burning, 4-24,25
piercing, 6-9
fille r design, 2-184
shell metal parts design, 2-184
shapes, 4-23 leaflets, 2-184,185 •
stress, 4-163 Propagate, 2-178
cracks, 4-162 Propagation
Projectile, 1-1 o f blast, 2-10
antitank, 2-4,156 detonation, 2-24 ’ "
arm or-piercing, 2-125,139 difficulties, 2-181
assembly of, 2-151 explosive wave, 2-7
balloting of, 4-164 vs. minimum column diameter, limits of, 31-182
blunt-nosed, 2-154 Propagatively, burn, 2-189
boat-tall, 4-160 Propellant(s), 1-6,4-1
breakup, 2-129 M l, 4-1
calculations o f geometric characteristics 3-90 M2, 4-2
composite rigid, 2-117 M15, 4-2
deformation, 2-141 ' burning of, 4-16,33
design, 2-2,128,129 calculation o f thermodynamic properties, 4-87
intended fo r gun already made, 3-1 gas volume (n), 4-87
’ eccentricity of, 4-137 heat o f explosion <Q), 4-87
equation o f motion, 4-34 mean heat capacity, 4-88
fin-stabilized, 4-189 relative energy, 4-88
during firing, forces and pressures acting an characteristics, 4-93
(summary of), 4-181 . charge, 2-138,150
flat-base, 4-160 composition, calculated density of, 4-89
fre e run, 4-164 cord, 4-24
friction, 4-33 double base, 1-6, 4-1,93
geometric components of, 3-89 . deterioration of, 4-93
geometry, 3-69,81 energy of, 4-87
hypervelocity, 2-123 fiashless, 1-6 •
HVAP, 4-153 force, 4-88
HVAPDS, 2-138 gases, energy of, 3-73
HVAPDSFS, 2-128 gases, leakage of, 2-180

n 1-31
 gases, momentum of, 3-72 Punching), 6-9
gas pressure, force resulting from, 4-179,161 forming, 6-26
grain , 4-16,20,93 multiple, 6-49
granulation, 4-9,16 piercing, 6-7
Ignition, problems of, 4-84 type o f perforation, 2-129
Increments, 2-172 Purdue University, 4-161
loading density of, 4-164 Pyramid rolls, 4rl36
manufacture of, 4-6 Pyrocellulose, 4-2,6
relative costs of, 4-7 Pyroxylin (collodion), 4-2,6
materials, criteria fo r selection of, 4-2
nitrocellulose, 1-6
nitroglycerine, 4-1,84
nitroguanidlne, 1-6, 4-93 Qualitative description o f shaped charge damage,
pressure, 4-189 2-84
maximum, 4-180 Quality
released at muzzle, unburnt, 4-76 assurance, 5-1
residue, 4-1 - average outgoing (AOQ), 5-3
single base, 1-6,4-1,93 level acceptable, 5-8
slow-burning, 2-176 level acceptance (AQ L), 5-3
smokeless, 1-6 - lim it average outgoing (AOQL), 5-4
strip, 4-24 Quantitative definition o f compatibility, 2-24
thermochemical,characteristics of, 4-89 Quench, 6-43
triple base, 1-6, 4-2 Quenching, 6-14
Pyrotechnic Quickmatch, 2-172,183
compositions, 2-191 Quickness, relative, 4-9,16,18
characteristics of, 2-186
required, 2-187
chemistry of, 2-186
constituents of, 2-186 RDX, 2-13,14
with explosives, comparison o f properties, 2-188 Radial
factors affecting, 2-187 band pressure, 4-149,153
heat 'sensitivity of, 2-192 reduction of, 4-169
properties o f typical, 2-187 compressive force, 4-178
radiation effectiveness of, 2-193 dimensioning, 5-20
mixture, 2-192 dispersion, 2-150
reaction mechanism of, 2-192 stresses, 4-182
parachute design, 2-193 Radiant energy, 2-187,189
solid-state chemistry of, 2-190 Radiation effectiveness o f pyrotechnic compositions,
type ammunition, 1-3 2-193
Propelling charge, 1-1,6, 4-9 Radiographs, flash, 2-69,73,93
Proper degree of nitration, 4-6 Radiographic jet studies, 2-68
Properties^ Radius
o f aluminum and magnesium-aluminum fuels, 2­ blending, 4-125
190 o f gyration, 2-165, 4-153
interior ballistic, 4-16 o f longitudinal curvature, 3-81
rheological, 4-189 ogival, 2-139, 3-8,67
o f rotating band m aterials, 4-149,160 arc, 3-69,82
o f sintered iron, 4-161 of spherical cap, 3-83
o f typical pyrotechnic compositions, 2-187 toleranced, 5-20
Proportional law o f burning rate, 4-20 Raisers, stress, 6-41,43
Proposals made for overcoming deficiencies o f con­ Raketenpanzerbiichse, 2-83
ventional long artillery prim ers, 4-84 Ramming, eccentric, 4-178
Protective Randomness, of sampling, 5-2
atmosphere of hydrogen, 6-36 Range
coatings, 4-134, 6-44 critical, 6-27
criterion, 2-128 steel, 6-1
film , 2-192 dispersion, 2-107
against moisture, 2-192 finding horizontal, 3-73
Proving ground tests, 6-40 firings, 3-65,68
Proxim ity fuze (V T ), 1-4 maximum, 3-38,64,73
Pseudo-ratio o f specific heats, y , 4-47 spark, 3-67,70
Psychological warfare, 2-183 and time of flight, factors governing, 3-38
Psychological Warfare Service, 2-184 web, 4-9,11
Pugh, 2-32,34,81 Ranking, damage test, 2-13
Pull, bullet, 4-129 Rarefaction wave, 2-7
Pull-over gage, 4-163 Rate(s)

1-32
 burning, 2-187,189,100,101,4-1,9,22,33,36 weak shock, 2-8
equation fo r, 4-43 Region I, 2-16
decom position, 4-2 Region n,2-16
descent, 2-171 Region m, 2-16
detonation, 2-24 . Regression o f surfaces,4-35
reaction, 2-189,190,192 R egressive burning, 4-25
penetration, 2-33 Reinforcem ent, base, 4-137
o f yawing, 3-8,10 Relation
Rated maximum pressure, 4-9,11 charge-pressure, 4-9
Ratio ch arge-velocity, 4-9
V aspect, 3-71 between mass and presented area o f fragm ent,
o f burster charge to smoke charge, 2-178 2-99
explosive, 2-178 R elative
In terference, 4-152 costs o f propellant manufacture, 4-7
o f maximum pressures, 4-88 density, 2-198
Poisson 's, 4-155 energy, 4-88
o f sp ecific heats, 4-88 calculated fo r propellant com position, 4-88
t/d, 2-122,125 in gas, 4-87
RD38 system , solution by, 4-33,36,48 calculated fo r organic chem ical constituent,
sam ple solution by use o f, 4-40 4-88
React with explosive, 6-17 fo rce, 4-16,19
Reactants, effect o f sp ecific surface o f, 2-190 humidity, c ritic a l, 2-191
Reaction pressu re, 4-94
heat o f, 2-189, 4-89 quickness, 4-9,16,18 ■
mechanism o f pyrotechnic m ixtures, 2-192 R elease wave, 2-45
rate, 2-190,192 Releasing and discarding c a rrie r, method o f, 2-119
tem peratures, 2-187 R elia b ility o f Mott equation, 2-95
tim e to, 2-192 R elief, stress, 6-44
Rearward extrusion, 6-8 anneal, 6-23
Recessed, 6-27 Remaining
R ecoil velocity, 3-4
mechanism, 3-72 o f fragm ents, 2-99
momentum, 3-72: web, 4-23
system , 3-72 Rem ovable base plate, 2-172
R ecoilless Repose, yaw o f, 3-2,4
ammunition, 2-153 Representative shrinkage data, 4-14
gun sh ell, 6-4 Reproducibility o f resu lts, 2-126
rifle s , 2-5,156 Required characteristics o f pyrotechnic com posi­
weapons, 2-157, 6-49 tions, 2-187
Recommended In terferences, 4-123 Requlrem ent(s)
R ecovery booster, 2-10
o f case, 4-118 fo r canister inform ation, tactical, 2-154
ela stic, 4-118, 6-43 colored m arker sh ell, tactical, 2-176
solvent, 4-7 fo r gun p ro jectiles, 2-2
R ecrystallization , 6-43 HEP fuzing, 2-157
tem perature, 6-41 im plied, 5-15,22
Rectangular fo r optimum ignition, 4-85
fin , 3-12,71 prim e, 5-15
wing, 3-13,27,71 secondary, 5-15
Red shortness, 6-4 W P sh ell, sealing, 2-186
Reduce Residual velocity, 2-126
bore residue, 4-2 Residue, bore, 4-3
m uzzle flash, 4-2 Residue propellant, 4-1
radial band pressure, 4-169 Resistance
smoke, 4-2 to atmospheric m oisture, 2-190
velocity, 2-169, 4-48 gage, 2-10
viscosity, 4-6 Impact, 6-4
Reducing agents, 2-186 to setback, 2-184
Reduclng-atmosphere furnace, 6-29 Resonance, 3-29
Reefing, 2-196 o f benzene nucleus, 4-90
Reference dimension, 5-13 between pitching period and rollin g period (danger
R eflect(-ion ) o f), 3-29
blast, 2-9 Results
shock, 2-31 com parison o f, 4-82
wave, 2-8,0 reproducibility o f, 2-126
strong shock (Mach W aves), 2-8 zone o f m ixed, 2-125

