ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

DYNAMICS OF A PARTICLE
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
AND IDEAS
1.1. Introduction.
Mechanics is concerned with the state of equilibrium and motion of
material bodias and their causes. The obvious cause of motion is force.
The part of mechanics which deals with forces which act on a
body and cause no motion is called statics. The part which deals rigid
with
forces causing motion is called
deals with
dynamics. part dynamics which
The of
motion alone and takes no
account of its cause
is which
kinematics. In contradiction to kinematics, the part of dynamics
called
relates to the general motion with reference to what moves and what
causes to move is called
kinetics.
Analytical dynamics is concerned with the discussions of
kinematics and kinetics by the use of analytical methods.
1.2. Definitions.
The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in the body.
A particle is' a body of infinitely small dimensions. I. may be
conceived of as a mathematical point endowed with mass. Such a
particle does not really exist; for, there can be only an infinitely small
mass in an infjnitely small space. But it is a convenient mathematical
fiction, which simplifies mechanical reasonings. Any finite body is
taken to be as composed of such idealised pieces of matter with
infinitely small mass.
C

B
Fig.1.2
Ifa particle be, at one instant, at a poin A and, at a later instant at a
point B, its displacement in the interval is the distance AB in the direction
from A to B. It is given in magnitude and direction by the directed line
A.A.D-1
 DYNAMICS: CS : PARTIC
PARTICLE
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL
2
FU-
in the interval, that s
initial to the
final position
ACB or along anv
joining the m o v e s from
A to B along ther
is a vector.
although the particle a d i r e c t e d quantity,
displacement, being
path. Thus at which it traces its path.
is the rate
Speed of a moving point its displacement,
of a moving point
is the rate of Since
Velocity unit time, it has, like displacement. a
in
velocity is displacement The magnitude
is called speed. Thus
direction as well as magnitude.
vector quantity
and speed is a scalar quantity.
velocity isa
distances be described in
is said to be uniform, if equal
Velocity
equal times.
denotes the distance
traversed with uniform velocity'v in the
If s
interval of time whose m e a s u r e
is t, we have
S= vt,
that is, the distance traversed
=
velocity x time.
The acceleration of a particle is the rate of increase of its velocity.
negative acceleration, that is, the rate of decrease of velocity is often
called retardation or deceleration.
1.3. Analytical expressions for velocity and acceleration
for motion in a straight line.
Let OX be the straight line along which a particle moves from O to
X. Let Pbe the position of the moving particle at any time t and let r be
the distance of P from the fixed point O. Let Q be its position at time
(t+ot), such that OQ= x+ öx.

Fig. 1.3
Hence PQ= ôx= the
Since the displacement in time o.
velocity is the rate of displacement, the
of average velocity
the particle in time t isand the
Pis given by velocity v of the particle while at
V Lt
in the
direction away from O.
Here x increases
with t.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIP.ES AND IDEAS 3
AMENTAL

dx) indicates velocity towards O and x decreases with

d remains constant throughout the interval, then the motion is

dt
be uniform.
said to
Let v be the velocity
Let
of the particle at P and (v+ 8v) be that at Q.
acceleration of the particle in time St is
Then the average
of the particle at P is given by
Hence the accelerationf

f= &t0
Lt 8t dt

But
v therefore f= 4 =ddt2
dt
dv
Also dx
fixed point O, then the
If the acceleratiorn be away from the
will be positive and if the
analytical expression for the acceleration
expression for the
acceleration be towards O, then the analyticalacceleration
will be negative. Just like velocity, may be
acceleration
uniform or variable.

Note. and r are used to denote velocity

and acceleration respectively,
x
to time.
where dot denotes differentiation with respect
resolutioon of velocities and
14. Composition and
accelerations.
two or more velocities,
When particle possesses simultaneously that of velocities is
a
is the same as all
then a single velocity whose effect is vector, it may
As the
called the resultant of all the velocities. velocity
a

be represented by a straight line

of certain magnitude drawn in a

certain direction.
in two different directions,
When a particle possesses two velocities
well known theorem known as the
then the resultant is obtained by the
which is stated thus:
Theorem of parallelogram ofvelocities'
two velocities which are represented in
fa particle has simultaneously sides ofa parallelogram drawn from
magnitude and direction by two adjacent in
an angular point, then the resultant velocity of the particle is represented
that
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of parallelogram drawnfrom
the

angular point.
 A D V A N C E D A N A L Y T I C A A L

LE
4

compounded by the law

aw of of T.
'Triangle of
can also be
Velocities
thus:
is stated
velocities'which velocities which are r e v r e s e .
simultaneously
two in
Ifapointpossessesand the two tisides of a
sense successively by
direction the third side
resultant is represented by
magnitude, the
taken in order, then their
opposite sense.
velocities in an infinite
be resolved into component
A velocity may
line representing the velocity may be
number ofways; for, the straight
number of parallelograms.
the diagonal of an infinite

Fig.1.4a
The
components v and v, of the velocity v in directions
1
angles and ßwith it are actually
a making
givern respectively by
1 v sin B
and v,=-VSin a
sin (o+ B)
sin (a+ B)

v sin 0

U Cos
If, in Fig. 1.4b
the particular,
velocity the
theycomponents
v, then
are
called make angles and
the
and v ^=resolved (90 e) with
U= v cos
parts and are
v
sin 6. given by
LE UNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS
F U
5

Oof If a particle possesses any number of simultaneous velocities

velocities in
fferent given directions in the same plane, tho eous
then the resultant velocity
diffe ame plane.
in the particle may be obtained as
Vof
le V?= X2 + Y?,
Wher
one X= algebraic sum of the resolved parts of those velocities in
the direction OX

te ndY algebraic sum of the resolved parts of those velocities in the

and

e to Ox.
direction perpendicular

Also tan where 0 is the angle made by V with OX.

X
Composition and resoluticn of accelerations are also performed in
as the velocities.
the same way
1.5. Relative velocity.
If two points be such that the distance between them changes either
both, then either point is said to have
in magnitude or in direction to
or
in
the other.
a relative velocity with respect
The relative velocity of a point B with respect to another point A is
obtained by compounding the velocity of B with an equal and opposite
velocity of A.
Thus the velocity of B relative to A
= rate of change of the distance AB

-- dt
u-,
instant t andx, x 'are their
where u, u'are the velocities of Aand B at an
line OAB at that instant.
distances from a fixed point O on the straight
1.6. Newton's laws of motion.
and
Motion of a material body is studied
with reference to its mass
below:
Orce and is based on Newton's laws of
motion. They are stated
or of uniform
motion in
LEvery body continues in its state of rest external
as it is compelled by
some
Sraght line except in so far
mpressed force to change that state. the impressed
rateofchangeofmomentum
is proportional to
e the straight ine in which the
orce and takes place in the direction of
force acts.
reaction.
. To every action, there is an equal and opposite
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICÍ

impressed force, causes the cha

An external force, called an

body do not alter its n

internal forces of a
motion and the
law of motion implies the principle of inertia a
motion. The first
defines a force as
below.
Force is that agent which changes or tends to change the state of est

or of uniform motion, in a straight line, of a body.

measure of force. If m denotes the
From the second law, we derive a
mass and v the velocity in
time t, then mv is the momentum of the body
the velocity v and
If a force P acting on this mass m produces
accelerationf in the then this law states that
body,

P(m)
dt
If the mass of the moving body remains constant, then this equation
becomes

P km= kmf, k being a constant.

dt
If the unit of force be so chosen that it produces unit acceleration
acting on unit mass, then k = 1 and thus we have

P mf.
This is thefundamental law of
dynamics.
Ifthe impressed force P= 0, thenmv)= 0 and hence
at

mv= constant.
In this case, the
body continues to move with constant momentum.
.In C. G. S.
a (Centimetre-Gramme-Second)
dyne and in F. P. S. system the unit of force is
in the M. K. S. (Foot-Pound-Second)system it is a
poundal while
The second
(Metre-Kilogramme-Second) system it is newton. a
part of the second law states
momentum produced that the change o
by a force in a
body is in the
straight
a
linein which the
force acts. Thus, if two or direction
of tne
body at the
same time, more torces a
then each
proportional
of the
to it in its
own line of produces an accelerau
body. This is the action
independent
principle of the physical or
u
otion

independenice o
UNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS

1.7. Weight.
The weight of a body is the force with which the earth attracts the
hody towards its centre. If w be the weight of the body of mass m, then
= mg, where g is the acceleration produced by the force. The force
of attraction is called gravity.
The weight of a mass of one pound is roughly equal to a force of
32 poundals and the weight of a mass of one gramme is roughly equal
to a force of 981 dynes.
1.8. Illustrative Examples.
Ex.1. The distance s centimetres noved by a body along a straight line in
time t seconds is given by the formula s = 2t3- 4t2+ 3t. Find its velocity
and acceleration after 3 seconds.
We have S 2 - 4 t + 3t.

Therefore velocity= =dt 6t-8t + 3 33, whent= 3

and acceleration =12t8 28, whent= 3.

dt
acceleration
centimetres per second and the
Thus the required velocity is 3
is 28 centimetres per second.
line according to the law
Ex. 2. Aparticle moves in a straight
v2 4 (xsin x + cos x),

where v is the velocity at a distance xfrom

a fixed point on its path. Find the
acceleration.

v= 4 (x sin x + cos X).

Here
with respect to x, we get
Differentiating both sides
2 4 (sin x+ x cos x - sin x)= 4x cos x .

ao 2x cosx .
Therefore acceleration
=
v=
dx
line, the distarrre xfrom afixed
Ex. 3. For aparticle moving in a straight
time t is given by
point on its path at
t= ax+ bx+ C,
and show that the
where a, b, c, are constants.
Find velocity v in terms ofx
the
retardation oftheparticle is 24v°,
=(ax+ bx+ c)= 2ax+ b.
We have
/ /
 INDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS
FUN

du dx
Therefore acceleration
= =

dt dxdu from(1)
d from (2).

Hence
the retardation is u 34f

Example
1. A man walks a metres at
speed of u metres per hour and
a
b metresat umetres per hour. Show that his average speed is

uv (4 + b)
av+bu metres per hour.

(a) For a body moving in a straight line, the distance x centimetres

travelled intseconds is given by x= 6t- 2t2
Find its velocity after 2 seconds. When is the body at rest ?
Show that its acceleration is constant.

(b) A particle moves along a straight line so that after t seconds its
distance s from a fixed point O on the line is given by

S (t-1)2(t- 2).
Find its distance from O when its velocity is zero.
3. A particle moves along a straight line acLording to the law

s 6t+ 4t+ 3. Prove that the acceleration varies as [V.H. 2001]

4. The velocity v of a particle moving along a straight line is given

by the relation v2= as 2+ 2hs+ C, where s is the distance travelled
trom a fixed
point
on its Prove that the acceleration varies as the
path.
stance froma fixed point on the line.
A particle moves along a straight line, the law of motion being
COS (t+ e). Show that v?=n2(A2-x) and the acceleration
directed to the origin and varies as the distance.
te
6. Ifs= 30t-
2t2, where s is the
is the distance in centimetre and
t
fime5 cond, then find the average velocity from t= 5seconds to
6 6 seconds.
 10 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS PAp

7. (a) A particle moves in a straight line such that its

velocity
velocit vis
given by
() v= H (x2- a2) or (i) v2=

where r is the distance from afixed point. Show that the

acceleration
is away from the fixed point in the former case and it is
towards the
fixed point in the latter case.

(b) Prove that a point cannot move in a straight line, if its velocity
varies as the distance it has travelled from rest.

8. A train is
timmed to run from Howrah to Delhi an
at average
speed of u kilometres per hour. Due to some engine trouble,the starting
of the train was delayed by h hours. At Delhi, the
v kilometres hour
speed is raised to
per in order that the train may reach in time. If the
train runs with this increased
s kilometres from
speed up to a station at a distance
Delhi, then show that
s (v u) = uvh.
9.If timet be regarded as a
function
the rate of decrease of acceleration is
of velocity v, then prove that
given by
d
where fis the acceleration.
dv [V.H. 2001
10. The law of motion in
straight line being s =vt, show that
a

the acceleration is constant, s

time t when its velocity is v.
being the displacement of the particle in
11. A
point moves in a straight line so that its distance s from a
fixed point at any
time t is
proportional to t". Ifvbe the velocity and
f be the acceleration at any timet, then show that
(n- 1)v2= nfs.
12. A
particle possesses three simultaneous velocities u, 0, W
making angles a,ß,y respectively with a
Show that the given straight
resultant linc.
velocity in magnitude is
Eu+ 2Z uv cos (a- B) and it makes an
angle tan""uSin
a
with the cos a
given line.
 UNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS 11

13. Prove that, if point moves with a velocity varying as any

a

than unity of its distance from a fixed point to which it

DOwer not less
time to reach that point.
is approaching, then it will take an infinite
hour
14. A man rows a boat at the uniform rate of 5 kilometres per
hour. How
on a stream
which is flowing at the rete of 1 kilometre per
?
will it take him to row 18 kilometres upstream and back
long
trains running with
15. Find the relative velocity of two railway
second respectively, when
of 30 miles per hour and 50 feet per
speed the same direction, (i) in the opposite
they are travelling () in
directions. the formula
of particle along the axis of x is given by
16. The speed a

v2 8x 2x3, Find the range of motion.

then show that 270= 4 (4- (8+ f
Iffbe its acceleration,

Answers

2. (a) 2centimetres per second; seconds. (6)unit.

6. 8 centimetres per second.

14. 7.5 hours.
(i) 94 feet per second.
15. () 6 feet per second.
<r<-2.
16. 0<x <2,- o
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

.1 Rectilinear motion wit h uni for m accelerat

ion.
Let a particle be mo vin g alo ng a stra igh t line
wit h uni f
acceleration/, u being itsJni tial vel ocit y at the sta
rtin g poi nt O onn
moving in the direction OX. Let ,aft er any tim e t, the
par ticl e be at pan:
the distance of the particle be s fro m O, so tha t OP
= s. an

I
j>

Fig. 2.1
2
· ,The
· acceleration of the par ticl e at tim e 1 is
• thus dfi
d S and Its
• velo city _
-~ .
there 1s-
- dt .
The acceleration is uni form and h
enc ew eha ve
2
d s
dt2= f. ... (1)
Integrating bot h s1.d
es wit h resp ect t
ds o t, we .get .
dt = ft + A , whe re A is a con st t
an.
It is given that . . .
. UUtially, that is, wh en t = 0 ds -
Therefore u _ f ' dt - u ·
- -+ O A ,
Hen cew eh ds . , giv ing A= u.
ave - - ft at -
+ u.
Thus, if v be th -·• . . (2)
- , e velo ci~ at the end f th .
Again .
' 1n
·t
egratin
ft
-1 /~~
v == u +
-~ ·
e inte rva l t, the n
g (2) With ... (3)
-. resp
. ect t o t, we get
s == ut + ! ft 2
, 4 + B ,----w her e B .
/ 1S a con stan t.
 13
tJOTIO N IN A STRAI GHT LINE

gi ve n that initiall y, that is, when t

(t . is
= 0, the particl e starts
from 0, that is, thens = 0.

Hence we have O = u .0 + ½f .0 + B, giving B= 0 .

½ft 2 . ... (4)

Thus we have \ s = ut +

Again we have v d: = acceleration= f.

Theref ore v dv = f ds .
Integr ating both sides, we get

½v 2 = f s +
C, where C is a constant..
Initially, that is, when t = 0, s = 0 and v = u .

Theref ore ½u 2 = f .0 + C, giving C = ½u 2 .

2 2
Thus \:Ve have v = u + 2fs... . . . (5)
The forn1u lae (~ ), (4) and (5) are very useful when the partic le
moves
. with consta
.
nt accele ration .

2 . Some usefu l results.

Let u be the initial veloci ty of a particl e movin g with unifor m
accele ~~ion[ and vb · · · veloci ty after time__t. -

Then · v = u + ft .
Lets be the space a escrili edin time t.
ut + !2 ft 2

The average velocity = ~t = .t

= u + ½ft
= velocity at the middle of the interval.

The mean velocity = u+ v ~ u + u + ft = u + l ft

2 2 2

= velocity at the middle of the interval.

Again distance travelled in t seconds
= s= ut+ ½Jt = ( u+ ½ft )x. t
2

= mean velocity x time .

rr ADVANCED AN AL YT IC AL DY NA
l
MI CS PARTICLE
1 ~ 4_ _ _ _ _ : . : :
; ; . . - - ~ - - - -- - - -
----
. . . lie I in then -th second
D1stame t,ave ' · - llnc d , · 'b d ·
. .b i in 11 seconds -- d 1st e escn e . Jn
== dis ta nee desert eL
(n - 1) seconds
_ 1
- un + l2;r11 2f (n - · 1) 2}
2- { u (n - 1) +
1

= u+ ½f (2n - 1) ·
. -t nee..:. described in the first, secon
Thus t he d1s a ,.;, d, third, .. .... seconds
of motion are
U+
2
_!,
1
u+ 23! / L/ + ]_5! I
__
• ..... . ; .. I

which fom1 an A. P. with common dif

fer en ce/ .
2.3. Field of forces. ·
A field of force is defined as-a r_egio
n of spa~e in which all particles
are acted on by a fo-rce which i? qap~bl
e of in1parting to the particle an
acceleration w~ose magi1itude, direct
-ionand sense_de pe nd on ly on the
position of th~ point in the said field
of-,fp_rce:_The_fi~ld pf force rs said
to be knowrl'whe~;the accelerat
ion in1parted to1 he-material partic
any point f the field is known. When le at
the acceleration is the sam e at
every mt of the field, then the field
is said to be con sta nt o -r -uniform .
.4. Equation of motion.
For a particle of 'rr\a~s rn acted on by
fundamental law, . _~ ~ :- -
J force. P, we hav e,:. by.
- · : ....
the
mf= p I

where f is the acceleration of the mb tio

;-~f the pa rtk le.
me!~i~~: called th e equation.of mot;.Ji,_ By soluti
expressio ol1 of this eq ua tio n we ·
particle as functions nofofth the. co-ord.1~a t f . .
es ~r son1e pos.ition of , the -
acceleration is variable n~:in~e t. ~1
s e9uatton of motion, wl
for s : · ·' Y e written m any one of the fol)en the
lowing
·~ ,\)' ' · m ti - . dv d
/, dt2 - P , m:--d·t.= P ; mv _p_
. = P
ds ·
When the acceleration th t ·. ~ p .
first. --- --- , a IS, - IS a f . t' ..
or the seco d . m . unc mn of t only eit her the
n equation is us d. _ _ _ .. ,
, e ' when - is fp .
only, either th , .
. •. · m a UAChott.. of velocity v
e second or the thir(i e .
quat1on is used and h p .
w en - 1s a
~~
 ,orJON lN A STRAIGHT LINE 15

functinn of di sta nee 5 only, the third equation is used . Whateve-- may
be ~ ,~e, to ~et a solut!on !5°f"the equation of rnotion, that is, Jo find
the pos1t10n ot the part ~cle at any time t, we are to 5rate the inh:. ;
e~ s and ~-he sol~t1c ;1s ~as=such will contain tw~~_cc5nstants ·of
· i~ t10~ . To tmd _their values, we shall need.the initial position and
velocity ot the particle. Thus the motion of a particle is determined
"wnen its in~ial pos_ition and velocity_are given.
~ . -
.
In the following article, we shall illustrate different cases for
integrating the ~quations of motion with examples.
2.5. Integration of th~ equations of mo.tion.
~ hen the acceleration is afunction of timer
:.,et us consider the motion of a particle of mass m·moving under the
action of a force nik cos t along a straight line, starting frorp rest_from a
given point in the line.

Here P = mk cost and thus the accelerati()n is ~= kc:os t,

a function of time t. Hence we use the ~quation of motion~ the fo~
, ~_; - . ·.-: , . -
2
d 5
m -·2 =P
dt
2' ..
d 25 d s
or, m dt 2 = mk cos t, that is, = k cost.
dt 2 .

Integrating, we get : = k sin t + A, .. . (1)

where A is the constant of integration.

To determine A, we use the init1al condition, that is, _-
ds . ,
when t = 0, -d = ve 1oc1ty~ 0 •
. t
Using these, we get from (1 ), A= O·

Hence ds = k sin t.
dt
Integrating once again, we get
5
= _ _k cos t + B, where B is a constant.
Using the initial condi~ion, that is, at t = 0, s = _o, we gc~ B ==. k...
Hence the solution of the equation of motion under th.e given m1t1al
condition is s = k ( 1 - cos i ) .
 A 1\TALYTICAL D Y
E N M II C S .: .P A A T
ADVAN C D _ _
f\J . " IC tt
16 __~ ~:·7
' -
f1~1nction of ve ~
:...:... . ---
.. \When t·lte!_l·ct• •1S[e-rat101· 1 ~ ~ -- --- .
(it ) . i th velocity_at
. e ~ t1cle of mass mm ov
Let us ftt1l --:e-1~ ~ ~ffuence of
a
in i
·trait u n d er the tn re ta rd in g force mkvi
along ~ :, . hY~litvelotn e
.·-
city u •
starting w1t
tio n
. . ~ - - mkv i.
Here the equa o f m o tion ts m dt -
. - --·- - ~-
The negat1.ve si.· gn. indicates. t he re. ta rd at in g effect o f the-.1m pressed
force.
Thus we are to solve- dv . 1
the equatio!'I dt =
- kv
·
nder the initial cond -. ·
u 1t1on, at ~ 0 V ==· u.-· -- - t- ,
. - •·· - ..
dv- _ . k dt
The eq ua ti on is ;i -- ~ - --·
;=_ = = ·-
··----··
-- : ·. - · · --- --

lntegratin_g, we get
,:_ } :=:7-_:kt k Ai. i.vhere .A iS a co n st an
- - ;._ -; __. -; . . -, .,,=-
t. .
- _- '. -,·.,;s"·;•.:,l
The .initi~l c~nd ftf o_ngives ..-:·· _ ::=/ t4 '._-. --· - . .. ~-- - . :- -:::: - .-
.

,;~ u - . ~--•
i.

·-=--= ~

Therefore -c . ;? - kt/ ~:} .

·- ·-
or, V= · 1). - ;:
ku t+ 1
It is seen from th is
result that v ➔ 0
as t ➔ 00 •
If, again, it is re qu
ir ed to find th e· v
starting po in t, we elocity at a d is ta n
use th e equation ce s from th e
"
dv
mvd
5
= - m kv 2
or, dv
- = - kd s
V
under the initial co
nd it io n, w
hen s = O, v = u
lnt~grating, we ge .•
t log v = B - ks ,
Using the initial co nd where Bis a co n st an t.
it io n, w e ge t lo g
u = B.
Therefore the so\uti ..
. ()n becomes lo g £
.= - ks, th at is, v = u.e - ks
H~re too w e see th u
at v ➔ 0 at , s ➔ oo
.
.
-
MOTION IN A STRAI GHT LINE 17

r-- - - - - -- - - - - - - - · - - --
hen the acc:elemtion is afunction of distance.
Let us i~vestigate the motion of a particle of mass m starting with a
velocity ✓µ n !rom a distance a towards a fixed centr e which repe rs· it
according to the law nzµ x (distance) from the centre.
Since the particle is being repelled from the centre, the direction of
the acceleration i_s in the direction of increasing distance and hence
positive. Thus the equation of motion of the particle is

mv ~: = mµx,
where the distance x is measured from the fixed centre.
Thus we are to solve the equation - .- -- .

v dv = µxdx . . . (1)

with the·initial condition,.:when· x-=~,_ v-= \Jµ_a -. 0

Integrating the equation-(1), we get , ".~/ _,--_- _::··

- 2 + .A ·-where .A is a:-const
! v~· 2 = ! µx · ·
ant. ,
·
2 '
2 . ·

The initia1°cond ition ~gives ·· · ·- -· .. ·

i µa 2 = ! µa 2--+·- A, Whence A·= 0 .
2_ _ 2

2 ~- - g-iving -ddxt = - {µ x •
Thus v = µx , !

Since the particle moves towards the centre, x decreases with the
dx. .
increase in time and hence dt 15 negative .

. dx = - {µ dt.
Thus
.,,,...--
X --
Integrating once again; we get
r.µ t + B ' where B is a constant.
log x = - \IU
t _ 0 x == a and this gives log a = B ·
Now we have w h en - ' ·
Thus log x == - {µ,.t. ; log a
X == ae - ,/jj' I .
or, . at~ f in~ ases, x decreas.es. Thus with .pa~sin~ of
Now we ~ee th ' . towards the centre but never reache~ rt, since
time the pa rt1cle n,O\ es · .
x ➔ o only when _t ~
00
•
 DYNAMICS PART/Ci"€
, ANAD YT ICAL~L_:::__..-------.:------....
ADVANCED
1H8~ __._ _..-- __._ _.--- .I.1 ht I ch red sa for
- . ·r~I condition be) ·hall have different .
. I . 11roblem , the ,n1 , d v === 0, '&'~
lf, ,nt11~ _ () x:::: nan _
--
exii11ple, w e,__h ) t - I

soluti on .
~ grating (1), we get . here C is a1constant.
! V 2::: µx 2 + C, w 1
2 - - l µa i
,, v== O.
Therefore C- 2
When x== "'
2 µ (x 2 - a 2)
Thus v == . . . (2)
- ~ -== '/µ {;Ca2. . .. .
or, v- dt . - ve I ·ty is po~1t1ve
.. since oc1 in
.. de is taken pos1t1ve ,
The right han d st
this ,case.
dx
Thus -Iµ dt = {x 2 - a 2 ·

Integrating, we get - -,_. >:· .. .,_ . - -- ·v' ·s a.consu.nt

µt= log(x+ ~x2 .~ a __ .+- D, ·:.-:·-
_, . -. 2·) where.. - 1
✓ ,_~ .··
- 0· X = -a-.: ·- .:._.. , .,;Jel)C
u e- ..., D,,,.:= --, log a. -
Now w hen t - , --,.,--- •. _,;:._. --' - __ __ - / .
I
- ·
• 2
X + 'IX ..__ a .
-' 2

Therefore rµ t = -log :~-~ • a <--

or X+ 1X 2 - a 2 ::;.· -ae ·✓µt- .

' - - (~- {x -2_a; )(x+ ✓x2- a2-)= a_1 =«e - '1ii'.
Now x - x - { 2 a2 -
- •
(x + {x 2
a2 ~
- ) , ae

Hence, by addition~ a cosh '/µt · _ .

In this case, as t increases,·x continually increases and its velocity
as
given by (2) ~lso continually increases. ·
Thus the particle will qmtinue to move along the increasing
directio · x ith continually increas·ing velocity.
. . Motion of a particle under attractive forces.
Let the force of attraction acting on the particle be dfrected towar
d~
a fixed poiAt in its path and let its distance xbe measured from
a fixed
P~)int ~t ti.m et. _Th~ ~i irecti0n of tht! attractive force is opp\lSite
d1rect1on 111 whICh x 1s measured .
to the
 , . n
;
MOTION IN A STR AJU HT LIN E
19

t)i) Force per unit mass varies inversely as the cube of the distance
.
. _ f . . dv
The equation o motion 1s v - = - -µ .
dx xJ

Integrating, we get v 2 = ~ + C, C being a constant .

X
Let the particle start from a distance a froni the fixed
point, so tnat
when x = a, v = 0.

With these,

Hence

and

negative sign is taken, ~irice the p~rticl~.}~ going_!o~

ards the origin.
This give s ~ dt = - ✓a 2~ .; 2 .~~ -
-';- <
Integrating, we get, if
from x = a to' x = b,
i be the-ti~J takeri--'6y·the particle to move
r
.f _{µ dt = -
f ✓,f2ax- x·
b_

o
-2
a .
or, {µ T = a ✓a 2 - b 2 •
To find the time taken by the particle to move to the orig
irt, we put
2
b= Oand henc e the requ ired time is }µ- .
v-4 ~or c,e per unit mass va'?es inversely a_s thf distance.
Here the equation of motion is v dv. = - H. . ·
dx x
Integrating, we get v 2 == - 2µ log x + c, c being a cons
tant.
Let the particle start from a distance a from the fixed
v == U at x = a-; hence c = 2µ J()g a .
point, so that ·

Therefore v 2 ;::; 2µ log ~ . J

!I J . X
 20 ADV ANC ED .,.'ALYTICA L DYN AMICS : PARTICJ.:~
.N.J.V.
A

Hence dx = v = _ {2.µ ✓log xa

dt .
dx
or,
✓2µ ar= - ✓ loga- -,.-
x
a, to the
. e taken b.Y th e part icle to mov e from x =
If T be the ·tim
origin, we hav e
o. dx
✓2µ T= -
log -
a I" ✓
x
T~ integrate the righ t han d side, let lo~-;= z
2,

.2 2aze - z 2 dz .
so that x = ae:;_2 and dx = -

I When x = a, z = 0 and whe n x ➔ 0, z ➔ 00

Hence ✓2µ T = J 2ae -z dz = 2a

l oo
•

..fit = a _C
··
YTt •
0 2

f Assuming J..e-x dx = 2..fit . J

0
1

Therefore T=a -ffµ"· •.

/.
~i i) / Force per unit mass varies inversely as the square of th£
distance.

In this case, the equ atio n of mot ion· is v :; =

- ~.
2
Integrating, we get v == ~
X
+ C, C bein g a con stan t.
(1)
.. .

a poi nt who se dis9inCe from ·the •

Let the particle star t·from rest fromwhe
fixed poi ntis a; then we hav e x = a .n v = O >.,,.,, ..
This gives _C == ::1l:!, so that v 2 .:::_/- 2µf --J ·:: ✓i"), from (1)
a .. ~·
x. a
or, <V== ~== _ ✓ 2µ ✓a- x
dt ax ,
t,iw ard·s the fixed poin t.
since we Rave velocity-negative While mo vin g
1P

MOTION IN .A STRAI GHT LINE

\

'fhus we have -,[ii dt= - ✓ 'ix dx .

a a- x
To integrate the right hand side, let us put x = a cos 2 e,
so that dx = - 2n cos 0 sin 0 d0 .
~ wi cos0
Thus a dt = ✓a sin 0 . 2a cos 0 sin 0 d0
= 2a cos 2 0 d0 = a (1 + cos 20)-d0 .
Integrating, we get

~ t = a(0 +½sin 20 )+ D, D being a constant.

