CONTENTS

Exp. Name of Experiments Page

No. No.
1 Observation of working principle of a fluorescent tube lamp

2 Determination of circuit parameters of a RLC series circuit and 03

verification with actual value.

3 Determination of circuit parameters of a RLC parallel circuit and 06

verification with actual value.

4 Measurement of power factor of Resistive load, Inductive load, 09

Capacitive load.

5 Determination of resonant frequency of series circuit and construct 12

the resonant curve of series circuit.

6 Determination of resonant frequency of a RLC parallel circuit and 14

construct the resonant curve of parallel circuit.

7 Determination of voltage phase sequence of a 3 phase system by 17

using two lamps method.

8 Measurement of 3 phase power by using two watt meters method. 20

9 Study of voltage – current relationship in a balanced 3 phase star (Y) 23

and Delta (Δ) connection.
10 Study of current relationship in an unbalanced 3 phase star (Y) 27
connection.

1
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………
Experiment No: 02
Name of the Experiment: Determination of circuit parameters of a RLC series circuit and
Verification with actual value.

Objective:The objective of this experiment is to determine and being acknowledge about the
circuit parameters of a RLC series circuit.

Theory:
In word RLC, “R” stands for resistance, “L” for inductance and “C” for capacitance.
RLC circuit means a circuit which contains only the three components resistor(s), inductor(s)
and capacitor(s). If we have a circuit like following diagram.
.

L C

IT
R
V

Figure: A simple RLC

Circuit.

Then by measuring the current, frequency and voltage across the component we can
calculate or measure the reactance and other parameters.

As all the components are in series.

IT  I R  I C  I L

V= VR + VL + VC

Actual Reactance of inductor, XLA = 2  f L

1
Actual Reactance of capacitor, X CA 
2fC

2
 XL  XC
Actual Impedance, ZTA = R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  tan 1
R
Circuit Diagram:

V V


L C

I R V

Figure 2: RLC Series Circuit

Apparatus Required:

1. AC Ammeter
2. AC Voltmeter
3. Resistance R
4. Capacitor, C
5. Inductor, L
6. Connecting Wire.
7. Multimeter
8. Variable AC supply Voltage Source

Procedure:

1. The apparatus has been connected as shown in the figure 2.

2. The total average current IT has been measured from the ammeter.
3. The voltage across inductor L, capacitor C and inductor L has been measured
by voltmeter and noted in the data table.
4. The value of L and C has been measured and noted in data table.
5. The reactance of L and C has been calculated and noted in data table.
6. The operation 2, 3 and 4 has been reaped for more 2 times.

Data Table:

SL. VS IT VR VL VC VR VL VC
No. in volt in mA in volt in volt in volt RAC= XLC = XCC=
IT IT IT
in ohms in ohms in ohms
01
02
03

3
Calculations:

V
ZTC =
IT
XL  XC
ZTA = R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  tan 1
R
XL  XC
ZTC = R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  tan 1
R

VR
RC =
IT
V
XLC = L
IT
V
XCC = C
IT
Error Calculation:
% Error For, R= ((Ra-Rc) / Ra) * 100

% Error For, L= ((XL -XLC) / X) *100

% Error For, C= ((X C –XCC) /X c) *100

Result:

1. Does V equal VR+VL+Vc If not, why?

2. Does ZTA equal ZTC?

4
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

No of the Experiment: 03
Name of the Experiment: Determination of circuit parameters of a RLC parallel circuit
and verification with actual value.
Objective:
Determine and being acknowledge about the circuit parameters of a RLC parallel circuit.

Theory:
In word RLC, “R” stands for resistance, “L” for inductance and “C” for capacitance.
RLC circuit means a circuit which contains only the three components resistor(s), inductor(s)
and capacitor(s). If we have a circuit like following diagram.