1-33

n
Retained-petal, 2-119 design o f, 4-149,153,180
Retardants, 2-186 engraving o f, 4-164
Retardation, 3-38 function o f, 4-149
Retention, band, 4-154 geom etry, equivalent, 4-155
Revolution loose, 6-26 -
axis o f, 3-84 m aterials, properties o f, 4-149,160
solid o f, 3-88 m aterials used fo r, 4-149
surface o f, 3-69 p lastic, 4-154 ’
Reynolds number, 3-68 pre-engraved, 2-152
Rheological p roperties, 4-189 p ro file o f finish-m achined, 4-154 '
Ricochet, 2-124 shearing o f, 4-153,172 . '
R ie l, R . H ., 2-128 tangential fo rce on, 4-181 f
R ifle bullet im pact sen sitivity, 2-23 w ear o f, 4-150 •
R ifles, rec o ille s s , 2-5,156 welded overlay, 2-5 . -
R iflin g width o f, 4-124 „
design, 4-169 candle, burning tim e o f, 2-162 *
diam eter, 4-152 shaped charges, 2-32,65 -
dimensioning o f, 4-169 Rotation *
engraved, 4-153 compensation, 2-35
erosion o f, 4-162 effect o f, 2-34
grooves, 4-155 o f fille r , pressure on sh ell w all resulting from ,
land, 4-155 4-180,181
origin o f, 4-173 o f fille r , stress in base resulting from , 4-183
p ro file o f, 4-155,169 o f fille r , stress in sh ell w all resulting from , 4-183
standard form s, 4-169 o f fille ts , 3-81
tw ist o f, 4-169,170,179,189 methods o f im parting, 2-119, 4-149
determ ination o f, 4-173 m uzzle energy, 4-150
typical values o f, 4-172 penetration, 2-66,68 '
uniform , 4-153 o f w all, stress resulting from , 4-182
w ear o f, 4-149 tension in sh ell w all resulting from , 4-180,181
worn, 4-162 Rough
Right circu la r cylin ders, 4-81 machining outside o f sh ell, 6-14
Righting moment, 3-7,10,11 ro llin g and B randing wrapped cartridge case, 6-39
factor, 3-28,30 turning, 6-12
R igidity, modulous o f, 4-186 Roughness, surface, 6-16 ' 1
Ring Round(s) '
' d ie (s ), 6-7,8,9 base sh ell, 4-182
gage, bou rrelet, 6-24 chem ical energy, 2-88
grooved, 2-3,108 fin -stab ilized , 2-82,175
method o f controlling fr agmentation, 2-110 HVAPDS, 2-137
-notched, 2-108 kinetic energy, 2-85
sabot, 2-119 v& square slugs, 6-8
shear, 2-175 .Rubber-die crim ping, 4-132
sp lit, 2-162 Rubber obturators, 2-152
type experim ental sh ell, 2-97 Rupture, circum ferential, 6-42
R isks, sam pling, 5-2
R itter's form ula, 2-165
Rockets, 3-10
Rolled strip , 6-1 Sabot, 1-3, 2-4,138
R o ller, flanging, 6-46 a ll-p la stic, 2-138
R o llers, knurling, 6-16 discarding, 2-118
R olling, 4-6 ex terior b a llistics, 2-119
R olls m etal, 2-138
cra ss, 6-7 plastic, 2-119
lea flet, 2-184 rin g, 2-119
pyram id, 4-136 Sachs' theory, 2-9
serrated, 6-6 Safety, bore, 1-5 .
Root chord, 3-11 Saltpeter anneals, 6-39
Root thickness, 3-71 Saltpeter, liquid, 6-37
Rostoker, 2-32 Salvage, 6-44
Rotary trim , 6-42 battle, 6-47
Rotating, 2-32 Sample
a irfo il blades, 2-171 problem s, 3-31
band, 1-3, 2-163,4-33,153,179,189, 6-1,17,26 o f exterio r b a llistics, 3-73
bearing stress o f, 4-153 by use o f RD38 system , 4-40
ch aracteristics, 4-151 randomness of, 5-2

1-34
 s ize to lot s iz e , 5-6 test, 2-22
Sampling, 6-5 r ifle bu llet, 2-23 *
acceptance, 5-2 measure o f, 4-93 -
double, 5-5 notch, 4-129,133, 6-43
inspection, standard tables, 6-44 to static, 2-187
m ultiple, 5-6 Separate loading ammunition, 4-117,160,178
plan c rite ria , 5-2 Separate loading gun, 4-117
risk s, 5-2 Separated ammunition, 4-117
single, 5-5 . Separating
by variab les, 5-12 burst, 1-3
Sand p rin ciple, 2-174
p it, 2-94 sh ell, 2-160
test fo r liquids, 2-23 charge, 2-175
test fo r solids, 2-23 Separation, b ille t, 6-5
Sarmousakis, 2-93,94,95 Sequence o f operations in tnanhinfag o f sh ells, 6-14
Satisfactory ignition, index o f, 4-84 Serrated ro lls , 6-6
Saturation, co lo r, 2-177 S ervice ammunition, 1-2
Sawdust p it, 2-94 blank, 1-2
Sawing, 6-5 d r ill, 1-2
Scale practice, 1-2
control, 6-42 proof, 1-2
and descaling, b ille t, 6-6 Service velocity, 4-9,10
effect, 2-125 Setback, 2-5,150,176, 4-189
Scaling, 2-75 elastic, 4-125
form ula, Gurney-Sarmousakis, -2-95 , fille r , 4-179,181,182,189
form ula, M ott, 2-85 ' stress in base resulting from , 4-183
laws, 2-9,16,65 stress in sh ell w all resulting from , 4-183
Schmidt, 3-9,10 fo rces, 2-108,109,162,4-178,179
Schroedter, 3-13 o f m etal parts, 4-181
Scoop, 2-124 stress in sh ell w all resulting from , 4-183
Screen, colored smoke, 2-160 pressure, 2-164
Screen, velocity, 2-94 resistance to, 2-184 .
Screening, 5-12 o f shell w alls, 4-179,189
Seal, labyrinth, 4-134 stresses, 2-119
Sealing o f chem ical (W P) sh ell, 2-180,186 weight, 2-164,175,185
Sealing lip , short, 4-150 Setter, tire , 6-17 .
Seam sea ler, enamel, 2-151 Seven-perforated propellant grains, 4-26,36,48
Season cracking, 6-40 burning o f, 4-48
Seat, band, 4-155, 6-23 form functions fo r, 4-25,26
nonundercut, 4-154 Shape(s)
undercut, 4-154 o f chamber, 4-117,124
Secant ogive, 3-64,65,81,87 - charge, 2-50
Second degressive, 4-23
ejection, 2-164,166 and dimensions o f sh ell forgin gs, 6-5
flash, 4-3 o f explosive charge, effect o f, 2-18
hit, 6-21 grain, 4-7
ord er effects, 4-33, 4-36 lin er, 2-52
Secondary ogive, 2-58
effect, 2-5,156 parachutes, 2-195
m issile, 2-4 p rogressive, 4-23
requirem ent, 5-15 o f sh ell, m odifications of, 3-64
Section o f sh ell, tangential force at given, 4-181 Shaped ch arge(s), 2-85 '
Segment, ogive, 3-85 ammunition, 2-1
Selection o f damage, qualitative description o f, 2-84
lin er m aterial, 2-50 effect, 2-57,59
propellant m aterials (c rite ria fo r), 4-2 on explosive, 2-18
weapon type and s ize , 2-47 effectiven ess, 2-48
Selective absorption, 2-177 criterion o f, 2-82
Semi-anneal, 6-37 against tanks, 2-82
Sem ifixed ammunition, 4-117,160 explosives in, 2-59
Sensitivity, 2-23 je t, 2-38,85
o f burning-type smoke com positions, 2-183 effect o f rotation upon, 2-63
friction , 2-23,187 lin ea r-, 2-82
heat. 2-187,192 lin ers, 2-52
pyrotechnic com positions, 2-192 m issile, design o f, 2-47
to impact, 2-187 . m issiles, fuzes fo r, 2-63

1-35
 perform ance, 2-62 form ing, com prom ise method o f, 6-25
penetration o f arm or by, 2-1 high-explosive (H E ), 1-2, 3-10,4-153, 6-7,17
rotating, 2-32,65 high-explosive antitank (H E A T), 1-2, 2-32,58,85,
weapons, defeat o f, 2-82 3-70
Shaping, wave, 2-61 high-explosive plastic (H E P), 1-3, 2-156,158
Shapiro, 2-95 hardness o f, 6-27
Sharp apex cone, 2-55 hospitalization o f, 6-18
Sharp-nosed shot, 2-122 h yper-velocity, arm or-piercin g (H V A P), 2-117
Shatter, 2-123,126,144 Incendiary, 2-1
gap, 2-4 illum inating, 2-160,161,164,182,185,187,195
Shattered p ro jectile, 2-123 internal contour o f, 2-185
Shear lea flet distributing, 2-1
fo rce, 2-162 lethality o f hypothetical, 2-106
joint, 2-160 light-producing, 2-1
pins, 2-5,160,161,164,172,175,184 lim it to length o f, 3-1
rin gs, 2-175 length, estim ation o f drag effect o f, 3-68 ■
stresses, 2-31, 4-181,183 liq u id -filled , 2-160,185
allow able, 2-164 machining o f HE, 6-14
maximum, (T resca 's rule o f flow ), 4-185 manufacture, extrusion fo r, 6-2
rotating band, 4-153 manufacture o f HEP, 6-26
on threads o f base plug, 2-163 manufacture, methods o f weight control, 6-17
threads, 2-5,160,164,184 manufacture, pierce-and-draw process of, steel,
design o f base plug, 2-163 6—2
Shearing, 2-120, 6-5 manufacturing plant, cost of, 6-24
base plug, 2-169,184 marking o f, 6-18
cracks, 6-5 m etal parts design, 2-162,177
o f rotating band, 4-172 moments o f Inertia, 3-4
stresses, principal, 4-185 motion o f spinning, 3-2
Sheet, trapezoidal, 6-39 m ultipurpose, 2-161
Shelf life , effect o f m oisture on, 2-191 m ultiple-w all, 2-109
Shell, 2-160, 3-1, 6-1,2 nosing o f, 6-14
A PC , 2-4, 4-178 painting o f, 6-19
banding o f, 6-17 perform ance, HEP, 2-157
base-ejection, 2-160,161, 4-1 poison gas, 2-1
smoke, 2-176 pre-engraved, 3-10
body, 2-170 propaganda dissem inating, 2-5,160,161,183,185
a ll-p la stic, 2-175 fille r design, 2-184
breakup, 2-94,144 m etal parts design, 2-184
capped steel arm or-piercin g, 2-4, 4-178 ring-type (experim ental), 2-97
casting high-explosive, 6-1 rough machining outside o f, 6-14
colored m arker, 2-160,176,178,182 round base, 4-182
colored smoke, 2-160,182 separate-loading, 4-178
crush-up, 2-157* separating burst, 2-160
deform ation of, 4-178 shape m odifications of, 3-64
development o f, HEP, 6-26 smoke, 2-1,161
design o f colored m arker, 2-179 W P, 2-179
design o f illum inating, 2-162 special purpose, 2-160
design o f liq u id -filled bu rster, 2-186 function o f, 2-160
design, W P, 2-180 spin-stabilized, 2-35, 3-39
during closin g (manufacture) inspection of, 6-19 spinning, 3-4
during firin g, determ ination o f the maximum forces Bquare base, 3-64
acting on, 4-178 squash-head, 2-157
eccentric, 3-30 steel, m ilitary specification fo r, 6-5
equations o f motion of, 3-4 stress in, 2-153, 4-177,184,185
explosive-burst, 2-160 resulting from forces, 4-181
fin stabilized, 3-10,28,70 under stress, failu re of, 4-178
finishing o f HEP, 6-27 thin-walled, 4-154, 6-26
forces acting on, 4-178,181 unsatisfactory, 6-15
forging, 6-6 velocity rela tive to a ir velocity o f, 3-10
econom ics of, 6-12 ' volume o f thin ogive, 3-86
inspection of, 6-13 wall pressure on resulting from rotation o f fille r ,
after, inspection of, 6-13 4-180,181 X
methods, com parative study o f, 6-13 w alls, setback of, 4-179
m ortar, 6-4 w all, stress in minimum, 4-158
objectives in, 6-7 wall stress in resulting from rotation o f fille r ,
shapes and dimensions o f, 6-5