Initially, that is, when t = 0, x = a, that is, 8 = 0 .
This gives D= 0.

2µ (a cos- ~
--{.i + ✓ax - x
Hence t= 1 2
) ·
a

If we put x = 0, then we shall get the time taken by the particle to

move from the point x = a to the fi xed point and it is equa l to
_r: 7t !
7t4 2
-V fµ ·a · 2 = 2 ✓2µ ·
N~te. Due to its special importa nce, we shall investigate the cases when a
particle moves Wlder central forces from the centre in a separate chapter .

2.7. Illustrative Examples.

Ex. 1. A man starts on a long walk at 4 miles per hour and his speed at
any instant is inversely proportional to (x + 10), where x is the number of
miles he has walked. Find (i) the fime he takes to walk 20 miles and (ii) the
distance he goes in 3 hours 45 minutes. · 1

We have dx = k , where k is the constan t of v~riation.

dt x + 10 -
Now x = 0 when t = 4 miles per hour.

. k
Therefore 4 = -10, that is, k = 40.

Thus dx = 40
dt x + 10
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PAR!ICL~
r
22

. • h urs to walk 20 miles from start, we have

(i) [ft be the time tn °
t 20
f 40 dt = f (x + 10) dx
0 ()

2 ]20
or,
401= [ x2 + !Ox o= 400.

Hence t = 10 hours.
(ir) Suppose the man goes a distance x miles from start in 3 hours
45 minutes. We have
15
4
J(x + 10) dx = J_40 dt
X

0 0

or, x 2 + 20x- 300 = 0, which gives x = 10 or (- 30).

Rejecting the negative value, th~-required distance is 10 miles.

~ A particle '."CW/ng in,a strai~ht line is sub/ect to_a resistanceWhich

proauces the retardation lcv 3 , where v ts the velocity and k ,s a-constant. Show
that the velocity v and the time t are given in tenns of fhe distances by the
equations
,:.: v ·= .U_ f•= ~ +· .! ks 2 I .
• 1 +. ks.u I · u 2
where u is the initial velocity. - fr~H. 1983 J
We have here v dd_v = - kv 3 , that is, - dv = k ds .
s v2

Integrating, .we get .¼= ks + A , where A is a constant.

. Since u is the initial ye°locity, we have v = u when s = O at t - O and this

~~ -
1
-=A.
u
Hence != 1cs + l
V u ... (1)
or, V:::: __ u_
1 + k SU .
MOTION IN A STRAI GHT LINE 23

Again, from (1 ), we have dt ~ ks+ .!.

ds u

or, dt= (ks+~ )ds

Integrating and using the condition, at t = 0, s = O, we get
2
t= ~+ .!ks .
u 2

. 3. A particle of mass m moves·in a_straight line under an acceleration

2x ~awards a point O on the line, where xis the· distance from 0. Show

that, if x = a and x= u when t = 0, then at time t,

x = a cos nt + u sin nt .
n
Here the equatio n of motion is
.. 2 . .. 2 0
mx= - mn x, th at IS, X + n X = .

Assuming x = e let as a solution of thi~ equation, we have the auxiliary

2 2
equation as k + n = 0, giving ,k = ± in .
Thus the general solution of the equation is
x = A cos nt + B sin nt, (1)

where A and B are arbitrar y constants.

Now initially, that is, at t = 0, x =· a and x = u. (2)

Differentiating (.1) with respect tot, we get .

x= - An sin nt + Bn cos nt . (3)

From (1) and (3), we get, by using (21

A= a and B= u.
n

u_ sin nt ,.at any time

Hence x = a cos nt + n t.
•.

Ex. 4. A particle·is projected with. velocity u feet per second from ·a fixed
~oint Oona straight line and moves along the line ~o that its acceleration (j)
is given by.k ✓t, ·where t is the time from the instant it leaves O and k is a
constant. Express the distance from O in terms of acceleration.
d 2x l
We have /= ·- =
2
kt2.
dt
-
P A R TICLE
L Y T I C A L DYNAMICS
ANA
24
ADVANCED
~
3
- e A 1s a c o n s ta n t.
d ± 2
- kt 2 + A , w h e r
w e g e t -d t = 3
In te g ra ti n g , -
h is g iv e s A
= u.
T
x= u w h e n t= 0 .
Now 1
dx= -2k t 2 + u .
-
Therefore dt 3
gain, w e g e t
In te g ra ti n g a 5 ;:,;,<~ •' . ~ •
n s ta ii t..:::.;_
k t 2 + B, w h e re B is a c o
x = ut + 1!
== 0 .
T h is g iv e s B
I

a t t= 0 .
Now x =. 0
5
Hence X= u t+ _!_kt 2
15
Again f= k ✓t .

Therefore /2 = k 2,
or, t= t.k:.2.

or,

Therefore x= u k
([)
2
4
+ 15k k
(l) s.
!_
::: ~ / 2 + - 4 f
1 k
5
5
k
. .
e ct· i· I
This ives th. . istance x o f th e Part c e from O . f . /
. in terms o a c c e le r a ti o n .
. . -
•· .
x. . A partzcie o ' ss rn zs acted
'I ma ( a ,. )
. on by aforce ,n µ X+ ; I towards
star
the origin. If it e ts from rest at «'distanee
the Origin in tim a, then slzow th a t it lO 11 .ve at . .
. z arn
7t
~,..-
.
T h e e q u a rio n o f rn o ti o n in . ca~.....· [ V. fl . 2008.J
this ~ is
.

th a t is,
11zv d v
lJ dtJ';f; "' - (~µ
(
x + ;: J .
dx::: - I! X+ ~ )
• .
. X 3

\ .
MOTTON IN A STRAIGHT LINE
25

In tegrati ng, we get

2
v = µ (- x
2
+:: )+ A, where A is a constant.

- Now, whffl x = a, v = 0 . This gives A= o.

Therefore v = dx = -
dt
'/µ ✓ 'x!:__2 _ x 2
If T be th e time from x = a to the centre, we get, on integration, ·.•
0
f
.../µT = - o xx d
a ✓a - x
4 4 - [l
2
cos- 1!_2] = !
a2
!
2·2·
•
7t
Hence µ ·
T= 4 ✓

Ex. 6. A Jf/l1ttltris attracted by aforu to nfin.d point ooryii\g inversely

as (distanc~.)- ··: ff the velocity acquired in fallirig from an mfimte pistance to ·
a distanc~a from the centre be equal t-0 tht vtloc1ty acquired m felling from
res"t at a distance a to a distance¼ a, thtn .show INJI n = V.H, 200i ) f. (
The equation of motion is '" r = - ""' X - II #

where niµ is the constant of proportionality and'" is the mass.

Here we are to solve the equation i = - µ.x -•,
that is, v dv = - J!_ .
.dx X"

2µ n- 1 + A , ... (1)
Integrating, we get v 2\=
(n - -'1 ) .x

Where A is a constant.
We have in the first case, v ➔ 0 as .x ➔ 00
; hence A = 0 ·

Thus v2= 2µ
n- 1
_
{n - 1) .x
Th~ va)u~·i• 1 of the velocity of the particle when at a distance a from the
centre is given by
2 2µ ... (2)
V\ = n-1 ·
(n -- 1) a
Again, in the second case, we have i1 = 0 at x = -a -
 IC LE
VA NC ED AN AL YTIC AL D YN AMIC S : PA RT
26 AD

21:"
He nc e, fro m (1 ), we ha ve
1) a n 1
0= 2µ n .1 + A, gi vi ng A = - (n -
]
(n - ]) a
- a~
1 .
n- 1.
1 ·
m (1) , we ha ve v _
_2 - 1( x n-
- n 2µ 1
Henc e, fro

e pa r c le wh en at a d IS 4 a from th e ce nt re of
. tan ce .!.
Th e ve loc ity v 2 of th ti
- .!.a in it. Th us
force is giv en by pu tti.ng x _ 4

2_~(4"-1_
~ - n - 1 a n- 1 a , i - 1
1 ]· ... (3)

from (2) an d (3),

Now, if v 1 = v 2 , we have,

~ •) - I -
1-
n ~µ 1 (: : ~ > a "~ 1 J
or, 1 = 4 n.- 1

or, 2 2n - 2 = 2 .
· Therefore 2n - 2 = 1,
. n= 3
th at 1s, .
2
s t1JWards a centre of attraction starting from rest
Ex. 7. A partide move If its velocity when at any distance x from the
at a dis
centr e va ces aasfrom the centre.
tanrie
✓ a 2_ xi
ce.
x 2 , then find the law offor
According to the pr ob lem ,

✓ 0 2
"~ k zx_2 x , Where k is a cIDlstant.
Thus
t1
2~k2(~- l )-

·
Differentiating ·th
respect to x, we ge t 2,, ~~ - !2k 2 ~
I w,
dv 2 dx x·
3 ·
Therefore v_ ::: : _ k 2 a
dx. 3
X.
·
ionaJ lo
11ius the for~e, being Proport the ac ce ler ati on va . .
J
from . f '
the cube of the distance , rie s •n ve rse y as
• •xed Po int •n d is d" .
irectect to th e po in t.
p

!JOTJON IN A STR AJ(; HT LIN E 27

0

Ex. 8. A particle is let fall from rest from a point outside

the earth at a
distance bfrom the centre. Prove t~t the square of the velJc
ity of the particle
earth and
onreaching the centre is ga ( 3 - : ), where a is the rr.dius of the
g isthe value ofgravity at its surface.
vary ing inversely_ as
(Earth attracts a body outs ide its surfa ce with _a force
inside its surface with a
the square of the dista nce from the cent re and a body ·
force varying direc tly as the dista nce from the cent
re)
the equa tion of motion
So long as the parti cle is outs iae the eart h) surface,
of the particle is · · ··

x=- 1!..2 ' that is' vdv ·=- K2 .

. ,J.; -
X iu ,i
2 '
Integrating, we. get v = ; + A, where A is a cons
tant.
2
whe n at a dista nce b
Now, when x = b, v = 0, as the parti cle falls from rest
from the centre of the earth : Henc e
/
o= 1! + A, givin g A = - 1! .
b b

Thus v
2
= 2µu - ¼) . .. (1)

the cent re of the earth·.

gives the velocity o{th e parti cle at a dista nce x from
But.when the parti cle is on the surfa ce of the e~~th
, ~=~a and he~c~ _the
,
accelerati~on is µ2 whic h. is give n to beg and henc e
a
2
µ= ga .

Velocity of the parti cle on reach ing the surfa ce of

the earth ( at x = a) is
· · • • .
given by

V l = 2µ (¾- ¼)= 2ga ( 1 - t } ··· (2)

Now, when the parti cle mov es insid
·
e the earth, the equa tion of moti on
b~omes
.. , .

x= - µx. (3)

· 'Rm on the surface I

x~a and µ'a= g.

Therefore µ'= ~ .
a
 PA RT IC L E
.ADVANCED :\N AL YT 1· cAL DYNAMI CS
-
is . -

Hence the equati~n (3) becomes

__ d.v __ 1 x,
v- -
dx a
which gives on integration 2 g x 2 B wh ere B is a con sta nt.
V
--- - - .-+ I
2
2 a
_ a and the vel oci. ty o f the par ticl e is giv en
But on the sur fac e of the ear th, x -
by (1).
Hen ce ga \
(1 _ ~)= _£..~
b_. a
2

2
.
+ B,_givmg B =
ga ·( __2a )·
2 3 b

Thu s the vel odt y is giv en by v2 2a \

= - : x2 + ga ( 3 - b -,J·
at a distance x from the_cen tre of the ear
th but ins ide i\. .
When the particle reaches tl\e cen tre, x .
= 0 andiY.el9.City the re IS ~nren:by

v 2= gal3- t )- .
Examples II )
\,
t ; A particle sta rts wit h a veloci
ty u and n1oves un der a ret ard atj on
equ al toµ times the spa ce des crib ed alo ng a
str aig ht line . Sh ow tha t 1t
passes ove r a distance (u / Jµ) before
it com es to rest.
2. A. partt_cle mo ves m a stra igh t
line fro m a tlx ed po int O wi th a
velocit,} V und er a force wh ich pro duc
es an acc ele rat ion µx , wh ere x
is its dis tan ce fron1 0. Fin d the dis tan ce
mo ved in tim e t. Fin d als o the
time tak en for the vel oci ty to be inc rea
sed to 2V.
3. (a) A par ticl e mo ves in a str
aig ht lin e un de r a ret aru ati on
µv" + i , wh ere vis the vel oci ty at tim e
t and µ is a pos itiv e con sta nt.
If the initial vel oci ty of the par ticl e be
u, the n sho w tha t
Un - Vn
(i) nµt =---, 11 (ii) (n - 1) µx =
Un - l
- v
,, 1
U "V
wh ere xis the dis tan ce des cri bed in tim U" - l
V" 1 '
e t.
(b) A particle mo ves wiftl a con sta
nt accele ration. Sh ow tha t the
spa ce- ave rag e of the vel oci ty ove r any
dis tan ce is ½. u12 + U1 U2 + U2-2
and the tim e-a ver age velocity is ½(u Ul + U2
1 + u2 ), wh ere u an d u are
the ini tial and final velocitiPs. 1 2
( c. H. 2006 )
p '

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 29

4. A particle starts from rest and the acceleration at any time t is

·(J- kt 2), where f and k are positive constants. Show that . the
maximum velocity u attained by the particle is given by 11 = ~~and
.
it moves overt he space
. t h.1s maximum
. attains
15u 2 be fore 1t . ve Ioc1ty.
161
~ particle leaves the origin with velocity u. I~ it n:io~es.with an
acceleratio n~, p being the velocity a_t a_n y instant, then show that the
. V .
distance xdescribed in t~me t is given by ·
4
4µx = (3µt + u 3) 3 - u 4 •
p a
particle moves in a straight line starting from rest at distance
a to a centre of force . Show that the time required to reach the centre is
2.
{Ji , if the force of attraction varies invers€ly as the cube of the
distance,µ being the constant of variation . [ C. H. 1992 ]

~ A particle moves in a straight line ; its acceleration i~ ~irected

towards a fixed point O in th~ line _and is alwa} s equal to µx 3· , when
it is at a distance x from 0 . If it starts from rest 4at a .a1stance a from 0,

then show that it will arrive at O after time J;; • [ T. H. 2007)

;,

e Show further that the velocity at O is not finite. . [ K. H. 1998]

particle moves in a straight line. Its acceleration is directed
-

towards a fixed point O in the line and is always equal to µ (

w~en it is at a distancex from O'. I{jt starts from rest at a distance a from
=: r,
1

o; then show th~t it will arrive at O with velocity a·.../6µ after time

:s if. [ K. H. 1998]

~A particle moves from ·rest at a distance a from a fixed point

which,repels it with a force~ per unit mass while at a distancex from
X ·,

t~e point. Find the velocity when it will be at a distance 2n from the
fixed pojnt. ·
 ·. .
ED A r,4T
N ~ YT
. 1.' '.A
'TC £ DYNAMJCS : FA RT /C LE
30 ADVANC

. J
\;V
,.,.\ / -~\ A particle moves from res
•t
t. .
in a s tr ·
a1 ght lin.e un dethr anrattraSh
e m e. ow
ss to a fix ed fpofomrct eonbe 2a
cti ve

r. _"" . nc e) -
2
pe r um ma
x (dista dis tan ce from th e ce nt r~ 0 '
th en th e
\(,; force µ the ini tia l
that if
2
+1)( ~ ) . _ . ___ [ B. H. 20 01 ]
distance wi ll be a after a time (;
ation
11 . A particle mo ve s in a_str
aight line _O~ wi th an acceler re
s in ve rse ly as th e sq ua
O an d va ne
which is always directed towards e pa rti cle we re at re st at A, th en
tlt
of its distance from 0. If initially the tim e re qu ire d by th e pa rti cl e
the en su ing mo tio n
show that dtiring di sta nc e ¾ DA fro m O is on e-
..
in moving fromole a dis tan ce ¾ . DA to a
0.
thirr .f the wh time from A to
ht lin e un de r an attril.Ctiv e
[:; ~ • A far tic le of ma
ds a
ss_m
ftx ~d
rno v~
po
s
mt
in
on
a str aig
the lin e wh en at a distaltcE: x
V orce .mn
~ ~
_x tow ai: nt re of fo rc e
!~m it. •_t P'.
0
Jec ted wi th ~v elo cit y V to wa rd s th e ce
th en pr ov e th at ·t h h

~
m ;an _1ru tial dis tan ce a fro m it 1 reac es t e ce nt re ·
of fQi:. ce-~te r a tim e -1 tan - 1 ~ '
( B. H. 20 00 ]
_ n V. f . - ~ 0

13. (a) At-particle is att rac ted b

point, where µ is a co ns sl
tan t a
ow
or ce
tha t
µ x (dIStance) 3 to a fiJ<ed
t!te ve lo cit y ac qu ire d in :
!ailing from rest at an inf ini te dis t
:s;;~~:~ te ?I oc tty acquired i;~ ~~ i~ g~1
• rom the ce ntre.
~:a:1cet a fr o~ the ce nt re
es at a di sta nc e a to
·. 1\(1,(;\point moves toward a centre of force, the ace 1 . .
given by µ x (distance)-• _s
centre; show tha t the lim , ~ ~ fro m res t at a di st e er ati on be in g
an ce a fro.m the
e o reaching a po int d.18tan t b from th .
. -
) .. e
_ ~~ -tre
.
- and its veIOC:ity then . ~ V
y ~
Is _a - IS __ __ _
[ N.B-H. 20 12 J
10 ~
r. . A pa rti cle mo ve s alo n th . ab - .
•
e ax is of x s tar tin g f
r an Interval t 1 f ro m the beg · . ·
· ( )
r a su bs eq ue nt ti 8In nm g of the llloti roir, re st at x == a·
ts -I-IX 'fo leratio:n. th e ac ce ier ati o~
t, the acce
end of this interval the pa rti :e . d at th e
r.:-e ts at the Origin a . is µxovan
(v µtrti). tanh (✓.,:it
.
15 . A arti. de lllo ve st".11 - 2 1.
)""
gain. Prr V.e th at
Ill a
- . . p
a1g~t lin e With .l-f. 19 98 ]
-tp /:l+(distanc e)• fro m a fi s ler ati on a1·
o
· f Xe d po int O in th an ac ce eq u
_pro1ected tow ar ds · h
ra m a po ·ifn,.\ at ~ dis tanecestrai~ t lin e. If it be
Wou ~ ha ve acquired in
Id £a1 1·
ith a . .
. ing ro m inf i . y, the· an W ow elo _oty It .
reach C) in fime 2 /n= T .'!:! Ilit sh "h
t at 1t wi ll
~ \/2 µ a 2 •
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
31
~
6 for the rectilinear motion of a particle mo • .h .
· ving wit a velocity
~
1· . .
at a distance x from a fixed point show th t th . .
µ'Y~ .. . . ' a e particle 1s
attracted towards the hxed pomt with a force inversely proportional to
the Sq uare of
the distance.

17. For the rectilinear motion of a particle moving with a speed v,

the distance x from a fi,Ced point is given by x = ae""', where a and k
are constants. S~ow th~t the f~rce acting on the particle is a repelling
force from the fixed pomt and inversely proportional to the distance.
18.dparticle of ma$ m moving in a straight line is acted on by an
at~e-fC:-rce mµa x- for x ~ a and mµxa · 1 for x < a towards a
1 2

fixed point in the line, where xis the distance of the particle measured
from the.fixed point and µ, a are positive constants. If the particle starts
from rest at a distance x = 2a, then prove that it will reach the· point
\
x=
. Owith a speed
. "''2un 3fter time (1 + ~ 1t) ~ µ -
4

~partic le starts from·rest at a dist~nce b (>_ a) fro~ a

fixed point O under the action of a fo~ce through the fixed pomt,
the law of which at a distance x from O is
F = µ(1- ~) towards O when x > a but
2
F = µ(a 2 -~) away from O when x < a.
x X
· le w ill again
Show that the velocity of the partic · vanish
a2
whenx=-. [ V. H. ·-iooo; C. H. 2001]
b
~ 1me
/l /' moves in a straight
'~article .· w1·th an acceleration
A towards
.
..
,I
a f1. d (J!.- _
. h.1s equa1to - x 2
xe point in a straight line wh1c x 3 -) at a distance

x from the given. point. It starts .from rest at a d'is_t anee a· Show that it
. between that -distance a and the d.•stance. 2aµ- A
Nl and the
oscillates
Periodic time is
2,q.aa 3 5 .

c·2aµ - .A) ·2 [K. H. 2002; r. H. 2003; C _i-1. 20051_

 ..rpJJ TC S
vr1cAL pARTlCI.E
AD vANcED pJJJ\J..
ii D f l ..

. \\stroll"\
r rds the ea rth from in fi n ity ; sho
ll l- t,. n,eteo
r1te ta hin st toW 3 .
e w
g the earth is e sam e a s it w o u \d h .
that its velocit th_ ave
y _on rea g through a
acquire d in . ta\\1!lg w1tch constant acceleration d istance
th's radius-
equal to the e~
~at the tin,e entre of fo
11. ShoW of descent -~ rce, the to .
o \ ~ fron1't
varying 1nver,
. I asthesqu
areo1thed1s he centre, th rce
e _Y tan rough
the hrs\ hall o . 'f I distance is to tha u " h its \ast
h alf as
i its ,n1 ,a l! t
. t + 2) : (lt - 2 thrO " l C H 2006 \
l l , Abody is . ei ht h to )th.
ia\\mg frorn a e e a rth's surface . .
the ve\oc1.ty v . c h gri . 't h -Sh?W ~hat
on rea hing the su ace e earth of ra
dius a 1\1 giv
y
_ . 2a gh . \o1 \.,. w th en
.b . V l : = ~ · a so suo at the corre .
sponding
a+ h'
tiIDeis i.+ E( {-h ~
-the value ol th
being g. .
.
e
lg \. ~+a! s i n - 1
ac c eleration due to
'f!\
a+ h + a
)
gravity at th
e sl.lrface of
13 - .A particle the earth
l
'
'

surface_"'.ith a is pro je c te d V . H. 1987 l

v~loclty just s vertically upwards from
the time 1t take ufficient to c the earth's
s mreaching a arry it to inf
height h is inity . Show
that
, --

where a \S th
lll A
. \ ~\~ +
e radius of th
1
e earth.
d_ 1\ •
'- -

upwards wpitarthicle Is projected f .

by the part1 a velocity V. lf h a;~m . . .
c\e ll\oving
u th e ea rth 's l C. H . 20 07 ]
respectively . . nder um_Hof ,b e the .greate surface verticall~
,~ show that rm s t
and v . heiahts atta
the earth. :!._ - 1
1 a ined
'· anable acce
[H
. i, H = lerations
ere v i R ' w h ere R is the ra
= 2gh. T dius of
he equation \ C .H . 1967
of m t·
On the surf
ace o lt h .f e
arth, _
. . ..
o ion is x - , . . · K
~ H
- - µ I X1 . 2003; T. H. 2
009 \
. (
g-µ
/ R . Thus 1
Now, at x "du =_gR
1µ > O) ·
'
= 'R, v = v
and at
x=R+H
, v = 0.\dx
· ~
Answers
2
. TVµ ~m
· .r .
h "~ ,t ; T1µ
cosh - 1 2.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION UNDER
CENTRAL FORCES
3.1. Central forces.
Consider a force F acting on a particle of mass m and having the
following properties:
() the force is always directed towards or away from a fixed point;

the magnitude of the force is a function of the distance r of the

moving particle from the fixed point.
function of the
In such cases, the force is calleda centralforce. If the
force
distance mentioned above, sayf(r), be negative, then the central
central force
is attractive; on the other hand iff(r) be positive, then the
is repulsive in character.
under
We have discussed motion of a particle in a straight line
In this
variable forces, attractive or repulsive, in the previous chapter.
chapter, we discuss the special case of motion of a particleof thestraight
in a
force is
attrective forces, where the magnitude
line under central
a linear funcion of its distance from a
fixed point on the line.

3.2 Simple Harmonic Motion.

if it
A particle is said to execute a Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.),
moves in a straight line such that its acceleration
is always directed
from
tówards a fixed point in the line and is proportional to its distance
the fixed point.

B P

Fig. 3.2

Let us find the expressions for velocity and position of the particle
at any instant. Consider the straight line BOA on which P is the
position of the particle at any instant t such that OP = x, O being a
Xed point. Let us assume that the particle is moving witha velocityU
t h e negative direction measured in the sense from A to O.

A.A.D-3
 DYNAMICS
Dan
AMICS : PARTIC
.

ANALYTICAL

ADVANCED

34
O to P. Now
Now, since th
sense
positive
in the
* is that in which xa increa
that in
opposite to , the
acceleration

The direction
acceleration is in the will be
motion of
the particle
equation
of

= v= -

ux,
dx
proportionality.
where is the constant of

Integrating with respect

to x, we get

-C where C'is a constant .

v2= - r 2 + C.
or, (2
If the particle starts from rest at A where OA = a, then the initial
condition is, when x = a, v= 0. Therefore C La,
Putting this value of C in (2), we have
v2= (a2- x*)..
(3)
At P, the
velocity has been assumed to be negative while
from A to 0. Hence we have moving
X= V= -

vu Na2 - x2
or, dx
dt-Ta?-x
Integrating, we have vut= cos1+
C, where C is a constant.
Initially at A, t= 0 and x =
a.
Hence 0= cos1+
C Therefore C =
0.
Thus we
have vut =
cos-1
or,
X= a
cos vut.
If the
that from particle moves from O (4)
(3),we have towards A, thenv is
x= V=
positive at P, so
or,
Nu Na2- x2
dt Tadx
x2
 ILINEAR MOTION 1INDER CENTRAL FORCES 35
REC

tegrating,
we get vut= sin-+ C2, where C, is
a
a constant.

Tfthe particle starts

from O, then x = 0 when t 0 ,
0= sin0+ C2, giving Ca= 0.
Therefore
x= a sin vut. (5)
Hence
of (1) is given by (4) or (5) according as the particle
Thus the solution
fromA o r O.
starts

Note. When
the particle is at P', the equation of motion is
i = acceleration in the direction P 'A

= u.OP'= u(- x)= ux.

Hence the same equation holds on both sides of O.

3.3. Nature of motion.

The velocity of the particle is given by
D=tuVa2-x?
ata distancex from the fixed point O.
The velocity is maximum at O when x = 0 and is equal to a Vu .

elocity goes on decreasing with increasing x, as the acceleration is

directed towards O and it vanishes at A where x = a. The acceleration
O makes the particle to move in the negative with
towards direction
ncreasing velocity (numerically) with decreasing x and attains its
Ereatest numerical value at O. This velocity being (- a vu ), the
eproceeds further to, the negative side of O. The velocity
nS negative but its magnitude decreases gradually till it reaches
Here
a point Bsuch that B0= - a, where the velocity vanishes once again
Here too, the acceleration being towards O, it makes the particle to
move owards O, with a positive velocity which gradually increases to
atain its
s maximum value vu at O. Thus motion is
same the
tepeated
and again
a and x=:
and again, the particle
a
being at rest momentarily at
This distance of the
a. position O from the
position
-

Position of
of rest is
a mean

called the mplitude.

The
he motion from A toB and back to A again is thus oscillatory.
 DYNAMICS: PART
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL ICL
36
tor which the motion ct.

the solution x = a cos Vut start

towards the centre O. When the parh
Consider
from A under an attraction
the time from
rticl
0, X = 0 and hence to Os
mean position
reaches the
given by
cos vt 0, giving vut= n. Therefore t=2 4

The motion being oscillatory, the time from O to B is equal to that

from A to O and hence the period, that is, the time from A to B and back
to A, is

Thus we see that the period is independent of the

amplitude.
Hence the simple harmonic motion is oscillatory and
periodic, the
period being independent of the amplitude of motion.
Frequency is the number of complete oscillations in one second.
If n be the
frequency and T be the periodic time, then

2T

3.4. General solution.

The general solution of the equation
is
where C
x=
C cosvut+C2sin
vlt,
andCgare arbitrary constants. (1)
When the motion starts
from A, the initial
conditions are
at t 0, x= a and x= 0.
Differentiating (1), we get
x
-CWp sin vpt +CNp cos
Then, from (1) and
(2), applying the t. (2)
initial
Hence the
a= C and
Ca= 0. conditions, we have
solution is x= cos a
vut.
 JAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES
RECIL 37

1stead, the particlebe projected from with velocity V along

, ins ced, so that the initial conditions are
OAproduced

at t= 0, x= a,x= V,
V
then (1) and (2), we get C1=
from(1).
irom
a and C2= .

Hence the
solution is x = a cos Vjut+sin vut.
The general solution of the equation can be written as
x= a cos (Vut+ ¬),

a cos E and C2= -

a sin e.
where C=
27
Thusthe motion is periodic with period
Eiscalled the epoch and the angle (Vut+ e) is called the argument:
that
Theparticle is at its maximum distance at time t o, so
uto+ 0 ,
giving t
Thus the time that has elapsed, since the particle was at its
maximum distance, is equal to

t- to= t+ + e

This quantity is called the phase at time t.