A A A
V

R L C

Figure:1 RLC Parallel Circuit

Then by measuring the current, frequency and voltage across the component we can calculate
or measure the reactance and other parameters.
As all the components are in parallel.
IT  I R  I C  I L
V= VR+ VL+ VC

Reactance of inductor, XL = 2  f L

5
 1
Reactance of capacitor, X C 
2fC
Impedance for pure resistive branch, ZR = R <0° ohm
Impedance for pure inductive branch, ZL =XL<90° ohm
Impedance for pure inductive branch, ZC =XC<-90° ohm

Actual YTA= YR +YL + YC

1 1 1
Actual Total admittance is YTA =  00   90 0   90 0
R XL XC

1 1
ZTA = YR =  00
YT R

VS 1 1 1
ZTC = YL = = =  90 0
I Tm ZL X L  90 0
X L

VS 1 1 1
XLC = YC = = =  90 0
I Lm ZC X C  90 0
XC
XCC=Vs/ I Cm
RC= Vs/ I R m
Apparatus Required:
9. AC Ammeter (0 – 5 A)
10. AC Voltmeter (0 – 300 V)
11. Variable Resistor R (0 – 500 ohms)
12. Capacitor Bank C (0 – 32 µF)
13. Inductor Bank L (0 – 2 H)
14. Connecting Wire.
Procedure:
1. The apparatus has been connected as shown in the figure 1.
2. The variable resistor R has been measured and noted in the data table
3. The total average current IT has been measured from the ammeter and noted in data
table.
4. The current through resistor (IR), inductor (IL) and capacitor (IC) have been measured
ammeter and noted in the data table.

6
 5. Now again variable resistor R’s value has been changed and measured and noted in
data table.
6. The operation 3 and 4 has been repeated more 2 times with changed value of R.

Data Table:
1. For calculated value:
SL.
No. VS in volt R L C XL = 2πfl XC = 1/2πfc YTA ZTA
01
02

2. For measured value:

SL. VS in volt IRm in ILm in ICm in ITm in Rm = XLm = XCm =
No. Amp Amp Amp Amp V V V
IR IL IC

01
02

Calculation:

% Error for L, = ((XL –XLC)/XL) *100

% Error for ZT, = ((ZTA – ZTC) / Z T A) *100

% Error for C, = ((XCC – XC)/ XCC) *100

YTA=? XLA=?
ZTA=? XCA=?

YTC=? XLC=?
ZTC=? XCC=?

Result:

1. Does IT equal I R  I C  I L ?

2. Does YTA equal YR  YC  YL ?

7
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No: 04
Experiment Name: Measurement of power factor of Resistive load, Inductive load,
Capacitive load.
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to measure the power of power factor of a resistive load,
an inductive load and a capacitive load.
Theory:
The power in any “AC” circuit can be calculated by the equation,
P  VI cos(V   i )            (i)
Where,
P = Power of the circuit.
V = Supply voltage of the circuit
I = Flow of the current in the circuit
 V = Phase angle of the supply voltage
 i = Phase angle of the current
From, the equation (i ) we get the power factor,
P
cos( V   i ) 
VI
P
 cos           (ii )
VI
We can measure total power of a circuit easily by wattmeter, supply
voltage by voltmeter and current by ammeter. Then we can easily find out the power factor. It
can be shown that power factor of a pure resistive circuit is 1.

8
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1 : Resistive Circuit

Figure 2: Capacitive Circuit

CC

PC

Figure 3 : Inductive Circuit

9
Apparatus Required:
1. Ammeter(0-5A)
2. Multi-meter
3. Wattmeter
4. Inductor Bank
5. Capacitor Bank
6. Lamp
7. Tumbler Switch
Procedure:
1. The apparatus has been connected for resistive circuit as shown in the figure 1.
2. The supply voltage VS, current I and power P of this circuit has been measured and
noted in data table.
3. Now the apparatus has been connected for inductive circuit as shown in figure 3.
4. The supply voltage VS, current I and power P of this circuit has been measured and
noted in data table.
5. Now the apparatus has been connected for capacitive circuit as shown in figure 2.
6. The supply voltage VS, current I and power P of this circuit has been measured and
noted in data table.
7. Power factor has been calculated by using power, voltage and current.
Data Table:

Sl. No. Types of load VS in volts I in ampere P in watts

01 Resistive
02 Inductive
03 Capacitive

Calculation:
Find power factor for resistive circuit, inductive circuit and capacitive circuit by using
following equation:
P
Power factor, cos 
VI

10
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No:-05
Name of the Experiment:- Determination of resonant frequency of series circuit and
construct the resonant curve of series circuit.
Objectives:-
1. To measure the characteristic parameters of a series- resonant circuit.
2. To construct the resonance curve of a series circuit.
Theory:-

Fig 1: RLC series circuit.

