FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI DAN KEJURUTERAAN

ELEKTRONIK DAN KOMPUTER

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

ADVANCED ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

BERT 1333 SEMESTER 2 SESI 2023/2024

LAB 2: AC RLC CIRCUIT

1. AINA BALQIS BINTI MUHAMMAD

NAME OF GROUP B122310078
SYAFIQ
MEMBERS &
MATRIX NUMBER 2. ROSHA SHAHIRAH BINTI AHMAD
B122310063
SAFFEE

3.DANIA ALIESA BINTI ZULFIKAR ALI B122310129

COURSE BERT 1/1

DATE 25/4/2024

NAME OF INSTRUCTOR 1. DR SURAYA

2.

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS

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1.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of this experiment, students will be able to;

1. Analyze RC, RL and RLC circuits.
2. Determine voltage, current and impedance for RC, RL and RLC circuits.

2.0 EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT

1. Function generator
2. Resistor
3. Variable capacitor
4. Variable inductor
5. Digital multimeter

3.0 SYNOPSIS & THEORY

Part A: RC Circuit

Impedance

The combination of resistance from the resistor and capacitor in an AC circuit is called
“impedance” (Z). The calculation of the total impedance of an AC circuit must be done using
the vector approach because of the phase shift difference arising from the capacitor
behavior. So, Z is not the addition of R and Xc.

VS
The impedance, Z= ; unit in Ohm (Ω)
I

Figure 1: Vector Diagram for Impedance (RC series circuit)

The impedance Z can be calculated using the following formula:

Z=√ R 2+ X C 2 (1)

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Series RC Circuits Network

RC circuits are commonly used as filters and phase shifters in an electronics circuits. In
filters, it can operate as a low pass filter, high pass filter & etc. Using it as a phase shifters
allows the original signal to be shifted a certain amount of degree.

Figure 2: Basic RC circuit

V R = Voltage across resistor R

V C = Voltage across capacitor C
V S = Source voltage

Note that in an AC resistive circuit, the current (I) and voltage ( V S ) are always in phase (no
phase different). However, in an AC capacitive circuit, the current (I) and voltage ( V S ) are
always out of phase at 90 degree distance. Hence when we combined a resistor and
capacitor in series in an AC circuit, the current (I) and voltage ( V S ) is totally 90˚ out of phase
which is as shown in Figure 3. As a result, the formula V S =V R +V C cannot be directly used.
In this case, vectors diagrams are used to determine the co-relationship between the AC
supply voltage (Vs) and the potential voltage drop across the resistor (R) and the capacitor
(C).

Figure 3: Vector diagram for series RC circuit

The source voltage V S can be calculated using the following formula:

V S =√ V R +V C
2 2
(2)

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The impedance Z can be calculated using the following formula:

Z=√ R 2+ X C 2 (3)

By referring to Figure 2, in a series RC circuit current is the same at everywhere. Thus,

current can be calculated using the following equation:

VR
I= (4)
R

Part B: RL Circuit

Impedance

The combination of resistance from the resistor and inductor in an AC circuit is called
“impedance” (Z). The calculation of the total impedance of an AC circuit must be done using
the vector approach because of the phase shift difference arising from the capacitor
behavior. So, Z is not the addition of R and X L.

The impedance Z can be calculated using the following formula:

Z=√ R 2+ X L2 (5)

The Q Factor of an inductor is given as:

XL
Q= (6)
R

VS
The impedance, Z= ; unit in Ohm (Ω)
I

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Series RL Circuits Network

(a) (b)

Figure 4: RL (a) series circuit, and (b) vector diagram

V L= Potential difference across L

V R= Potential difference across R
V S = Voltage source
Inductive reactance, X L =2 πfL

Using Ohm’s Law, we can calculate the voltage, current by using the following equations:

V L = I XL (7)
V R = IR (8)

In an AC RL series circuit as shown in Figure 4(a), the current, I is still the same at every
potential point in the circuit and current, I is still in the same phase with V R which is as
shown in Figure 4(b). However, V L is -90˚ out of phase with I which is also as shown in
Figure 4(b). As a result, the formula V S = V R +V L cannot be directly used. In this case,
vectors diagrams are used to determined the co-relationship between the AC supply voltage
(V S ) and the potential voltage drop across the resistor (R) and the inductor (L).

The source voltage can be calculated using the following formula:

V S =√ V R +V L
2 2
(9)

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Part C: The RLC Circuits

Series RLC Circuits

(a) (b)

Figure 5: RLC (a) series circuit, and (b) vector diagram

Figure 5(a) shows a basic RLC circuit.

When frequency is low, C will be open circuit and virtually no current flow through the circuit.
When frequency is high, L will be open circuit and virtually no current flow through the circuit.
At resonance frequency, X C =X L, only R will limit the current flowing.