3.5. Composition of two simple harmonic motions in the
Same straight line.
Two simple harmonic motions having the same period.
Let the displacements of the two motions be given by

a Cos (Vut+ e^) and = a cos (Vut+ E).

nen the
resultant displacement is given by
1 + = a, cos (ut + e)+ a, cos (Vut+ e)

cos vt (a, cos e+ a2 cos E)

- sin vut (4, sin e, + a, sin E)

A (cos vut cos E sin vut sin E)

-

A cos (Vut+ E),

 PARTIC:
ANALYTICAL
DYNAMICS
: CLE
ADVANCED

38
COS 2
COS E t 42
E= 4,
A cos
where Sin E2,
+ 4
A sin E
= a, sin E, Sin &, sin e,)
cos E+
and
a+ (cOS E,
a2+ 24,42
A=
so that (E,- E2)
= a2+ a2+ 2a,a, cos
e
41SIn Eit a2sin
tan E a2 COS E2
and a1 COS E+
harmonic motions of the same
of two simple
Thus the resultant whose and
amplitude and
similar motion of s a m e period,
period is a

epoch are by A and E respectively.

given
(i1) Two simple
harmonic motions having slightly different
periods.
Let the displacements of the two motions be given by
x= 44COS (Vut + E) and x^= az cos (Vu2t + E2),
where u = a= a very small quantity.
Then the resultant displacement is given by
r= a, (Wu,t + E^) + a, cos (vy,t+ E)
cos

a, cos (Nu,t+ e)+ az cos (Vut+ at+ e)

=
a, cos (Vu,t + E)+
az cos (vu,t+ E), where e =
at+ E2
A cos (Yp,t + E),as in the previous case,
=

where A2= a2+ a,2+ 24,a, cos (e- e)

=
a2+a+ 24442 Cos (E- E2- At)
=
a,2+ a2+ 2444,
cos {e- e- (Vu2- Nu
and
tan E= 41 Sin Ej + az sin es 1)t}
a COS Ei+ a2 COs
Es
a1 sin E+ a2 sin {E2+
a1 Cos
E+a2 cos {
(VH2- VPJt}
Now, as e2 + (V42-
but vary (V4- Vu,)t VHi)t}
changes
slowly with time as with time, A and E are
When the
T, we have expression
(Vp2- Vp,) is
very
not
constan
A? e- e- (N4- small.
(a+ a,)2, that (Vu- vu)E
=
(a+ az)
Again, vu Jis an even
is, A is ma:)t }
minimum and is equal to expression is maximum even1
when the
and multiple
multiple
is
of
or

(a, a,). an odd

ld equal to
multiple
-

of is , A
RECTILA
ILINEAR MOTION UNDE CENTRAL FORCES
89

.a resultant motion is simple harmonic at any time, of period

Thus
o either of the component motion with varying amplitude and
e q u a l

from definite minimum to efinite maximum. The periodic time

p o c h

2T
change is
ofthis Vu- 4
Elastic strings.
When an elastic string is stretched beyond its natural length, its
on is proportionalto the fractional extension (Hooke's law). Thus
L be the natural length of a string and x be its extension,then the

tension T of the string

is given by
T=
uhere is called the modulus of elasticity of the string. A spring and
an elastic string are, in general, capable of compression as well as
extension. If , the changed length, be less than l , the natural length,
then x is negative (since x= |- ) and hence T < 0 so that the thrust
the spring or string is (-).
exerted by
When x = lo, T= a, so that a for a string of unit cross-section is
equal to the amount of force which would stretch it to twice its natural
length.
Extension of a horizontal elastic string.
at O. The
Let one end of an elastic string of length l (= OA) be fixed to
String lying on a horizontal table has a particle of mass m attachedOA
line
e free end A. The particle is now displaced along the straight
acts in the
r Such that AP= x. The tension in the string isand
rection PA in the sense from P to A, A being the modulus ofelasticity

B' AP B
Fig. 3.6()
we
Now the on the particle,
tensiorof being asT the only force acting
nave the equation motion
mx =- T= -4x, d
that is, mdt 2
Im
showing that the particle executes aS. H. M. of period
2V
 PARTICLE
40 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
B and then let
go, it will
pulled out to the point lne at an
If the particle be
B on the straight equal distance
move through O to a point

on the other side of

O. The particle will then go on moving back again
from A toA',(OA OA) and also
=
and so on. When the particle moves
from A' to A, the string becomes slack and the particle moves with the
same velocity which it acquires at A.
The motion is simple harmonic only when the particle moves from
B to A, from A' to B and then from E to A' and from A to B. The
periodic time obtained above refers to the time for this motion only,
whenitjssinple harmonic.
Extension of a vertical elastic string.
L e t us consider an elastic string of natural length! (= OA) which is
ed at O and hangs vertically.

O O

B B

mg
A mass Fig. 3.6()
the
m
being attached to the end
length of the string becomes OB suchA hangs in
The
extension of the that AB equilibrium
=
when
string given by
is e.

where Ais the mg-A=

modulus of (1)
position is A elasticity and the
tension in the
equilibrium
RECTI
TILINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES
41

Jow, if the particle be displaced vertically to the position P such

Nov
hat BP = x, then the tension Tof the string in thisposition is given by
T Axextension

=a8/A + = mg + (2)
Hence the resultant force acting on the particle in the direction BP

mg- T= mg- m
mg+
is
Thus the equation of motion of the particle
mx' = - fx, that is, i= - Ax,
ml

which shows that the particle executes a S.H.M.

with its position of
equilibrium B as the centre of oscillation.

Theperiod of motion is 2t V= 2 V,
where e is the extension of the string in the equilibrium position.
3.7. Illustrative Examples.
Ex. 1. The velocity ofa particle distant x froma fixed point O is given by
Show that the motion is simple
Da-bx2, where a and b are constants.
harmonic and determine its period and amplitude.

We have v2= a - bx2.

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
24 - 2bx
dx
Or, = - bx,

whichrepresents a S.H.M. of period and amplitude V

Since v= 0, when bx= a.
attraction
straight line under an
2 . Aparticle of mass m moves on a
O. f X=a
oards a point O on the line, where xis the distancefrom
motion is
and when t =
0, then show that the amplitude of the
K. H. 2007

"particular, ifu = 0, then find the period of oscillation.

 ADVANCED
ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICI D

42

motion of the particle is

The equation of
mx = - mn'x

or,
+ n'x = 0. (1)
is
The solution of this equation
x= A cos nt + B sin nt,

where A and Bare arbitrary constants.

Differentiating with respect to t, we get

X= - An sin nt + Bn cos nt.

From the given condition, we have

= a and 4, when t= 0.

Hence a = A and u= Bn.

Thus the solution of (1) is

x a cosnt +sin nt. (2)

To find the
amplitude of motion, we put
a=
r cose and : -
r sin &,

such that

Hence (2) becomes

x=
rcos (nt+ e) ==

N2+cos (nt+ e).

Thus the
amplitude of motion is

In
Vaa+ .
particular, if 0, then (2)
u =

motion, the period gives x= a cos nt which gives

of oscillation being. a
periouic
Ex. 3. A
mux
particle of mass m moves in a
(distance) directed towardsa straight line
OX with a
constant point A which moves inOX under a force
acceleration a. Show that the the
motion ofstraight
is
simple harmonic of 27 the partu
a distance
periodabout a
moving centre which
which is always
alwyat
behind A.
2RCTILINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES 43

Let the pointA move through a distance OA = a t i n timet with constant

acceleration a
Let at timet, the position of the particle be at P, such that
AP= x-oaP.

Then the equation of motion of the particle is d2 H-at.

dt2
Let O be the centre of force at a distance c behind A. Then we have

of = -H-t)-pe
of, a= -ux-at )- pc.
dt 2

Therefore a= uc, giving c=

The motion is given by the equation

- -- )

O X

Fig. 3.7()
2T
Hence the particle executes a S.H.M. of period about a moving centre

which is behind Aalways

by a distance
Ex. 4. A particle rests in equilibrium under the attraction of two centres
force which attract directly as the distance, their intensities being u and
The particle is slightly displaced towards one of them, shouw that the time
of small oscillation is
27T B. H. 1985]
 ANALYTICAL
DYNAMICS
: PARTIcr:
CLE
ADVANCED
44
A and B be the h
of the particle,
of equilibrium
LetO be the positionOA = a and OB= b.
such that
centres of force

P B
A
Fig. 3.7(6)
time ft and let OP = x,so that
Let the particle be atP at
and BP = b- x.
AP = a+ x

andB respectively, then

If and ' be the intensities of attraction from A
the acceleration of P due to the centre A is u(a + x) in the direction from P to A
and that due to the centre B is #'(b- x) in the direction from P to B.
Thus the resultant acceleration of the particle in the direction from P to B is
' b x) ula + ).
Hence the equation of motion of the particle is

dt ( - ) - Hla + x)= - (u+ 4) (x- E0=Ha)

+
Now, at O, that is, for the equilibrium, we have Ha= *'b.
Hence we have the
equation of motion as
x= -

(+ #)x.
Thus the
particle executes a S.H.M. of period 27T
+
Ex. 5.
A light elastic string of
modulus of
twofixed points distantelasticity
its length and is tied Ais stretched to double
to
tied to its middle 2a apart. A
equal to halfits point, displaced in the line of the string particle of
is mass inl,
distancefrom the fixed point and released. through a distance
ofa complete oscillation is Prove that the time
Let be the
n
Vand the maximum velocity is
string such that the extended N.
a
natural length of the
m
length is 24
A
Ti o P 7, B
IfA and Fig 3.7()
Bbe the fixed
ends andO
be the
AO OB= a.middle point, then we have
 MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES 45
RECTILINEAR
R B C

time
be at P in its displaced position at
the particle
Let the
extended length of the pörtión AP
of the string is (a + x),so that
The x.
is a+ I-5a= 5a+
extension

Similarly, theextension
of the portion BP is (a- x).

tension in PA, then T, a2

=

IfT, be the a
tension in PB, then T2= 2 2 .
and if T, be the

motion of the particle becomes

Thus the equation of

a+)
f= T,- 7,= a4-

Or, am

Hence the particle executes a S.H.M. of period

2T

am

Since the amplitude of motion is4, the maximum velocity is

-
VEX. 6. One end of an elastic string of length a is fixed at A and the other
endisfastenmed to a heavy particle, the modulus of elasticity ofthe strng being
equal to the weight of the particle. Show that if the particle be aroppedfrommA,
then it will descend a distance (2 + V3) a before coming to rest.

Let AB = a.
Let P be the position of the particle ater time t. Let AP = x. lf T be the
tension in the string, then the equation ot motion of the particle of mass m is

m =
mg 1,
where T mg
a
since mg is the modulus of elasticity.
 DYNAMICS:
46
ADVANCED
ANALYTICAL

PARTICL
Thus mx =
mg - mg mg|1- =

or,
*-(x-2a) (0)
Hence the motion of the particle is simple harmonic about x 2a
the
equilibrium position.
Multiplying (1) by 2x and integrating,we get

- a x -2a)+ C 2
where C is a constant.

The S. H. M. starts when the

particle has fallen a distance a freely under
gravity. The velocity of the mass acquired due to the fall through a distance a
is N2ga.
Thus initially, i = N2ga when x= a.
Hence, from (2), we have 2ga A
= -

ga + C.
Therefore C 3ga.
Putting for C in (2), we get
) =- Åa
2a)2+3ga.
The
particle will be at rest when 0.
B
dt
Therefore 0 -

(x- 2a)+ 3ga

Hence P
x= 2a+ V3a =
(2 + 3) a.
Ex. 7. A Fig. 3.7(d))
is attached tolight elastic
the other. string is suspended by one
modulus of If the unstretched end and a mass m
elasticity be the length of ounces
of vertical
oscillation is 2t weight
mi
of n ounces, then the string be l and
show that the time the
Let x be the ng peri0
If T be length of the string V. H. 20081
the when
tension, then we have stretched.
T
, I
being the unstretched
=ng. since =
length
modulus of
elasticity =
ng.
 ILINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES 47
REC7

measured in ounce, acting on the is

The
resultant force, mass m

mg-ng
M.1).
of motion of mass is
Therefore the equation
m

mx = )

- ( z - "1).
Or, mi n

in the form
Writing the equation of motion
x- 1)= - 2(x- 1),
dt

we see that the mass executes a S. H. M. of period 27 V

ng
and to the other end isfastened
Vx8. One end of an elastic string is fixed
a particle heavy enough to
stretch the string to double its natural length a. The
string is drawn vertically downwards till it istofour times its natural length
this poinf in time
and then let go. Show that the particle returns
[C.H. 1993]
(213+4
3
) VA
g
a of the string.
When
The
string is fixed at O, OA being the natural lengthdouble its length,such
let the string be ex:ended to
to A,
tneparticle is attached and OB = 2a.
ladt5is the equilibrium position of the particle
downwards to C, so that OC= 4a.
ne
string is drawn vertically
at time
let P be the position of the particle
he particle is released at C and be the
of the string and m
BP = x. be the modulus of elasticity
Let A
let
mass of the
particle.
A

g
C
Fig. 3.7 (e)
 DYNAMICS: PARTICI
48
ADVANCEDANALYTICAL

the string in
this position and T be tho
the tension in
If T be have
tension in the equilibrium
position, then we

To AB
OAA =^ =
mg . .
(1)

and T= AP 1.4+ =ma,*, by (1).

Hence the equation of motion of the particle is
a+
mi =
mg-T =
mg
-

mg. a
that is, *=- Sx.
Thus the particle executes S.H.M. of
a
period 2n. sinceis
the intensity. The amplitude of motion is 24.
Hence we
have (dx (a- z)
dt (2)
since dx
0 at x=2a
dt
and the
displacement
since at t=0,
x=0.
is x=
2a sin. (3)
The last
equation
string is not slack. gives the time at
any distance from B and the
Time from C to B is
(period)
Time from B to A is (4)
obtained by
Therefore putting x =a in (3).
a =
2a sin
When the giving t=
slack and the particle reaches A and
A is particle moves upwards moves up,
obtained by the string
putting under becomes
so thatgravity. The velocity at
x =
-a in (2), the
Hence the time 3ga velocity at A iss
t from A to the
particle is given by highest point reached
The
by the
greatest height attained
by the
a
2g , which is particle
less than 2a.
is
 TILINEAR 1OTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES
49

the particle will fall back before the

Hence
string gets extended
Her side
H e r

the
side of.
other of B. The motion of the
particle above A is entirely
in
under g r a v i t y .

the time taken by the particle in

Thus
and back to C is moving from C to the
point
highes

Examples III (A)

1The speed v of a particle moving along the axis ofx is
v2 =n (8bx -x -12b2). given by
Show that the motion is simple harmonic with its centre at
4h and amplitude 2b. Find also the time from x = 5b to x =6b.
2. If the displacement of a moving point at any time be given
byan equation of the form x =a cos kt + b sin kt, then show that the
S.H.M.
point executes a N. B.H. 2004 |
If() a = 3, b = 4, k = 2, (ii) a = 5, b = 12, k = 4, then
find the period, amplitude, maximum velocity and minimum
acceleration of motion in each case.
3. (a) A particle is moving with S.H.M. and while making an
olation from one position of rest to another, its distance from the
mddle point of its path at three consecutive seconds are observed to
DE 1 2 X3. Prove that the time of complete revolution is

2T Cos-1 1*I3
2x2
line has
)A particle moving with S.H.M. in a straight at times
of
s 1, V2 at distances x1, X2 from the centre path
ana t2 respectively. Show that the period of motion is

2 - a n d the amplitude of oscillation is xV2A.

-2
i from the centre at time (1 +t2),
De its velocity at distance
thenshow that 1 t*2=
1 +D2
S.H.M. in a straight line has velocities
D2, Dg resp executing
7particle
espectively at distances X1, x2, X3
from the c e n t r e of

Path
path. O
Show that (o-%) =0.
W that
(2-Ds2) +x2 (vs2 - vy2)+x,°
 50 ADVANCED ANAL YTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTIC
LE
4. In a S.H.M. of amplitude a and period T, prove that
v'dt 2 n a
T
If f be the acceleration at any instant, then show that

(fT +4no) is constant.

. . 5. If in a S.H.M., u, v, w be the velocities at distances a, b, c
from a fixed point on the straight line which is not the centre of force
then show that the period T is given by the equation
4T
T-c)(c-a)(a -b) = |u2 2 w [C. H. 2005]

6, A body is attached to one end of an inextensible string and

the other end moves in a vertical line with n complete oscillations
per second. Show that the string will not remain tight during the
motion unless n < where is the
a
amplitude of motion.
7. A point executing S.H.M. has velocities U and V and
accelerations a, p in two of its positions. Show that the distance
between the two V2-u2
positions is-a +B , V>U1.
8. Abody moving ina S.H.M. has an amplitude a and period T.
Show that the velocity v at a distance x from the mean position is
given by T2 47 (a -*)
If the velocity be
trebled when the distance from the mean
position a,is the period being unaltered, then find the new
amplitude.
9. () A
particle is executing S.H.M. of period T about a centre O
and it passes
through
Prove that the time P(OP y) with velocity v in the direction OP.
which elapses before it returns to P is
tan-1 21y
B. H. 2007
(b) A
horizontal
being T seconds. Proveshelf vertically with S.H.M., the period
moves
that the maximum
can have so that the amplitude in feet that it
objects on the shelf may always remain in contact
with it is given by
4TT
The downward acceleration
should not exceed g. ]
 ECTILINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES 51

a ld If a be the amplitude nd T be the period of a particle

10.(a) Ifa
n ing S.H.M. in a straight line, then show that the time taken by

from the centre of force issin1

enarticle to travel distance x
t h ep a r t i c l e
a

the velocity in that position is 2-?

and that [N. B. H. 2006; V. H. 2006]
sixth of
(b) Show that a particle executing S.H.M. requires one
period to move from the position of maximum displacement to
the
is half the amplitude.
one in
which the displacement
in a straight line about a centre of
11. A particle is oscillating distance x from 0, its acceleration is
the particle is at a
force O. When When
is a.
towards 0 and the amplitude of oscillation
nr directed receives a blow in the
3 from 0, the particle
at a distance a the velocity be
a velocity na. If
direction of motion which generates
then show that the
new amplitude
is av3.[B. H. 20131
away from 0,
OCP being attracted by
a
line
12.A particle m o v e s in straight
a
moves along OC
directed towards C whilst C
force mu. PC always of the particle in
here P is the position
with a constant accelerationf; O and the particle
was at

rest at the origin the

time t. If initially C was at then prove that
with a velocity V,
a distancec from O moving timet is
O at any
distance of the particle from
.
ccos sint
Tand
M. of amplitude
a and periodwhich
particle is moving in H
43A
S. a blow
rest is given
that it will arrive
instantaneous
a position of
n centre. Show -1 uT
u towards
the mean
T
parts a velocity
rest at time
less bytan 2na
as next position of
instantaneous

Show that it will continue

in
than not received the impulse.
t had uT2 )
S. H. M. of the same period but of amplitude
 52 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICI P

14.A particle of mass m executes S. H. M. in the line joining the

points A and B on the smooth table and is connected with these points
by elastic strings whose tensions in equilibrium are each T. Show

that the time of oscillation is 2TT,Ti

maa w h e r e a and a' are the

extensions of the strings beyond their natural lengths.

15.A particle of mass m is attached to a light wire which is stretched
tightly between two fixed points with a tension T. If a and b be the
distances of the particle from the two ends, then prove that the period

of a mab
small transverse oscillation of m is
"T(a +b)
DO L. () One end of an elastic string, whose modulus of elasticity is
A and whose unstretched length is a, is fixed to a point on a smooth
horizontal table and the other end is
tied. a
which is lying on the table. The particle is to particle
of mass m
the extension of the pulled to distance where
a
string isb and then let go. Show that the time of
complete oseillation is 27+ [C. H. 2002; V. H. 2003 ]
of
weightless elastic string, of natural length l and modulus
on
elasticity A, has two equal
particles of mass m at its ends and lies
a smooth horizontal table
particle just hanging over. Show perpendicular
that
to an edge
with one
over the other particle will
at the end of time t given by the pass
equation Scumea C1)
21 msin? YZml
g2. C. H. 1987 |
Ifx be the portion of the string hanging and
table, then y be the portion lying on the
the tension T in
the
motion of the two
string is a.
and the
particles are mx mg -T and
=
equations of

mj =-T.
Therefore m(* + j) =
mg 2T. Also x
-

Initially, x =0, y =l and i y. =

When the other particle will =0, y 0. =

pass over the table, then

17.If t and t2 be the y =0.J
different weights periods of the vertical oscillations of two
suspended
the statical extensions due by an elastic string and c and e
to these c2 D
weights, then prove that
8-=4T* (* -Cca) [VH. 1998 |
 LINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCESs 53

18.A
mass hangs from a fixed point by a light string and is
m
o small vertical displacement. If l be the length of the string
Sivena
system is iin equilibrium and n be the number of oscillations
nhen the system
Merond, then show that the natural length of the string is
[K. H. 2003 1
4m2
a light spiral spring and
hung on to
19.A mass of 1 pound is
Drod ces a static deflection of 1 inches. A mass of 1 pound
is
stiddenly added to the original mass. Find the maximum elongation
produced and show that the time of an oscillation of the whole mass
s approximately second.

w o bodies M and M' are attached to the lower end of an

M' falls
elasticstring whose upper end is fixed and are hung rest,
at
off.Show that the distance of M from the upper end of the string at

time tis a +b+ccos where a is the unstretched length of the

when
string, b and c are by which it would be extended
distances
SupportingMand M' respectively.B. H.SameV.a H. ENI)
1988; K. H. 1998 |
[ 1986;
that
1.A light elastic string whose natural length 2 feet.feet is such
is 4

aTorce of 6 pounds-weight will stretch it through One end of

is attached to the other.
e string is fixed and a mass of 4 pounds held so that the string
the string is vertical and the mass is
y that its subsequent
ust unstretched. The mass is let go. Prove
notion is harmonic and find the period.
when the string
f instead of the particle being held at a point down below its
unstretched and let go, the particle be pulled find the
brium position a distance of foot and then let go,
period of motion.
is fixed at A and is such that
ifawaghtelasticstring AB of lengthl
if a weight Wbe attached to B, the string will be stretched to a length
2.1f a weight Wbe attached to B and let fall from the level of A, then
prove t h eg
Prove distance through which it falls is 2,
that ensues is.
(7) the amplitude of the S. H. M. +T+2sin").
(tn)the period ofoscillationis ( 4 2
 YTICAL DYNAMICS.; PARTICLE
ADVANCED ANAL
54
from a light elastic string of
suspended
23.A m a s s of 4 pounds distance 2 feet.
One end of the strine
extends it a
of 2 pounds. The mass is
natural length 3 feet
other is attached to a mass
is fixed and the through 12 feet
and then let
below its equilibrium
position
pulled of
rest.
c o m e to the position

go. Find
the time it will take to and modulus
elastic string of natural length a
24.One end of a light O and the other ènd to a
is attached to a fixed point
of elasticity 2mg, rest at O, is allowed
of m a s s m. The particle,
initially held at the motion
particle extension of the string during
fall. Find the greatest
will reach O again after a time
to
and show that the particle
(T+2 tan2) 2a/s. [VH.1992]
25.A m a s s is suspended
from aceiling by a light string (elastic) of
the length of
natural length 1. When the
mass hangs in equilibrium, of
is started off from the position
string is (l +c). The
mass
the
vertical velocity v. If in the subsequent
equilibrium with downward show that v < cg.
motion the string n e v e r becomes slack, then
Answers
3.14 seconds; 5 units; 10 units;
20 units.
1. n/(3n). 2. i)
units.
(ii) 1.57 seconds; 13 units; 52 units; 208

8. a. 19. foot. 21. 2 2

seconds. 24. 2(1+ 5).
23.(+ 2sin3+v5)
3.8. Dynamical system.
A dynamical system consists of a set of possible states, having a rule
states. Thus the
that determines the present state in terms of past
state of a dynamical system changes with time. Mainly, there are
is
dynamical system, one for which the time variable
two types of
discrete and for the other it is continuous. Discrete dynamical systems
can bedescribed as the iteratión of a function like x+1 =
f(x;), where
are
denotes the state at time t. Continuous dynamical systems
dx
equation like X(x), where
usually represented by a differential
dt
x denotes the state of the system and takes values
in the state.
Thus f(x) = 3x is a simple discrete dynamical system, wner
denotes the population of bacteria in a laboratory culture ar
the states of t
f(x) denotes the population after one hour. Here with time unde
are population levels that change
dynamical system
the rule described by the difference equation xi+1 = f ( ) = 3*1

x, denoting the population at time t.

 CTILINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES
55
This rule expresses the fact that the population
triples every hour.
This is a simple mathematical model. Mathematical
ost how the real world behaves. Each model is a models
the purpose of a model is to capture some featurephysical
sugges
process
of the physical
nrocess, like the patterns ot points on an orbit. Sir Isaac Newton
brOught the idea of modelling the motion of physical systems with
equations.
A flow is a continuously differentiable function of t
satisfying some
restrictions. In ordinary autonomous differential equation, the time
variable t does not explicitly appear. For example, i = ux is an
autonomous differential equation, since t does not appear on the
hand side. The flow of an autonomous differential equationright is a
function of time t and initial value xo and it
represents the set of
solutions. The orbit or trajectory is to be oriented in the sense of
t.The set of all trajectories of a flow is called its increasing
phase portrait. A phase
portrait in two dimensions is called a phase plane and that in higher
dimensions is called a phase space. The dimension of the phase space is
the number of dependent variables. Analysis of phase planë was
developed by H. Pointcare. One concise method of describing all orbits
of a dynamical system is the phase portrait of the system. This is a
pichure on the real line of the orbits.

The phase portrait of the dynamical system =

r (u > 0) is

O
Fig. 3.8 (a)
ere the directions of solutions are away from the equilibrium point O.
here is no movement in equilibrium point.
(4 >0) 1s
he phase portrait of the dynamical system i =
-ux

Fig. 3.8 (b)

ere the directions of solutions are towards the equilibrium point .

3.9. Linear dynamical system

ne autonomous system = f(x), wherefis independent of t andf
is dt
a map R"-R", is called a linear dynamical system, if the map fbe
linear.Then it becomes of the form dxAx,
unear.
here Ais an nxn matrix with constant elements.
Forw-variable case of a linear plane autonomous system, n=2.
 55A ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTIC,
ICLE
Let us study the phase portraits of two dimensional autonome
nous
dynamical systems of the form
F(x, ) (1)
G(x, y).
dt (2)
The paths of (1) and (2) cover the entire phase
plane and do not
intersect one another. The points, where both F(x, y) and G(x, v)
vanish, are called critical points or fixed points or singular points or
equilibrium points of the autonomous system. If (x0, yo) be such a point,
that is, if F(x0, yo) =0 and G(x0, yo) =0, then the
unique solutionis
X
=X0 and y =
yo
A criticalpoint (x0, yo) of the system is said to be isolated, if there
exists a circle with (x0, yo) as centre such that there areno other critical
points of the system except (xo, yo) within this circle.
Let us consider the linear
plane autonomous system
dx
41X +b1y,
dt
dy_
dt a2X+bay,
where a, a2, b1, b2 are real constants.
This can be written in the matrix form

where = =and
dt A =[a
2
We assume IAl»|a1 b|#0,
b2
so that (0,0) is the only critical
point:
b2
The characteristic equation of A is
4- =0
a2 b-a
A- (a1 +b2)^+(41b2
or, (3)
-a2b1) =0.
Let A1 and A2 be the roots of the
equation (3). Then the eigen
of A are à1 and A2 . The nature of the critical point is determined value
by ue
nature of the eigen values A and a2.
 ILINEAR MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES 55B

12, and 2 be real, distinct and of the same sign (or if A1 and A2
sl and equal), then it is a node. The node will be stable or unstable
ereal.
and A2 are both negative or both positive.
cording as h

Stable node Unstable node

Fig. 3.9(a) Fig. 3.9(b)
If Ay and 2 be real, distinct and of opposite signs, then it is a saddle
point.

Saddie point
Fig. 3.9(c)
and A be conjugate complexbut not purely imaginary, then it
spral point or a focal point. The spiral point is stable or unstable
according as the real part is negative or positive.

Stable spiral point Unstable spiral point

If
Fig.3.9(d) Fig. 3.9(e)
A and A2 be purely imaginary, then it is a centre or a vortex.

Centre
Fig. 3.9()
 66 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE

3.10. Hann~nic oscillator.

There are 01 any physical exan1ples of dynan1i~al system of ~requent
occurrence such as the sin1ple pendulun1 executing sn1a~l oscillations.
Many problen1s of such oscillation ~an ~e grouped into a single
mathen1atical n1odel called the hannonzc oscillator. .
This model consists of a particle which n1oves in a straight line
whi~h- is norn1ally taken as the x-axis. The particle is attracte<ttewards
a point ~n the straight line by a controlli~g force which ~aries as the
distance. Thus, if m be the n1ass of the particle, the controlling f-0rce-can_-
be put as (- mn 2x), where n is a constant.
The equation of motion then becomes x· + n 2x = 0.
We have seen that___the general solution of this equation may be
written as x = a cos (ni + £) .
_" We haye seen that x covers the range (- a, a) and the n1otion is
· ~pe~iodic with periodic time ~ , the number of oscillations per unit

time ~ein~ : , while the expression (nt + £) represents the phase.

2
_ :3.11. Effect of a disturbing force.
Case I. -Effect of a constant disturbing force.
Let us now suppose that in addition to the controlling force there
acfs. ?n t~e h~rmonic oscillator a force whose component in the
positive dtrectionof the x-axis is X per unit mass.
Then the modified equation of motion becomes
x· = - n 2x+ X, ... (1)
that is, x· = - n 2 ( X - ~ )
. n2
/ d 2( X
or, . dt i . x - n i ) = - n 2 { x - n~ ) .
The genera] solution, of this equation is
x = a cos (nt + £) + X . ... (2)
n2
This n1otion is sin1pJe harm · b .
· onic ut the centre of oscillation IS
d ispJaced to the position x = X
rz"! as IS• observed by writing (2) in the
form X
x- n 2 = a cos (nt + E) . ... (3)
BI!cf1LINEAR MOTION UNDER CLHH'-'U, l'Vfl\.,£,f , o: 1

~
. exhibits an oscillation of arbitrary amplitude about the new
ThlS X . 21t
. .brium position x = -. -2 , but the period - remaim- the same as
equ111 n n
. the undisturbed simple harmonic motion.
was in
When the oscillation or vibration has a high frequency, that is,
when 11 is large, the displacen1ent of its centre is small.
case II. Effect of a periodic disturbing force.
Let us consider the case when the disturbing force Xis itself simple

-
harmonic (that is, periodic) varying according to the formula
X = k cos pt, per unit mass,
_ ___
, -

where k and pare constants.