1-36
 w all stress in resulting from setback o f fille r , Simple beam form ula, 4-154
4-183 Sim plified form ftmction fo r seven-perforated pro­
w all stress in resulting from setback o f m etal pellant, 4-26
parts, 4-183 . Simulated fir e , 1-2
tension in w all resulting from rotation, 4-180 Single
weight o f, 3-64 -base propellants, 1-6, 4-1,93
white phosphorous (W P), 2-160,161,179,186 ejection charge, 2-160
Shock, 2-156 -ejection system , 2-171
absorber, 2-175 nose charge, 2-175
front, 2-7 perforated grains, 4-22,23
-load factor, 2-198 ' equations fo r, 4-27
reflection , 2-31 sampling, 5-5
surface, 2-30 -shot probability, 2-106,107
velocity method, 2-11 wedge p ro file, 3-71
wave, 2-7,14,19,72,93,156,157,177 Singleton, 2-95
effect o f, 2-9 Sintered iron, 4-149,161
reflection o f strong (Mach W aves), 2-8 compacts, 4-161
reflection o f weak, 2-8 properties of, 4-161
velocity, 2-11 Sintering, 6-36
Short sealing lip , 4-150 o f tungsten carbide (compacting and), 6-36
Shortness, red, 6-4 Size
Shot p a rticle, 2-106,189
arm or-piercin g (A P ), 2-4,117,153 pin, 4-13
blasting, 6-5,12,13,15 web, 4-22
pickled, 6-3 Sizing-the-slug, 6-21
blunt headed, 2-124 Skin friction drag, 3-10
blunt-nosed, 2-122 coefficien t, 3-10
capped, 2-138 Skirting
monobloc, 6-29 arm or, 2-137,157
discarding sabot, 2-4 on cap, effect of, 2-143
hypervelocity arm or-piercin g (H V A P), 1-2, 2-128, -banded p rojectiles, 2-118, 4-124
6-35,36 plate, 2-129
base of, 6-35 effect of, 2-137
body o f, 6-35 function of, 2-137 .
manufacture o f, 6-35 Sky brightness, maximum, 2-193
‘ windshield of, 6-35 Sleeves, sp lit, 2-164,166,171,175,185 .
hypervelocity arm or-piercing discarding sabot Slide, cross, 6-27
(HVAPDS), 2-118, 6-36 Slope
hypervelocity arm or-piercing discarding sabot chamber, 4-137
fin -stabilized (HVAPDSFS), 1-3, 2-119 o f forcin g cone, 4-126
monobloc, 2-138, 6-29 lift-co efficien t, 3-13
sharp-nosed, 2-122 start o f forw ard, 4-137
solid, 2-117 o f tangent lines connecting two arcs, 3-83
start pressure, loss in, 4-163 Slow-burning propellant, 2-175
truncated-nosed, 2-117 S low -roll, Importance of, 3-29
Shrinkage, 4-7 Slug, 2-31,58,150, 6-1,3,5,7
data, representative, 4-14 preparation of, 6-21
o f grain, 4-13 sizin g the, 6-21
Shroud Small angles o f attack, 3-13
cleat, 2-171 Sm oke(s), 2-1,187, 4-1,3
lin es, malfunctioning caused by twisting, 2-166 canister, 2-182,183,184
line, tensile strength o f, 2-198 charge, ratio o f burster charge to, 2-178
nylon, 2-167 com positions, sen sitivity o f burning type, 2-183
Shuts, cold, 6-40,43 com positions, typical, 2-179
Side spray, 2-106 dyes fo r, 2-186
Sidewall heat treatm ent, 6-43 reduce, 4-2 ,
Sidewall stress, 2-153 shell, 2-161
Signal(s), 2-187 base-ejection, 2-176
color lights, 2-193 colored, 2-182
smokes, 2-182 signal, 2-182
sh ell, m etal parts design, 2-182 dispersion of, 2-183
tactical use, 2-182 screen, colored, 2-160
term inal effects lim itations, 2-182 Smokeless propellant, 1-6, 4-1
Silas Mason explosive, 2-173 Snap gage, 6-24
Sim ilitude, principle of, 2-125 Soapcoated, 6-41,42
Simmons, 3-9 Soap lubricant, sodium stearate, 6-3

1-37
 Sortfarm orthos 111cate wash, 6-21 damping factor, 3-6
Sodium stearate soap lubricant, 6-3 degradation, elim inating, 2-81
Soft . fla t, 3-30
(A rm co) iron , 4-149 stabilization, 3-1
caps, 2-144 . -stab ilized sh ell, 2-35, 3-39,64
porous lin e r, 2-109 m ortar, 2-173
Solem , 2-95 vs. fligh t tim e, 3-10
Solid vs. optimum penetration, 2-4
arm or, 2-137 Spinning sh ell, 3-4
-drawn m etal case, 4-120 with a top, com parison o f, 3-2
explosives, 2-63 Spiral flutings, 2-36
geom etry o f p ro jectiles, 3-85 Spiral wrapping, 4-135, 6-1
o f revolution, 3-88 Splintering, a fter, 4-76
component, 3-81 Splintering, b efore, 4-76
form ulas fo r, 3-81 Splinters, unburned, 4-25
ogival, 3-87 ' Spit-back (flash-back) ,
volume o f, 3-81 > fuze, 2-63
shot, 2-117 tube, 2-37,54
-state chem istry o f pyrotechnics, 2-190 effect o f, 2-46
Solution Split
o f b a llistic equation, 4-36 rin gs, 2-162
a fter burnt, 4-39 sleeves, 2-164,166,171,175,185
fo r pressu re-tim e trace (com plete), 4 -76 aluminum, 2-162
by RD38 system (H irsch feld er), 4-37,40,48 design, 2-164
Solvent recovery, 4-7 steel tubes, 2-5
Sources o f term inal b a llistic data, 2-83 Sponginess, 6-17
Space average pressu re, 4-36,76 ■ Sporadic high pressu res, 4-84
8pace, cartrid ge head, 4-122,123 Spotting charge, 1-2, 2-187
Spaced arm or, 2-49,129,137 Spray, side, 2-106 .
caps fo r defeat o f, 2-144 Sprays on hot forgin gs, effect o f w ater, 6-12
on HEP sh ell, effect o f, 2-157 Spreiter, 3-13
Spall(ing), 1-3, 2-120,121,156 Square
o f arm or (H E P), 2-1 base sh ell, 3-64
mechanism o f, 2-157 maximum, 6-8
Span, 3-11,71 slugs, round vs, 6-8
Spark range, 3-67,70 . Squash charge, 2-157
Spatial distribution, fragm ents, 2-101 Squash-head sh ell, 2-157
Special Squeeze-bore p ro jectile, 2-4
design problem s o f m ortar ammunition, 2-172 Squeeze, end, 6-6
purpose sh ell, 2-154,160 Squeezing, 6-1
function o f, 2-160 Squidding, 2-195
treatm ent steel (STS), 2-120 Stab-action p rim er, 1-6
Specific ' Stability, 1-8, 2-157,191,4-2,189
heat, 4-35 o f asym m etrical p rojectiles, 3-29
ra tio o f, 4-88 condition, statement o f, 3-4
pseudo-ratio o f, 4-47 factor, 3-2,5,6,8
lim it energy, 2-124 functions o f, 3-31
surface, 2-190,192 in fligh t, 4-170, 6-35
reactants, effe c t o f, 2-190 ' m easure o f, 4-93
equation fo r, 2-190 o f pyrotechnic compositions (factors which a ffect),
volum e, 4-37 2-187
Specifications, 4-137 static, 3-10
fo r cartrid ge cases, trend in, 4-129 vs. standoff, 2-4
specifications fo r sh ell steel, 6-4,5,29 - o f sym m etrical sh ell, 3-11
Spheroidized, 6-41 ' ' Stabilization, 4-6
Spin, 3-8, 4-149,173 methods o f, 3-1,2
axial, 3-29 drag, 2-4,5
compensation, 2-35,36,37,71,73,75,78 fin , 3-1
by fluted lin ers (mechanism o f), 2-72 spin, 3-1
other than fluted lin ers, 2-81 . Stabilizing m aterials, 4-1,2
lawnm owers, 2-81 Stages in opening o f parachute, 2-196
shear-form ed lin ers, 2-81 Stagnation point, 2-31,33
sp ira l staircases, 2-81 Stagnation pressure, 2-34
danger o f too much (Magnus Moment), 3-29 Staircase method, Bruceton, 2-23
-d eceleratin g moment, 3-8 Stamping o f cartridge case, head machining and, 6-39
coefficien t, 3-10 Standard