Now, consider RLC series circuit of fig-1.The total impedance of this circuit can be
expressed by,
ZT=R+J (XL-XC)
At some frequency fr, the reactive term will equal zero and the impedance will be purely
resistive. This condition is known as series resonance and fr is the series resonant frequency.
The fr may be expressed in terms of the circuit parameters by equating the reactive term to
zero as follows:
XL-XC = 0
X L = XC
1
2πfL =
2fC
1
f = fr =
2 LC
At fr, circuit will be exhibit a minimum impedance Zt = R so that the current is maximum &
is in phase with the applied voltage.
I = Ir = V<0 / R<0 = (V/R) <0

11
The current Ir is in phase with the applied voltage E. The voltages across L & C can be
expressed by
VL = I XL<90; VC = I XL<-90
So, we can see that VL& VC are equal in magnitude but reverse the polarity.

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig 2: RLC series circuit with value.

Required Apparatus:
1. Decade box.(Resistance, Inductance and Capaciance)
2. Bread board
3. Multimeter.
4. Function Generator
5. Wires.
Data Table:-
Sl. Frequency Voltage at R13 Voltage at L3 Voltage at C4 Current Ir
No. fr = VR VL VC
1
2
3
Report:-
1. Find Resonance frequency.
2. Draw the Resonance Curve.

12
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No:06
Experiment Name: Determination of resonant frequency of a RLC parallel circuit and
construct the resonant curve of parallel circuit.
Objective:
1. To measure the characteristic parameters of a parallel- resonant circuit.
2. To construct the resonance curve of a parallel circuit.

Theory:

Fig-1 Parallel resonance circuit

Consider the RLC parallel circuit of fig- 1. At resonance frequency fr, the reactive term will
equal zero and the impedance will be purely resistive.
The total impedance is purely resistive at resonance. That is,
R
R0   Y0
R2  X L
2

The frequency fr may be expressed in terms of the circuit parameters by equating the reactive
1 X
term (  2 L 2 ) to zero as follows:
XC R  XL

1 X
= 2 L 2
XC R  XL
=>XC XL= R²+XL²
=> XL² = XCXL- R²
13
 L
=>XL² = - R²
C

L
=> XL =  R2
C

L
 R2
=>f = C = fr
2L

Circuit Diagram:

Fig-2 Circuit diagram of RLC parallel circuit

Apparatus Required:
1. Oscilloscope
2. Function generator
3. Training module KL-13001
4. Main unit KL-21001
5. Connecting wire.

Procedure:
1. The module KL-13001 has been set on the main module KL-21001.
2. The block h in the module KL-13001 has been located.
3. The function selector of the function generator has been selected to generate sine
wave.
4. The amplitude has been adjusted and frequency is set to 1 kHz.

14
 5. Using the oscilloscope the voltage across R (resistor), L (inductor) and C (capacitor)
has been measured and recorded.
6. Using the equation f = √ (L/C - R²) / 2πL = fr the resonant frequency has been
calculated.
7. The supplied frequency has been varied to get the maximum value of voltage across
C. Using an oscilloscope the resonance frequency has been measured and recorded.
Data Table:

SL. Frequency, f Voltage in volts Total Resonant

No. (Hz) VS VL1 VC2 VR1 VR2 current frequency
(Amps)
01
02
03
04

Calculation:
1. Find resonant frequency.
2. Draw the Resonance curve.

15
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No: 07
Experiment Name: Determination of voltage phase sequence of a 3 phase system by using
two lamps method.
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determination of phase sequence of 3 phase
supply when the circuit energized by an ac source.
Theory:
In this three phase system the voltage phase sequence can be like any of the
following phasor diagram.