The equation of motion then takes the form
•• 2 ' -.
mx = ;::--mn x + km cos pt
or, x' = - n 2x + k cos pt (1)
or, x' + n 2x = k cos pt.
The complementary function is given by
- A cos nt + B si:{l nt = a cos (nt + E) ,
by suitable choice of A and B,
and the particular integral is given by
1 2 d2
D 2 + n 2 k cos pt, where _D stands for dt1

k
= 2 cos pt.
n - p2
th us, in the general case, when p * n, the solution is
x = a cos (nt + E) + k cos pt, .. . (2)
2 2
n - p
Where a d
conct · . an E are constants to be determined frorn the initial
•hons.
T~us we ·see that the motion is a super position of
2
a (z~ an undisturbed simple harmonic motion of period 1t and of
tnphtude a which depends on the initial conditions, and n
(ii) a seco d • 21t ,., k
n motion of period - and of amplitude - -- which
:s not d . p 11 2 - p 2
epend on the initial conditions.
58 ADVANC ED ANALYT ICAL DYNAMI CS : PARTJC(.JJ

, oscillation ··while the-latte r is, called

. ca 11 e d the ; free
Th e former 1s · the
forced oscillation . . ..
The latter motic,n has the similar period as th~ controlh ng fo rce an
an amp I.1tud e w h 1'ch becomes large when
• b · differenc
the f be between th
· d f th e free oscillator and the d1stur mg orce ecomesd srna11
per10 s o f h ·11 t.
. The great increase in the an1plitud e o t e osc1 a 10ns un er th
condition stated earlier is called resonance.
In case p = n, the equation (1) no longer has a solution of the forrn
C cos pt .
We Jnay: however assume a solution of (1) in the form
x = Ct sin pt
which, on substitut ion in (1 ), yields
C(- p t sin pt +
2
=-
2p cos pt) n 2Ct sin pt + k cos pt I ' -

so that when p = n, we have C = -k

. 2p
.--
Th us the fo-rced oscillation, in this case,is represen ted oy ·
•k
x = - . t sin pt.
2p
It is evident that, in this case, the an1plitud e of the forced oscillation
increases conhnuo usly with tin1e.
The general solution in this case is given by
x = a cos (nt + E) + _!_ . t sin pt .
2p
3.12. Daqiped oscillati on.
Let us now consider the case when,. in addition to the controlling
force, a .force of resistanc e proportio nal . to the velocity acts· o n the
partide of a harmonic oscillator. Such a force is called a dampingforce.
The con~pone nt of this force. in the positive direction of the x-ax is may
be written as (- 2mµx), whereµ is a positive constant .
The modified equation of motion can be put as
mx' = - mn 2x - 2mµi,
that is, x·+ 2µi + n 2x = O. ( l}
Let the·roots of the auxiliary ~quation of (1) be m 1 and m2 • Then

. m1 , m2 = - µ ± ✓µ i - ni .
 """1TJNEAfl MOTION .UNDER CE NT
RA L FORCES 69
}lEf.iJ.W
-~

~o;ht
two cases arise :
d~ pin g (µ ~ n) , (ii) hea vy da mp ing
(µ > n) .
~ /. Light damping (µ < n) . ·
In this case, m1 , m2 = - µ ± i· ✓ n 2 - 2
µ .
NoW the solution of (1) can be wr itte
n as
x == e-v-t (A cos ✓n 2 - µ-2 t + B sin ✓..--n-2 -
- µ-2 t) (2)
== ae-v-t cos (✓n 2 - µ 2 t + £),
here a and E are con sta nts to be
det erm ine d fro m the initial
wnditions. This is no t a sim ple har mo
nic mo tio n, no t bei ng in pro pe r
~~nn. The factor e- µt ind ica tes tha t
the re is a gen era l dec ay of
oscillation,xtending to zer o.a s t ten ds
to infinity. Th e per iod of mo tio n
is however ✓ ?1r,
n - µ 2 µ me asu res the _da mp ing
,
. Su ch a mo tio n with--
decreasipg amplitude is called a dam
-
ped oscillation an d e,1,11 'is the
damping coeffici ent.
/
If µ be small, (2) rep res ent s a S.
H . M. w ith slo wl y dec rea sin g
.lmplitude.
Case II. Heavy damping(µ> n) .
In this case, we have m , m = - µ ±
1 2 ✓µ 2 - n 2
and hence the general sol uti on is

We have

x== e- A (✓ µ 2 _ n 2 _ µ) e~ 1 _ B (✓ µ
µi {
2 _ n 2 + µ) e- ~ 1 } •
The motion is non-oscillatory or deadbe
at.
We see that · x -t O as t ➔ oo, for µ
> n.
eq If, _in particular, µ = n, the n the roo
uation a ts m1 and m2 of the aux ilia ry
l'
re equa and the sol uti on bec om es
This m0 t· . x =( A+ Bt) e-iu.
.
ton 1s also non ·
-oscillatory.
In. th'ts cas
e, x ➔ 0 as t ➔ oo
3.13
L ·
D
amped forced oscillation.
.
·fon : .us now sup pos e tha t the
0 har mo nic oscillator is subject to the
ing forces: ·
(i) a co t l .
n ro hng force. (- mn 2x) ,
60 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICL/i; I
'
(ii) a damping force (- 2mµi) ,
(iii) '1 disturbing force (mk cos pt) •
Then the equat-ion of motion of the particle of mass m is
x·+ 2µ.i + n 2x = k cos_pt. . . . (1)

The general solution is x = X1 + X2 ,

where x1 satisfies the -eq~ation

. .x·1 + 2µ.x1 + n 2x1;: 0 . . . (2)

:~d contains two·arbitrary constants .

~ a~~-is any particular solution of the equation
'"-""'-----
.x· 2 + 2µ.x2+
n 2x2 = ki.os pt. (3)
The roots of.the auxiliary equation of (2) are

m1 I m2. = · _ µ -+ ,:__..V,µ
.
2_ n2 •

Tl'.}us x1 corresponds to,the m.otion of the damped oscillator without

the disturbing force.
, -[There will arise two cases, as before, . .
_- (i) light damping µ < n, (ii) heavy damping µ > n,]
/ . . • '

· · For the case n > µ, we have

. X1=ae-µ1cos(✓n 2 -µ 2 t+£). (4)
by To determine xi, we find the p~rticular integ1_:al_QJ. (3) which is given
1 -~ - d
x2= D 2 - kcos pt, .
whereD= -d
. + 20 . µ+ ~2 .· - . t
--D 2 - 2Dµ+
= k----..._ ____n 2 . cos pt
(D 2 + n 2) 2 - 4µ 2D 2

; · k (n 2
p 2) cos pt+. 2µp sin pt
-
· (n l _ p 2) 2 +. 4µ 2p 2
k : . ~ -
= ✓(n 2_ p 2) 2 + 4µ ~ :z · cos (pt- £ 1), where tan E1 == n2 _ p2

Hence the general solution is

x = ae - ·"' cos (✓,_n_2___ µ_2 t + ' £) .
. + . k . (S)
✓en 2 - p 2)2 + 4µ 2p 2 cos (pt - £1) .

• •
~,,,c'fILINEAB, MOTION UNDER CENTRAL FORCES 61
Rf)
~
1

otion is thus the resultant of two oscillations. The first term

fhe _nies the free oscillation while the second tenn gives the forced
f (5) gtV
o . n
·tlattO · · tends to the
·
osci As t oo, x1 ➔ 0: Th.us, af ter a Io_n g_time.,
4 the motion
d oscillation which 1s a S. H. M. of amplitude
force k
✓(n 2 _ p ·2) 2 + 4µ 2p 2

anti period equal to that of the disturbing force but there is difference
f phase_~, .,, ·.·
O -- ~-
Ifthepefiod of the disturbing force be equal to the free period of the
gscillator, that is, if rt= p, then we have the case of resonance.

3.14. Illustrative Examples.

Ex ·1. Determine the nature of the critical point of the system
-dx
dt =-y,
dy =-5x+2y.
dt
Draw .the phase portrait of t~e system.
Also,jind the general solution of the system.
-The matrix form of the linear dynamical system·is

So the characteristic equation is · - -A

-5 2-A
I
1 =O,

· h are
that is' I\.'l 2 -2A + 5;::: 0 and · the eigen values ·are A= 1 ± 2 ,,· w h tc
colljugate complex with Re A> 0 .
. li~c~ the critical point is an· unstable spiral point and the .phase
l>Ortra1t lS Fig. 3.9(e). .
The general solution of ·the system is given by
x = et (Acos2t + Bsin2t},
wh~i:e C:.:: . y=et(Ccos2t+ Dsin2t),
· A+2B and D:::B - 2A .

I
- ;
PA. RTICL/i. ..
A M I C S :
C A L D Y N·
·. .N A L Y :",,'', tor as .
',;.:
ts o f a damped oscilla
_ _ },the crtltc .. al p.oin .
_ _ _
_ s Ihe nalu _ f
6:2:_E_
x 2. Dis. cus
re :o
n 2 x . , 0, µ > 0.
x +
d2x +2µ d
equation
giv~n ,by tj,e dt2 -~ di
ous system
,v a 1e n t to the autonom
qm
uation is e . .·
Th e given eq
dx _,.-,v
--
· at 1 I

y , µ>O.
qdyi =r--n x - 2 µ
2

al p o i n t

I~:}· ._ I
o nly critic
is the
Here (0, 0)
µ 1_ A = 0
?' is
h a r a c te r is tic equa t i
The c 2
2 2
= 0, givin
g ~ = - µ ± Jµ 2 - n 2
+2µ/\.+n r
or, A '
le n o d e f o
p o i n t is a s
_ ta b µ>n>O,
itica l
Thus the cr n o d e for
an unstable µ < - n <O,
r
t a b le s p ir al p o i n t f o D < µ <0n.
as µ<
J p o i n t f or - n <
piril
aondde . a
·· n u n s ta b le s
n , it is a n
In case µ = .
2 . .
_ = - J !i x + 2µ!f)_ g u J a r point.
Here !!}/ (0, 0) JS th i
e s m . .
a n d . lled
dx
y
g w h e n µ < n th lg u la r p o m t 1s ca d
ght d a m p in h · ' s 5ll · is i s calle
In case o f li d · f eavy dampin g wh e n µ > n , th
int an in case o ·
the focal po
oint.
the rwda/ p .
acceJeratton
A p t.I a str. · h /' n d e r a n
e moves zn
Ex . 3. U
2
ar zc d . _ 'lllg t ~ne
With an a dditional
a fixe e .~nd e
e) towa rds 01
i n the lin ce a from th
n x (distanc os pt. The 'llrticJ! n t from rest ~ t a distan at iiny time. ·
l c rts
aceele,afion e, d i s t a n c e ; the a:!ac/e from the fixed poin
t
th z
centre._Find e cease W.hen n = p·. P
InVeWSfze ghaa1veethth e q~a tion o f Inotion
n i..,. l
x === -
.... L+ cos pt
O r, ..
x + n 2,_
cos p t _
"" ===
r . EAR 1,IOTION UNDE R CENT RAL FORC ES
ecr1 LLr~ !l.~; :_;~ ----- -- -- - - - - -
63

fl .. · equatio n of this differe ntial equatio n is

11,e auxihal')' 2
11• m 2 + n = 0,
me that x = m~ 0
c,e mt ,
"hetl we assu .. 2 0
' . f the equatio n x + n x = .
. solution o
JS a .
Thus· ,n == ± in.
· plementary functio n is A cos (nt + E)
Thecom .
and t1teparticular integra l is given by
' 1 · d
- - - L cos pt, where D = -
2
D + n. 2
dt
_ Lcospt
- n_2.._ p2
Hence the complete solutio n·is
. L cos pt
x = A cos (nt + E) + 2 .. . (1)
n - P2
Now,when ·. t = 0, x = a and -dx = 0 •
dt .
i:>ifferentiating (1) with respect tot, w ~·ge!
. · . Lpsin pt
x = - ·An sin (nt + E) - ·, .
n 2_ p2
From (1), (2) and (3), we have
a = A cos E + L and A sin E = (r. .L
n 2- p 2

Hence 'E = 0 and A = a - L

Thus (1) becomes n 2- p 2 •

X= (a- L )cos nt+ . · L . · cos pt. ·

n 2 -p2 . (4).

in:~r~ n2-p2
n, eq~tio~ ~-(1) and ( 4) do ·rtot·hold. in such a case, the particu lar
e equation 1s
h· L · . 1 Lt .
D2 > cos pt= L - - - cosnt= -sin nt.
Thus .+ n 2. D 2+ n 2 2n
the general SOl\ltion,in this case,becomes
x = A cos (nt + E) + l:._ t sin nt. ... (5)
Now ·· 2n
x= - An sin (nt + E) + L sin nt + L . t cos nt.
2n 2
 NCED AN AL YT IC AL D YN AM ICS : PARTJcl ~;
ADVA t'!
64 ~ .
The initia l co nd ition s ar e

at t= o, x = a an d x==·; ~-
:\

s£ = a;
This gives A si n£ = 0, A co
. . = O an d A = a.
-· Hence x = a co s ttt + 2Ln . t sin nt.
c.

is .ca se be co m es
Therefore the solution in th

ci lla tio n in cr ea se s w ith

t.
forced _os
Thus the ah1plitude of the
ha ng s at r~ s/ at t~ e :~d
_of an elfl:stic string £¥se,
~ Ex. 4. A ·pa
1
·
rticle
po sitio n of eq uz lzb rzum, the length of thl/ tr f;;
. unstretched length i~_ a. In the
e zero, whEi'
21t is the time of an oscillation about this position. At tim . ·-.
is band n
.
, the po in t of su sp en sio n begins to move so that -
the particle is in equilibrium c sin pt ft~
. Show that the length -o,,,,,..
lacem en t at tim e t is
_its ~ownw_ard d~sp · ·
string at tz~e t;iS cp 2
cnp . . · . si n pt.
b- 2 si n nt +
. n -p
2 n 2 -p 2
n sh ow tha t the len gt h ~f the strzng at time ti s
If P = n, the
b- ! c sin · nt - 1 net cos· nt:'
2 2
po sit io n, we ha ve
For the static eq ui lib riu m
mg= 'A .~ .
a

Therefore A= mag . . . . (1)

. b- a
.· .
Eq ua tio n of mo tio n in th e first ca se is
.

mx ::: · · - T :=: . mg - 'A. b + x -

mg
a
a

=== mg - A.(b - a) AX
a - -
a
- -~
- mg '
b- ax , by {1)
so tha t x·===. - :-g-c -x
b- a
t· 2
The p e rio d of thi s os cil) a ion is ~
n ' W he re ·11 2 == g '
b- a.
 I
EAR MOTION I

,¢! :}.VDER CENT RAL FORCES

. I

66
d (:ase, the displa cemen t being (c sin pt+ . b + x) we have th
th€ 5econ , ~" e
In. of rnotion .
equa11on .
d2 ' c sin pf+ b + x) = mg - T = - bmg x = .:_ mn 2x; as before
m~\ . -a ·
dt
- cp 'i. SU\
· pt + X· ·
= - n 2X .
so (hat

Hence x· + n 2.x = cp 2 sin pt.

Thegeneral solution of this equati on is
2
·x= A cos nt+ B sin nt+ cp sin pt.
n 2- p2 .

----"Now initially when t = 0, x = 0 and A (x + c sin pt)= 0,

dx dt .
that is, -= - pc cos pt.
dt
Using these values, ·we hav.e

x= pc (p sin pt - n sin nt) .

n 2- p2
Hence the total length _is
cnp cp 2 ,
b+ x = b ....& sin nt + sin pt.
2
n .-p 2 n 2 -p 2
lf, in part'1cul .
ar, n = p, as in Ex. 3 earlier , then we ha".'e

x = C1 cos nt + C2 sin nt - .!2 cnt cos nt

1 '
nt- -1 cnt cos nt
lu '
rvtth the . -
-:- - 2 c sm
above in• 2
lien itia1 conct1hons
ce the le . . .
ngfh at time t is

b+ x- b
- - -21 c sm
.
nt - -21 net cos nt .

l. p· Examples III (B)

%~ ltl.dthe . ' .
• 1)\: eigenvalues and eigenv ectors of the linear dynamical
. d.x . d .
h . u · dt::: 2x +:y, -1l = 3x + 4y.
~\)lt\t ~ ~.n.ce fin
·Draw a pi! dt
se portra it of the system .
,. .. .
the general solution. State the nature .of the cnhc..al
 A L Y T IC A L D Y N A M IC S : P · Rr1cl
. yAflCED A N 'J1
.
AD . ~
65A .
- ,, Show that t h e e
\
quilibri u m p o in t o f th
.
e h
d l = x + y is a sa d d le p o in t a n t a
n e a r d y n a m ic a1syst
d h t o ft-h e 8 8
e~
Y tell)
•
'-dx _ 3
- =x+3y, dt
e.
~ = s x -3 y is a centr
dt
tl.K
- = 3 X - 2y, dt
sp ri n g is given by
I

dt w er e n d o f a
lo
_ The motio . ofa w ei gh t at th e
3. n
-dx _ t.
uation d ix 8 - + 25 x - co s
the eq -+ ·
df 2 dt
t th e _p ar t w h ic h g iv es a- steady
d p o in t o u .
Solve th e equation an th e an 1 p h tu d e o f th e st ea d y mot ion
Find al so
•motion when ti s large. ori -of
a si m p le h ar m o n ic os ci~
4. A particle is
executing -= -- - 3

7. If a sm al l d is tu rb in g fo rce ~ -:g ~~
amplitude a, under an
induced (the amplitude
is, to a first approxim
attrac~ion
being
ation, decr
u n
ea
ch
se
an
d
g
in
ed
th
),
e
· th
ra
en
ti o
sh o w th at Jhep~119d.
/ ·;. / I
f C H 2006 I
(1 - ¾,; ) :L
line
is ex ec u ti n g a S .H.M. in a st ra ig ht 1;.,
un!· {a) A particle ofm
ua
er a force eqhi hl to
mass
2 (d.
n x
m
zs tanc e) to w ar d s
w,e
a fi xe d p o in t in thdeb a
in a medium te rr u p te Y
w cos t Ifa~ es15
c of fers ·
t~ c e mn x (velocity) in e eq ua l to one
periodic force mg e pe rind of free vt b ra
ti on b
the fo rc :d · . at
half of that of ation, th en sh o w th
vibr [ T H. 2009 ]
3n2 == 16 p2 . a.n
(b) A . .
M . 1· . nder ed
in g a S H t m e u
accele ration ~f rlt
ut
(cdl~ IS exec. If a ig h
istan ce ) . ·. ·, •m a st ra co s p t be in tr1odti11uc .
and the . x_
pe ri od tc fo rc e m k 1e :i,
d
time per1<>c1 of for ce v1br r b ec om es in cr ea se d 2 2
a io n
then show that 25 2 4n 2
P == JJ
A su:n le . Jllil /
.6 . (a) 5
· P - pendul urn of le n th I 1. t)1'
an gl e 0 in a n d.
ch th e g
· . s os ci ll at in g th ro u gh ii Lit
ve lo ci ty . Show'~~~
rn in _Whi tional to
stan~e is p ro p or ca n be p
re nt i I re s1
n of the m ot io n
the d1 ffe
. a eq ua tio
cl 28
as .
dit+ 2k~+ ~ -
dt I - 0. ·)·
Sh ow fu rt·he r th at th 1ot1'
· ct
e ~ rio- of osci U · (isochror.
a ti on is co ns ta n t
 L FO RC ES 65 g,
NEAR MOTION UN DE R CE NT RA
p;cfJLI
y- ·11 t .
(b) If a pe nd ulu m osc1 . a es ma me
d'tu ~ th.e res ist anc e of which
t1ons are isoc hro no us .
, h. velocity, then sho w tha t the osc 1lla
. s a!; t e . . .. . g
v~ne
0 + µ0 = - / 0 .
[ Here le'== _ g sin 0 - µ10, tha t IS,

r ✓f- ~ t+ E).]
2

~ence 9= Ae COS (

a force mn x to a fixed point

2
_A particle of n1ass m_ is ~cted on by
when at a distance fro?1 It a~~ also_ br
7
X a force 2nzP cos _2nt in the ine j

1s at rest at tht pomt. Prove that

1t
. 1. ing it to the fixed pomt. In1hally,
seq uen t mo tio n, its gre ate st dis pla cem en t on one side of the
\~ ;he sub
3P . 4P
an d on the oth er sid e - •
fixed point is ':i::-
~
1 3n 2
.
elastic str ing of negligible
s. A particle is sus pe nd ed at the en d of an
At tim e t = 0, wh en the par tic le is in equ ilib riu m, the po int of
mass.
sion beg ins to mo ve so tha t its do wn wa rd dis pla cem ent at_tim e
suspen
sin pt, a bei ng a con sta nt. If T1 an d T2 be the per iod s of the free
tis a
ed osc illa tio ns res pec tiv ely , thE .n sho-.:,,v tha t the con trib uti on of
and forc
the for.ced oscillation to the ver tic
al dis pla cem en t is
T2 2 . pt.
r K. H. 2008 J
T a sin
T2 2 - 1 2

An sw er s
1. l,5; [
Ci· 11, C[1]; x
2 = Ae t + Be 5t, y = 3be 5t -A et;

-1J 3
unstable nod e; Fig. 3.9(b).
.
3. x--e - 4t ( Ac 3
os t+ B
·
sm 3t) + BO
1
(3 ·cos t+ sin t),

1
sin t) I• '11D
80 (3 cos t+ BO .
 WORK,
POWER AND
ENERO
4L o.
4.1. Work. moves by the application
force. The work done bya if a body
constant
work, force is equal to the prodne direction
force is said to do product of
A
application in the directi
of its point of
force and the
displacement work when the
work
is said to do negative
The force
line as the force
but in the opnoc
of the force.
is inthesame straight posite
displacement
direction. Thus
x measured
in the same directioni
W work done =
Fx, (F and h
of the point of application acted on
if x be the displacement
a force F, in the
same line as F.
B

A N F
Fig. 4.1
f the displacement takes place along a straight line which s
inclined at an
angle 0 to the line of action of the force, then work
W
by the force F is equal to the done
product of the force
part of the
displacement x in the direction of the force.andThus the resOlveu
W= F.AN =F.x
which is same cos 6 x. F cos 8,
the
part of the force in
as the
product of the displacement
the direction ent and the resolved
In particular, if = of the reso
4.2. Units 0, then W Fxdisplacement.
of work. and if 66== 90,
90, W=
W= 0.
The
absolute unit of
placing its work is the work
direction of the point of done by anabsolute unit offorce
foot
force. application through absolute
a unit distance in the
unit distas
i1s poundal, ute unit
point of which is the workof work
(Foot-Pound-Second
work done by a foforce
application through em) is a

of one oundalsysin movir

ink
one foot
in the pour
dire on of the force
 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY 67

The practical unit of work in the British system is the foot-pound,

uhich is the work done in raising a mass of one pournd vertically through

a height of one foot.

Now, since weight of one pound is g poundals,
onefoot-pound = gfot-poundals.
f therefore

In the French system (Centimetre-Gramme-Second system), the

absolute unit of work is an erg, which is the work done by a force of one
dyne in moving its point of application through orne centimetre in the
direction of the force.
The practical unit of work in the French system is the
qramme-centimetre, which is the work done in raising one gramme
vertically upwards through a height of one centimetre.
Now the weight of one gramme is g dynes.
Therefore one gramme-centimetre = g ergs.
In the Metre-Kilogramme-Second system, the unit of work is called
one Joule, which is equivalent to 10' ergs. This is the amount of work
done whena force of one newton acting on a body displaces its point of
application by one metre in its own direction.
4.3. Work done by a variable force.
Suppose the force, instead of being constant, is a variable one and acts
along the positive direction of the x-axis. Let the magnitude of the force
be F,a function ofx, at a distance x from the origin. The small amournt of
work 8W is done by the force F, when the particle moves through a small
distance &x along the x-axis. Then 8W= F. &x, assuming F to remain
constant throughout the displacement öx.
Hence the total work done Wby the variable force F when the particle
moves fromx= a to x=b is given by

W= Fdx.
Note. If the particle moves along a smooth plane curve, then the tangential
component of the acting force causes the displacement along the curve
44. Work done in stretching an elastic string.
Let a string of natural length I be fixed at one end and stretched by

d
ling it at the other end. If the string be stretched to a length ((+ ), so
X IS the extension, then the tension T of the string is given by

T
accordin to Hooke's law, Abeing the modulus of elasticity.
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTICLR
68

the string at any instant is alwavs

The force applied in stretching
the string at that ins tant. If the string be
equal to the tension of the tension, then the small
stretched further an amount öx against
by
amount of work done is given by
8W T.x= a.ôx.
Hence the total work done W in stretching the string from its
natural lengthI to a length (l+ x) is given by

W=J1dr= tx*
Thus the work done in stretching an elastic string varies directly as the
square of its extension.

Now W= work done for anextension x=

and W =work done for an extension x, = #x,2.

Hence the work done in increasing the extension from 1 to x2

is
W,-W= - x9=4453.-
2
x)

-
=
(mean of the initial and final tensions)
x (the extension
4.5. Power.
produced).
The rate at which work is done
is called rower. It is the amount ot
work that an
agent (a man, machine, etc.) is
a
per unit time. If a force F acts on capable of performin8
straight line, then the power is Fo. particle moving with velocity v in a
a

It is
usually measured in
gramme-centimetre per second. foot-pound
per second
per second or
In the
British
550 foot-pounds persystem,
if an engine
does work at the rate
(HP.). second, then it is said to possess one
horse-po
Inthe French system, if an
( that is, 10
ergs) per second, engine does work at the rate of i
then it is said to
ule
possess one wurs.
 POWER AND ENERGY 69
wORK,

I the Metre-Kilogramme-Second system, the absolute unit of

r i s watt, which is equal to the work of one Joule per second.
pon
We have 10" watts
= 1 kilowatt (K.W.).
One horse-power is equivalent to about 745 watts.

Tf an engine moving with a velocity of V feet per second exerts a

or Rpounds in the direction in which it moves, then the rate of work
done, that is, work done in one second, is RV foot-pounds.

Hence the horse-power of the engine H=A

550
or, the force R= pounds-weight.

4.6. Energy.
Energy of a body is defined to be its capacity for doing work. Of the
different kinds of energy such as mechanical energy, heat energy,
electrical energy, etc., mechanical energy is caused by virtue of the
position or motion of the body.

() Kinetic energy of a body is the capacity of its doing workby virtue

of its motion and is measured by the amount of work that the
impressed force will do in bringing the body to rest.

Fig. 4.6
of move alor, straight line OX and let its
LET a particle mass m a

velocity be Vat A, (OA =a).

Let the particle be brought to rest at B, (OB = b),by the application
a Variable force in the line of motion of the particle.
Let at any point P, (OP ) , the magnitude of the force be F and
=

ne
velocity of the particle be v. Then
F= - m v do
d
diminishes with the increase in x.
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS DA
70 PARTICL
the force for an additional movemo.
The work done by nent of th
ôx is F.ôx.
particle through
Hence the total work
done by the force till the particle cor es to res
at A is
at B from the position

Fdx= d dx dx= mv dv=mV?,

a

Thus the kinetic energy of a particle of mass m moving with the

velocity V at any instant is given by the expression mV (measurej

in absolute units).
Now change in kinetic energy per unit of space is

m V = mv = mx acceleration = force.
dx
If the forces do not act in the line of motion of the particle, then the
particle moves along a plane curve. Let the lengths of the ares be
measured from a fixed point O of the curve such that the lengths of the
arcs are a, b and s when the velocity of the particle is V, when the
particle is reduced to rest and when the particle has velocity v
respectively.
Let F, be the sum of the components of the forces
along the tangent
to the curve at P. Then F,= - -

mo ds
The small amount of work done by the force F, as the particle moves
through a distance õs along the arcs is , os .

Therefore
to rest is
the total work done
by the forces in bringing the paruticle

Fds - J moa ds= - mv dv = m V.

ds
the acting force be constant, then the rate of change
energy iss
o kinetic
ange of

my 4U ds
4s dtF d s
dt
since mv force = F
as
rate of work
done
Thus the rate Power.
of change of
kinetic energy
p o u e r

ergy ofa particle is equal to its po

ofa particie.
 POWER AND ENERGY 71
ORK,

Again, if during the motion of a particle its velocity changes from

to Vin changing its position from a point A (ata distance a) to a point
c (at a distance c), then the total work done by the impressed forces,
the displacement being in the direction of the resultant force F, is
V

Fds mds
as
mv do
- mvm
Thus the change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done by the forces
acting on the particle.
Note. The theorem is known as the principle of conservation of work and
energy
(it) Potential energy of a body is its capacity for doing work by virtue
of its position and is measured by the amount of work that the forces
acting on the body will do when the body moves from its present
position to some standard position.

If a body of mass m placed at a height h above the ground be

allowed to fall, then the amount of work done will be mgh in coming
trom its present
position to the ground, which is its standard position.
Thus mgh is the potential energy of the body at a height h.
A bent spring, compressed air are examples of bodies having
Poential energy, the first does work in recovering its natural length
and the second
does work to regain its volume at atmospheric
pressure.
4.7. Conservative forces.
a particle of mass m ascends a height h from the ground and then
COmes back to the ground again, then the total work done by gravity is
mgh) + mgh, which is zero.
digain
distar consider the case of a body which is dragged through a
WCe X against a constant frictional force F. The work done is Fx.
When the particle is
path, the amount brought back to its initial position
dothe
on the
amount of work which is to be done is Fx. Thus the total work
same
done in bringing
to Zer the body to its
zero as innging
zer original position is 2Fx and not equal
ononthe the case cited above. In this
the path followed case, the work done depends
by the body.
 ANALYTICAL AMICS:: PARTICl
DYNAMICS PA

ADVANCED

72 betwe.
essential
difference
etween the two
is an
that there is done.
we see work
Thus which
against independ.
done is independ
done
of forces which the
work t of
types in systemofetof
former type nservative system offorc
Forces of
the are
called
conservative

the particle
followed by
thepath of energy.
Conservation
4.8.
cases
the kineti
in which w e find the kinetic and
consider the following
Let us in motion at any of its positionc
s.
of the particle
potential energies

h -x

Fig. 4.8()
Consider a particle of mass m
above the earth's surface. When
falling under gravity from a height h
allowed to fall freely through a
distance x, it acquires a
velocity
of amount V2gx .