1-38
 atm osphere, 2-198, 3-4 hardening, 6-21
boosters, 2-177 plastic, 4-118
calibration chart, 4-40 stretch er, 6-44
deviation, 2-127, 3-8,10, 5-12 Strand burner, 4-16
fla t parachute, 2-195 Strength
prim ers design, 4-84 o f candle case, 2-176
propellants, com positions o f, 4-2 column, 2-185
riflin g form s, 4-169 ultim ate, 6-41
sam pling inspection tables, 6-44 yield , 4-134,149, 6-2,41
Standoff, 2-33,34,35,36,38,40,41,49,66,82 S tress(es), 2-153
optimum, 2-38,49 algebraic sign o f, 4-181
on penetration under rotation, effect o f, 2-68 bending, 2-124
stab ility vs., 2-4 in base resulting from rotation o f fille r , 4-183
« tim e o f fligh t vs, 2-4 in base resulting from setback o f fille r , 4-183
« Stanford Research Institute, 2-158 com pressive, 4-181
Star sh ell, Navy, 2-173 failu re o f shell under,-4-178
Start o f forw ard slope, 4-137 form ulas, derivin g sh ell, 4-178
Start o f m otion, 4-43 form ulas, summary o f, 4-184
State hoop, 4-179
o f deform ation, elastic, 4-178 lim its, gun, 4-1
equation o f, 2-30, 4-33,34,42,43,88 longitudinal, 4-182,189
o f stress, elastic, 4-187 norm al, 4-181
Statement o f stability condition, 3-4 principal, 4-182,185
Static progressive, 4-162,163
charge, 4-1,3 radial, 4-182
sen sitivity to, 2-187 ra isers, 6-41,43
stability, 3-10 r e lie f, 6-44
lift o f fins to ensure, 3-11 anneal, 4-135, 6-23,40
tests, 2-16 low -tem perature, 6-43
com pression, 2-165 taper, 6-43
yield stress, 4-185 setback, 2-119
Statistical method, analysis by, 2-126 shear, 2-31, 4-181,183
Status o f HEP sh ell development and theory, 2-158 maximum, 4-185
Status o f wound b a llistics, 2-102 in sh ell (analysis o f). 2-153,4-177,178,179,188,189
Steady-state suspension, 2-195 p rin ciple, 4-181,185
Steel 'resu ltin g from rotation, 4-182
adapter, 2-180 summary o f, 4-184
austenitic, 6-1 w all resulting from rotation o f fille r , 4-183
balls, 2-150 w all resulting from setback o f fille r , 4-183
cartridge cases, 4-133, 6-1,41,44 w all resulting from setback o f m etal parts,
base rupture of, 4-133 4-183
trapezoidal-wrapped, 4-135 sidew all, 2-153
cold-worked, 6-2,43 -strain cu rves, 4-118, 6-2
cones, 2-41 state, elastic, 4-188
c ritic a l range o f, 6-1 state, p lastic, 4-188
lin ers, 2-32,61 tangential, 4-182
high sulfur content, 6-2 ■ ten sile, 4-181
objections to, 6-4 ultim ate, 2-178
sh ells, casting va fo rg in g o f, 6-1 yield , 2-178, 4-119
special treatm ent (STS), 2-120 - Stretcher strains, 6-44
specifications, shell, 6-4,29 Striking velocity, 2-126,128,137
-to -steel, comparison o f aluminum to steel closure Strip propellant, 4-24
vs, 2-181 equations fo r, 4-27
S tellite, 6-27 Strip, rolled , 6-1 -
Stem, Mach, 2-9 Stripping case from punch, 4-124 -
Stepped flange, 4-123 Structural damage (100A), 2-15
Sterne's criterion , 2-102 Structure, m artensite, 2-143
Sticks, ign iter, 4-84 Structure, p ea rlitic, 2-143
S tiff extraction, 4-119 Studies, a ircra ft vulnerability, 2-111
Stochastic methods, 2-107 Subcaliber p ro jectile, 1-3, 2-4,118,128,137,165
Stock, hot-forged, 6-2 factors lim itin g penetration o f, 2-137
Stop, case, 4-121 subcaliber steel shot, com parative effectiveness
Storage, 1-8 o f fu ll-ca lib er vs, 2-138
must not decompose in, 4-2 Sublot, acceptability o f each, 6-44
Strain(s) Subsonic velo cities, finned p rojectiles at, 3-12
energy, 2-182 Successive draws, 6-1

n 1-39
 Sufficient residual penetration, 2-85 T33 p ro jectile (F A P ), 2-138
Summary, . T33 p ro jectile (F A P T ), 2-138
o f causes o f case failu re, 4-120 T 34/85 Russian tank (vulnerable areas), 2-89
o f equations, in terior b a llistics, 4-39,46 T/D ratio, 2-122,125
summary o f stresses acting on p rojectile during T N T , 2-13
firin g , 4-181 Tables
o f stress in sh ell, 4-184 b a llistic, 3-39
o f tabulated values, 4-87 fo r calculation o f maximum pressu re, 4-47
Superquick fuze, 1-4 fo r calculation o f m uzzle velocity, 4-47
Supersonic speeds, thin fins at, 3-12 firin g , 2-177
Supersonic speeds, three-dim ensional fins at, 3-12 Harvard, 3-85,87,88,89
Supersonic velocity, 3-9 standard sam pling inspection, 6-44 f
Supplementary charges, 2-177 Tabulated values, summation o f, 4-87
Surface Tack-w elded, 6-46
burning, 4-6 T actical . %
charges vs. internal charges, 2-14 requirem ent fo r canister inform ation, 2-154
datum, 5-14 requirem ents, colored m arker sh ell, 2-176
decarburization, 6-33 requirem ents, W P smoke sh ell, 2-180
d efects, 6-41 use, signal sm okes, 2-182
finish, 6-27 T a il
grain, 4-6 boat, 3-64,67,68 , 6-21
perpendicularity of, 5-15 cone, 2-172,175
p re s s -fit, 2-180 fin assem bly, 2-172
regression o f, 4-35 Talian l test (110° C ), 4-94
o f revolution, 3-69 Tangent
roughness, 6-16 ogive, 3-65,8187,88
shock, 2-30 lines connecting two arcs (slope o f), 3-83
sp ecific, 2-190,192 Tangential
equation fo r, 2-190 (In ertia) forces, 4-178,179
Surrender leaflets, 2-183 at given section o f sh ell, 4-181
Surveillance, long-term , 2-175 on rotating band, 4-181
Surveillance test (65° C ), 4-93 1stresses, 4-182
Suspension Tank
cable, 2-175 damage assessm ent, 2-129
steady-state, 2-195
system , 2-170
defeat o f, 2-129
guns, 4-50
n
parachute, 2-196 Tap er(s)
Sweepback angle, 3-11,14 cham ber, 4-134
Sweepforward angle, 3-11,14 datum method o f dim ensioning, 5-24
Swell diam eter, 3-69,81,84,87,88 diam etral, 3-83
length o f, 3-85 draw, 4-135
Sweptback fin s, 3-13 main body, 4-121
Sw ivel, 2-164,166 stress re lie f, 6-43
attachment, 2-173 Tapered
Symbol adapter, 2-118
concentricity, 5-13,14 back p rojectiles, 4-189
datum surface, 5-13 -b ore gun, 2-4,118
dependent locational, 5-15 cylinder, 6-46
independent, 5-15 d ie, 6-8 .
locational toleran ce, 5-13 w alls, effect on penetration of, 2-43
fo r p arallelism , 5-14 Tapering, 4-124, 6-43
fo r perpendicularity, 5-14 o f cartridge case, 6-37,43
Sym m etrical double wedge, 3-71 Tapping, nose, 6-16
Sym m etrical sh ell, stability o f, 3-11 T a rget(s)
Sym m etry, 5-14 ch aracteristics, 2-85
System defeat o f, 2-93
double-ejection, 2-171 heavy arm or, 2-145
fre e -flig h t, 2-195 obscuration, 4-3
o f in terior b a llistics, 4-33 Taschengurts, 2-196
Le Due, 4-80 T ea r drops, 6-13
RD38 (H irsch feld er), 4-20,33,36 Tem perature
rec o il, 3-72 absolute, 4-35
sin gle-ejection , 2-171 c ritic a l, 6-12,14
suspension, 2-170 flam e, 4-35
two-shock, 2-9 ignition, 2-187,189
recrystallization , 6-41

I-10
 reaction, 2-187 required, determ ining weight o f, 2-178
tem pering, 6-14 charge, 2-182
Tem pering tem peratures, 6-14 T etry to l, 2-181
Ten sile Theory
strength brass, 4-135 B ern ou lli's, 2-33,34
strength o f fa b ric, 2-198 o f cartrid ge case functioning, 4-118
strength o f shroud lin e, 2-198 constant distortion, o f Hencky-Von M ises, 4-186
stress, 4-181 firs t-o rd e r, 2-34
longitudinal, 4-179 o f HEP sh ell perform ance, 2-156
Tension status o f HEP sh ell development and, 2-158
in sh ell w a ll resulting from rotation, 4-180,181 Interacting wave fron t, 2-157
test, 4-185 K irkw ood-B rlnkley's, 2-9
hoop stress, 2-163 maximum energy, 4-186
Term inal maximum shear, 4-185,187
b a llistic data, sources o f, 2-83 mechanism o f cap action, 2-141
b a llistic firin g s, 2-83 p a ra llel axis (o r plane), 3-89
effe c ts ’ lim itations o f signal sm okes, 2-182 p lasticity, 4-150,187
velocity, 2-195 Sachs', 2-9
T est(s) thin-walled sh ell, 4-156
acceptance, 4-93 yield c rite ria , 4-185
b a llistic m ortar, 2-23 zero -o rd er, 2-31
Bergmann-Junk, 4-93 Th eoretical prediction o f radial band pressu re, 4-151
booster sen sitivity, 2-23 T h eoretical values, Munk's, 3-9
box, 2-84 Therm al conductivity, 2-189
Bureau o f M ines, 2-22 Therm ochem ical characteristics o f propellants, 4-89
ca lorim etric, 4-89 Thermodynamic properties o f propellants, calcula­
chi-square, 2-95 tion o f, 4-87
closed bomb, 4-16 Thick and thin, 6-37
closed -p it, 2-94 Thick(ness)
o f cold-extruded sh ell, 6-23 o f case mouth, 4-124,133
com pression, 4-93 cane w all, 2-53
explosion tem perature, 2-23 -cylin d er form ula, 4-180
fragm entation, 2-23,94,106 flange, 4-123
functional, 4-129,137 o f plate penetrated, 2-137
hardness, 6-15 root, 3-71
heat (75° C International), 2-22 -thin effect, 2-72
heat (100° C ), 2-22 -and-thin forgin gs, 6-7
heat (115° C ), 4-93 web, 4-11,21,24
hygroscopicity, 4-94 Thin
Impact sen sitivity, 2-22 fins at supersonic speeds, 3-12
in itiator, 2-23 pointed, short fin s, 3-13
Jominy, 6-29 thick and, 6-37 '
K l-starch , 4-93 -w alled case, 6-1
litm us-paper, 6-40 w all sh ell, 4-154, 6-26
magnaflux, 6-33 -w alled theory, 4-156
magnetic hardness, 6-43 Thompson, 2-125
methods, 2-22, 4-93 Thread(s)
methyl vio let, 4-93 gage, 6-24
sand fo r liquids, 2-23 shear, 2-5,160,164,184
sand fo r solids, 2-23 Three-dim ensional breakup o f sh ell, 2-94
static, 2-16 Three-dim ensional fins at supersonic speeds, 3-12
com pression, 2-165 Threshold, damage, 2-16
surveillance (65° C ), 4-93 Thresholds, visib ility , 2-193
Taliani (110° C ), 4-94 Throner, 2-37
tension, 4-185 Tim e
T rau zl, 2-24 since beginning o f m otion, 4-47
total vola tiles, 4-94 burning, 2-167
panel, 2-94 d erivative, 3-6
Picatinny, 2-22 o f fligh t, 3-4
test procedures, 6-5 . factors governing, 3-38
proving ground, 6-40 minimum, 3-38,64
up-and-down, 2-126 vs. standoff, 2-4
vacuum stability, 2-22, 4-94 fuzes, 1-4, 4-1
velocity measurement, 2-94 functioning, 2-49,157
T e try l, 1-5, 2-178,181 -to-ign ition , 2-192
burster, 2-178 o f maximum pressure, 4-45,48