Figure 2: Phase sequence ab-bc-ca

Figure 3: Phase sequence ab-ca-bc

Now, above phase sequences can be determined easily by two lamps method. If two
lamps are connected like the following figure 3 and we can see the lamp A is glowing more
that means its getting more voltage than the lamp C then we can say the phase sequence is a-

16
b-c (ab- bc-ca). If we get opposite result then we can say the phase sequence is a-c-b (ab-ca-
bc).

Circuit diagram:

Figure 4: Determination of phase sequence by two lamps method

Required apparatus:
1. Ammeter (0 – 1)A
2. Multi meter
3. Lamps (100 W)
4. Inductor bank (0 – 2.5)H
5. Connecting wires

Procedure:
1. Connect the apparatus as shown in the figure 3.
2. Measure Line voltages (Vab, Vbc, Vca) by voltmeter.
3. Phase impedance (Zan, Zbn, Zcn) and Phase current Ian has been measured and noted.
4. Now we can see the lamp “B” is glowing more than the lamp “A”. So current phase
sequence is ab-ca-bc.
5. Now, the phase “b” and “c” has been interchanged with each other and the operation
3, 4, 5 has been repeated again. This time we can see the lamp “A” is glowing more
than the lamp “B”. So current phase sequence is ab-bc-ca.

17
Data table:
Sl. Line voltages Phase Phase current in Remarks Phase
No. in volts impedances amp. sequence
(VL) in ohms IL= IP
(VP)
Vab Vbc Vca Vao Vbo Vco Iao Ibo Ico
If A is a-b-c
glowing (ab-bc-
more ca)
If C is a-c-b
glowing (ab-ca-
more bc).

Questions:
1) Whose lamp is growing more? And why?
2) Whose lamp is power more? And why?

18
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No. : 08
Experiment Name: Measurement of 3 phase power by using two watt meters method.
Objectives:
1. The objective of this experiment is to determine the power of the 3 phase balanced
load system.
2. To verify the measured value to the actual value.
Theory:
The 3 phase system in which load is balanced that implies equal is called balanced 3
phase system. The circuit diagram of balanced 3 phase system is shown bellow,

Figure 5: 3Phase Balanced Load System

We know, the power of n phase system,

PP  nVP I P cos
 3VP I P cos  n  3

VL  VL 
3 I L cos  V P  
3  3

 3VL I L cos

As, we have used here only resistor so here cos  1 . Now we can write,

19
 PP  3VL I L ---------------- (i)

Now we can measure the total power by using two meters which will be also equal to the
above equations.
WT = W a + Wb

Here, WT = Total power in watt.

W a = The power get from wattmeter a.
Wb = The power get from wattmeter b.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 6: Measuring the power of balanced 3 Phase system by two watt

meters method.
Apparatus required:
1. Ammeter -1
2. Wattmeter -2
3. Multi-meter -1
4. Tumbler switch -3
5. Lamp -3
Procedure:
1. Connect the apparatus as shown in the figure 2.
2. Measure the Line voltage (Vab, Vbc, Vca) and phase voltage (Van, Vbn, Vcn) using
voltmeter.
3. Measure the power by wattmeter.
4. Fill up the data table.

20
Data table:

Line Voltages Phase voltages Equal line & Watt Total Calcul- Errors
in volts in volts phase current meters power ted total in %
in ampere readings power
in watts in watts
Vab Vba Vca Van Vbn Vcn Ian Ibn Icn Wa Wb WT=Wa+Wb WTC
(cal)

Calculation:

Here, Line voltage is Vab =

And line current is Ian =

So, calculated total power,

WT = 3V L I L
Wt  Wtc
%Error =  100 %
Wtc

21
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No: 09

Experiment Name: Study of voltage – current relationship in a balanced 3 phase wye (Y)
and Delta (Δ) connection.

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to study the voltage – current relationship in a

balanced 3 phase wye (Y) and Delta (Δ) connected load. And verification the result of
measured value to the calculated value.