The kinetic
energy of the particle at this position is
1
m (2gx)'= mgx
and its
potential energy at that
position is
mg r-x)
so that the
sum of the mgh- mgx,=

position is kinetic energy and the at that

potential energ
mgx+
independent of themgh-
This is mgx = mgh.
constant. distance
aistance fallen and hence the sum is
fallen and hen
Consider the
a
length x of anext
smooth
case of a
particle of
inclined plane of mass m which slides through
This case whict
will be dealt
in inclination ohth
lination c and heighth.
details in later
in aa
chapte chapte
 WER AND ENERGY
73
WORK, P O w

a length x, it acquires a velocity v

slides through
she particle
As the

givenby
),
v 2g sina.x=2g(h-
of the particle at that position.
lis the height
here

Fig. 4.8(6)

m. 2g (h-
is )= mgh- mgl.
energy there
Hence the kinetic
of the body at a heightl mgl.
is
Now the potential energy theof its sum
slides through a distance x,
Hence when the particle
is
kinetic energy and potential energy
mgh- mgl+ mgl= mgh,
which the particle
of the distance x through
which is independent the potential energy
the kinetic energy and
slides and hence the sum of
is constant at any position of the particle.
at the top
whole of the potential energy
In the earlier two cases, the
IS converted into kinetic energy
at the bottom.

mg

Fig. 4.8(c)
the coefticient of
plane be rough
thebeing instead of being smooth,
Cuon 4, we have the reaction of the plane

R= mg cos a
cos .
onat the frictional force up the plane is mg u
 DA
NAMICS: PARTICL
DYNAMICS
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL
74
slides through a
distanae x along the plane, we
Now if the particle
have the velocity v given by
p cos a) x,
v2 2g (sin a -
acceleration down the plane is
since the
o - H cos a).
8 (sin
is
Hence the kinetic energy
mv2= mg (sin a - H COS ) X = mgh- jumgb,

where b is the length of the base of the inclined plane.

Thus we see in this case that there is a loss of kinetic energy o
amount umgb, which is actually

Hmg =
mg cos a .x

work dome against the force of

friction in moving the
particle distance equal to the length of the inclined
a
plane.
This apparent loss of energy is transformed into
for other kinds of
energy, example, heat energy or sound
of the kinetic and energy. In this case, the sum
that one of the potential energies is not constant, because of the fact
Hence when a
acting forces (friction) on the
particle is not conservative.
particle moves under the action of a
forces, the sum
of the kinetic and conservative system
motion. potential energies is constant throughout the
This is called the
never applicable to principle
the
of conservation
ofenergy. This principle 1s
Sudden jerk or problems where there is any friction or
into other impact.
forms of Mechanical energy in these cases is any
energy. conver
Considering
energy in its all these
aspects, the principle
general form can be stated rinciple of conservato rvationof
The total amount
created nor can it of energy in the as:
forms. be
y destroyed,
u, universe is constant; 8y cannot be
although it can be convertedener8
4.9. Illustrative Examples.
o
to cthe
various otnE
Ex.1.
incline of 3Ain train of mass
Find the 500 at the 200 tons,s,
resistance per tonrate of 40 milesincluding
inclhuding the
due to iles engine,
per hour byengine, is drawn up a
1
friction
etc. an gine of 600 H. P.
engt
 AND ENERGY 75
POWER
ORK

second.
hour =feet per
40miles per

500

Fig. 4.9(a)
ton be the required resistance, then the
total
Let r pounds-weight per
resistance to
the motion is
3
200x+ 200x 2240 x 500

(2007+ 2688) pounds-weight

inclination of the path of the train, then
for, if a be the angle of
sin 3
500
The engine works at the rate of 600 H.P.
Therefore 600x 550 (200x + 2688) x176.
3

Hence = 14685 pounds-weight.

200
which
2. A particle is fixed point with a force
attracted towards a
Ex. the point. Find the wörkdone
inversely as the cube of the distance from
ares the line ofaction of
atraction for any displacement of the particle along
e
the force.

et the attraction be per unit mass at a distance r from the fixed point
the point x = a to the point
et particle of mass m move from
the
work done by the
for the small displacement &x, the
b.Then
takes place
as thedisplacement
action
is the signbeing negative
inthe aurection opposite to that of the force.

Therefore work done =

which is negative, since a<b.
76
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PAR:
natural length 3
Ex. 3. An elastic string of metres is
stretchei
Findthee
15 centimetres bya weight of kilogrammes hanging
2 on it.

in stretching itfrom
a length of 3 metres to 4 metres.
Since 2 kilogrammes-weight stretches the string 15 centimetres, therod

by Hooke's law,
2- 15
3 100
where i s the modulus of elasticity.
= 40 kilogrammes-weight.
Thus
metre is
The tension for an extension of

kilogrammes-weight.
The tensionfor an extension of (4-3), that is, metresis

20 kilogrammes-weight.
The mean óf the initial and the final tensions is

20 kilogrammes-weight kilogrammes-weight.
Theextension is (43) metre=
1 metre.

Hence the work done =x1, that is,kilogrammes-metre

acceleration of tuo particls
Ex.4. Apply the principle ofenergytofind the
connected by a light string placed over a smooth pulley.

m2

m
Fig.4.9(b) distance

Let m and ma be the masses of the two particles and x

moved by each of mi and m2
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY 17
185
The change in kinetic energy of the system starting from rest is

Work done Ey gravity is (mi8x- ma 8).

The work done by the tension of the string on the two

and opposite, its effect on the system will be nil. Thus
particles being equal

(m+ m2) **= (m1- m2)g% . a circle

Differentiating both sides with respect to t, we get

(m+ma) xx = (m1- mi)g*.

Therefore
mi+m12
Ex. 5. A particle moves with a S.H.M., its position of rest being at a
distance afrom the centre. Find, by the principle ofenergy, the velocity at the ich is a
centre.
Let o be the velocity at the centre.

Then kinetic energy = mv

= work done by the force of attraction as the particle

moves from the position of rest
to the centre.

harmonic ) is
The work done by the force (the motion being simple ich is a

SFdx= J myurdx= mu
-

Hence m-mua
Therefore v= avu.
tance.
in a straig!t line is acted on by a force which
moving
Ex. 6. A particlerate to v
over
in passing
and changes its velocity from
u
ence the
OFKS at a constant
3(4+ v)x [K. H. 2000
a distance x. Prove that the time taken 15 2(u?4 uv + v)

Let Fbe the force, so that Fv= H, (power) motion 1s

t m be the mass of the particle, then the equation
of (1)
Fo= H.
m F,that is, m 4=
A.A.D-6 t dt
 ADVANCED
ANALYTICAL
DYNAMICS
PARTIC
D.

78
where k= 2 .
Therefore
vdv= kdt, m

where A is a constant,
v *=
2kt + A,
we get u2.
On integration, Therefore A =

when t = 0.
Now we
have v = u,
' = 2kt. (1)
v- u
u'+ 2kt, which
gives
Thus=

k.
Again v2 =dx
constant.
B is a

we have v°=
3k+ B,where
Integrating, Hence B= us.
when x= 0.
Now D= u,
-uS=3 k. (2)
Therefore
(2), we get
Dividing (1) by
2
v+uv+ u4

follows.
Hence the result an
in a straight line by
M is propelled resistance
body of
mass
Ex. 7. A constant rate P against a
producing energy
at a
constant.
Prove that
the spa
engine and k is a
is the velocity
kv, where v
rest is given byy
s described from [C. H. 2004
3sklog (1-
M
P.
ku=E-kv, since Fv=
We have M =ds F-

Therefore Mo4-P ko.

Integrating we get

l e - ab]- -
(1
o - smooth peg
a tthe

sothat
allowedo
n
overa
Ex.8. A uniform chain of length 2a is hung b). Motion is
length of it on the two sides are (a+ b) and (a-
en e. Show that the chain leaves the peg a t the end of t e

1986;
C. H.190
B. H.
 AND ENERGY
wORK, POWER 79 185

Mass per unit length of the chain isif m be the mass of the chain.

a-b-x|
a circle

a+b +t x*

Fig. 4.9()
As the portion x of the chain slips off, the lengths on the two sides become ich is a
and b-
(+b+ ) (a -
Z depth of the C. G. of the chain below the peg

b t a + b+m* a-b-a-b- m

la+b+ n*+ a-b- - a a ? + b2+ 2bx) hich is a

But in its initial

position, the depth of the C.G. is

2a
Hence the work done by the weight of the chain is
e.

stance
24
lence the

By the principle of
energy, we have

+b)-b (1)
 ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
80
ADVANCED

PARTIOo
Therefore t= Va+b)2-b2
dx -
V log Vb -
time to slip(4- b) ofthe length ofthe chain.
where t is the
Examples IV

mass 100 tons is kept moving

at the unifo
1. (a) A train of
the level, the resistance of air, friction etr
orm
of 30 miles per hour on
ton. Find the horse-power of theengine
50 pounds-weight per
(b) A car of mass 750 kilogrammes is running up a hill of 1 ins
at a steady speed of 36
kilometres per hour. The frictional resistan
Show that the work done in n
ance s
equal to the weight of 40 kilogrammes. one
second is 6500Joules. (g=10 metres persecond)
2. (a) Find the work done by gravity on a stone having a mass
70 grammes, during the tenth second of its fall from rest.
(b) A body of mass 5 kilogrammes is at rest. Show that the wor:
done to give ita velocity of4 metres per second is 40 Joules.
3. (o) A motor weighing 40 hundred-weight (cwt.) and
car
travelling at 15 miles per hour is brought to rest in 100 feet by the
applicatior. of its brake. Find the work done by the resistance.
(6) An engine of 150 KW is drawing a train of total mass
15x 10 kilogrammes up an incline of 1 in 50. The frictional resistance
is
kilogrammes- weight per ton. Show that the maximum speed ot
the train is 4 metres per second. [1 ton 1000
4. (a) A steamer with
=
kilogrammes
at the rate of 30 miles engine of 30000 H.P. can be just kept going
per hour. What is the resistance of the water to
the motion?
(6) Show that the
at the rate of 36 power of an engine which
per hour against a keeps
a train
1250
kilometres gong
5.
kilogrammes-weight is 125 KW. resistance equal to
(a) A train of 200 tons is
speed of 30 miles per hour. Ifascending an incline of 1 in 50 at a steady
equivalent to a force of 112 the friction and the wind resistance be
power exerted by the
engine.pounds-weight per ton, then find the horse
(b) Find the H.P. of an
25 miles per hour
up
engine which can travel
an incline of 1
in 100, the at the rate of
the load being 15 tons mass of the
8
and the resistance due to engine and
pounds-weight per ton. friction etc. being
 ENERGY 81
POWER AND
wORK,

Show
6. (a) Show that the work done in raising a number of particles

from one position another is

to Wh, whereW is the total weight of
achparticles and h is the distance through which the centre of gravity
the raised.
particles is
of the
ACalculate the horse-power of an engine which takes
15 minutes to pump out water from a cylindrical well, full of water, of
cross- ection 120 square feet and of depth 90 feet to a level ground
surface of the well.
14 feet a ove the
[Weight of1 cubic foot of water = 625 pounds.]
the principle of energy to find the horse-power of an
Apply
10000 pounds of water per minute with
engine which
engine which can project
80 feet
velocity of per second.
7. A train of mass 350 tons is ascending an incline of 1 in 200 and
ton. What is the
the resistance to motion is 12 pounds-weight per
acceleration of the train when its velocity is 15 miles per hour, if the
H.P. then developed by the engine be 500 ?
&. A 20 H. P. motor-lorry, weighing 5 tons including load, moves
up a hill with a slope of 1 in 20. The frictional resistance is equivalent
to 13 pounds-weight per ton and may be supposed independent of the
velocity. Find the maximum steady rate at which the lorry can move
up the
slope and the acceleration capable of being developed when it
IS moving at 6 miles per hour.
9. A bullet moving at the rate of 200 feet per second is fired into a
thick target which it penetrates to the extent of 6 inches. If fired into a
target of 3 inches thick with equal velocity, with what velocity would
cuErge,suPposing resistance to be uniform and the samein both the
cases?
10.(a) A rifle bullet loses-th of its velocity in passing through a
Piank. Find how many such uniform planks it would pass through
ore coming to rest, assuming the resistance of the plank to be
uniform.
A cyclist of mass 200 pounds with his cycle is running at the
ha feet per second. If he stops padalling, find how far he can go
before coming rest, if the total resistance to his motion be
10 pounds-weightto

AAmass of 10 poundsfalls through 100 feet from rest and is then

Tesisarest by penetrating 10 feet into some sand. Find the average
esistance of the sand on it.
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
82

u
PARTICLE
water from a well with a bucket cket which leak
12, A man is drawing lea.
it weighs 50 poundsCh
When the bucket is full, and when j
uniformly. wor
arrives at the top,
halfof the water remains. Find the work done,if the
100 feet.
depth of the well be The enpinoa
moves on a level road.
M
13. (a) A car of mass works
at a constant rate R and there is a frictional resistance. If
maximum velocity attained be W, then prove that the distan
the
nce in
which the car, starting from rest, acquires the velocity V is

MWo WV
R W-V 2W
du P- F, where F= frictional resistance and P is the
[Here pull.
d
Also PoR. For do
maximum velocity,=
dt 0.]
6) A car of mass m starts from rest and
under a constant frictional moves on a level
road
constant rate P. If the resistance, the engine
working at a
maximum speed be V and the
attained after
travelling a distance s in time t, then show speed u be that
t S mu

14. The
horse-power 2P V.H. 2007]
maximum V required a steamer of
speed
to
feet per second is mass M tons at its
to the square of the H. The
speed and the resistance is
thrust at all engine exerts a constant
speeds. If in timet from rest proportional
of v feet
per second, then the steamer propeller
prove that acquired
a
velocity
t 12 MV?
[Here
55
Hg los [C.H. 1985]
15. An 2240M= F- kv*, where FV=
dt
engine pulling
doing H units of work
is
train and
a 550Hg]
and F be the per second. If M be works at a constant
in seconds of resistance
the wholepower
the mass of
(supposed
generating velocity Vconstant), tran
from rest isthen prove that the timne
16. If an
A 1o -FV
lo8EV H MV
inclination aengine
with
P. H of H.
draws a
F
v.H.
[V. H. 2001; C. H.
2001; c. 2002)
20021
resistance R uniform ve
a
train of W
pounds-weight per velocity v
ton, then feet per
tons up a
second plane ot
H 550(R 2240
H= Wo prove that against
ag a
sin a).
 AND
ENERGY 83
POWER

aoK
WORA

n ga train, the pull of the engine on the rails is at first

17. I n sta

11. After the speed attains a certain value u, the

to P.
and equals
n s t

c o n s t a n t rate R
a n t = Pu. Prove
that, when the engine has
e n

orks at a
g i n ew o r k s .

eneed > u,then the time t and the distance x from the start
ataineda speed

aTegivenby

t u),x= + u)
Mis
whereM i the mass of the engine and the train.
here
whose natural length is that of a uniform
18. If an elastic string,
rod,be ttached to the rod at both ends suspended by the middle point,
will sink until the strings inclined to the
hen show that the rod are

horizontal at an angle given by the equation

cot3- cot 2,
giventhat the molulus of elasticity of the string isn times the weight
of the rod. IC. H. 2005]
19. A heavy uniform flexible string of length 21 hangs over a small
smooth pulley. The string is initially at rest with lengths
(0+9) and (- a) on the two sides of the pulley. If the pulley be now
made to move upwards with a constant acceleration f, then show that
the string will leave the pulley after a time

NI2- a2
. log,+ a

20.(a) Prove that the mean kinetic energy of a particle of mass m

AYng under a constant force, in any interval of time, is

m (2+ u,u,+ u%),

nere
u and u, are initial and final velocities.
W also that it is greater than the K.E. at the middle of the interval
nd less than that when the
particle is half-way.
Prove that the kinetic energy of two particles of masses m
and m')
moving in a plane is
m + m) V2+ 12 Mm'v2
m + mn
where Vis
Vis the
the velocity of the centre of mass of the particles and v is the
veloci
t y of either of them relative to the other.
84 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS:
PARTICLE
21. An engine working at a constant rate
H draws a load M-
M against
a resistance R. Show that the maximum speed isand that tho. time
R

MH(log 2-
taken to attain half this speed is
R2 N. B. H.
2007
[At any time t, let v be the velocity of the engine and P be the force evertsas
by it. Then Pv = H and the resultant force is (P - R).

du
Theequation of motion is M=
dt
P - R=HR
do
Now v is maximum when
dt
0 and thus vmax =
A Again dt
H
= Modv
H-vR
Intégratebetween the limits U =0 when t = 0 to v =
when t=
where to is the required time.]
22. A uniform string of mass M and length 2a is placed symmetri-
cally over a smooth peg and has particles of masses m and m' attached
to its ends. Show that, when the string runs off the peg, its velocity is

M+ 2(m- m).ag . [ T. H. 2007|

M+ m+ m
two ends
23. Two particles of masses m and 2m are attached to the
of a uniform chain of mass m and length 2a. The chain is hung
over a
smooth peg so that its lengths on the two sides are equal and is then
allowed to fall. Show that the chain leaves the peg after a time

44 log (2+ 3) [C. H. 1997 }

24. A mass of m pounds moves initially witha velocity of u feet per
second on a stiaight line. A constant power equal to H horse-pow
applied so as to increase its velocity. Show that the time that elaps*
before the acceleration is reduced t o t h of its original value B

m (M - 1)u2.
1100gH
25. Anelastic cord,of modulus of elasticity and natural. gth e
other
hangs vertically, one end being attached to a fixed point and the
to a body of mass M. The mass is raised till the string has natura
tural

length and is then released from rest. Show that its 8reatest
8
fall.
subsequent motion is
WORK,
POWER AND ENERGY 85

Answers
1. (a) 400. 2. (a) 665 ergs.
3. (a) 33880 foot-pounds. 4. (a) 167tons-weight.
56
5. (0)896. (b) 303 6. (b) 80)30
2
7. 1225
foot persecond*. 8. 12 miles per hour;

1feet per second.

9.141 feet per second, (approx). 10. (a) 10(6)80 feet.
11. 110 pounds-weight. 12. 3750 foot-pounds.
ml b w u tS E AND lMPm
..sIVE Follc'€S
s.t. Impulse of a force.
If the force be c~nstant
in
of the force is defined to be magnitud_e an d direction, then the hnpuls
the pr ~ uc t of the force
which it acts. and the time durin~
If a constant force P ac
ts on a particl~ of mas
acceleration fi n it and ~ m and produces an
thereby changes its ve
interval of time t, then w locity from u to v in an
e have
=
impulse = Pt mft .
= m(v - u) , since v = u + ft.
Therefore impulse = change 'in momen
tum.
If initially the particle be
at rest, th en u = 0 an
d we have
= =
impulse Pt mv = mom
entum generated in time t.
Bu~if the force P be varia
ble, then the im pu ls e of
as the integral the force is defined

r
J P dt ,
0
where T is the interval
of
velocity at instant t, then time for w hi ch th e force acts. If v ·be the
w e have

P = m dv·
d t.
Th efore the im ulse
velocier
ty of the .P f ·
or the m
Particle changes from~eurval of p m e T during whi·ch th~
to v is·
1

Jro P dt = Jr dv J"mdv= m
O
m d td t = (v - u) .
Thus the •
rnorn "
entum pritn pulse of th f
oduced b th .
e orce 1s · m ea su re d .
by the change U\
y e force, Variable or
Cor. W h co ns ta nt.
, e ave P t-
that is " - mft = m (v - u)
' JOtce x f
. llf te - cha ,
- nge in momentum .
 , AND IMPU LSNE FORC ES 87
1/JfcJLSE ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
~ 1 1
Ps == mfs = 2.m. 2fs = 2m (v 2 - u 2) ,
AlSO
is the space descr ibed ;
wheres . . .. . .
.· force
that 1s, J' x space _descnbed = change m kinetic energy.
.
• weha vePs = .!m(v 2 - u 2)= m(v - u)!(v + u)
Agalll 2 2 ·
Thus the work done by the force is eq~l to the product of the impulse and
f the initial and the final velocities.
themean 0~
S.2. Impulsive forces.
We can meas ure the force from the form ula P = mf. This
measurement is possi ble becau se the change of veloc ity is gradu al ~d
we have enough oppo rtuni ty to meas ure the displ acem ent of the body
or the time t whic h we requi re for the meas urem ent of the
acceleration f
But consider the cases when a crick et ball is struc k by a bat or when
by an explosion a shot is set in m otion from a gun. In thes~ cases, the
magnitude of the force appli ed is very large while the dJrat ion of its
action is exceedingly short. The d isp lacem en t of the point
of
application in the direction of the force is negli gible and there is
a
sudden change of veloc ity.
We call these forces impul sive forces . In the case of an impu lsive
~orce, it is comp arativ ely easy to meas ure the effect of the force by its
unpulse, that is, the chan ge in mom entum~
The equation of moti on of a partic le of mass m movi ng with a
velocity v at time t is
mdv = F
dt I
WhereF 18
· th . . .
~t th ~ acting force on the partic le, alwa ys-in the same drrec tion.
integreti~elocity chang e from u to v in the interv al of tin_l.e T, so that, on
a on, the ab ove equa .
tion beco mes
T
m(v - u) = J F dt.
h)te~;;~PPOSe tha! the force ; increases without limit arid the
fll\ite linut :r~~ es witho ut limit. Then the abov e integ ral may
~ave a
hich we deno te by I. Thus
m (v- u) = I.
r VANCED AN ALY TIC AL DY NA MIC S :
~ss:________,:::.:.:.:::.....----~~--~-----...:.PAif
AD .T1ci~
a str . ~
. mstances, a par ticl e mo vin g in
-
Under th~se cirl~u •t) an inst ant ane ous cha nge in velocityas•~ht line
. ces (m. the 1m1 th d' lacement. . Ince the
f ·te dur ing this cha nge , e 1sp
experien zero in
velocity remams _111p1 ulsivefiorce is a very large force which acts on1s Partic
limit Thus an im . h h is• ~ su den but finite cha [e
d a
the . . I short time dur ing wht c t er~
for an e~ce~i~tg ydirection but the point of application
suffers no apPre _nbgele
cza
of velocity m i s
displacement. •
5.3. Con ser vat ion of hne ar mo me ntu m.
,
We have, from New ton 's sec ond law of mo tion
force, that is,
the rate of change of mo men tum = the imp res sed
!!. (mv) = F,
dt
oci ty v in the line of
1

where m is the mass of a bod y mo vin g wit h a vel

motion of the force F.
If there be no external force, the n F = 0 and
mv = con stan t,
me ntu m.
that is to say, the bod y mo ves wit h a con stan t mo
mo vin g along the
Now consider two bod ies of mas ses m and m'
ecti vely . Then the
same straight line wit h velocities V . and v' resp
equ al and opposite,
mutual action between the two bod ies bei ng
hav e
according to Newton's thir d law of mo tion , we
:t (mv )= F+ R

and ~
dt
(.m'v') = F-' - R
I
d ,n '
where F. and F ' are th e external forces acti ng on the mas ses m an d
res mu tua l action an
P~h vely and the forces R and ('- R) are the ir
reaction.
Adding, we get
d
dt (mv + m'v') = F + F , .
, and we
Now, if no exte l f orce acts on Ule bod ies, the n F + F == O
have rna
mv+ m' ,_ · ·
v - con stan t. t fllal
Thus,if the b d'ies mov . th 'f ex e
1 no . :0 will
f o m e sam e stra igh t line and
orce acts on them th thee su . . . di' 1...art 10
rema in· th e same. , en m Of the1r mo me nta ma ny ~-
.IMPULSE AN D IM PU LS [VE FO
RC ES
89
In case wh en the bo die s are no t mo vin
g in the sam e str aig ht line
and if no ex te~ al forces a~t on th~m,
the .sum of the resolved par ts of
their mo me nta in an y par tic ula r dir ect
ion rem ain s constant.
The pri nci ple of con ser vat ion of lin ear
mo me ntu m is sta ted thu s :
If the sum of the external forces acting on a sys
tem of particles be zero in
any direction, then the total momentum of
the system in that direction
remains constant during the motion.
Htwo bo die s of ma sse s m an d m' mo vin g in a
the same dir ect ion wi th vel oci tie s u an str aig ht line and in
d u' im pin ge and if after im pac t
their velocities be v an d v' res pec tiv ely
, the n the ·c han ge of mo me ntu m
of one bo dy is E!qual an d op po sit e to the
cha nge of mo me ntu m of the
other. Hence the sum of the se cha ng es
me asu red in the sam e direction
is zero. Th us
(m v- mu )+ (m'v' - m'u') = 0
or, mv + m'v '= mu+ m' u'.
Thus the total momentum before impact
is equal to the total momentum
after impact.
Consider aga in a bo dy of ma ss m mo
vi 1g wi th a velociry v to
impinge on ano the r bo dy of ma ss M wh
ich is at rest and free to move
in the dir ect ion uf m's mo tio n.
Consider the bo die s to be inelastic, tha
t is, after impact the bodies
adhere together. Th is sin gle bo dy of
ma ss (M + m) moves wit h a
velocity V (say) aft er im pac t. As the re
is no loss of mo me ntu m,
(M + m) V= mv .

Therefore V= --m-v ,
M +m
which gives the co mm on vel oci ty of the
bod~es after impact.
Thus the loss of kin eti c ene rgy of the
bo die s
= K. E. bef ore im pa ct- K. E. after
im pac t
m2
-- 21 m v-
2 1 (M + m) V
- !2 mv i
i - - !2 (M + m) . (M ) v
2
2 +m · 2

=21mv 2 ( 1- M m +m)1 =2 m MM +m2 v,

. . . .
W h 1ch 1s pos itiv e. He nce
i'h-, l · the re 1s a 1oss O f K, ·
E Th us in the case of
· . d
. ,Jen
'"PU szve forces, the principle of conser t ·
va ion °,7 v1 1 is never use •
L 0 :1
I

:: .. --ADV
90 ANC ED ANA LYT ICA L DYN AMI CS
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- ~= . .:F.'A: :.JtT1cLe
Whe n a gun is fired, the impu lse of the gun on the shot is equ;
----
oppo site to the impu lse of the shot on ~e gun. Hen ce the morn
en anc1
in the ~
gene rated in the shot ~ equa l an<l: op~ s1te t~ t_hat gen~ rated
If the gun be l'-ee to. mov e, then 1t will reco il m the direc tion op ~ -
to the moti on of the shot . Pos1te
·
If m be the mass and u be the velo city of the shot and M and
V be
those of the gun, then
M V + mu
= mom entu m befo re the shot was fired
= 0.
. g v eJoo·ty = - mu
V = reco ilin
Therefore --
M
-.
The nega tive sign indic ates that the gun mov es in the
opposite
direction .
5.4. Illustrative Exam ples .
Ex. 1. A body cf m.4SS 10 pounds mwm g with a velocity
of 12 feet
per second m«ts • body of '""55 8 pounds rr,oving ( i) in the same
direction,
(ii) in the opposite direc tion#with a vtlcd ty of4 feet per second. If they coales
ce
into one body, thm foul lM velocity of the compound body .
(r) Let Vbe the required velocity. Due to impact, the sum of
the momenta
of the two bodie s remains unaltered.. Hence we have
(10+ 8)V= lO x 12+ 8x 4 = 152.
Therefo. re V = 76 f
9 eet per secon d = 8g4 feet per secon d .
(iz) If V1 be the requi red veloc ity in this case, we have

(10 + B)V 1 = 10 x 12 - 8 x 4 = 88.

Therefore V 1 - 44 i
- 9 eet per seco nd= 4 8 feet per seco nd._
2oot~~- 9
A gun fires a shot weighing 800 pounds with a muzzle velocity
of
0
, per ~cond. The recoil 0! the gun is checked by a cons tant force
'1 a second. Find the force. t
th
in ,
Let M be h
t e mass f h
second. o t e gun and v b.e its recoiling veloc ity in feet per
Then Mv-
- 800 X 2000.
The rec ·1·
o1 mg is check . t
ed in --th
s of asec o nd .
'3
>
JMPVLSE AND 1¥PULSNE FORCES
91

Hence O= v - f ·¼, ·
where/ is the retardation produced. Thus J= Sv.
If p be the required force, then
P = Mf = 5 Mv = (5 x 800 x 2000) poundals
= 111 ·6 tons-weight.

Ex. 3. A gun of total mass M, free to recoil horizontally, fires a shot of

mass m. If the gun be fired with the barrel inclined at an angle a to the
horizontal, then prove that the shot is actually projected at an angle
tan-' {(1 + : }an a} lo the horizontal.
Let V be the actual velocity of the shell making an angle 8 with the
horizontal and v be the velocity of the shell relative to the barrel at an angle ex
to the horizon.
Further, let u be the horizontal velocity of recoil.
Thus Vis the resultant of the velocities v and u.
Hence resolving huriLontally and vertically, we have
Vcos8= vcosa- u, (1)
V sin 8 = u sin a . (2)
The horizontal momentum of the system is constant as the external forces
acting on the system are all vertical. Initial momentum of the system in the
horizontal direction was zero. Hence
mV cos 8 - Mu =0. ... (3)

ll . 0'

Fig.5.4
From 0) and (3), we get

mv cos a= (M + m) u . . . . (4)
Again, from (1) and (2), we have

tan 8 = _v_s_i_n_a_
vcosa- u
 N C E D A N A L Y T IC A L D AM1cs. p
92 A D V A YN
. '1l?r1cle
(4), w e g et ta n e= M + rn
M - tan a
P ut ti ng for v from

Therefore 0 = tan -
1
{ (1 +; ) tan ex} .
f m as s m pene trates a thickne s k 01,'J afix.ed pl
Ex. 4. A shot o ate of f1ta~s
J

e, lhP n the thickn

at, if the
•
plate be free to m ov ess Pene t~ ij
tra ,I .

