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Routing and Switching Essentials Lecture 1 Notes

The document discusses network addresses, including network addresses, broadcast addresses, and host addresses. It describes how to calculate these addresses from IP addresses and subnet masks. It also covers IPv4 addressing concepts such as private vs public addresses, and IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence methods.

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Shivend Menon
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16 views

Routing and Switching Essentials Lecture 1 Notes

The document discusses network addresses, including network addresses, broadcast addresses, and host addresses. It describes how to calculate these addresses from IP addresses and subnet masks. It also covers IPv4 addressing concepts such as private vs public addresses, and IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence methods.

Uploaded by

Shivend Menon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A network is better thought of as a series of addresses

First network address — used to identify network and cannot be assigned to a host (Network address)

Last network address — used to send a message to all devices on network at once (Broadcast Address) [also cannot
be assigned to a host]

First usable host — first address after the network address

Last usable host — last before the broadcast address

[ these two constitute the range of addresses that can interact with the host]

Through ANDing a device can know what network it belongs to

— IPV4 FACTS
All IPv4 host addresses are 32 bits in length
A portion of the address represents the network that the host belongs to (starts at the left)
The remaining portion is the host portion which identifies the host on the network
There are two special reserved addresses on every network that can’t be assigned to hosts: The network
address (lowest), and the broadcast address (highest)

CALCULATION METHODS:

Network Address:

1. Covert IP address and subnet mask into binary


2. Align [one over the other] both the converted IP address and the converted subnet mask
3. Perform the ANDing operations on their values — gives the binary network address [NOTE — binary
network addresses will always have 0s in their host portion]
4. Convert the binary network address into its dotted decimal values — this yields the network address

Broadcast Address:

1. Keep the binary network address network portion the same, but change the host portion into all 1s [in
contradistinction to the network address].
2. Convert to dotted decimal form — this yields the broadcast address

First Usable Host Address:

1. Keep the binary network address network portion the same, but change the host portion into all 0s with a
binary 1 at the end of the host portion
2. Convert to dotted decimal form — this yields the first usable host address

Last Usable Host Address:

1. Keep the binary network address network portion the same, but change the host portion into all 1s with a
binary 0 at the end of the host portion
2. Convert to dotted decimal form — this yields the last usable host address

Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses:


Each network contains three types of IP addresses:

— THE NETWORK ADDRESS


An address that represents a specific network. Features:
o Same subnet mask as the network address
o Same network bits as the network address, as indicated by the subnet mask
o Located on the same broadcast domain as other hosts with the same network address
— HOST ADDRESSESS
Addresses that can be assigned to a device, such as a host computer, laptop, smartphone, etc. Note that in
this category there is a first and last host address. Some features:
First host address: The first host within a network has all 0 bits with the last (right-most) bit as a 1 bit [in
the host portion]. In the diagram the sample is: 192.168.10.1/24
Last host address: The last network host has all 1 bits with the last (right-most) bit as a 0 bit. In the
diagram the sample is: 192.168.10.254/24.
— BROADCAST ADDRESS
The address used to reach all devices on an IPv4 network

IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

— UNICAST
Such transmission refers to one device sending a message to one other device in one-to-one
communications
o IPv4 unicast host addresses are in the address range of 1.1.1.1 to 223.255.255.255. However,
within this range are many addresses that are reserved for special purposes.
— BROADCAST
Such transmission refers to a device sending a message to all the devices on a network in one-to-all
communications.
o A broadcast packet has a destination IP address with all ones (1s) in the host portion, or 32 one
(1) bits
o E.g., a host on the 172.16.4.0/24 network sends a packet to 172.16.4.255

IP Directed Broadcasts: in addition to the 255.255.255.255 broadcast address, there is a broadcast


IPv4 address for each network. Called a directed broadcast.

For example: the directed broadcast address for 192.168.1.0/24 is 192.168.1.255 . This address allows
communications to all the hosts in that network. Note: directed broadcasts are turned off by default
since Cisco IOS release 12.0, with the global configuration command: no ip directed-broadcasts.

— MULTICAST
Such transmission reduces traffic by allowing a host to send a single packet to a selected set of hosts that
subscribe to a multicast channel.
o IPv4 has reserved the 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 addresses as a multicast range.
Types of IPv4 Addresses

Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

— PUBLIC IPv4 ADRESSESS


Addresses that are globally routed between ISP routers. However, not all available IPv4 addresses can be
used on the Internet. There are blocks of addresses called Private Addresses that are used by most
organisations to assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. These are not routed over the internet. [NOTE —
private IPv4 addresses were introduced due to the depletion of IPv4 address space. Privat IPv4 addresses
are not unique and can be used internally within any network.]
— PRIVATE ADDRESS RANGE
10.0.0.8/8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0/12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0/16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
— ROUTING INFORMATION
Most internal networks (intranets) use private addresses for addressing all the internal devices. However,
they are not globally routable. For instance, in the case of networks sending packets outside the internal
network, the packet will have a source IPv4 address that is private, and a destination IPv4 address that is
public (globally routable). For such situations the private address must be filtered (discarded) or translated
to a public address before forwarding the packet to an ISP. This translation is accomplished through
Network Address Translation (NAT). This is usually done on the router that connect the internal network to
the ISP network.
— SPECIAL USE IPv4 ADDRESSESS
o Loopback addresses: software, virtual, keep interface alive:
 127.0.0.0/8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254
o Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses, P2P:
 169.254.0.0/16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
o TEST-NET addresses: teaching/learning, documentation, etc:
 192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255
— CLASSFUL AND CLASSLESS ADDRESSING
IPv4 addresses were assigned using classful addressing as define in RFC 790, Assigned Numbers.
Customers were allocated a network address based on one of three classes, A, B, or C. The RFC divided the
unicast ranges into the following specific classes. [allocated based on prefix length]
Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) [meant for extremely large networks with more than 16 million host
addresses. Class A used a fixed /8 prefix with the first octet to indicate the network address and the
remaining three octets for host addresses].
Class B (128.0.0.0/16 to 191.255.0.0/16) [for moderate to large sized networks with up to 65,00 host
addresses. Class B used a fixed /16 prefix with the first two higher octets to indicate the network address
and the remaining two octets for host addresses.]
Class C (192.0.0.0/24 to 223.225.255.0/24) [designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254
networks. Class C used a fixed /24 prefix with the first three octets to indicate the network and the
remaining octet for the host addresses.]
NOTE: Also existent Class D multicast block [224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0] and Class E experimental address
block [240.0.0.0 to 255.0.0.0.]
At time when internet-using-computers was limited, classful was effective for address allocation. Class A
networks accounted for 50% of the IPv4 networks. This caused most of the available IPv4 addresses to go
unused.
Classless Addressing: introduction of WWW, led to classful addressing being depreciated to more
effectively allocate IPv4 address space. Was replace with classless addressing, which is used today.
Classless ignores the rules of classes (A, B, C). public IPv4 network addresses (network addresses and
subnet masks) are allocated based on the number of IP addresses that can be justified.

IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

— DUAL STACK
A dual stacked device supports both IPv4 and IPv6. Such a device can be a PC, a server, or a router.
Consider a double stacked host capable of both wanting to contact www.example.com. It would contact the
DNS Server to get the available IP addresses of the site. (It would receive both the IPv4 and IPv6 address).
It would normally firstly attempt to connect via the IP46 address and if that fails the IPV4.
— TUNELLING
Daasdadasdsd
— TRANSLATION
A NAT64 router translates an IPv6 packet to IPv4 packet, and vice versa. Similar to NAT for converting
private and public addresses

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