Theory:

The 3 phase system in which load is balanced that implies equal is called balanced 3
phase system. If there is a balanced 3 phase system like following then,

22
 Figure 7: Balanced 3 phase load

It is proved that in systems like above wye (Y) connected load,

Line current, IL = Phase current, IP

Line to line voltage, VL  VP
And VL = 3V P

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8: Wye connected 3 Phase load system

In a balanced 3 phase system is Delta (Δ) connected like following then,

It is proved that,
VL = VP
IL  IP

23
 But, I L  3I P

Figure 9: Delta Connected balanced 3 phase system

Required Apparatus:

1. A.C Ammeter (0 – 1Amp)

2. Multi-meter
3. Lamp / Bulb (100 W)- 3 No
4. Tumbler switch- 3 No
5. wire

Procedure:

1. The apparatus has been connected as shown in figure 3.

2. The line to line voltages (Vab, Vbc and Vca) has been measured and noted.
3. The phase to phase voltages (Van, Vbn and Vcn) has been measured and noted.
4. The line currents (Ian, Ibn and Icn) has been measured and noted.
5. Now the apparatus has been connected as shown in figure 4.

6. The line currents (Iaa´, Ibb´ and Icc´) has been measured and noted.

7. The phase currents (Ia´b´, Ib´c´ and Ic´a´) has been measured and noted.
8. The line to line voltages (Vab, Vbc and Vca) has been measured and noted.

Data Table:

For Star connected circuit diagram

3 Line Voltages in Phase Voltages in Equal line and For For

volts volts phase currents in balance unbalance
p
h
amperes load load
a
Vbn
Vbc
Vab

Van

Vcn
Vca

Inn´

Inn´
Ibn
Ian

Icn

s
e

24
s
u
p
p
l
y

For Delta connected circuit diagram

3 Equal line and phase Line currents in amperes Phase currents in amperes
p voltages in volts
h
a

Ib´c´

Ic´a´
Iaa´

Icc´

Ia´b´
Vbc
Vab

Vca

Ibb´
s
e

s
u
p
p
l
y

Calculations:

For star connection,

Vab  3Van

Vbc  3Vbn

Vca  3Vcn

For delta connection,

I aa  3I ab

Ibb  3Ibc

I cc  3I ca

Result:
The voltage – current relationship in a balanced 3 phase wye (Y) and Delta (Δ)
connected load has been successfully studied and observed.

Questions:
1) Is the neutral current is zero? if Yes/No? Why?
2) Is the line current and phase current equal? if Yes/No? Why?

25
 NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department: …………………
Course Title:…………………
Course code:…………………

Experiment No: 10
Experiment Name: Study of current relationship in an unbalanced 3 phase wye (Y)
connection.
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to study the current relationship in an unbalanced
3 phase wye (Y) connected load and find the neutral current.
Theory:
The 3 phase system in which load is unbalanced that implies unequal is called
unbalanced 3 phase system. If there is a unbalanced 3 phase system like following then,

Figure 10: Unbalanced 3 phase load with neutral connection

It is proved that in systems like above wye (Y) connected load,

Line current, IL = Phase current, IP

Line to line voltage, VL  VP
And VL = 3V P
Required Apparatus:
1. A.C Ammeter (0 – 1Amp)
2. Multi-meter

26
 3. Lamp / Bulb (100 W)- 3 No
4. Tumbler switch- 3 No
5. Wire

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 11: Wye connected 3 Phase load

Circuit Diagram: system

Procedure:

1. The apparatus has been connected as shown in figure 3.

2. The line to line voltages (Vab, Vbc and Vca) has been measured and noted.
3. The phase to phase voltages (Van, Vbn and Vcn) has been measured and noted.
4. The line currents (Ian, Ibn and Icn) has been measured and noted.
5. Now the apparatus has been connected as shown in figure 4.
6. The line currents (Iaa´, Ibb´ and Icc´) has been measured and noted.
7. The phase currents (Ia´b´, Ib´c´ and Ic´a´) has been measured and noted.
8. The line to line voltages (Vab, Vbc and Vca) has been measured and noted.

27
Data Table:

3 phase Phase For

supply currents in unbalanced
amperes load

Inn´
Ibn
Ian

Icn

Calculation:

In n` = Ia<0° + Ib<120° + Ic<240°

Questions:

1. Is the neutral current is zero? if Yes/No? Why?

2. Is the line current and phase current equal? if Yes/No? Why?

28