M. Pro ve th
k

1+ m
M
.
o t an d P po1mdals be the averag e resIStan
Let u be th e ve locity o f th e sh ce

to pe ne tr at io n. a di st an
. .
ce k.· Then ' by the pM o~
tr at in g
re st af te r pe ne
The sh ot comes to
gy, w e h av e
of w or k an d ener
1 2 .. . (1)
Pk= -2 -m u .
be the
ra ti on be th ro ug h a distance k 'and v
, let th e pe ri et when their relative
velocity
In the second ca~e at e an d th e sh ot
fin~l common velo
city of th e pl
in ci pl e of co nser vation of momentum,
pr
pact. Then, by th e
comes to nil after im . . . (2)
we ha ve
u= (m+ M )v .
m
or k an d en er gy gives then
The principle of w 2
2 ~ l .(M + ·m) v
=
P k' 2l mu 2
2 2
1 · 2 ·-- -1 m .u , from (2)
= - mu 2m+ M
2
. . . (3)
1. 2 M-
= -m u .m-
+M
2
d (3),
Hence,from (1) an
k '= M k-= _ k _
m+M
m . .
1+-
M ,rn/0s1ot1
. an e,y .11'hJ1
. dfrom a gun o fmass M by 'th
Ex. S• A 5hot 01mass m is pro1ecte . 'l a ve/oc
. · k. . ow that the gu n recot s un
which generates a inetic energy E. Sh
()8 j
[ B H 2006:V H z/)
2m E ✓ .
M (M + m) . . ectivelY.
~ ,,, v.
Let V an d v be th
e ve l . coil an d th e m uz zl e velocity r~ -
co oei~y of re m , we ha ve M
By the principle of· nservatton o f lin ea r m om en tu
 !lplfLSE AND IM PULSI~E FORCES
93
l
· ~
"""e kinet.tc energy generated in the system is for th• gun· as we 11 as t he Jhot
l'' . h •
..-.her, wh1c is 1
tolS~- - ~ mv 2 + ! MV 2
2 2 .

This is given to be E and hence

2
2E= mv + MV = m---+ MV2
2 M2 v2
ml
2 2 2 2
or, 2mE= M V + mMV = 1 MV (M+ m)
V2= 2mE
or, M(M+ m)'

wJ,en<eweget V= ✓Mc!:'! m) .
Ex. 6. A bullet of mass m moving with a velocity v strikes a block M which
is fr« to move in the direction of motion of the bullet and is embedded in it.
Show that a portion M~ m of the kinetic energy is lost. If, in particular,

M= 2m, then show that this loss is ½mv 2 • [ v. H. 2005 ]

If the bullet be embedded a feet, then show that
. 2
the resistance of the bltXk
to the bullet, supposed uniform, is Mm . ~ potlnds-weight and that
M+ m 'lag
the time of penetration is 2a seconds during which time the block will move
V
ma
ii+";;;feet. .
Let V be the common velocity of the combined body when embedded.
Then, by the principle of conservation of linear momentum, we have
{M+ m) V= mv.
Hence v = mv
M+m
Loss of K. E. = J1 mv 2 - 1 (M + m) y2
2
2 2
= lmv2- !cM+ m) m V 2
2 2 (M+ m)
_ ! Mmv 2 _
M x ! mv i
-2M+m-M +m 2
· ·· -.,7 = M . x (initial kinetic energy)·
M+m
,
NAMrcs. I'
94 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DY
. . ~'l'Icl

In pa rti cu lar , if M = 2m, the n thi

s loss is f mv 2.

If R be the resistance, the n

1 -.Mmv 2
Ra= los so fK .E .= -·.2 -
M +m
2 2
v pounda1s = _l_ Mm v
Therefore R = ! Mm Zag' . M + m pounds-weigh t.
2 (M + m)a •

pu lse = ch an ge in mo me ntu m =. m (v - V) = Mmv .

Rt = im M+m

No w f = acceleration = V .
Therefore t = '2a . t
V

. 1ft 2 = 1 Vt = M ma
+ m feet.
=
Therefore 5 = spa ce de scn be d 2 2

ExamplesV

(a) A ha mm er of ma ss 4 hu nd red -w eig ht falls through 4 feet and

1.
res t aft er str iki ng a ma ss of iron, the duration of blow being
comes to
ce exerted by the hamlller on the
~ th of a second. Find the av era ge for
iron.
A force ac tin g on a bo dy of ma ss 10 po un ds changes its ,
(b)
m 45 mi les pe r ho ur to 60 mi les pe r ho ur. Find the impulse
velocity fro
of the force.·
2· A jet of water leaves a no zz le of 1 inch diame
ter at a speed of
5 fee~ per second an d im pin ge s on a pla te fixed at rig
ht angles to its
? ed on the pl ate ?
direction. What pressure is ex ert
th zz le be dr aw n ba ck wa rd s wi th a velocity of 20thfee•tlate
per
?.
If ~ no h . ert ed on e P
m the 1· f su re is the n ex
secon d me O t e Jet, wh at pr es . f 1200 feet
3. A shell of ma 30 po un ds 1s . g wi th a ve loc ity o es
pe r sec
th
on
a
d
v:
. h
o ~
.
it
ss
bu ~
mo vin
sts int o tw o po rti on s. On e of 10 pounds 0 Ill~:er
on wi
ct Yof S00 feet pe r second. Fi
nd the velocity of the
piece.
.
4. A sho t 0 f Pla · . . • frorn a
ss 1 . . m vel oci ty . feet
g . , of lllass 10 .. ou n
un
0
un ce Is pro 1e cte d wi th certa 6·25
lin g ve loc ity of the gu n be
per second, tlu l fin /~ ;~ ~~ e r~ oj
ocity of pro jec tio n of the shot.
 ES
/){PULSE AND IM PU LS NE FORC 95

es with
vel lin g at 3 mi les an ho ur collid
5_ A truck of ~ t~n s tra
t. Fin d the velocity wi th which
another truck we igh ing 3 ton s at res
both the trucks mo ve tog eth er.
oth er of twice its ma ss at rest. If the
two
6. (a) A bo dy im p~ ge s on an es
sho w tha t the im pin gin g body los
moves together aft er im pac t, the n
t.
two-thirds of its vel oci ty by the impac

(b) A ma ~ of 5 kil og ram me s m~

yin g along a str aig ht horizontal
4 me tre s fer sec on d str ike s a ma ss ~f 8 kilogrammes mo vin g
line at
sam e lin e at 9 me tre s pe r sec on d m the op po site direction.
along the
s aQ her e an d mo ve s tog eth er aft er impact. Sh ow tha t the Joss
The masse
of kinetic energy is 26 0 Jou les .
un ds an d 30 po qn ds im pin ge
7. Two inelastic bal ls we igh ing 15 po
ect ion s. If the velocity of the larger
directly on eac h oth er~ op po sit e dir
oci ty of the sm all er in ord er tha t
be 6 feet per sec ond , the n fin d the vel
by the impact.
the motion ma y be ent ire ly des tro yed
res pec tiv ely 5, 7 and m pQUnds
8. Three spheres wh ose ma sse s are
aig ht lin e. Th e firs t im pin ges on
the sec ond wi th a
lie in the sam e str
oci ty of 20 fee t pe r sec on d an d aft er im pac t the tw,o ;r;no~~ iE¥l
vel
eth er and im pin ge, wi tho ut reb ou nd ing , on the third. If the final
tog
per second, the n find the yal ue
velocjty of the three sph ere s be 4 feet
of tn.

If.a sho t of 140 po un ds be fire d fro m a gun of we ig ht 5~ with

9.
e vel oci ty of 160 0 feet pe r sec on d and the re( Oil of the SW\ be
a muzzl
lin ed pla ne, thr ou gh ·wl\at
taken up by cau sin g it to asce"d an inc
Vertical height will the gun ris e ? ' ·
is·dis cha rge d from an 80 too ~
. 10. (a) A sho t of ma ss 800 po un ds
d the con sta nt force which
wi~ a velocity of 700 feet pe r sec on d. Fin
acting on the gu n would stop it after a recoil of 12·5 feet.
es strlkes~ Eixed block of
(b) A bu lle t of ma ss 125 gra mm
metre~ pe r secru,d. The
7°:'><1 horizontally wi th a velocity of 100 that ~he
ht. Show
d~ststance of the wood is 500 kilogrammes -weig
e thr ou gh wh ich the bu lle t go es int o the wo od before being
b:tanc -
· v,gh.t to 1es t is 12·5 centim et-,,es.
 TJCAL
96 ADVAN_CED ANAL¥ .DYNAM1c8. .• /'.A b'rt
· wt,1c
. tt·
m an d m are . I
11. Two ~ s 1 connecte d b a ine ineiaa .
2
ed pu ll Th Y
w hi ch sses over a smooth
pa
fix
h lieeeyt• e larger mass ,,,_ tic:•~ ,
ble. m1 is then ra ised reata
a horizontal tar._ vertically ab0 ve th""2e P<>s' ~
f
o rest an d 1et uu
1
l.
it
S h
ag
o
ai
~ th at the interval tw n m2 leaving
n is
be
ee the::
an d re tu rn in g to

2m1 ~-
g

d 2m ar e co nn ected by a string which

12. Masse s m an
in g bo dy pi ck s up a mass mar:eses over
as ce na end of
a sm oo th pulley. The su lt in g m ot io n.
3 se co nd s. Find the
re
d m ar e co nn ec te d by a chord passing ov
13. T w o m as se s 3m
an a
at re st w it h 3m on the ground. A thirdma:
le is
pu ll ey an d th e w ho second mass and adhere
s to it ~
ht h, st ri ke s the
falls th ro ug h a he ig P ro ve th at th e m ass 3m will rise from the
ot io n.
se ts th e w ho le in m
; .
gr ou nd to a he ig ht
t into two parts of mm
es
s (m + m ~ is sp li
14. A bo dy of mas 1
os io n w hi ch g~nerates kinetic energ
y£.
te rn al ex pl
m1 an d m2 by an in
e,
n th e pa rt s m oy e in the same line as befor
pl os io
S ho w that, if af te r ex
eed is
th en thefr re la ti ve sp
✓-2E-(m1-+-m-2)-_
m1m2
ig h~ sm oo th ho ri zontal tu ~ su5d ~
a stra
15. A shell ly in g. in rt io ns o f m as se s m and m ·: that
in to tw o po 5 ow
explodes an d-br ea ks tu be o f th e m as se s aftet a time t, then
distance ap ar t in th e
th e explosion is
the work do ne af te r 2
mm' s

An;:
1
2· m+ m' ·12·
as s M is m ov in g with a velocity V.th ents
l6..A shell of m nt o f en er gy E an d breakes e
an am ou 1: mz • If tJ,e 1raga,their
explos1.o1.' generates s are in th e ra ti o m
masse
two portions whose e original line of motion, then show lhat
th
r.ontin~e to emove in
velocitie s ar

V+ ✓ 2maE
M
and V - ~
m1 M
-
"'•
 97
.•.~E ~ IMPULSNE FORCES
1µP V~ f inass M fires a shell of mass m horizontally and the
'/"
. A gun :'osion is such as would be sufficient to project the shell
17 city of the recoil of the gun is
.rt/ of exph ·ght h. Show that the velo
t .
to a e1
~ 11:11
~~[1ll-'y
1 { 2m 2 gh }2 [K. H. 20{)(}; V. H. 2001)
M (m + M)
e the
. Iastic ball of mass m is dropped from a height h abov
is projected
1s. An ~eat the same time a second ball of mass M
r that,
~~d an wards to meet the former. Show that in orde
ball
verhc~YtJYPafter the collision, the balls may be at rest, the second
. !
UJ1ll'ed1a

mustbeProjected with a velocity l

m~M.gh )'. [K. H. 2002
a given
]

Ashell of mass (m1 + mJ is fired with a given velocity 1n

9 into two
~on . At the highest point of its path, the shell explodes
itional
rtions of masses m1 and m2 • The explosion produces ·an add
direction.
~c energy E and the portions separate in a horizontal
Show that the portions strike the ground at a distance

E.
g
✓2E (1-+ _!_),
mi m2
w1'ere vis the vertical component of the velocity
of projection.
20. Agun is mounted on a gun carriage movable on
a smooth hori-
~tal plane and the gun is elevated at an angle a to the
horizon. A shot
e 8 to the
15
f~d and leaves the gun in a direction inclined at an·angl
honzon. If the mass of the gun and its carriage be n time
s that of ~e
tan 8 = ( 1 + .!. ) tan a . [ V. H. 2007 }
shot, then show that
andl~t u be the velocity of the shot alongnthe barrel
relative to the ground
its carriage. If M
~th be the backward horizontal velocity of the gun and
its carriage. The
resui: mass of the shot, then nM is the mass of the gun and
of u ant velocity of the shot at an angle 8 to the horiz
on in compounded
at an elevau a and V horizontally backwards. .·
Then nMv _Mon
Al~ - (u C9S a - V) '
Vcosa-
-" cos a - V and v sin 0 = u sin a. J
Answers
1·(a) 124 h
2, '64 undred-weight. (b) 220 poUJldS feet per second.
26 3. 1550 feet per second.
4. l(Q) !>Ounda..weight; 9·59 pounds- weight.
feet Per second. 5. 2 miles per hour. 7. 12 feet per second .
8 13
. ' 9, 6·25 feet (a)
· 10.
125
128
t\-
weight. 12. V er: 24 feet per second.
 CoLLISION OF ELASTIC BoDIES
6.1. Elasticity.
If a ball made of glass be dropped on to a marble floor
considerable height, then it is seen to rebound almost to the om a
same
height. But it rebounds to much smaller height when the'same ball
all is
dropped on to a wooden floor. If, again, we notice carefully
heights to which an ivory ball anda wooden ball rebound when they
are dropped from the same height on to a hard floor, then they will be
seen to be different. As the balls are dropped from the same height
their velocities are same when they reach the floor but since thev
rebound to different heights, their initial rebounding velocities will be
different.
When a ball strikes against a fixed wall, it is slightly compressed,
Similarly, when two balls of any hard material collide, they get
slightly compressed. As they tend to recover their original shape, they
rebound.
The property of the bodies which causes these differences of
velocities in the rebounding bodies and which makes the balls
rebound after collision is called
elasticity.
The bodies are said to be inelastic, if they do not tend to retum to
their original shapes after compression and do not rebound after
collision.
Note. While
considering-the
surface of the bodies impact of elastic bodies, we assume e
to be smooth, so that the
mutual action between them acts
only in the direction of their common normal at the where they nee
nere
willbeno force in the direction perpendicular topoint
their common nomal.
6,2. Impact of smooth bodies.
Ihe impact
called
motionthe
is said to be direct
of each, just before impact,forbetwo
along the ifcommon normaof
bodies the directio
called the line
said to be of impact, at the
oblique. point of contact.Otherwise,the impact
Newton found
directly, by
their relative experiment that when two bodies
two Do inge
their relative velocity after
velocity before impact and
inmpact is in a
a atio
constantt ra
tio to
to
co directio
opposite irection
is in the Pposite
 OF ELASTIC BODIES 99
COLLISION

If odies impinge obliquely, then this law holds for their

nent velocities along the common normal at the point of
nent velocitie
comp

c o n t a c t .

m2

AU2 V2

Fig.6.2
If u and uz be the component velocities of two bodies of masses
mand m respectively before impact along their common normal and
D and be the component velocities of the bodies in the same
direction after impact, then according to Newton's law,
U- = -etui - 42).
(1)
The constant ratio e is called the coefficient of elasticity or restitution.
It depends on the material of which the bodies are made
and does not
depend on the masses of the bodies or their velocities before impact.
The above equation (1) can also be read as:
Velocity of separation = e times the velocity of approach.
These two velocities are measured in the direction of the common
normal at the point of
impact.
When e =
0, the bodies are said to be inelastic; then (1)
gives
nus, if two inelastic bodies impinge, then they move with the
same
velocity after impact.
When e =
1, the bodies
are said to be
perfectly elastic perfectly elastic. Thus, for
bodies, velocity of separation is equal to the velocity
of approach.

These two cases are

never realised in nature.
When two sm
Detween
between them and
mooth bodies
and the total
impinge, there is no tangential action
common normal. There stress between them acts along their
being no force perpendicular to the common
 100 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICs :

normal, there is no change of velocity in that

PARTICLR
component velocity of each body in the direction direction. This
nus
the
common normal remains unaltered. perpendicular to the
When two masses impinge, then, by Newton's
third law of motio
the actions of each one on the other are, at each tion,
instant during whir
they are in contact, equal and opposite. hich
Hence the impulses of the actions of each one on the
other are equal
and opposite.
It follows that their changes in momentum are
equal and
and hence the sum of these changes, measured in the same opposite
is zero.
direction
This principle together with Newton's experimental law are
sufficient to find the change of motion of smooth spheres produced by
collision
6.3. Impact on a fixed plane.
Suppose a smooth sphere (or particle) of mass m moving with a
velocity u strikes a smooth plane AOB in a direction which makes an
angle a with the normal to the plane. Consider further that it rebounds
with a velocity v in a direction which makes an angle 0 with the same
normal. Since the plane is smooth, the componeat of velocity along the
plane, that is, perpendicular to the normal to the plane, must remain
unaltered; hence
v sin 6=u sin a. .(1)

A
Fig.6.3
As the plane is fixed, its velocity has been assumed to be By
n
common

Newton's experimental law, the relative velocity along the

normal ON bears the relation
v cos - 0 = -
e(-u cos a - 0),
that is, (2)
v cos 8 = eu cos a..
cOLLISION Or ELASTIC BODIES
101

Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we have

=u(sin' a+e cos' a). (3)
Dividing (2) by (1), we get
cot e cot o.
(4)
(3) and (4) 8ive the magnitude and the direction of the velocity of
the sphere after impact.
Impulse of the blow change in inomentum of the sphere
perpendicular to the plane
mu cos a--mv cos e) =m(1+e) u cos a.
Loss of kinetic energy F mu?- ymv
m-mtsin? até cos a)
m(1-)cos' a.
Cor. 1. If a = 0, then, by (1), 0 =0 and hence, by (2), v= eu.
Thus, when the impact is direct, the direction of motion of the
sphere is reversed after impact and its velocity is reduced in the ratio
e:1 and we have v =eu.
Cor. 2. Ife =1, then, by (4), 0 = a and hence, by (1), v= u.

Thus, when the plane is perfectly elastic, the angle of reflection is

the in
equal to the angle of incidence while the velocity remains same
magnitude.
sin a.
Cor. 3. Ife=0, then, by (2), 0=90' and hence, by (3),v=u
slides
Thus, when the plane is perfectly inelastic, the sphere simply
constant.
on the plane with its velocity parallel to the plane remaining
then a 0 and
Cor. 4. If the ball strikes the fixed plane normally,
=

1s
loss of kinetic energy
impulse of the blow is mu(1 +e) and the
mu(1-).
64. Direct impact of two smooth spheres.
directly with
smooth sphere of mass m impinges
Suppose a
in the same
velocity 4 on another smooth sphere of mass m2 moving
direction with velocity ua
after impact.
Let and be the velocities of the two spheres
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL
102 DYNAMICS PARTICL :

The velocity of approach is (41 - 42) and the velocity of sena

is (7-v1). Then, from Newton'sexperimental law, we have

-

U =e(u1-42), (1
restitution.
where e is the coefficient of
Again the only force acting on the bodies during the impact is the
centres (Fig. 6.2). Hence the total momentum
blow along the line of
that direction is unaltered.
mU1+m2U2 = M1l41 + Mlt2 (2)
Thus
and subtract from (2), so that
Multiply (1) by m
(m1 +ma)U
=
(771- ema)u1 + ma1 + e)uz (3
and add to (2), so that
Again multiply (1) by
m^

(m1 +ma)v2
=
mi(1 +e)41 + (m em,)u2
-
.
4

velocities of the spheres after diret

From (3) and (4), we get the
impact asS

m1l1 +m2t42- em2(41-42)

m+m2

m1u1 t+mM242 t+ em(41-42)

and V2
m1+ m2
the i s t
a direction opposite to
If the second sphere be moving in
then we must change the sign of u2. Dy
are given
velocities after impact
Cor. 1. If mi =
m2, then the

=1-e)us +2(1+e)u
and -1+e)u1 +(1 - e)ua.
4

1, then we have vi u2
= and v * tr
Cor. 2. If mi= m2 and e =

they intere
wo Equally perfectly elastic spheres impinge directly,
velocities after impact
Cor. 3. Impulse of the blow on the sphere n
momentum
change produced in the
= lz(1+e)(41
mi(u-vi), 4 42).
-
OLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES
103
The impulse of
uslse of the blow on the other
of sphere ma is equal and
posite to that m.
Cor.4. Loss of kinetic energy

In general, there is always a loss of kinetic energy whenever

bodies impinge. two

To the square of (2), we add the square of (1) being

mamh and
we have multiplied by
(m:+ mzDz) +mifm2{U-01)* =
(m41 +
maluz) +emmz(u1 u? -

O, ( +mam)o + (m1t mama)v,?

=
(m141 + ma42 + mim2(41 -42-(1-e)mm(41 a* -

o7,(m +m2m,vf + m2v,

=
(m1 + m)(m1u1 +mau)-(1-emmfu1 -
u,
on,ma+mo= mu? + 2mu? -41-) 2 ( 4 -1
m1+m22
Thus the kinetic energy after impact

=
kinetic energy before impact-1-); m2(- 42)
m1+ma
Sincee< 1, the loss of kinetic energy is

1-) m1+m2(41-4;P
nis loss vanishes when e=1, that is, when the spheres are

perfectly elastic.

betore
Parucular, if m^ =ma and if the second sphere be at rest
pact, then u = 0, and the loss of kinetic energy is equal to

12 m(1-)
2m1

1-)of the original kineticenergy

Thus,
thenr if a
sphere impinges directly on an equal sphere
which is at rest,
fraction (1 -e))of the original kinetic energy is lost by impact.
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS PAD
104
PARTICL
be inelastic, that is, if e -0,
0, then the
If, again, the spheres
=

kinetic energy is equal to loss

1 m2 (u1 -2
2 m +m2

-MV
where V is the relative velocity before impact and
M-127,/72= (harmonic mean of the masses of the spheres
Ma2 +1l2
Thus, for the direct impact of tvo nelastic spheres, the loss of kinetie
the kinetic energy ofa body whoSe mass ishalfthe harmoionic
energy is equal to is the relnti
between thoseof the spheres and whose velocity equal to
mean
velocity beforeinmpact.
smooth spheres.
6.5, Oblique impact of two
We now consider the case when the directions of motion of the
the straight line joining the centres of the
spheres are not along and ma be the masses of two
spheres, at the moment.of impact. atA m
Let
and Bat the time of impact and
smooth spheres whosé centres are

m m

Fig6.5
The
moving with velocities and uz respectively
uj velocities
directions of action of the just before impact.
and uz are such t h a make
the

the
angles a and B respectively with the straight line AB Wnue
make
directions of the velocities df the bodies and after impact
angles and ¢ with theliFe AB.
 OF ELASTIC BODIES
COLLISION 105

The spheres being smooth, there will be no impulse perpendicular

to the line of centres and hence the resolved parts of the velocities of
the spheres remain unaltered in the direction perpendicular to AB.
Vi sin 8 = u sin a
Hence (1)
and v2 sin u2 sin p. (2)
Now the impulsive forces which act during the collision of the two
Spheres along their line of centres are equal and opposite ; therefore
the total momentum remains unchanged. Thus we have
mvi cos + m-02 cos = muj cos a+mauzcos B.
(3)
By Newton's experimental law for relative velocíties resolved
along the common normal at the point of contact, we have

D cos - a cos ¢=- efuj cos a-42 cos B). (4)

.

From (3) and (4), we have

cos a B)
h cos = u j CosOt mallz CoS 5)-em2(41 - u cos
(5)
m +m2

7141 COS t 1M242 Ccos ) +emi(44 Cos-4 cos )

Cos =
Dcos
mi+ma
. . (6)

Squaring and adding (1) and (5), we get v, and dividing(1) by (5),
we get tan 0.
Similarly, we get v and tan ¢ from (2) and (6).
Cor.1. If us=0, then, from (2), ¢ =0 (since vh#0). Thus, if the
sphere of mass were at rest, then it will continue to move along the
m^
line of centres after
impact
Cor. 2.If u= 0 and m =em2, then,
from (2, =0 and from (5), 9=90.
Thus, if a sphere of mass m impinges obliquely
on
a sphere of
of thespheres after
6 a rest, then the directions of motion
at
such that
unpact will be at right angles provided the masses are

m: ma=e:1.
Evidently, this happens when e = 1 and the masses are equal with
ne second
sphere at rest.
Cor. 3. In case if e = 1 and m = m, then we have, from (5) and (6),

o=u Cos a.
Dy cos 2 cos ß and y cos
 106 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICcs

Thus, if two equal and perfectly elastic spheres impinea

PARTICLA
interchange their velocities in the direction of their
eir line then they
line of
of centhe
Again, under similar conditions, we have, from (1) and (21
centres.
tan tan d=tan a tan B.
Thus, if two equal and pertectly elastic spheres impinge at tit
angles, then theirdirections after impact will still be at right a
gles.
or. 4Loss of kinetic energy.
ULoss of K. E. = ¢mu+mu)- Gmv+~m)
=
m(4, cos a +u sin a) + mtu cos B+ u sin? B)
-

m(v sin 8+ cos 0)-matv? sin?o+ cos

= m 4 cos a+mu cos B) - Gmvi cos 0+mufcos q),...

by (1) and (2
From (3) and (4), we have
(mvi cos +m2vz cos o + mma(vi cos - vh cos ¢)

= (m4, cosa+muz cos p) +mme(u1 cos a - cos

(m,41 cos a+mz cos B +mmal41 cos a-42 cos

-(1-e)m^m2(41 cos a -2 Cos p}

or, (m+me)(m^vi'cos? 6+m2vi cos* ¢)

(m+ma)m141 cos?a+mau cos* B)
-(1-emma(u1 cos a-4 COs

or, (mv cos 0+mv cos ) = (mu? cos? a + ma4 cos* p

-(1-)7 a- U2 cos B). (8)

(U1 Cos ..

m +m2
Substituting from (8) in (7), we get
loss of K. E. mama
(1-euj
m+m2 cos a -

u2 cos p}*
nce
e , this is
positive and hence there is always a loss K.E
o
Note. Ife =1, that is, when the
spheres are ien
there is
no loss of kinetic
energy. perfectly elastic,
 OF BLASTIC BODIES
COLLIS 107

6.6. lustrative Examples.

1. A ball of mass 8 pounds moving with a velocity of 4 feet per second
Ex.1
. riaken by a ball of 10 pounds moving with a velocity of 7 feet
second (i) in
the same direction as the first, (ii) in the
opposite
int,f e=, then find tie velocities of the balls after impact. Find also
direch
kinetic energy in the first case.
the loss of
All velocities in one direction are taken positive while those in the
opposite direction negative.]
et the direction of motion of the first ball be taken as positive and let

D, be velocities after impact.

the
() Here 801+ 1072 =8 x4+10 x7= 102

and 1-2-4-7)=1.
These give v feet per second and o= feet per second.

Lossof K. E. -}x8x4+x 10 x7-x8x (-}x 10x(

64 +245-(12544+11045)
309-291-22 (approximately)
= 17-78 foot-poundals.
(i) Here 801+102=8x4-10x7 =-38
and 1-D 4-(-7=-
Solving these, we get vy=- feet per second

and - f e e t per second.

A mass of 5 pounds impinges directly on a mass of 10pounas,

and is observeatoTeco
5 at rest, with a velocity of12 feet per second elasticity and the
lcty of1 foot per second. Find the coefficient of
l0ssofkinetic energy.
Lete be the coefficient of elasticity and let v be thevelocity of thesecond
velocity of 12 feet per second
er impact. The first body moving witha have, by the
ecoils with avelocity of 1 foot per second after impact. We
ecopls
ciple of coriservation of linear momentum,
(1)
5.12+10.0=-5.1+10.v2.
From Newton's experimental law, we have
(2)
-1-e(0-12).
 108
ADVANCED NALYTICAL DYNAMICS
PAR
From (1), we have 1002=60 +5
Therefore D2feet per second -
feet per second.
Then, from (2), we have
15
e-

Loss of kinetic energy =

(K. E. before impact) (K. E. after
-

impact)
- 5.12100-15.1-10
22
360--
360-
= s foot-poundals
=
457 foot-pounds
(approximately).
Fk. 3. A particle falls from a height h in time t upon afixed horizont
plane. It rebounds and reaches the maximum height h in time e. Show that
P=et and h=ëh,e being the coeffiçient
ofelasticity.
The velocity with which the particle strikes the horizontal
plane normally
to it is v2gh, as it falls from a height h. Now the rebounding velocity will be
then
ev2gh.
Again the particle falls through a height h in ime t.

Hence h
gt, that is, t=V
Now,ifthe greatest height attained be k and the time to attain this height
be t,
then, for motion under gravity, we shall have

H-Rh
28
and r -N2 =a.
Ex. 4. At what angle must a smoth ball strike a horizontal plane so tna
after impact its direction may be at right angles to its former path?
Referred to Fig.6.3 of Article 6.3, we have +a
Therefore -a
Now we know that cot e cot o.
Therefore cot -a) = ecot a, glving tan^ a = .

Hence atanWe.
CoLLISION OF_ELASTIC BODIES
10

Apafticle falls to'the ground from a height h. fe be the coefficient

Kon, then
gektintion, then show that the whole distance described by the
particle
e iit has finished rebounding
helore is h 1 and that the whole time takenis
C H - 1

g 1-e [B. H. 1986;T. H. 1992]

The velocity of the particle on strikingtheplane isvgh = u (6ay). Velocity
ar the first impact will be then eu, after the second impact it will be e'u,
ate
it wil become e'u and so on.
fher the third impact
The successive heights attained with these velocities will be
(e2 EDL
2' 2g' 2s and so on;
and the times to attain these heights will be

nd and so on.

Before the first impact, the particle describes a distance h in time

Hence the total distance described is

h+2 +t+é+..
- h+2h

Thetotal time taken is

.Three balls ofmassesm, ' and M respectively astraight lime,

are in

4
ina straight linethe velocity the
with
ast beingat rest. Thefirst, moving Find velocity of
h e seconid whjch aferuards strikes third.
the
third ofter ipact. the veldcity of
that, ifthe maases of the first and third balls be given,
OTDe ball is a mean
nird ball after impact is greatest when the massof thesecond is then equal
the masses the other two and velocity
the
Onal betuveen of
to (1+emu
(Vm+VM¥
uhere e is the coefficient of restitution.