1-41
 -to-reaction , 2-192 Truncated .
T in , 4-3 conical nose, 2-139
T ip chord. 3-11 -nosed shot, 2-117
T ire -s e tte r, 4-154, 6-17 ogiva l nose, 2-124
T oggle joint p ress, 6-17 Tube. 4-23
Toleran ce(s), 2-39 blast, 2-11
acceptance gage, 5-24 flash, 2-183
o f bourrelet, 6-17 m etal bu rster, 2-160
c irc le , 5-18,23 p rim er, 4-84
component, 5-24 spit-back, 2-37,54
dependent locational, 5-13,17,19 effect o f, 2-46
diam etral, 5-13,19,20 sp lit steel, 2-5 *r
gage, 5-24 Tuck, 2-64
effect o f on component, 5-24 Tumbling (velo city retardation), 2-166
o f Anted lin ers, 2-80 Tumbling o f p ro je c tile , 4-164
Independent locational, 5-13,21 Tungsten.carblde, 2-117,137 *
o f length o f case, 4-121 ' compacting and sintering o f, 6-36
lim its, 5-11,18 care, 2-123,128, 6-35 .
percent detective lo t (L T P D ), 5-3 effect o f arm or-piercin g caps on, 2-142
weight, 2-152 effect o f nose geom etry o f, 2-139
work gage, 5-24 manufacture o f, 6-36
zone, 5-24,25 d ies, 6-37
Toleranced Turning, band, 6-17
angle, 5-20 Turning, rough, 6-12
coordinates, 5-17 Tw ist, 2-173
radius, 5-20 gain, 4-170
Tolerancing, 5-13 increasing, 4-172
1 T ool pin, 2-161
form ing, 6-16 riftin g, 4-169,170,179,189
loading, 6-41 uniform , 4-170
waving, 6-16 aero, 4-172
Torn ca vities, 6-13 Tw isting o f shroud lin es, malfunctioning M n n «i by,
Torpex, 2-13 2-166
Torque (T ) applied to p ro jectile, 4-179 Two
Total -dim ensional breakup o f sh ell, 2-94
radial stress, 4-182 -dim ensional fragm ent breakup, 2-106
volatiles test, 4-94 -dim ensional form ula, 3-12
volume behind p ro jectile, 4-34 -shock system , 2-9
Toughness, low notch, 6-4 Type(s)
T ra c e r(s ), 1-4, 2-187 - o f arm or plate failu re, 2-120
com positions, 2-192 o f damage assessm ent, 2-111
T ra ilin g edge, 3-11,13,14 o f flanges, 4-122
T rain , explosive, 2-177 o f flu tes, 2-76
T ra jectory, curvature o f, 3-11 o f Incapacitation, 2-102
Transparent interpolator, 4-17 A , 2-102
Transport effect, 2-72 B, 2-102
Transverse K , 2-102
moment, 3-89,4-178 o f parachutes, 2-195
o f in ertia, 3-2,10,28,81,90 o f perforation, punching, 2-129 •
w ave, 2-123 o f p rojectiles, 1-2
weakness, 6-4 Typical
Trapezoidal sheet, 6-39 calculations fo r cartrid ge case, 4-126
Trapezoidal-wrapped cases, 4-135, 6-47 smoke com positions, 2-179
T rau zl test, 2-24 p rojectiles, 3-39
T ra vel function, 4-48 o f riflin g tw ist, 4-172
T ra vel o f p ro jectile, 4-44,47
Treatm ent, heat, 6-3,4,14,33,43
im proper, 2-123
T rcsca 's rid e o f flow (maximum sh ear), 4-185 Ultim ate strength, 6-41
T riacetin , 4-2 Ultim ate stress, 2-178
T rim , rotary, 6-42 Unburnt propellant released at m uzzle, 4-76
Trim m ing, 6-42 Unburned splin ters, 4-25
T rip le base propellant, 1-6, 4-2 Uncannelured band, 4-153
T rip le point, 2-9 . Undercut scat, 4-154
T riton al, 2-13 Under head position,'4-122,125
Trumpet-shaped lin ers, 2-69 Uniform

1-42
 b a llistic ch aracteristics, 2-151,4-1,20 Striking, 2-126.128
in itial (shot start) pressu re, 4-140 supersonic, 3-9
tw ist riflin g , 4-153,170 term inal, 2-195
U. 8. Naval Ordnance la b o ra to ry , 2-05 uniform ity (p oor), 4-84
D. 8. Havy "C la ss A " arm or, 2-120 Vent b oles, 4-84
U. 8. standard s ie v e , 2-190 Vibrations, p late, 2-123
Dnoxidized carbon, 4-67,89 V lrla l equation, 4-34
Unrotated ch arges, 2-32 V iscosity reduction. 4-6
U nsatisfactory sh ells, 6-15 V is ib ility
Unyawed sym m etrical wings, 3-14 design fo r , 2-193
Up-and-down method, 2-127 optimum, 2-177
Up-and-down testing, 2-126 threshholds, 2-193
U psetter forgin g, 6-7,0 Visual Inspection, 6-20,24
Use' tof H arvard tables, 3-86 Volume
I U se o f m atrix, 2-150 cartrid ge case, 4-1,137
U tilization o f y ield c rite ria , 4-178 cham ber, 2-128,4-33
o f com plete ogive, 3-86 ,
designed fo r , 4-117
g a s ,4-87
V -0 point, 2-126 o f frustum s, 4-126
V-,50 point, 2-126 o f ogiva l zone, 3-86
V-100 point, 2-126 o f p artial fille t, 3-85
Vacuum atah llity test, 2-22,4-94 solid o f revolution, 3-81
Value, c o lo r, 2-187 sp ecific, 4-37
Values, brlsance, 2-187 o f thin ogive sh ell, 3-86
Van d er W alls equation, 4-35 Von M ises yield condition, mathem atical statement
V ariables, sam pling by, 5-12 o f, 4-186,187
Variation, ca se-to-case, 4-126 - V T fa ze, 2-177,184
Variation In drag, 3-67 Vulnerability, 2-14,88,110
Varnish cans, 2-11 a irc ra ft, 2-111
V ector yaw, 3-2 to external blast, 2-16
V elocity, 3 -8 ,4 -4 7 a r e a .2-101
angular, 3-28 m aAod, 2-88
c ritic a l, 2-126 computation o f, 2-91
n opening, 2-196
drop, 3-5,28,30
diagram s, 2-141
fu el tank, 2-112 -
drop and Jump o f finned p rojectiles (asym m etry
effects o f on), 3-30
effe c t o f, 2-123
ejection , 2-163,164 Wadding .
function, 4-48 cardboard, 2-151
fragm ent, 2-93,99,111 distance, 1-7
high detonation, 2-157 fe lt, 2-172
ofjlm pact, 2-5,93 W alls, 3-12
b d tlal, 3-38 setback o f, 4-189
Jet, 2-63 m ultiple, 2-108
lim it, 2-125 W arfare, psychological, 2-183
maximum, 4-9,50 Warhead s ize , optimum, 2-14
p erm issib le, 4-156 . Warning lea flets, 2-183
measurement teat, 2-94 Wash, 6-6
method, shock, 2-11 acid, 6-17
m uzzle, 2-118,129,153, 3-39,72, 4 - 2 6 ,4 0 ,4 8 , 129 , alkaline, 6-17
137,173,189 gas, 4-120
maximum, 2-128 sodium orth osilicate, 6-21
consistent, 2-152 Washing and degreasing, 6-17
m itational angular, 3-29 W ater
p a rticle, 2-7,30 displacem ent, 2-180
p ro je c tile , 4-20,35,44 Jets, 6-6
reduction, 2-169,4-48 p it, 2-94
rem aining, 3-4 proofing agents, 2-186
residual, 2-126 . Watertown A rsen al, 2-139,142,152,4-150,151
retardation (tum bling), 2-166 W ave(s), 2-30
screen , 2-94 blast, 2-19
service, 4-9,10 bridge, 2-19
o f sh ell rela tive to a ir , 3-10 com pression, 2-123 ,
shock-wave, 2-11 detonation. 2-30,81,182

1-43

n
 plane, 2-31 W eiss, 2-93 .
drag, 3-70 W elded o verla y rotating bands, 2-5,4-149,154, 6--17,
estim ation o f, 3-70 26
coefficien t, 3-70 Welded, tack, 6-46 >
estim ating; 3-78 Whipping o f casing In fligh t, 2-185
elastic stress, 2-157 White m etal plug, 4-122
front theory. Interacting, 2-157 W P sh ell (white phosphorous), 2-160,161,179,186
Incident, 2-8,9 cloud, p illa rin g o f, 2-181
Mach, 2-9,19 sh ell design, 2-180
propagation, explosive, 2-7 accessory parts design, 2-180
rarefaction , 2-7 sealing requirem ents, 2-186
reflected , 2-8,9 tactical requirem ents, 2-180 f
o f strong shock (Mach W aves), 2-8 fille r loading, 2-180
o f weak shock, 2-8 i Width o f rotating band, 4-124,155 /
release, 2-45 / Windshield, 2-117, 3-86, 4-178
shaping, 2-61,70 aluminum, 6-35
shock, 2-7,14,19,72,93,156,157.177 o f HVAP shot, 6-35
effect o f, 2-9 Wind tunnel measurem ents, 3-9,71
tran sverse, 2-123 W ing(s), 3-13
Wavelength attenuation, 2-193 chord, 3-11
W aving tool, 6-16 clipped-delta, 3-27
Weakness, tran sverse, 6-4 delta, 3-27
Weapon(s) rectangula r, 3-13,27,71
antipersonnel fragm entation, 2-103,106 unyawed sym m etrical, 3-14
B A T. 2-81 Wiping o ff o f band lands, 4-164
effectiven ess, 2-106 — W ire, notched, 2-3,108
reco ille s s , 2-157, 6-49 Withdrawal easy, 6-1
system analysis, 2-107 Wood, 3-9
type and s ize , selection of, 2-47 Work
W ear cold, 6-3
allowance, 5-24 gage tolerances, 5-24
fa ctor, B ritish , 4-150 -hardening, 4-119, 6-24
o f lands, 4-164 Worn riflin g , 4-162
o f riflin g , 4-149 Wound b a llistics, 2-3,93,154
o f rotating band, 4-150 status o f, 2-102
Web, 4-7,9,20,24,36,43 Wounding effectiven ess, 2-98
average, 4-21 Wrapped cartrid ge ca se(s), 4-135, 6-47
calculations, 4-9,14 body o f, 6-46
-charge curve, 4-10 design, 4-135
dim ensions, control o f, 4-13 rough rollin g and expanding, 6-39
dim ensions, design o f, 4-9 Inspection o f, 6-48
to gun, fittin g, 4-9 perform ance o f, 6-47
lim its, 4-11 sp ira l, 4-135, 6-1
optimum, 4-10,11 trapezoidal, 4-135, 6-47
range, 4-9,11 steel, manufacture o f, 6-46
determ ination o f, 4-10 W rinkles, 6-43 f

rem aining, 4-23

size , 4-22
establishing, 4-13
thickness, 4-11,21,24 Yaw, 3-7,8,12,69
-velo city curve, 4-10 angle o f, 3-2
Wedge, sym m etrical double, 3-71 In bore, 3-28, 4-149
W edge-type fins, 3-71 com plex, 3-3
Weight determ ining effect o f, 3-75
o f burster charge, determ ination of, 2-178,182 diverging, 3-4
o f tetry l burster required, determ ining, 2-178 -drag coefficien t, 3-5,28,69
charge, 2-138, 4-20 in itial, 3-5,28, 4-164,178
weight control, methods o f (sh ell manufacture), nutational, 3-6
6-17 plane o f, 3-7
distribution in p rojectile, 4-18p precessional, 3-6
o f gun and mount, 3-72 o f repose, 3-2,4
matching, 2-180 vector, 3-2 e
o f p ro jectile, 4-50 Yawing
setback, 2-164,175,185 moment, 3-3,8,10
o f sh ell, 3-64 coefficien t, 3-10
tolerances, 2-152 damping factor, 3-6