1
Z=R+ j(ωL− )
ωC (10)

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The capacitive reactance, X C = (ohm)
2 πfc

The inductive reactance, X L =2 πfL (ohm)

If the inductive reactance X Lis larger than the reactive capacitance X C , then the total
impedance Z:
√2 2
Z= R + ( X L− X C ) (ohm) (11)

V R= voltage across resistor R

V L= voltage across inductor L
V C = voltage across capacitor C

Else if Xc is larger than XL , the total impedance Z:

√ 2 2
Z= R + ( X C − X L ) (ohm) (12)

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By referring to Figure 5(b), voltage across the resistor, V R, will be in phase with the current.
Voltage across the inductor, V R, will lead the current by 90˚. Voltage across the capacitor, V C
, will lag the current by 90˚.

4.0 LAB PROCEDURE

Part A: RC Circuit

Consider the series RC network as in figure below:

Function Gen

For R = 1KΩ and C = 22nF

1. Construct the circuit. Set the frequency of the function generator so that frequency =
1kHz sine wave.

2. Connect a voltmeter to the output of the function generator. Switch the voltmeter to
AC voltage reading mode.

3. Tune the amplitude of the function generator so that the output AC voltage is ~1Vac.
Record this voltage, V S ( mea ) at Table 1 given. Connect the function generator to the
circuit.

4. By using voltmeter, measure the ac voltage across resistor, V R (mea) and ac voltage
across capacitor, V C (mea). Record both values at Table 1.

5. By using the following formula and the V R (mea)at step 4, calculate the ac current,
I (calc). Record the value at Table 1.
V R (meas)
I (calc)=
R

6. By using ammeter, measure the ac current, I (mea) of the circuit and record at Table
1.

7. By using the V R (mea) and V C (mea) from step 4 and the following equation, calculate
V S (calc). Record the value at Table 1.

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 V S =√ V R 2+V C 2

8. By using V C (mea) from step 4 and I (mea) from step 6, calculate X C (mea). Record
the value at Table 1.

9. By using the X C (mea) calculated at step 9, calculate C (mea) by using the following
equation. Record the value at Table 1.

1
C (mea)=
2 πf X C (mea)

10. By using the following formula and the capacitor value of 22nF, calculate X C (calc).
Record the value at Table 1.

1
XC=
2 πfc

11. Compare the capacitor value calculated at step 9 and the capacitor value on the
circuit.

12. Repeat the procedures from step 1 to step 12 by using different frequency values
which are 4Khz and 5Khz.
Note: After setting the frequency, make sure V S still ~1Vac. If not tune the amplitude.

13. Discuss the results in Table 1 as frequency change.

f(Hz) V S (mea) V S (calc) V R (mea) I (mea) I (calc)

1K 1.14V 1.26V 1.05V 0.12 1.05m

4K 0.60V 0.57V 0.27V 0.39 0.27

5K 0.55V 0.53V 0.29V 0.43 0.29

f(Hz) V C (mea) X C (calc) X C (mea) C (calc)

1K 0.69V 7234.3 5.75 22nF
4K 0.51 1808.6 1.31 22nF
5K 0.45 1446.9 1.05 22nF

Table 1

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Part B: RLC Circuit

Considered the series RLC network circuit as below figure.

Function Gen

For R = 1KΩ, L1 = 47mH, C1 = 22nF

1. Configure the circuit. Set the function generator to V ¿ =1 Khz ,2 Vpp .

2. Using the actual value of L1 and C1, calculate X L , X C . Record the value at Table 2.

3. Sketch the phasor diagram of an RLC circuit in Table 2.

4. Calculate the Z by referring to the phasor diagram sketched at step 4. Record the value at
Table 2.

5. Measure the input voltage V S (mea) by using a voltmeter in AC voltage mode. Calculate
the I (calc) from the value you get using formula V S (mea)/Z . Record the value at Table
2.

6. Measure current I (mea) by using an ammeter in AC current mode. Record the value at
Table 2. Compare the result in step 5.

7. Measure the voltage capacitor, V C (mea) by using a voltmeter in AC voltage mode. Then,
calculate X C (mea) by using the the current measured in step 6 using below formula.
Record the value at Table 2.

V C (mea)
X C (mea)=
I (mea)

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8. By using X C (mea) calculated in step 7, calculate the C (mea) value using below formula.
Record the value at Table 2.

1
C (mea)=
2 πf X C (mea)

9. Compare the capacitor value calculated at step 8 and the capacitor value on the circuit.

XL XL=2 πfL
¿ 2 π ( 1 k ) ( 47 m)
¿ 295.31 kΩ

XC 1
Xc=
2 πfc

1
¿
2 π (1 k )(22 nF)

¿ 7.234 kΩ

Phase diagram

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 Z=√ R 2+(XL+ XC )2

√
= 1 k 2+(295.31 k +7.234 k )2
= 302.54

V S (mea) 1.40V

I (calc) VS(mea)
Z

1.40
=
302.54

= 4.627m

I (mea)
0.13mA

V C (mea)
1.40V

X C (mea)
4.627m

C (mea)
1
2 πfXC

11
 =22nF

Table 2

5.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the calculation above , theres a

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6.0 CONCLUSION

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