AA.D-8
 110 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL
DYNAMICS :
PARTICL
RTICLE
Let and ' be the velocities of the masses m and m
v
after in.
velocities before impact of the two masses were u and Orespectiv
pact anda pact and the
Hence v-v =-etu -0)
and mv + m'u = mu.

1+e)
These give 4
m +m

For the impact between m and M, let V be the

velocity of Mafter
Thus we have as before impact
V= U+e)
m+M
mm'u(1 +e)? from (1)
(m + t +Mtrom (1)

mu(1+e
dividing by .

Hence Vis greatest, when ( +M) is least.

Now 1
+M) =m+M+ +m
-

|if-Nm M+m++2VmM).
This is least when
In other
v-V m =
0, that is, when m =
vmM.
words, ' is a mean
proportional of mand M.
In that case, V= ( 1 +e)?

.7.1fthe velocity of ball A after its impact on a B

and direction asthe
magnitude
ratio of the velocity of B bail has the same
the masses of the two balls is before impact, then show that tne
Let m and
ma be the masses of theequal the coefficient of restitunon
to
coefficient of restitution. This is balls A and Brespectively ande bethe
a
particular case of
respectively
oblique impactanain wwhich
4 2 and =
Thus, for the ßof Article 6.5.
equations (3) and (4) of that
or, mua cos ß+ maUz cos article, we have
and mi(42 cos p-uj cos a)= mui Cos a+m242 ¬OS P
2 COs -D2 m2(ug Cos B- v2 COS
=
. . .
(1)
cos =
e(u2 cos B- 41 Cos 2
)
 U L A S I O N
OF ELASTIC BODIES 111

and (2, w e get

From (1)
cOs 02 Cos o = e=
u2 COs -41 COs O m2
8A smooth sphere of mass m travelling with velocity u impinges
ely on a smo0oth sphere of mass M at rest, its original line of motion
makingan angle 0 with the line of centres at the moment of impact. Show that
sphere ofmmass m will be reflected through a right angle if
tan 0 eM-m
M+ m
Let the velocities of m and M atter impact be vi and va respectively. Let u
nake an angle o with the line of centres and move along the line of centres.

V2

V
Fig.6.6
For the mass m for the direction
have D sin o = u sin 0.
perpendicular to the line of centres, we
Iheequation of momentum gives mvi coso + Mv2= mu cos 6.
From Newton's law, we
have
D COs -v2 = - eu cos 8.

Now, if -0 90, that is, = 0+90, then we have

D COs = u sin 0
and
mUi sin 0 +Mv2 = mu coss6.
AlSOwe have vi sin 0+D2 =
eu cos .
Hence mu cos = -

mv1sin 0+M(eu cos 0- vi sin 0)

Meu cos 0-(M+m)o sin

Meu cos -(M+m)us6
co
M+m) sin? 0 (eM-m) cos. =

Therefore tan M-m or

M+m
 112
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS:
CS: PAT
PARTICL
Examples VI
and moving with velocitv 4 d..
A ball of mass 8 pounds
1. city 4 feet pe
ball of
mass 12
pounds moving with avele
second overtakes a
jelocity
3 feet per second in the same direction.1If the coefficient of restitutionot
of the balls after impact,
be , then find the velocities
the second
findIfthe
ball be moving ina direction opposite to the first
velocities. Show that each ball is turned back after impa then
s

2 pounds impinges directly on a ball

2. A ball of mass coefficient of restitution if
which is at rest. Find the he
mass 1 pound be equal to the veloch
ball impinges
velocity with whichafterthe larger
of the smaller ball impact.
two balls be in the ratio 2: 1 and thei
3. If the m a s s e s of ratio 1 : 2 and in the
before impact be in the
respective velocities
directions and e be , then show that each ball will, after
opposite of its original velocity.
m o v e back with 3-th
direct impact, with coefficient
4. Two spheres of masses
4 pounds and 3 pounds
after direct impact move with velocities 4 fet
of restitution same direction. Find their
and 4 feet per second in the
per second
velocities before impact:
impinge directly
with equal and opposite
5. Two elastic spheres one of them may
be
their m a s s e s so that
velocities. Find the ratio
of
coefficient of restitution being
e.
the
reduced to rest by the impact,
4 pounds and 8 pounds moving
6. Twospheres A and B of masses in opposine
9 feet second and 3 feet per second
with velocities per foot per secona,
collide. If A rebounds with a velocity of 1
directions
the coefficient of elastiary
after impact,
then find the velocity of B
and the loss of kinetic energ3y
elastic ball must be dropped Ond
7. From what height a heavy reach a height o
once it will
floor so that after rebounding ()
reach a height of 16
metres? (e =1/2)
metre, (i) thrice it will
16 feetan
from a height of
8. A ball of mass 5 ounces is dropped feet. Find
the

after hitting the ground it rebounds to a height

of 9 ball be
with the
impulsive force exerted by the ground, if the contact
assumed to last for T second. smoo

9. An elastic ball of mass m falls from a height h o ne

energy

horizontal plane and rebounds. Show that the loss ofkineun

due to impact is mgh (1 - e*), e being the coefficient of resti
 BODIES
OLLJSIONOF
COLLISTONv
BLASTIC
113

An elastic
elastic ball
bal of falls from a
mass m
10 height h on
horizontalplane and rebounds to a height zh.Calculate
a fixed
0 the coefficient of restitution;4
impulse due to impact;
ti) loss of kinetic energy due to ímpact.
11. A ball falls from a height of 48 feet upon an elastic horizontal
plane.EI the coefficient of restitution be 3, find the total space described
by the rall before it tinally comes to rest and the time that elapses.
19.ball moving with a velocity 12 feet per second impinges at
an angle of 30 on a smooth plare. Find its velocity and direction of
mofionafter the impact, the coefficient of restitution being 4.
13. Aball falls vertically from a height of 100 feet and rebounds to
aheight of 25 feet. If the same ball struck the ground with the same
speed but in a direction making an angle of 30* with the vertical, in
what direction would it begin to move after impact?
14. A ball A moving with a velocity u impinges directly on an
equalball B movirng with velocityv in the opposite direction. If A be
broughttorest by the impact, then prove that #: v = (1 +e): (1-e),
tbeing the coefficient of restitution.
CrE A sphére impinges directly on an equal sphere at rest. If the
coeficient of restitution be e, then show that their velocities after
impactare in the ratio (1-e): (1+e). o KH. 2007]
f the mass of the first sphere be m and that of the second be m',
en shaw that the first cannot have itsvelocityreversed, if m> em'.
6. Two bodies A and B whose elasticity is e, moving in opposite
Cons with velocities a and b, impinge directly upon eachother:
that sheir distance at time t afterimpact is te(a+ b) .

Ahal
ballA of mass m, pounds impinges directly on anotherball
p o u n d s which is at rest. After impact, Bimpinges directly
OnD a l Cof mass m pounds which is also at rest. If the
be ocify imparted to Cbe the same as A had at first and if all the balls
perfectly ela_tic, then show that (m +ma) (ma +ma) =4mm.
m
smooth uniform spherical balls of masses m and
WO velocities
omoving with uand u' respectively impinge directly, then
prov that the condition that each oses the same amount of kinetic
he
eneryy ls 0,
(3+e) mu
here eis thecoefficient of +m'u)
restitution. (thu'B.+ H.m'u)
+(1-e) [N.
=

2006; V. H. 2006]
114 ADVANCEL
ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
PAR
19. A series of n elastic spheres whose masses are
are separated by intervals, with their
at rest, 1,
line. The first is made to impinge centres
directBy on the second on straie
M.Show that finally the first (n -1) spheres will with
be mowin velkrin
same velocity (1-e)u and the last
with the velocity u. ith
Provethat the final kinetic energy of the system is
(1-4
C. H. 20
20. Three elastic balls of masses
m, m2, ma lie on a straight
on ahorizontal table and mj is projected towards ma. If
the vele
of m after striking m2 be equal to that of m,
after striking m.
prove that (m +ma) (772 +m3) e=m,m,(1 +e.
21. Two equal perfectly elastic balls impinge
obliquely. If the
directions of motion before impact be at right angles, then prove
tha
their directions of motion after impact will also remain at right angis.
22. A sphere moving with a velocity v3 impinges on an
sphere, moving with a velocity v, their directions of motion betore
impact making angles of 30° and 60 respectively with theline
centres. If the spheres be perfectly elastic, then find the angies th
their directions of motion make with the line of centres afterimpat
23(@) From a point in a smooth horizontal plane,a ball is projet
with a velocity u at an angle a to the horizon. Show that itwil ke
2u sin a
rebounding from the plane for a time and will havea range
&(1-e)
usin2a CH. 200
&1-e)
e
being the coefficient of elasticity.
() A ball, whose coefficient of elasticity is e, is projected
a velocity u at an angle a to the horizon from a point P. It s ikes
?a
fixed vertical wall situated at a distance h from P and retu
Show that

1+ sin 2a CH 19871

24.
gh
Twoequal spheres of elasticity e impinge, having
velocities , P in the
direction of the common normal and
perpendicular to this normal. IE, after the
mo
eres move

perpendicular each other, then

to impact, sp
prove that
COLLISTONwOF ELASTIC BODIES
115

25. Two elastic spheres, ach of mass m, collide directly. Show

lostduring the impact
thatthe energy m(u2 -), where u and
is
vare their relative velocities before and after impact.
If the velocity of one of the spheres be exactly reversed by the
impact then show that the energy lost is four times that of the sphere
is reversed. (e = })
whose velocity
26, Two equal smooth spheres, with coefficient of elasticity
moving in opposite directions with velocity o, impinge obliquelv the
line of centres of impact being inclined at an angle of 45 to-the
direction of motion. Prove that the loSs of energy due to impact is
the impact been direct.
half what it would have been had
27. A smooth sphere A impinges on an equal smooth sphere B
which is at rest. If the directions of motion of A before and after impact
with the line of centres of the
make angles and respectively
then
22 tan 8 K. H. 2008]
spheres, thattan
prove
1-e
28. A smooth ball impinges on another smooth equal ball at rest
the
in a direction that makes an angle a with the line of centres at
the
moment of impact. Prove that, if D be the angle through which
direction of motion of the impinging ball is deviated, then

(1+e)tan a V.H. 2007]

tanD 1-e+2tana
f the direction of the impinging ball bisects the angle between the
uture directions of motion of the balls, then show that tan a = ve.

v collides with
9.A body of mass M moving with a velocity
Both are perfectly elastic
ner of mass m which rests on a table.direction making an angle
d smooth and the body m is driven in athe its
wth the previous line of motion of body M. Show that
velocity is
2M
D cos.
M+m
on a sphere of mass
Asphere of mass impinges obliquely
m
directions of
which is at rest. If m = em', then show that their
thotion af
otion after impact are at right angles to one another.
at rest. After
) A smooth sphere impinges on another one Show that if
collission, their of motion are at right angles.
they
they are assumed directions must be equal.
then their
masses
n e d perfectly elastic, IB. H. 1998]
N N
 I

MOTION IN A PLANE
f r.{otiPll along a plane curve.
7.t, · · of am· I
Let p be the pos1t1o_n a p .c e on a plane curve OPQ at time t,
that the distan~. of p at that tune me~~red along the curve from
~ Point O on 11 1s s. Let Q ~lh e position of the particle at time
the
;i +61) and OQ = 5 + 1!5, measured along the curve, so that
arc PQ= 65 ·

Pig 7.1

The displacement of P along PQ in time 6t is thus the chord PQ.

The ave)'.age velocity of the partir.le durh}g the interval &t is
chord PQ_
6t
Thus the velocity at time t is
Lt chord PQ _ U chord PQ . arc PQ
tit_. o 6t - 81 _. o arc PQ 6t

= Lt & . u chorci PQ, since & ➔ O, as 6t ➔ O

& ➔ O 6t 6s ➔ O &
~ ~ ~~
&
ffi =1.
=-x 1 =~, since LI
dt dt &t-+O

Now, as a, ➔ o, Q approaches the p<>int P and the chord ·PQ

becomes the tangent at P.
ds · d · ti' is-along the
'""
1
nUs the velocity of P at time t is iii and its tree on
tangent at P in -the sense of increasing s
£. i' '
(.
,' ,,::,. ,Y,..
·.

. ·:..
,..,
~ . •. :"t
. . .!
 ADVANCED AN ALYTICAL D !119
U8 YN-4¾1es .
N JN A PLANE
te . · P-1J/~lc, ~o'flO . .
7.2. Veloc.ity and acceleration in Car Stan ~~
m be moving along a curve and at time
t
pos itions of a mov · co-ordi ~ a article of massrred of rectangular axes , then the
Let p and Q be the
s.
~/ articJe at _llilte ~f bpe at (x' y), refe · to a set
Cot,·t1on ·
(t + 6t)on the curve APQ,such that their co: 1
its 1'°~ of motion of the particle wifl be
to the set of Inates are hn1es 1 d2 .
(x, y) and (x + 6x, y + Sy) referred angu lar resPecii:nQ equations .n.
d m !!Ji -- Y'
. rect · , ,u u-x X
OY.
·-.: . cbcesoxely . ~ df = an dt2
y ~
'I' .

~~ parts of the extern~! forces

· X and Yare the sums.o_f the_resolved and y-axes respectively .
of x-
wh_ere the particle in the d1rect10ns . .
cttngon these two equ ations to get its
a . n x and Y, we can integrate inating t, we get a relation
· ?~ve_ (x · y) as functions of t .· Elim
path of the particle .
A . _positionti·ng~ and y which gives the --.. .
connec equ atio n of the path and the direction
o the other hand, given the
law of for<;e.
of th; resultant force, we can find the
0 M N X r acceleration.
Fig. 7.2
~g ul ar velo city ,arid angula
another point O is the rate of
t icle The angular velocity of a point P about
Then the displacemen ts of the par para1lei to OX and oy in with some fixed direction.
time 6t are Sx and Sy resp ecti vely . change of the angle which OP makes
moving along the curve APQ
Hence the velocity paralle l to OX is
Lt 6x _ dx . Let OX be a fixed line . A particle is
that LXOP-= a: ··
61 ...,. 0 0/ - df =: X and at any time tits position is at P, such
in the direction of increasi ng x ;
Lt §! = ~ _ .
. and the velocity parallel to OY is dt - Y
& -.. o St
· in the direction of increasi ng y.

If• be the resultan t veloeity, then v'

= ( : +(~ J J
'" - ft._ h .
and the direction of v is given by •tan
- ,. - . , w ere 'V 1s the anglethat 0
_
.. x
es with the x-.axis A
the direction of v mak
. Fig. 7.3
is is
The acceleration parallel to the x-ax
at time (t + 6t),such that OP
~dx) d~
dt(iii = dt2 == i
.. Let Q be the position of the particle
_describes an angle S8 in time 6t abo
ut 0 .
g le 8 in time 6t is thus ~~ ·
is is - The average ;;-te--of cha~ge of the a.n
and the acceleration parallel to the y-ax rolls 10 cent imetres on a
if a wheel of radius 2 cen timetres
4!! !!)_#:JJ. ..
dtl dt - dt2 :: Y. .
-road in 5 seconds, .then the average ang
ular velocity about the centre is

• · thecase .J..Q._ = 1 rad ian- per seco nd.

Resultant accele rat·ion and its direction can be foun d as tn 2x5
of veJOcity.
p
121
-AN E
tftl Ar ~·· -.
. ADV ANC ~D A NAL Y7,'1CAL DYN A¾I rrotJ -- · be measured ·
120
· Cs 1 ~O urve be a circ~ an~ the angular velocity
in th~t case
. : '"¼ii1cl ot· If the c then the angle t 1s a right angle and -
Thus the angular velocity co of P abou t O is given by ~ C "'e centre,
. 68 dB ~t,O1.1tb• ro ::: -V , smc .., = 1 .
. "'
. e sin
co = Lt -,.. =- . r
IW-+0 6t . dt
cular case .
. '-blow an independent proof of this parti
If a wheel makes 200 revo lutions per hou
r th
' en the angu 1 we.11ve ~
of the wheel ls ~~
. Oci~
200 X 21t 7t . ·- 'un.ifodt\ Motion in a circle.
60 x 60 - 9 radian per second _ 1·'· . t ,novts iti a circle of radius r wi°th a speed v, then its angular
f If# pain . . V
The angular acceleration, that is, the rate O change of .: ,about the ctrttre is uniform and ts equal to -;·
velo city is v,locitY -
dco = A{_de d28. )= angular , ... t thi! mov1rtg poin t P, w\th a uniform speed v, describe a circle of
dt dtl dt · dt2 rad~$ , wMse centre is at 0 .
Angular veloc i .15 1 .
e is always mea sure d in radians. in rad ians pe ty n radian .
second and angular acce leration is r second ' "I ?er
per second
and U
7.tl~ Relation betw een ang ular veloctty near Velo.
tion of a mov ing pa.rt kle on th city.
Let P be the posi
tang ent at p an~ ~rve at time 1,
movin~ with a velocity 'O along the strai ght et th e tangen1
11\Bke ap angl e cp with--OP, OX bein g 8 fixed Ime.
Then ro = angular velocity of the part icle
Fig ?.Sea
d8 d8 ds
= - = - ·-, d over by OP about the
dt ds dt $inte the ~d is uniform, the angles turne
point passes over equal
cet\tte: 0 are equal in equal times, because the
s being the arc length end equal angles at the
al'CI \ft equal times which in their turn subt cle about the centre is
cefttfl.. Heftce the angular velocity of the parti
141\ifoffl\.
== ds .~ .l Now the arc traced out by P in time t is vt whil
e the angl e 8
dt ds r
units.
subtended by this arc at the centre is given by vtr in circular
= v~ t 'Fig, 7.4 ~

r · onualto
about 0 ~- 15
Thus the angular velocity ol a particle (at P) l-lence CO = uniform angular velocity of
P about 0
velocity of the_particle resolved perpendi
cular tQ...Qf ·
vt
OP endicular
• . . perp ~ !t :; Lt = £ ( in radians per second).
=,
Again, stnce p sin+,. where p is the length
of the r

from Oto the tangent at P, we have

m=,-
 I
L DY NM (
ADVANCED AN AL YTI CA . lCs . Jl
122 . .

/tltrmativtly.:·
have
~
. circle of radius r, we s:n V
Fora t;s. =. arc PQ = r vu.

Therefore
& ,39 · d8
= Lt .:.,- = &Lt➔ O Tt = T dt =
TCO•
'D
.lit ➔ O 6t
··.Jr,··t ·:fF · fJ.f. . X
Hence ~J .r. ·. .o Fig. 7.61•)
V ···~, -.;,
(I) =-. Fig7.S(b) ,_..r li ~\i
al to
T
. along the normal at P is equ ., . .
Q~ a circl.e wj~h con stant s ee j\.cetfera\1on e t+ 6t - the sam e m tune t
cq1. If a poml ,r;noutvesany~J9pPm .,. · ·1on the norm,d at P in tim
t on the ~IJ~le is half tha td, then
its
angular velocity aJ:,o ~t the veloc• . -~-.. 61 . 6s
subtended by any arc at abo (.. • ---~ · _
centre. This is because the angle Lt - Lt (v + &,) sm 6'1' . ~.
the circ nee .of a t~~,f
~ f~ _t_subtended at the ~% : ~int on 11,.Q
:: ,u
_,{p-f.'& ) sin 6y
6t
O =
lit .... 0 6"' 6s 6t

.. Tangential and normal acc

elerations. C8a.S,'cf VJ) ~➔ o.

since 6s ➔ 0 and 6'1f ➔ 0 as 6t

➔0
_ "·1.· .S p·,• vI
Let P and Q be the positions of
APQ at times t and (t + 6t)
a particle moving al~
res tively, such that Ai t 5 and
pec _e curve
=
- .11

t,
.

h . pis th l of curvature~ them at P.

AQ = S/ 6s m~asured from the

fixed point A . -
,,nethM
, .. v~ r ~ Clc\rS.
ties of the particle at p and Q 1 l . . t
Let v and (v +6v) be the veloci
:
the tan~i~~ e~ es~lts in the _followin_g way t~ curv~ m time ..
ts at P and Q _resp~ctively. Let icle mov tl}g along the
the directions of the tangen ion OX inthe Let p ~ the"position of the part alCes be
O'lf) wit h a fixed direct point p ~it h OX and ~y .;is
at Pand Q make angles 'fl and ('fl+ ween the tangents is 6\jf (assumed co- ord i
_ nate s of the
lAt the ~ .rtesian p~ ~el to OX,
plane of the curve. Thus the ang
le bet ve components o! its _velocity
n by (i,y). Let'fix;v ·~ the respecti
w that the v~ rit y v of the particle at pis give .its vel ~ty alon ~e tangent,
g .
.very small). We kno OY; 11 ,,u ~~ '~es~t,ive components of o m p o n ~ n
= - . respective c
dt
'V
the no ~ at ,P; f x, / be the of )..ts
OX, OY
.:nd J,,f ,/oe thf.! ,respective · components
at P -is equal to pa,allel ..t,o
Acceleration along the tan.gent the normal at P.
~l io n ~ g the W\gent, v!I
y
t at Pin time·(t + 6t) - the same in time I Then ' ,~(.l.)',
Lt ;velo.city:along the tangen 6t .
61 ➔ 0

= Lt {v + 6v) cos ow - v
111 ➔ 0 6t

d ds .
. b ds 6'1 ' +!l . Fig 7.6 (b) X
=- -$:0 l.-sm 111
= Lt .6v = dv ..tis 4t.ds dt
& ➔ o 6t dt
L
 125
124 ADVANCED. ANAL. YTlCAL_ DYNA
MI .
ds d CS • i>A•
= -cos ''I' +..!. · 2 ds ,., iant acceleration is, therefore, completely direct
di dt sin lf ~11ci t4Q ed
=7t• since dx
ds -- cos\11 and---.
:!Jt. .:::
ds "'sinl\l
,.,6 t111'; 1
centre and is of magnitude
v,, .= ~u·7COS'lf_-vl.sin m - dy
,. - dtcos d ..sin 'II
w-...:. towards f s2 :::.-;-
'ii:::. r ff:::.r0.1 •
_ dy ds d ds dt
1
W• ,;,e J>ll ;ndep ende nt proof of this particular case ut next
- ds
- -COS ·'I' - -d
s dt,
X ddt sm article .
dt • ·
-,- sm\jl :.2. . 'I' cos 111
T _ ds .
-Sin
!, = f,cos .lf + l ;, 11 ~ ~cc:eleration for a uniform circular motion. :,,----_
sut lf - d'r d' dt iv cos iv ,u.
.... -d f f ~ d.. ~
1.. . a circle
, of radius
, r wllh
~jlS acctlet1111Dn ,s directed towards the centre and is of magnitude v1 Jr._.
Y
f 2 cos111
T + -2
Y 5.ln'lf , unifim
. n speed v, then at any
-
= COSlf !._(dx . . d d
dt dt)+S m'lf~
dt (~)
~ di

~
dt = COSd\jl-(-dx -ds) . d
= COS'l'!._(ds · di tis di +s1n ,v- (dy . ~ '1,eih• centre of the circle of
di di COS'll)+sU\lf !._(ds SU\ )
di ds d,I : if r and a-1,ar!i<le be moving . R
=c d's . di di
-~ ,.;,,le wiih unif?rm speed
lf
os 'I' ( dt2 cos \II - sin 11,
,. d'I' -ds) ,+sm'
_ . I'( d2S '." . v.~ Y~int P on its path, its
·
and f, = l cos - ·'" di di
Y 'I' /,Sitl' I' , • · di' s1n,1jt+cosiv "'it!!!_ - d' 2s ~SJl!y v js ·a1~l'.\g the tange nt PTX
d' ;-••"" ''· 'di dt) - - · tJ l 'drC\e ~Let the posit ion of the
·:••· dt
·.; e be--~t' Q after an infinitely
,;: !:lco
dt s'!I -difs
d2x in,'I'
=cos2 ,!_ ds =cos \lf!.( ~ ds • d irtterval t and the velocity
di ds dl) - sm 'l'dt(dx dsl will ~ along the tange nt Fig. 7.7
'!' di <,di sut 'I')- sut 1V,!._(ds os·
~OQ = 8 ~ cirCUlar units,So that the ongl, QTX-is_also e
ds dt tQ "I

_ , -a~ (-\1l\ \:1 \ ] t1 dt t 'I'_)

os~,!'i_}
- cos \11(...:;;rd sin_\11-:,+'c
"'d ds Ll. \/ , '.2i.:, ,. "lI , P, O, Q, T being con-cyclic, Th• velocity v icting along
div d t I -)-Si
di nllf(Q -;;, cos 'lf-sin'V d111 ds be ri,solved into a velocity v cos 8' along PT and a veloci
TQR
=- ..!= d¥ ty v sut e
ds ds ,J- t di 4tl dicular to PT, that is, parallel to PO.
dt ·dt 7s·7 t··dt = -p . ince I is very small, 8 ( in circular measure ) is
very small hence
Cotd f • ·particle can write cos 8 = 1 and sin 8 = 8, neglectutg small quanti;ties
v - . . ,, . of
- r co, comove s along a circle of
being tH' .
radius r,. then. we h
and r- . .
- p, the radiu e angul
s of cu . ar Veloc"tty. of the particle ave
'[t,Uf
rord~
ther.above companents are actually v along PT and v0 parall
el
_.2 rvature
Therefore £:. -
p - - normal acceleration· =
·· --
v1 - r2 <i:il 2
ftiete we see that the change of velocity U\ tim• t along PT will_be
.. r - -,- = r m • · and that parallel to PO will be v0- Th,iS there
will be no
leratio!\:"1ong PT, that is, the tangent to th• path but
Thus, m this case th there will be
tange nt (in the sense ~f ~ resol~ed parts of ·ace
are respe acc;eleration of the particle along PO which 1s
ctively . s increasing) and norm al (elera .
towartion
ds the
alo:;:'lg
cet.tre
the)
~
t I
as t ➔ o
· dv _ dv v2
,
' =·!'. . '!!. as t -> O, since 8 (U\ radians) = ~,
. di - v ds and 7 = r aJ. == v,t
t r · ·
ff, tr particular, v be constant, then dv
df -0
- v2
== -r ·
 127
126 ADVANCE D ANAL YTIC'.AL DYN
I 1N J\ pLA]'/E
~ l'/cle o11ofl equation of ener~y. This is independe
nt of
7.8. Equation of energy. ~ 'Oil ( ) ik ealled th~
~ 6
Bqtl,tifoJlowed in movmg from
t~e -~omt (xo, Yo) to
l
the
pos
pres
itions
ent
of
Let a particle of mass the m1t1al and the fina
smooth plane curve und m be con stra ined t ,
e alo tie patlt ) byt dep end s only on .
components are X y paralle er .the action of fo o rnov on th ng a t sitiOJl (.t, tj
rces X, y
p (x y) b he positio, l to th x and e plane given p0 ,tticle· s the work done by the forces
axe s of theP Vi (X d.t + "[ dy) represent
1. •
et n of the . e pon ents
, ose the curve, who se com
~~rve at p make an angle 'I' ~:
:cl ea t ti~ e t and thy respecti ve~h let ~o a srnall displacement ds alon?vely. Hence the right hand side
Let R b e tang ent Pry respecti
rve on the particle in the d. tion t_he x-a xis.
e the reacti to the di1ril'~ axes are dx and dy ch
irec of the no rk done by the external forces whi
Then, resolvin t ~a l at P. on of the aloogor ( ) represents ~he ~ota w? added to an arbitrary constant.
l
g t~e forces along the angent and th
the equations 0 f mo oH3) .~p 4 art icl e dun ng its motion
tion as e normal . components are equal to the
mv
dv
X
,Weg
et
acto nu•~
J-{en ce, if the forces be such that its then it
ds = cos 'I' + y sm . 'I',
di(fet1jlltials with respect to x
and y of some function $ (x, y),
1 (l )
-t= -X sin 'I' + t~at _
2 I
follows from (6)kine forces.
tic energy = work done by the external
V
m y cos ,j;,.d,ange in
'I' + R, e by them depends upon their
the positive d · . (2) Such forces,.for which work don are
radius of curv~:echon of R being taken . th the path followed by the particle,
ve at pi m e direction in wh· h ioitial'81ld final values and not on
Now we haveure p to the cur s mea sured ic the
called conservative forces .is known as the work function of the system of
y. The quantity <I> (x, y)
the equation of energy.
cos If' = dx !!Ji. force& and thts relation is called e
H . ds and sin If' =
a&. The potential energy at a point is defined to be the work don
ds . to som e standard
ence the equation (1) becomes R
on tlii particle as it moves from the present pos ition
the
. now , y1) be take n to be the standard position of
d
mv -dv _ X dsx + y !!Ji. ,
podlon If (X1