1-44

. o
 rate o f, 3-8,10 Z ero
Y ield Interference, 4-169
condition, mathematical statement o f Von M lses, ord er, 2-32
4-187 theory, 2-31
c rite ria , 4-181,185 tw ist, 4-172
th eories, 4-185 Zinc
utilization o f, 4-178 a lloy, Zamac 6 ,2-37
function, Von M lses, 4-186 canes, 2-41
• Ugh, 6-44 phosphate, 6-3
point, 2-153,4-118, 6-23 Zobel, 3-10
Strength, 4-134,149, 6-2,41 Zone
stress, 2-178, 4-119 A (burning), 2-189
s o f band m aterial, 4-157 B (burning), 2-189
41 com pressive, 2-165 C (burning), 2-189
♦ minimum perm issible, 4-156 charges, 4-134
static, 4-185 firin g , 1-2,7
* *■ Young's modulus, 4-118 m lzed, 2-127
■* o f m ixed resu lts, 2-125
pre-ign ition , 2-189
tolerance, 6-24,25
Zamac 5 (zinc a llo y), 2-37 perm issible, 6-17

1-45
 SECTION

ARTILLERY A M M U N IT IO N -G E N E R A L

TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLETE

ROUNDS

1-1. Complete Rounds. The term "a rtille ry

ammunition" refers to ammunition, excepting
rockets and shotgun shells, used in weapons'
having a bore diameter of more than 0.60
inch. A complete round of a rtillery ammuni­
tion comprises all of the components necessary
to fir e a weapon once and to cause the projec­
tile to function at the desired tim e and plane.
These components are, in general, the projec­
tile, the fuze, the propelling charge, and the
prim er. Dependent upon both the type of pro­
pelling charge and the method of loading into
the weapon, complete rounds of artillery am­
munition are known as fixed, semifixed, sepa­
rate loading, or separated. Figure 1-1 illus­
trates these types of ammunition and their
component parts.

1-2. Components o f a Complete Round.

Projectile. The projectile is the effect-

producing assembly which is ejected from the
weapon by the gas pressure developed by the
burning propelling charge. Other terms used
in specific nomenclature of certain items, in
place of "projectile," are "sh ell" and "shot."

Fuze. A fuze is a mechanical or electrical

device assembled to a projectile to cause it to
function at the time and under the circumstances
Figure 1-1. Ammunition term s —
desired.
complete rounds

■* Propelling Charge. The propelling charge 1-3. Fixed Ammunition. Complete rounds in
consists of a quantity of propellant in a ca r­ which the propelling charge is fixed, that is,
tridge case, cloth bag, or both. not adjustable, and which are loaded into the
weapon in one operation, are known as "fixed "
Prim er- A prim er is used to initiate the ammunition. A s usually designed, the pro­
burning of a propelling charge. It consists pelling charge is loose in the cartridge case,
essentially of a small quantity of sensitive which is crimped rigidly to the projectile.
explosive and a charge of black powder. In a few cases, however, die charge is contained

1 -1
In a bag inside (he cartridge case. For c e r­ 1-10. Blank Ammunition is provided in small
tain calibers, rounds of fixed ammunition are and medium calibers for saluting and simulated
termed "cartridges." fire. This ammunition has no projectile.

1-4. Semifixed Ammunition is characterized by 1-11. D rill Ammunition is used for training in
an accessible propelling charge, which may be handling and loading. It is completely inert.
adjusted fo r zone firing. Like fixed ammuni­
1-12. Proof Ammunition. Proof ammunition is
tion, it is loaded into the weapon as a unit. The
used for testing of guns and propellant charges.
cartridge case is a free fit over the projectile.
The projectile is ordinarily a blunt-nosed solid
The propelling charge Is divided into bagged
sections, each containing a definite quantity of steel shot of the same weight as the high-
propellant. explosive projectile which is to be fired from
the gun. The propellant charge weight is ad­ *
justed to give the pressure desired fo r the test
1-5. In Separate-Loading Ammunition, the that the round is designed for.
separate components — projectile, propelling
charge, and prim er — are loaded into the weap­ TYPES OF PROJECTILES
on separately, because the ammunition is too
heavy and bulky to be handled as a unit. Am ­ 1-13. High-Explosive (HE) Shell have projec­
munition larger than 105-mm caliber falls into tiles of forged steel, comparatively thin walls,
this category. and a large bursting charge of high explosive.
HE shell are used against personnel and ma­
1-6. Separated Ammunition is characterized by teriel targets, producing blast effect and frag­
the arrangement of the propelling charge and mentation at the target. HE shell may have a
the projectile for loading into the gun. The time-, impact-, inertia-, or proximity-type
propelling charge, contained in a primed ca r­ fuze, according to the action desired.
tridge case that is sealed with a closing plug,
and the projectile, are loaded into the gun in 1-14. High-Explosive Antitank (HEAT) Shell.
one operation. Separated ammunition is used This is a special shell used against armored
when the ammunition is too large to handle targets. Its effect is dependent upon the fo r­ ' i

as a fixed unit. mation of an ultra-high-velocity jet of metal

caused by the action of the hollow charge on
1-7. Classification of Ammunition. Ammuni­ the metal liner.
tion may be classified according to use as ser­
vice, practice, blank, or d r ill.; In addition, it 1-15. Arm or-Piercing (A P) Ammunition. The
may be classified according to type of fille r arm or-piercing projectile has a nose of forged
as explosive, chemical, or inert. high-carbon nickel-chrome steel, and is in­
tended to penetrate the armor of a tank by the
1-8. Service Ammunition is used in combat. energy of impact. The nose may be ogival,
Dependent upon the type of projectile, it may be or blunt truncated, and must be hard enough
high-explosive (HE), high-explosive antitank to penetrate armor, yet tough enough to with­
(HEAT), arm or-piercing (A P), armor-piercing stand cracking or shattering upon impact; it
capped (APC, with or without explosive fille r), may have an aluminum windshield to provide
hypervelocity arm or-piercing (HVAP, HVAPDS, better ballistic characteristics. The body of
or HVAPDSFS), high-explosive plastic (HEP), an AP shot must be capable of withstanding
Incendiary, illuminating, marking, propaganda, bending stresses, and also the gouging action
chaff, or liquid-filled shell. of the edges of the hole. The base must have
enough strength to smash through the plate if
1>
1-9. Practice Ammunition is fired for effect caught by the side of the hole, or should be so
in simulated combat, and is also used in train­ designed that it w ill break off from the body
ing in marksmanship. The projectile in this without injuring the forward p a rt
type of ammunition may have a small quantity r
of low-explosive fille r to serve as a spotting 1-16. Hypervelocity Arm or -Piercing (HVAP)
charge, or the fille r may be inert. The pro­ Shot is lighter than the other armor-piercing
jectile may be an empty cast-iron shell. projectile of the same caliber, and it is fired

1 -2

i
 at higher velocities. The HVAP shot has a 1-20. Canister Ammunition consists of slugs
pointed cylindrical core of tungsten carbide. (small cylinders from bar stock), steel balls,
The core has great density and hardness. or flechettes (stabilized fragments with pointed
This type of projectile is obsolescent and nose and finned tail), contained by various
is being replaced by more modern types, methods within the shell. The canister pro­
such as HVAPDS. jectile consists of a heavy steel base, designed
to withstand the firing stresses, and a thin
steel tube packed with preformed missiles. As
1-17. Hypervelocity Arm or-Piercing Discard­
the canister projectile leaves the weapon, the
ing Sabot (HVAPDS) Ammunition. This type of
steel case containing the m issiles is split
ammunition consists of a subcaliber projectile
open by centrifugal force, and the missiles
comprising a carbide core in a light alloy or
are distributed in a random pattern. The
steel sheath. The subcaliber projectile is placed
I » missiles inflict damage, since a velocity is
inside a full-caliber carrier (called a "sabot")
imparted to them by a propellant charge. A
designed to Impart velocity and spin to the
more complete description of canister packing
projectile. As it leaves die gun, the sabot
and design is given in Section 2.
is discarded by the action of centrifugal force,
air resistance, or both, allowing the projectile
1-21. Pyrotechnic - Type Ammunition com­
to proceed toward the target unimpeded. Gen­
prises a group of shells which perform varied
erally made of aluminum, magnesium-zirconium
functions, but possess certain design sim ­
alloy, or plastic, sabots are of three types:
ilarities. These shells, which are fired from
pot type, petal type, and latch type. (See
mortars, howitzers, or guns, are made to
Section 2.)
function by base ejection, separating burst, or
explosive burst. In general, they are modi-'
1-18. Hypervelocity Arm or-Piercing Discard­ ficatlons of the HE shell of the same caliber.
ing SabotFin-Stabilized (HVAPDSFS) Shot. The Pyrotechnic-type ammunition, grouped together
HVAPDSFS shot is a fin-stabilized kinetic by design similarity, include: illuminating shell,
energy projectile designed for extremely high propaganda shell, colored smoke shell, and
muzzle velocities. It is characterized by an chaff shell; WP shell, and liquid-filled shell;
extremely high length-over-diameter ratio. Its and colored marker shell. The complete des­
long thin appearance has led to its being cription and design of these shells is given
referred to as the "arrow " projectile. It may in Section 2.
be fired from either rifled or unrifled barrels
by means of a sabot. It is currently in the PROJECTILE COMPONENTS
development stage and has given some very
promising results. 1-22. The Ogive is the curved portion of the
projectile from the point to the bourrelet. The
1-19. High-Explosive Plastic (HEP) Shell are curve of the ogive is usually the arc of a
unique in antitank warfare, as they attempt circle whose center is located in a line per­
to defeat tanks without penetrating the armor. pendicular to .the axis of the projectile, and
The explosive is made in a molded plastic whose radius generally is 6 to 11 calibers in
form and flattens out when the projectile strikes length.
the target. The detonation of the explosive
on the face of the armor causes a rupture 1-23. The Bourrelet is an accurately machined
on the opposite side. This ruptured portion cylindrical surface, of diameter slightly larger
is known as a spall, which causes damage than the body, that bears on the lands of the
inside the tank, dependent on the velocity and bore. The bourrelet centers the projectile in
mass of the spall. The mass and velocity the bore and guides it in its travel through
of the spall depends on the quality and thick­ the bore.
ness of the armor, and the mass, type, and
shape of the explosive fille r. This shell has 1-24.- The Rotating Band is a cylindrical ring
not yet been fully developed, and little of the of comparatively soft material, usually copper,
theory is known. A more complete description gilding metal, or soft iron, pressed into a
of available theory and design is given in knurled or roughened groove near the base of
Section 2. the projectile. When the gun is fired, the

1 -3
 o
rotating band is engraved by the rifling and 1-30. Tim e Fuzes usually contain a graduated
imparts spin to the projectile. The band may time element in the form of a compressed
also be welded to the projectile by the "welded black powder train, or a mechanism with a
overlay" method. gear train like a clock, which may be set to
function at a predetermined time after firing.
1-25. Base Cover. Shell containing high ex­
plosives usually are provided with a base 1-31. Impact Fuzes are classified according to
cover to prevent the hot gases of the pro­ the quickness of action after impact as super-
pelling charge from coming in contact with quick, nondelay, or delay. See figure 1-2 for
the explosive fille r of the projectile through action of ammunition at the target according £
possible flaws in the metal of the base. to the quickness of action. Superquick fuzes
produce a burst immediately upon impact,
1-26. Body. The main portion of the pro­ before any penetration occurs, thus giving \
jectile ordinarily is called' the body. The maximum surface e ffe c t Nondelay fuzes are
term "body diam eter," however, is used to inertia-operative, and burst the projectile on a
designate the dimension of the cylindrical por­ hard surface before complete penetration or
tion of the projectile between the bourrelet ricochet Delay fuzes allow penetration of
and the rotating band. In order to prevent material targets before bursting, or allow air
contact with the bore, the body diameter is bursts in ricochet fire. The time of action of
sm aller than the diameter of the bourrelet impact fuzes is measured from the instant of
or the rotating band. its impact on a target, whereas the time of
action of time fuzes is measured from the
1-27. Tracer. For observation of fire , some instant the weapon is fired. An impact fuze
shell are fitted with a tracer in the base. intended to function on impact with a very
In some antiaircraft gun projectiles, the tracer light material target, such as an airplane
ignites a pellet that, after burning a prescribed wing, is called supersensitive.
number of seconds, detonates the explosive
fille r, should the fuze fa il to operate against 1-32. Proximity (VT1 Fuzes. In effect, VT
a target. This type of tracer is known as (Variable Tim e) fuzes are automatic time fuzes.
r \
"shell destroying" (SD). Without "setting" or adjustment, they detonate
the m issiles that carry them on approach to
1-28. Lifting Plug and Grommet. The lifting the target. A rtillery VT fuzes are essentially
plug and grommet do not play any part in the combination self-powered radio transmitting
firing of the projectile but are included on the and receiving units. In flight, the armed fuze
larger caliber shell merely for shipping and broadcasts radio waves. Unlike radar waves,
handling purposes. The lifting plug is an eye the radio waves are sent continuously and are
bolt that fits into the threaded fuze cavity in nondirectional. The radio wave fronts, which
the nose of the shell and permits the shell to are reflected back from airplane, ground, or
be handled by means of a winch. The grommet water to the moving m issile, interact with the
is a rubber-lined steel covering placed over transmitted wave. When this interaction of
the rotating band to protect it from damage transmitted and reflected waves, which results
resulting from rough handling. Both are r e ­ in ripples or beats, reaches a predetermined
moved before the projectile is used. intensity, it trips an electronic switch. The
switch then permits an electric charge that is
FUZES, BOOSTERS, AND DETONATORS stored in the firing capacitor to flow through
an electric firing squib. The VT fuzes can be
1-29. Introduction. A fuze is a device used used only in deep-cavity shell.
with ammunition to cause it to function at
the time desired, and under the circumstances 1-33. General Description of Fuzes. In general,
desired. A rtillery fuzes are classified ac­ modern fuzes consist of a connected series
cording to their location on the projectile as (train) of small explosive charges, together with *9
base detonating or point detonating. They also a striker or firing-pin device for Initiating the
are classified according to their method of action o f the firs t charge in the train. The
functioning, as time, impact, or proximity mechanism and explosive elements are held in
(V T), or may be a combination of these. a body or housing. In modern point-detonating

1 -4

o
 burns slowly, the rate of combustion decreas­
ing as the density increases. In the functioning
o f a fuze, each charge by its action initiates the
next charge in the train. The final charge in
the fuze causes the detonation of the booster,
4 which in turn detonates the bursting charge
of die shell.
1-34. Bore Safety. T o prevent accidental arm ­
*4
ing during handling and shipping, safety devices,
such as a safety w ire or a cotter pin, are used
when required. In certain types of fuzes, the
* mechanisms are arranged so that the fuzes
»
are said to be "boresafe" (detonator-safe).
A boresafe fuze is one in which the explosive
train is interrupted so that, while the pro­
jectile is still in the bore of the weapon, p re­
mature action o f the bursting charge is p re­
vented i f any of the more sensitive elements
(prim er or detonator) function.
1-35. Methods of Arming. A fuze is said to be
armed when it is ready to detonate the shell,
lhat is, when all parts are in, or are free to
move to, their proper positions in order that
the fuze may operate in its intended manner.
The principal forces used in arming fuzes are
inertia and centrifugal force. In some fuzes,
both of these forces are. used to activate
safety devices; in others, only one is used.
Centrifugal fo rce occurs in spinning projectiles.
This force may be utilized to actuate gear
trains and to move safety devices into their
F-OB-AY ACHON AJTt» tlCOCKFT RA PD 976910 proper positions in fuzes and boosters.

Figure 1 -2. Action o f ammunition at 1-36. Boosters. Since the bursting charges of
the target high-explosive shell are relatively insensitive
to shock, a comparatively large detonating
(PD) fuzes, the housing is shaped fo r best charge is necessary to ensure a high order
ballistics. In impact fuzes now in use, the detonation of the bursting charge. The use of
explosive train usually consists of a small m ore sensitive explosives, such as mercury
but highly sensitive explosive charge, such as fulminate or lead azide, in the quantities r e ­
lead azide, in turn followed by a still larger quired for the purpose would create excessive
and still less sensitive explosive charge, such hazards in handling and firing; therefore, such
as tetryL Such charges function by successive explosives are used only in sm all amounts as
detonation—hence the term detonating fuzes. initiating and intermediate detonating charges.
A separate charge of somewhat less sensi­
i
When delay action is desired by the use of a tivity, usually tetryl, is provided fo r detonating
black powder pellet, the initial charge is a the high-explosive charge of the shell. Because
prim er mixture, which passes a flam e to the its function is to increase or "boost" the
black powder and, in turn, to a detonator. effectiveness of the explosive train, this charge
Black powder is used exclusively in the time is known as a booster charge. The booster
train of powder-train time fuzes, and fo r the charge may be incorporated in the fuze itself,
magazine charge of both powder-train and or may be encased in thin metal or plastic
mechanical types of time fuzes. Black powder which is screwed permanently to the fuze and
that has been compressed to great density handled as a unit'with the fuze.

1 -5
1-37. Detonators. A detonator is used in the 1-41. High Explosives, because of their ex­
explosive train to create or transmit a detona­ tremely rapid rate of detonation, have a power­
tion wave to the booster charge, booster lead, ful disruptive action. The high explosives that
or burster. Three types of detonators are are most sensitive to impact are used a^ihitia-
used. One contains a prim er mixture as the tors in prim ers or detonators, whereas the
upper layer, for initiation by stab action of a high explosives less sensitive to impact are
firing pin. Another contains lead azide as the used as bursting charges in shell.
upper layer, for initiation either by flame A
action from a separate primer, delay pellet, PROPELLING CHARGES
time-train ring, or by detonation of a separate *
detonator. The third type contains a fine w ire 1-42. General. Propelling charges consist of
or other high-resistance electric circuit in the propellant (essentially nitrocellulose plus
contact with a heat-sensitive primer mixture. other ingredients) with an igniter of black t
Passage of an electric current through the r e ­ powder, assembled in a suitable container.
sistance circuit generates heat, which initiates Generally, in fixed, semifixed, and separated
detonation in the prim er mixture. Most detona­ rounds, the full igniter charge is present in a
tor cups and disks are made of aluminum. tube attached to the percussion element of the
primer. In certain cases, however, such as
ammunition for the 75-mm rifle, a supplemen­
EXPLOSIVES FOR AMMUNITION
tary igniter charge is located in the forward
end of the cartridge case. In separate-loading
1-38. Gieneral. To deliver the projectile at the
rounds, the igniter charge is assembled in a
target, and to cause it to function properly on
bag sewed to the base end of the propelling-
arrival, it is necessary to employ different
charge bag, and in some cases includes a core
kinds of explosives, each of which has a speci­
running through the center of the propelling-
fic function in a round of ammunition. The
charge bag. See figure 1-1 for representative
characteristics of the various types of explo­
types of propelling charges.
sives are given in Section 2. The arrangement
of a series of explosives, beginning with a
To control the burning of propellant powder to
small amount of sensitive explosive and ending
obtain the desired performance in a particular
with a large amount of comparatively insensitive
weapon, the powder is manufactured in several
explosive, is called an explosive train.
types of grains. For a complete description of
the various propellants, their grain types and
1-39. Classification of Explosives. Explosives their characteristics, refer to Section 4.
are divided into two basic groups —propellants
(low explosives) and high explosives. The 1-43. Flashless and Smokeless Characteris­
propellant reacts by burning, at a rate which tics. Whether the ammunition upon firing has
depends upon such factors as pressure, grain flashless or smokeless characteristics, or both,
form, grain size, and composition. The high depends chiefly upon the chemical composition
explosive is used for its detonating properties, of the propellant, the design of the ignition
which result from the motion of a detonation system, and the characteristics of the weapon
wave traveling through the high - explosive in which the ammunition is fired. Variable'
charge at an extremely high velocity. factors that must be allowed for in the original
design of the flashless-smokeless ammunition
1-40. Propellants are used to eject the pro­ are firing temperature, degree of wear of
jectile from the weapon at a prescribed veloc­ weapon, and weather conditions.
ity. Those currently used have a nitrocellulose

/» V
and/or nitroguanidine base. These propellants 1-44. A Cartridge Case, made of drawn brass
are distinguished by such terms as single base or steel, serves as the container for the pro­
(those with nitrocellulose), double base (with pelling charge in the instance of fixed and sem i­
nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin), or triple base fixed artillery ammunition. The case has a
(nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguani­ profile and design to conform to the chamber
dine). Propellants may be called flashless of the weapon for which the case is intended.
and/or smokeless, but these terms are relative, The head of the case is relatively thick and has
not absolute. a flange to permit mechanical extraction and to

1 -6

V
 n 1-49. Cartridge Bags form a suitable and con­
seat the round in the gun. These rounds used
in automatic guns usually have cartridge cases venient means of containing the smokeless
with extracting grooves instead of flanges or powder charge in separate-loading ammunition.
rim s. The cartridge case holds the primer, Cartridge-bag cloth normally is made of silk;
the propelling change, and the projectile (except bags made of rayon sometimes are used to
fo r separated types), so that the assembly can replace silk. Only certain ash-free grades of
be inserted into the weapon in one operation. this fabric are suitable; other grades might
A secondary function is to provide for obtura­ leave smoldering fragments in the bore of the
t tion. The case is sufficiently thin to be ex­ cannon after firing. The products of combus­
% panded by the pressure of the burning gases tion of smokeless powder are inflammable
to a tight fit against the side of the weapon when mixed with the requisite amount of air.
chamber, thereby preventing the escape of A reignition of gases known as a "flareback" .
** gas to the rear. . could occur in the presence of these smoldering
particles.
1-45. The Propelling Charge in a Round of
Fixed Ammunition is usually loose powder in Cartridge igniter bags are made of silk, and the
the cartridge case. In some instances, where cloth is sim ilar to cartridge-bag cloth, except
the charge is not large enough to fill the case that it is more closely woven in order to prevent
completely, a distance wadding, usually a card­ the black ignition powder from sifting through.
board disk and cylinder or felt pads, is inserted To date no suitable substitutes for silk have
in the neck of the cartridge case, between the been found.
powder charge and the base of the projectile.
In some instances, the same function’ may be For a further discussion of the propelling
served by enclosing the charge in a cloth bag charges, and a description of propelling charges
inside the case. Where the prim er charge is for particular guns, refer to Section II, chapter
insufficient for satisfactory ignition of the 3, of reference 3, and also Section 4 of this
propelling c h a r g e , a supplementary igniter handbook.
charge of black powder may be attached to the
distance wadding to supplement the primer 1-50. Prim ers and Ignition Charges. A prim er
n ignition. is used in a propelling-charge explosive train
1-46. The Propelling Charge in a Round of as the component that initiates burning of the
Semifixed Ammunition is in cartridge bags in propelling charge by a flame. Such primers
the cartridge case. Since the cartridge case vary in size and complexity, depending upon
is loosely fitted to the projectile, some of the their type and the quantity of propelling charge
bags of powder may be removed prior to firing to be ignited. For example, the propelling
to provide fo r zone firing. charge of 20-mm rounds is so small, rela­
tively, that the primer is merely a sensitive
, 1-47. The Propelling Charge in Separated Am­ element assembly that is inserted directly into
munition. In "separated" ammunition, the sep­ the prim er pocket of the cartridge case. In
arately loaded propelling charge is loosely larger caliber rounds, the prim er contains a
contained in a cartridge case, which is closed sensitive element of prim er mixture or other
by a "closing plug" made of palmetto pulp, explosive, plus a prim er charge of black pow­
plastic, or cork. An igniter may be placed der to ensure proper ignition of the larger pro­
around the prim er to ensure proper ignition. pellant charges. Where sufficient black powder
1-48. Mortar Propelling Charges are made up cannot be loaded into the prim er body to ensure
of several removable parts or "increments" to proper ignition, a separate bag of black pow­
provide for zone firing. Each increment con­ der, called an igniter charge assembly, is
sists of a charge of smokeless propellant en­ placed with the propellant.
cased in a cotton bag. The bag has a buttonhole
*>*

at each end to enable it to be fastened to the Prim ers may be classified by method of ig ­
cartridge housing of the mortar round. The nition as percussion, initiated by a sharp blow
round, as received in the field, has the maxi­ from a firing pin in the weapon; or electric, in­
mum number of increments fastened to it. itiated by sending a small electric current
The gunner adjusts for zone firing by removing through a resistance wire embedded in an explo­
the increments that are not desired. sive, or through a conductive primer mixture.

n 1-7
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1-53. Forces Acting on Projectiles in Handling.
Norifnally, projectiles are subject to rough
1-51. Unique Functioning. The unique function handling. They may be dropped, or they may
of ammunition must be considered in the design roll and tumble against each other, both in
of complete rounds and their components. shipment and in use. Some of the areas of the
Practically all ammunition items are required projectile that may be subject to damage as a
to function only once. This one time, they must result of this handling are listed below, to­
function as intended, with a very high degree gether with the nature of the damage that might
of certainty. Usually, they are used without be expected. 8
any previous preparation or adjustment, after 1. Rotating bands — indentations or scars.
subjection to handling and storage that may 2. F in s—breaking or bending.
have gone on for periods of years, sometimes 3. Setback arming devices becoming armed.
under very adverse conditions. 4. Explosive elem ents—prim ers and detona­
tors are liable to detonation if subjected
This peculiarity of function imposes certain
design requirements of a restrictive nature, to severe shock deformation or move­
ment.
such as:
5. Chemical fille rs — leakage.
1. Ruggedness
2. Corrosion prevention Such damage can be minimized by proper choice
3. Prevention of deterioration of materials. of materials, by the avoidance of sharp corners
or edges subject to breakage, and by proper
On the other hand, this peculiarity makes it packing.
possible to neglect certain other factors that
ordinarily must be given consideration, such as:
1-54. Design Considerations From Storage Re­
1. Wear
quirements. Since ammunition may be stored
2. Fatigue
for long periods of time, under adverse condi­
3. Permanent deformation of certain parts as
a normal consequence of its functioning. tions of temperature and humidity, the following
factors must be considered.
1-52. Quantity Production R e q u i r e m e n t s . 1. Malfunctioning or loss of accuracy caused
Another general characteristic of nearly all by extremes of temperature.
ammunition components is that they are made in 2. Malfunctioning or loss of accuracy r e ­
large quantities. Quantity production makes it sulting from exposure to dust or sand.
economical to provide special tools, automatic 3. Malfunctioning or loss of accuracy r e ­
or semi-automatic machines, and other special sulting from exposure to rain or snow,
mass production equipment for their manu­ and immersion in water.
facture, loading, assembly, inspection, testing, 4. Stability of explosives and other chemi­
and the like. In the design of ammunition com­ cally reactive material.
ponents, their forms, dimensions, and toler­ 5. Resistance of metal parts to corrosion.
ances must be kept in mind for mass produc­ 6. Resistance of nonmetallic materials to
tion purposes. deterioration.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Hayes, T. J., "Elements of Ordnance," John Wiley and Sons, NewYork, 1938.

2. Ammunition, General, TM 9-1900, War Department Technical Manual,

June 1945.

3. A rtillery Ammunition, TM 9-1901, Department of the Army Technical

Manual, September 1950.

1-8
 ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK SERIES
The Engineering Deeign Handbook S eriee ia Intended to provide a compilation of principle* and fundamental data to
supplement experience in assisting engineer* in the evolution o f new design* which w ill m eet tactical and technical
need* while also embodying satisfactory produclbllity and m aintainability.
L is te d below axe the Kandbookswhlch have been published ox submitted foxpubiication. Handbooks with publication
dates priox to 1 August 1962 w ere published as 20-serles Ordnance Corps pamphlets. AM C C ircular 310-38, 19 July
1963, redesignated those publication* as 7 0 6-ssrie* AM C pamphlets ( i . e . , ORDP 20-138 was redesignated A M C P 706­
138). A ll new, reprinted, o r revised handbook* are being published a* 706-series AM C pamphlets.

General and Miscellaneous Subjects B allistic M issile Series

Humber Title Humber T itle

ToS--- Elements o f Armament Engineering, F art One, ^81 (S-RD ) Weapon System Effectiveness (U )
Sources o f Energy 282 Propulsion and Propellants
107 Elements of Armament Engineering, Part Two, 284(C) T ra jecto ries (U)
B allistics 286 Structures
108 Elements o f Armament Engineering, p art Three,
Weapon Systems and Components B allistics Series
110 Experimental Statistics, Section 1, Basic Con­ 140 T ra jecto ries, D ifferential E ffects, and liata
cepts and Analysis of Measurement Data fo r P ro jectiles
111 Experimental Statistics, Section 2, Analysis of 160(S) Elements of Term inal B allistics, P art One,
Enumerative and C lassificatory Data Introduction, K ill Mechanisms,
112 Experim ental Statistics, Section 3, Planning and Vulnerability (U)
Analysis of Comparative Experiments 161 (S) Elements of Term inal B allistics, P a rt Two,
113 Experim ental Statistics, Section 4, Special C ollection and Analysis o f Data Concern­
Topics ing Targets (U)
114 Experimental Statistics, Section 5, Tables 162(S-RD) Elements of Term inal B allistics, Part' Three,
134 Maintenance Engineering Guide fo r Ordnance Application to M issile and Space Targets (U)
Design
135 Inventions, Patents, and Related Matters
136 Servomechanisms, S e c tio n !, Theory 341 Cradles
137 Servomechanisms, Section 2, Measurement 342 R ecoil Systems
and Signal Converters 343 Top Carriages
138 Servomechanisms, Section 3, Am plification 344 Bottom Carriages
139 Servomechanisms, Section 4, Pow er Elements 345 Equilibrators
and System Design 346 Elevating Mechanisms
170(C) A rm o r and Its Application to Vehicles (TJ) 347 Traversin g Mechanisms
270 Propellant Actuated D evice*
290(C) Warheads— General (U) M aterials Handbooks
331 Compensating Elements (F ire Control S eries) 301 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
355 The Automotive Assem bly (Automotive S eries) 302 Copper and Copper Alloys
303 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
; Ammunition and Explosive* Series 305 Titanium and Titanium A llo y*
175 Solid Propellants, P art One 306 Adhesives
176(C) Solid Propellants, P a rt Tw o (U) 307 Gasket M aterials (Honmetallic)
177 P rop erties of Explosives o f M ilitary Interest, 308 Glass .
Section 1 309 Plastics
178(C) P rop erties o f Explosives of M ilita ry Interest, 310 Rubber and Rubber-Like M aterials
Section 2 (U ) 311 Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Metals
2l0 Fuzes, General .and Mechanical
211(C) Fuzes, P roxim ity, E lectrical, P art One (D) S u rface-to-A ir M issile Series s
212(S) Fuzes, Proxim ity, E lectrical, P art Two (U) 291 P art One, System Integration ’
213(S) Fuzds, P roxim ity, E lectrical, F art T hree (U) 292 P art Two, Weapon Control
214 (S) Fuzes, Proxim ity, E lectrical, P art Four (U) 293 Fart Three, Computers
215(C) Fuzes, Proxim ity, E lectrical, P art F ive (U) 294(S) P art Four, M issile Armament (U)
244 Section 1, A r tille r y Am munition--General, 295{S) Fart F ive, Countermeasures (U)
with Table o f Contents, Glossary and 296 Part Six, Structures and Power Source*
Index fo r Series 297(S) P art Seven, Sample Prob lem (O)
245(C) Section 2, Design fo r Term inal E ffects (U)
246 Section 3, Design fo r Control of Flight Char­
acteristic*
247(C) Section 4, Design fo r P rojection (U)
248 Section 5, Inspection Aspects o f A r tille r y
Ammunition Design
249(C) Section 6, Manufacture of M etallic Components
o f A r tille r y Ammunition (U)