. ds - particle at (x, y), then (xi,y i l

(X dx + Y dy) = ~ (xi, yi) - ~ (x, y) .
which on integraf
½nzv2 = J(X d ion
.
give
x+ y dy) + C
s
ds .
QOtential energy = f (x,y )

w~~c~~ me constant I
rn T
'8!enee kinetic energy+ potential
energy
L
et (X dx+ yd ) b ·
Fig. 7.8
·= ½mv02 + «x, y) - ~xo, yo)+ $(X1, Yi) - ~x, 'J)
a perfectt differenti.aJ, that is ' there i·s a funct10n
of x and y, sa y ~ (x,y y),esuc h tha = ½m v/- «xo , yo)+ $(Xi , yi)
~
~
X dx + y dy = d~
~
x, y) = ax dx + dy ~ = C + «xi , y1) = conslant, from
(S).
so that X _ ay I conseroative, the sum of the kinetic
- ax and -y = ~ - Hence, when tht force system is
Then (3) reduces to !i
If the .
J !
= d~ + C -- ~ (x, y) + C.
tnergy·and the potential energy is con
This' is called the principl e of cons
stant.
ervation ofenergy.
(x fro
particle starts m a point . . . . (4)
o, Yo) when its v Ioc1. ty is Vo A, who se force.
e th ' say
en we have fro co-ordinates are . ~ r a giV'en law of
- !m 2 '
a vel~ ity u in ~ direction inclined at _an
' m (4),
· ..__(~) A particle is projected with '~'
the pat~ if the particle moves under Z{!V
2 Vo ::: , (Xo
From (4) and , Yo)+ C. (5) ~,gte «x to the IJorizon . To find bein g negl ecteii. ( ~ a proJeclile)
(5), we have' bYsubtract· ffljpposed :constant;fl ieair-resislance
1
-mv -, _ ,1 mv 2 _ $ ( 10n,
. To /ind its kinetic energy w nen it is at a."!_ight Ya11dtJIflif.gf.tjtmd ,
2
•
0
- x, y)-q >(xo, yo). (6)
 CED AN 1cAL _.D...,r1v
AL l'T---
------ -...... ¾....,Ics . P
129 I
ADVAN
__ _ -.
Jill
_ ______ . ~ Cti ill 1/¥
..4 pLAf/E
ojection, be taken as or;&in an
Let o the point of pr d let the ho r;, ·
• B = y= us in a-
gt ·
lin es th ro ug h O be taken as the ( fro tX
l \ ) ' -r. vs m
and the 'vertical d these axes, et P(x, y) be tha)(es of , on111
"1j ~
Jr>
'J11et1t • -11cos.a
~
ii<

x - tddhlg, we ge ,,
ely . Re fe rre to . 1 t
respectiv g on the Pa rticle
e Position Of1h, Y 0 fl#
da
. e t. The on1y for
ce actin ,ell' an
particle at lim e eq ua tio ns of m otion a " th• 'O'tis,. • _,l lf'i ng
gt si n a + g t 2 _ 2gy.
ar ds . Th )
weight acting d'y _ do w nw
r re "" '•f o, ,, !, !. -· - .,2 -' 2U 2
1. gt =U .
.
ty
is
d' x ,- ei gh
df°"·. = 0 and df'° - -g. ,l ~ r "Cle of mass mat ah
• 2 ~ 2g
' parti (3)
(u si na J- of th e c ...
tions, we get == u ne tic
-e ki
--r
ergy
Integrating these equa . - en
1.
P(x,y) ' - th
2gy).
nce
-J
2
dx dy Be t
as
-dt =A and -dt =-gt + B, i m(~ 1 of th e pa r
ticle is give.n by (1)
. .h T ( _ 2usin ct:
ta nt s. et im eo [fl'& is, T - g
A an d B ~i ng co ns Th th at
cor.1. si-na T - 2I g r2 = 0,
Initially at 0, N ·
ge R as

-W
hen f = 0, .'dt!:_ = UCo S IX an d !!i
dtt. = U Sin IX .

anct B =
Fig.7.9

usi n•
(a)

· Fr om
u
(~
) w
,' ge tth e horizonta ran ~
e
< _ u' sin 2ct ·
g
l
l - 5·
Plllt in g th es e, we get A = ucas " dy . \ R = uc os a. T
-
He nce hich . i = wben a.. 4b · =
- tha dx IS a co ns ta nt an d d usrn a - gt. .. t- • ill be maXImum,
•
rticle is given y
so t di =ucos IX, w So th~ r~ g~ w_ H of the pa
, u' sin' a
ttic1, a1
y tune t. the co m po ne nt s of velocity of the pa Th eg re ate st height m is
an
These equations give 2 th at ist H = 2g s th
of a pam·c
tions, we ge t ( H le of m as
Integrating these equa
. 2
- g ' - e
in a) y an d
Y= us in a1 - ½g, 2 +
D, 0 = us
e po tential enmerof gy kinetic energ position of
.t + C an ct . t th the
x = •cosctconstants. ig h y, that the su 2, at any
where C and D are Cor.2. A tfra he e - 2gy) + mgy = 2 mu
1
m (3 ) , w e se
t m(u2
y = O; hence we
have moo;,u• Hence, o 15 . .
NoW,at I= 0, xD=::: O. l ·
po len lia l en er gy
C ::: 0 and the P ·ectiles is Ballistzcs.
and y = u Sin IX.I - ¾ gt'. ar tic le an d is co tant
oti on
.
of pro J
Hence x = ucos". I . . . (1) y of . lane with an Y

ese two eq uations, we get Not e

· es m ap
Eliminating I from th x2
the
pa tcle .mo v . d.irectly as . h
:; -_ h ar iesIt is projec t~d wit
Y==xtana- .! g .-
t
v.
IICteleration whic
p
l "2 cos2 a , . . . (2) a fix ed eg_ mt . h fixed point.
h n ce frgm t e
vacuo is • distan ce afr om
bo la. Th us the pa th of a. projectile in t'Velocity V at,e
h represents ave Paracal and Vertex upwards
Whicbo
Para la With •Xis
rti
d theacpa thlerw~ . irected towards t~e
en is~
of To· /in
~ e ce ation
y above the plane
loc ity of the particle at a height city at !hat
Let • be the Ve
e that the di . on of
recti the ve lo
; celerati.on is. direc
ted away from
ith8th'be
esctWlet th
e h< e
>r izo
an n.
gl fixed(ii~~)-the ac
OCtn
Oiht
PJ:ig
he n an
tioak
the fi x ~ n t .
 130 · ADVANCED ANA LYT ICA L DYNAM1 131
cs .
. {)
l\f?·1·,('
Let O be the fixed poin t and A be the poin
t fr . 1,€
is projected with a velocity V, such that
OA = aoThm Which the Pc1 .
· along OA and the axis · · · e axis 0 f
of y 1s take n in the direc t' rt1c1
x is tak
direc tion~ jl. Let P be the posi tion of e
. < the pa~ leion ~~lei to tehn
.
time t and let the co-o rdin ates of P be
(x, y) referredon to
its p h e
at at clt\y
axes, such that OM = x and PM = O
y. The distance ~ O y as
particle at any time t is PO, so thatffie
acceTerah on is: 0 ~ ! the
ong the co-or d mate
com pone nts ale- . axes are. µ. ~ µ. O "'.'
""d Its· - -a (e~µ 1 + e
r _ ,1µ,) = a cosh ._fµt,
µ.x and µy ·respectively. .
X - 2
'that is,
(1) Whe n the acceleration is dire cted towa
rds O the eq t· y==iTµ'(e
V {µ1 - e_,1µ,) = ,+-si
~µ
nh {ii"t.
moti on (m = 1) are .. .. , ua ions f
x = - µ.x and y = ..,_ µy o
and their gen~ral solu tions are . and subtracting, we_g_e_t _ _ _ _
___.,
Cttu artl'L , - ·· h
x = '.A1 cos( '/µ t +-B1) and y
"'1 . .~ bola
...:L-- _ 1, which is a yper
ul -
= C1 cos ('Jµ t + D1), ;l- .
--y
al - 2 - - -
whe re A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 are constants. ~
From these, we have r . ·ven path .
x = -Ai '/µ sin ('Jµ t + B1) and y .= -: C1'Jµ sin(--/µ t + D . L _;,, of force for a g1 d a force which is always
Initi ally, weh avex =a,- y=O; x=O, y=V
Hen ce a =,11,co~ B1, 0 =- A1 sin B1,
(at t.=0).
. 1).
:;: ;fide
. 'cTud towards the cen re
descri~ ;:::';ri:.°';:Ji: :;, unv for" of
0 = C1 cosD 1 .;,
and V =.:cl ..Jµ sin D1. d•~ ~ qI\\' ~ -~entre of the ellipse
· V n
(I I
Thes e give A1 = a, B1 = 0, C1 = - -;-
, , . ~µ and D1 = -2 - ··r,r,, ., · t:,· i +"i.. = 1 lli sesuch
Subs titut ing thes e values, we get a2 . b2 tune t on.the e p
.,, , . . of the particle at any
x = a cos.../µ t
aqd p, be. the
. .pos1
, tton ards 0, m being its
and y = --f.;-cos( ,/µ f+~) =¼:in,/µ f tnat'OP :=: r.
•. , .
articl
l:£t the force ac~ g onofthero.oti
p
e be mF tow
Squa ring and addi ng, we get on are (2)
---.. . """'·en the equauons
m,as s.1u
X

~
2 + 2 = 1, whic h is an
.a ~ --..
ellip--se. ~ 1-- r X ::: _ F cos 0 -- -F-r
(3)
'(ii}'Whe n the acceleration is directed away . - _fY.,
from 0, the equations of .. - -F s11l0 - r
moti on are x = µx, y = µy, utd . y- dthe.x-aJ(.iS , ~.
who se.general solutions are respectively l between OP an t
· where 8 is the ang e ni><:t tot, we ge
x = Aie{ii"' + Bie--fii_1 and y = Cie-4ii'r + D2e- 1 (4)
✓µ , .
whe re A2 , B2 , C2., D2 are constants . Differentiating (1) with·
resr ·

Frol'n these, we have xx 2 ==

-+t.0L o.
X= w • · ,r.;
(Aie.fii1 - Bie-{ii"') and y = ..[µ (Cie II 1 - Die
_-1µ,\
r
al II
 YT IC AL D _ _ _ _ _...;1~33
ADVANCED AN AL /, ,f J cS : p N_E_ _ _ _ _
-- -- -- .. :: .. ~ Y N ,4
132 ,. , Olr..J
"_
_:A~PBA
-- -- x and 11.... respec .
~~ o'f/O,.. -

~
Cle 2 2

Multiplying (2) and

(3) by ti!
' (dx] (d
l!j'f-)
_[.(xa2x +Yib2 !..]=,; . tiveJy.,,·••ci;,,g~ %_ y)2 = df +
o re , (yelocit
f~
_
we get .i i + ii
a2 b2
=
r
th re5
by (4). ·
s, · = u2 + : (e ~ - e -~J
Multiplying by 2 and in te gr at in g wi J>ect to t, we get -.
z z)2
u2
·t r( +e -; = ·c2
\e; y2.
r it.2
a2 + b = constant
= µ (say) .
=
4
(5) . u
ge t veIoc1ty = -~ y.
ith resp ec t to t, we fbereiore
Differentiatin~ (4) .w on vary as the distance
from the
x2 lerati
-a2x+.zb2. z.+ -+Lb2 --
u ii ,·,2
locity an d acce
x 0 . ff ~ bo th ve
a2
djredrix,
putting fo r xand yan
d Us . ples.
Then, from (2) and (3) Ing (5), 'We get 1.11. Illustrative Exam e t is given by
F ( x2 , ,2 ) Ex. t. (a f The position
ofa moving particle at tim
- ; ;r+ :; +µ = 0 x = a cos nt, y = a sin
nt.
ration.
F cle, its velocity and accele
- ; + µ = 0,. by (1)
. Find the path of the parti d y are
or,
veloc ities of a po int pa rallel to the axes of x an ants.
(b) The u, v, co and co' are const
i 'Hence F = µr . (II+ my) and (v +-e
o'x) respectively, where
conic section.
Thus F oc r. Show that t!Je path is a sin nt and x= - an
2
cos nt
find x
x = 11 oos nt, = - an y = -an2 sin nt.
the same way we can
Note. Proceeding in path, the fo ~ h.a iM I lhe ~aw of forc
e for the (•) We have
y = 11 sin nt, fl = an
cos nt and
an d henre
~escription of a hyperbo lic --. .'6 a wa ys directed lo the cen tre
obtained b~ elimina
ting t from x and y and
of the pa rti cle is pa rticle.
of the hyperbola. The path as the path of the
. we get t' + y2 = a le at any lime,
s a catenary undelr af. orce which ~els parallel lo squaring and adding, acceleration of the partic
(b) A-particle describe the ve loc ity an d the
d the U ll an d/ be
ce an
offor the path.
the axis. To fin.d the law ve oo ty at any pomt of then we have gn)
d its directrix be the 2 +y 2 = 112n 2, giving V = an
(takingthepositivesi
tenai:y be th e y-axis an . ,l- • x
r:et the ~• s of n is
th e ca
¼l 4,g iv in g/ = an2 .
x-axis. Then its equatio and f= i +y =a
2 2
onents are
sh X . C( ! _!) (1)
(b) The equations giv
ing the velocity comp
Y -- C co ~ = 2\e , + e , . 'th
- = u+tay and dt
9. = v+(J)'x.
tit
on pa ra lle l to th e dir
ectrix ; therefore
ere is no acce lerati ~
Th (2)
= u (say).
x =·0 and hence i ~ COIWAnt we get. Therefore ~ . tit = v+ alx
th th u +coy
re sp ec t to t, tit
Differentiating (1) with (v + co'x) dx = (u +
o,y) dy.
_!)dx y ! _!.) .. . (3) or, c' where C is a constant.
~- y e
!
c- e dt = 2\ec - e u. C , . .2
v.r +i cox- - uy - i "'Y
1 - 1 ,- ,2 -
dt - 2\ C
---&&•ting, we get
, ..- •
section ·
thu ,th e pa th is a conic
ts a conic sectiQn and
Hence !:JI.. _·.E.f c-+:.e_!) dx
!
u2
dt = c2 y.
This represen
dt2 - 2c\e c
1-3-4_ _ _ _AD_vAN_c _E::D:...:.:AN.:.:A:;L~Y~T~'IC:_
AL DYNI\Af
AL 135
Ex 'l A . . l fr,l A pL}-NE
• • pa rttc emoves in-apla .
ne tn su. ch a. . Ics ·. Jll\lt '1'1~ ,I
normal accelerations
are alwa
manner that .
o1#f
1""'-.J.1of"'ltl,tiigtle, of,,,... ,n, ,nov,s ?° a Jwrizonbll blblt a1UI is oo
iifi"S'. ""' upporl b<a!kfi:alwlofpca nnt on tire blblt. If the gmil<St wrigl,i
s_being the length of the lt lk
I, with nn
tdtd
Fuul lhe path. arc ysof ~ kl and its ve I.
loeity its 'tatt&entiQ1
curve measUred fr""lies as e~ -1 •
O ltt a~ •~!
1t tf" stri"S tuti°"'.,, s,cond that the partic
5 ,nass Mpnnuls, !hen.find the groil<
SI
We have 1 1 ~ o f~ le can make Wtlhout t,,,aking
v dv = 't_
ds . .
p' Pbeing the rad
ius of curv Poi;;
i,. ,trl118· ,.... a,al<e • ,evo\ut\oOS pet sec
y-·

atu · ood so 11,at its velocity is n.2

re ,d.
\,el ~ io t\ of the sti
or, vdv = tt ~ ~ in
g is eq
ds ds' since -1 = ~ mass)( acceleruaatil toon(norm
p ds al)
dv 'If'
or, -; = ~ . := "')(1
Integrating, we get
lo gv = 'f +c' c'b e'
Therefore· . ..
v = At •, A be' mg a constant.
ing a constant.
If V = '),, e tan -1. !
c, where ).. is a constan
t, then we have

Therefore tan-1 ! - A =
c - 'If+ log 1:
'I'+ k, (say)
or, s = c tan ("' + k)
This'
lS the equatio T
n of the path.•
a Ex. 3. A particle describes
ngular vdocity
The velocity vi s a
""°"I a pa.rabola
tire ji,a,s s, at an wi.th uni'"- ~ A
'"" '.' ,,...... s~ th,
constant. y po int P, vanes mvers it \I'
The pe dal ely as (SP)l.
equation of the parab
ola with
. -
focus S aspole1S
p2 =. ar ,
in which SP = r.
Aga.m angular ve
locity is
dt = v sin
d8
r ♦ -_ ~ .. ce p = , sin
,2, sm
♦
- trlii,
-7 = 7 k:'
where k is a ~n sta nt
.
Th us the angular ve
,l
lodty vu les
. inven ely as (SP) 'i.
3
 ADVANCED ANALYT ICAL 137
136 ~,., .A pLANE
. . dv
The tangential acceleration JS dt = constant = C1 (say)
"~ ..otl-P~
. t •c1e ,noTJtS in one plane under a force which is always
~ 'wwards a~ed s~a!~ht li~ on the P'l!", its magnitude ~g
I . .
prr .
..-J'\..t.in..nw fro"' the linet .If initially it be at a d~tance 2a from
and the normal acce eration IS = constant = c2 (say). the line

Integrating the first equation, we get ~ ~ ( d ~ ed with a velocity ~µ/a parallel to the line, then prove that.the
v = cit+_c3 , c3 being a constant a,,d~prol~tisacycloid- (e'i-~ iS Q-15) [C. H.1982]
Substituting this value of v in the second equation, We get path~ . n line be the x-axis and a perpendicular to it through
1.,et· the give iortion be the y-axis. Then the equations of motion are
{crt+c3'f inl of p~r---
- - - - = C2
p we Po x= o, ... (t)
.. µ (2)
or, C2 p = (cit+ c3'f. y=----r ·
Hence p= (-$.,
l'VC2 t + 'VC2 ~J = (At + 8)2

C3
' from , r
1
y
(l) on ·integration, we get
. .. .
x =consta nt• lnlhal value= ~a .
{µ
Ct
A = -,- and B = -,- .
~a~ t + C, where C is a constant.
where 'VC2
'VC2 x=
There f qre
Ex. 7. A particle movtS freely in a parrzbolic palh given by
under aforce alw,ys perpendicular to its axis. Find tht! Ul"UJ of for/ "4-tt, Now, at t_. o, x - 0. Hence C • 0,
Let f be the force perpendicular to the axis of the parabola .
x-axis. Then there is no force in thr direction of tht x-uu. that i3 • ~~~the
Thus x= /at . . . .. (3)

of the parabola. · a.uog the azjs ·Multiply ing (2) by 2y and integrating, we get
Assuming m • l , we have the equationt of motion as fl = 2µ + k, where k iS a constant.
x= 0 and y = F. y
Integrating the first equation, we get i- • c, whttt c b I cn-i.,tant Now, when t • 0, Y• 2a and Y= O·
From the equation of the parabola, we hAve' by cli.ffttentiating wi·th rt1pect Therefore k=- ; ·
to t,
yy=2'1x = 2'c. y
2
= 2{} - !)
Hence
Therefore
. 21c
y=- .
y
Differentiating once again, we get
•. . (!)
or, y=-fafa;y• . .
l velocity d hence negative.)
.. 2«. .,..l, (The is towards x-axis an
y=- y2- y = 7. from (1)
~ dt =-[2a~ y dy. h .
Thus
where l. = ~c2. ~a t .. 0 w en y
= 2a to any time t for
.
Integrat ing from t.h e t·tme
Thus f = _!_ . (µ _ ~ Y dy, from (3).
-JY
y3 corresponding y, we get X = t- Va 2a 2a - y
d _ -2asinl.0 cos½0d0 .
I I
Hence •
and is ,.a:_.... _ ~
F ec ? .
' Putting y = 2acos2 ½0, we have y- 2

'-'U~'leQ to the .r-.axis, that is, the axis o{ the parabola. Now, when y = 2a,
 7
139
138 ADVANC~D ANAL mcAL DYN.A J.nc ~ } . pcffi~E__ - - - - - - - - - -
✓ ~17..(' S:p~

11cie dfl .. lar accelera tion in the direction of motion

Thus
~ 28
x=a Jo 2cos. 2 d8=a
~ ~
Jo (l+cos0 )d0 =-a(0+s ina),
t
~,,e that the angu v dv v2 dp
be put as
- - - · - -
5. ,..- "" . de in a plane can p ds p2 ds
while e is given by y =2acos 2 ta= a(l + cos8) . tl'0 ~g P~ d Q be moving with velocities u and 11'
These equati~ns rerrese_n! a cycloid with the Vertex at the of a If twO paints p an ectively with PQ, then show that the
'
point and the given line clS its base. startuig 6, (')al'Sies ,a. and_ ~~~~pt oQis (usina- vsin~)/ (PQ) .
11'~ velocity of pretat. ve lar velocity of a projectile about the
Examples Vll(A)
a11S'-'1at Prove that_ th~ an~ly as the distance from the forus . .' : ...
of
1. The co-ordi nates a moving point at time tare given b
(b)_ts ath varies mve . arabola with uniform angula_r_ .
x:;:: a(2t + sin2t), y = a(l - cos2t) . y foC'ls of 1 pti~\e is moving m ~~t its normal acceleration at ~ny
Prove that its accelera tion is constan t and show that its dir . 1. A pb<>arut the focus. Prod~e f curvature of its path at that point.
of-i:notion is inclined at an angle t to the x-axis. ection
'rf a
teloCI, rop<>rtional tO the ra ius o so that its tangential and ~ormal
_ 2. .If the tangent ial and normal accelera tions of a particle movi p0iltt tsp . t moves in a curve, l velocity is constant. Fmd the
in a plane curve be equal, then find the expres.sion for the velocit;g 8· A •p<>ll' are equal and its angu ar
acee1erat ons.,.
1 · . rticle
[ V H. 1997] al accelerations
of a pa .
3. (a) A particle starts from the origin and the components of its curve- If the tangent ial and the n;; throughout the mot~on, then
velocity parallel to tl)e axes of co-ordi nates at time t are (2t + 3) and 9, . lane curve be cons . direction of motion turns
4t respectively. Show that the particle moves along the path whose describing.~; angle \\I through which th~ A and B are constants.
rove that == A log (1 + Bt), w ere
equatio n is (y - 2x)2 - 18y = 0 . ~ time tis given by 'I' (for which s and '11
var
.y
(b) The compon ents of velocity of a particle moving in a plane ,n d ·bes a curve . atanypomt
0
parallel to the rectang ular axes are a cos nt and b sin r1t, a, band n 1 •A particl e escr_1
·:, ) 'th uniform spee
d v. If the acceleration .
simuJtal}eously w1 . . ic equation of the curve.
being constan ts. If the particle starts from a point (0, - !),
then show v c then find the mtnns . If ro
that the path is an ellipse. sbe T.-:r' l celeratton o: ·
-I +c .th uniform angu ar ac ed through an
(c) A particle moves in a plane, s uch that its accelera tion . 3.1.A parti~le rotat_es ::hen the particle has tum
parallel to the x- and y-axes are k2a sin kt and k2 acos kt respectiv eIy, bf the angt,1l~r velocity that a/ == 20:0 . that
wt"th 1n1ha
. . . l con d 1ttons
". x = 0, y = - a, dx
dt = - ka , dt
dy =O w h en t = 0 • angle 8 from rest, then s~~w a circle of radius a in :~::n~; ~ere k
Show that the equatio n of the path is x2 + y 2 = a2 . at:J!)..A particle is de~cr~b:;~ ti,mes the normal ai:tl be u, then prove
ii.tangential accelerat1od of the particle at any p
(d) A particle is moving in a plane under the action of an attracting
force to a fixed point in the plane, equal to µ times the distance from
that point per unit mass. The initial co-ordinates and velocity
compon ents with respect to fixed rectangular axes passing through
t constan t. If the spee
tit will return to the sa:;'

.
-(1-e
ku
e point after a time
-2nk ).
C H. 2003 1
[ .
· s of rad"11 a and b
the centre of force are (a , b) and (U, V) respecti vely. Finding the ibing concen_tric c1r~~:e that the angular
co-ordin ates (x, y) of the particle at time t, show that the path of the 13.Two p0ints arE: descr d , respectively. p th distance between
· · s ro an 0> d
particle is µ(bx - ay) 2 + (Uy - Vx)2 = (bU -aV) 2 • withang ularvelo c1~e . \,outoneen , when . '\/( e
,2).
[ C. 1:l- 1990 ] velocity of their jointng \~e ab2) 0> + (r 2 - a2 + b2.) 0> 2 . of y whose
[ Here the equation s of motion are mi = - mµx and my = - mµy
with the the points is r, is \(r2 + a -- b force parallel to the _aXlS ,5. parallel
conditio ns x = a, y = b, i = U and y = V at t = O.)
4. Show that a particle, moving under a constant velocity parallel 14.A particle is act~~ ~~ati/projected with~ ~~a c:aterat'i·
to the axis of y and a velocity proportional toy ~allel- to the x-axis, atXeleration is "A.y and is uu y == a. rrove that it
describes a parabola. : ·r ::-~1'...a- '°
the axis of X at the paint w\left? . .. •
, .., ,
-
 .
.ADVANCED ANA LYT ICA L DYN,
_. I>t11t
~- -.. t:. ~- -- -- -- -- -- -- ~•¾ Ics 'l'tct
140 141
,1,offOIV 1N·•=A PLANE
a forc e para llel t h e ax· . t '~
,_ .A artic le is acte d ond-by ot ontal table being attached
I . th .
Co/ acceJerat.ion (a way s towa r s e axis of x) is µy-2 is of y w A body of mas s m mov es on a horiz
·v ' 2~e d poin t on the table by an exten sible string, whose mod ulus of
it is proje cted p~al le~ to ~e axis of
x with veIOCi , an ~n y~se th o~ ~e string be a, then find the
ty v 2µ; a . P Q, toa ticlty is A._If ~e natu ral _l~g
that it will desc ribe a cyclo 1d. [ ' tov ela5 ·ty of the part icle whe n It IS desc nbm g a circle of radius r.
. . . C. H. 19 99 e
. 16.A part icle mov es m a plan e with an ace 1 . 1 .
veloO A part ic e mov es m the curv e y = a log sec~ in such a way
2,2.
para llel to the axis of y and vari es as
the dist anc e; eration Whi h 1_l uniformly. Prove that the resultant
show that th om the axis 0 ~ s th e tang ent to the curv e rotat es
.
the acce lerat ion be attra ctive , then t ·1
tha . tion . of e parh c e vane s as the sqc are of the radius of
path may be writ ten in the form y =
cos (mx + A B;.
eq~ation Qf ~h~ -•era
a~
th
. .
[
c. H. 1982; B. H.1985]
, then the ath . curvature. . - velocity of a particle
If inste ad, the acce lerat ion be repu lsive be given 23. The rate of chan ge of direction of
the
p
by an equa tion of the form y = Aenrx +
Be- mx • Will
Prov e that the acce leration is col)Stant
...ng in a cycl oid is cons tant.
.) '
a sem i-cir cl Jl'\OY»•
, 17.A part icle ~ov es free ly in nd in magnitude.
. Sho w tha~ ~ er a force c tan 'I', the direction of its
perp endi cula r to the bou ndin g d iam eter 24. A parti cle mov es in a caten ary s =
to the diam eter. e force varies angles with the tangent and the
inve rsely as the 01be of the ordi nate acceleration at any poin t mak es equa l

!: s~~
d at the vertex ('I' = 0) be u,
18.(a) Find the law of forc e para llel
to the axis of d normal to th~ path at the poin t. If the spee
Which a acce lerat ion at any other point 'I'
parti cle desc ribes the plan e curv e
xy = a 2 a bein g
, then show that the velo city and the
end icul ar.) nt. (The ..fi. 22
axes of x and y are mut uall y perp I 2
2 are ue"' ,.and - C u e ~· cos \II .
(b) A parti cleh desc ribe s a para bola x = Sy unde r f hvays a curv e such that, whe n a
. l • . th e law of force a.nd va Iorcea · , 25.' Find the intri nsic equa tion to
perp end 1cu ar to t e y-ax is. Fmd e O('lt) at any entia l acceleration, the
poin t of its orbi t. point mov es on it with cons tant tang
the norm al a_cceleratjon
(1 - tros 8) where a,are e 1
magnit"!-1de of the tang enti al velo city and
(c) The curv e x = a(8 - e sin 8), y = a , are in a c ant ratio .
t ts d8. 1s " icle under the , the
co~ an an a para met er, is desc ribe d by a part
26. A 1c desc ribes a rectangular hyperbola
of x. Sho w th.at the force varies as e. Show that the angle 0
actio n of a force para llel to the axis ac e · n bein g direc ted from the centr
3
(e - cos 8)/s in 8 . IC. H. 1991 I abou t the cent re in time t after leaving
the verte x is given
described
tic path with an acceleration e µ is the acceleration at
1

19.A farti cle _describes free ly an ellip by the ~qua tion tan 0 = tanh (.jµ t), wher
the maj or axis and perpendicular
alwa ys dire cted m the dire ctio n of
of forc e. distance unity.
to the min or axis. Find the law
'[Rec tangu lar hype rbola is x - y2 =
2 a2. Here .x = µx and Y= µy.
se with an acceleration which x and y and tan0 =(y Ix) .]
. 20.(a) A_p artic le desc ribe s an ellip w ith x = a, x = y = y = o att = O. Find
or axis . Find the law of force. rbola can be described .by a
is alwa ys dire cted tow ards the maj ' ~(b) Sho w that a recta ngul ar hype
the acceleration a to
(b) A part icle desc ribe s a para bola with th Particl~' und er a force parallel to an asym
ptote which varies as the
the focus and with an acce lera tion p para llel the axis. Prove at
to r asym ptote . I K. H. 2002 1
cube of the dista nce from the othe
d 2a e unde r a force to the
dr (a + 13)~ - = 0 . (c) A ..parti cle is desc ribin g an ellips
of the latus
cent re. ff vv and v be the velocities at the ends
l Resolving tangentially and norm all; we· have ' 1 2
ctively, then prove that
th, dr rectum ·"1'\d. majo r and mino r axes respe 2 [ C. H. 2007 ]
. 2 ( 2 ·2 _ V ) •
0 4s= - (4;1-p)cos ♦ =- (a - 43) ds 2 2
-V..- V 2 = V 1 V'2 1 •

le havin g a. const ant accel erati on

and o2 27> A curve is described by a partiq to the tang ent. Show
p =(a + P)sin ♦ =(a + P)? resp ectiv ely. · ·
11\ a <lirecti.on incli ned at an ang . I
1e (cons
tant) .
( T. H. 2009 ]
·Fot the parabQla ? ..2 :: _ 4pr that the curv e is an equi angu lar sp1ra •
1-
If'~- P- I · r I
~ -
.
,.~ '' Differentiate both sides with rt>sped to
~ - L-
2
~ 2(« + -6) r.
- )4 2
,4[)\IANCED ANAl rTICA L. . DYNAM
-- •' .
/' ' .
\_,,I.; />
~1tlJ?1r1 ,,
· IN A plANE 143

- ~
.f()I'
"°~ ,al and transverse components of velocity and
28, Prove that a particle proj~cted _u~? er gr.ivi1y fr1
.>•n a Pili
0 (0, 0) passes through A (h, k), tf the tn1hal veloci t y t1 '-.itl<;I' iofl•
N+J- ri, · ,,, fixed point Oas pole and the line OX as initial line. Let
"
2
, 2
condition - ~ k + 1 + · ,
~
k 2 t1et
g
.
axes of x, y bein 11or1 1_ "
0
I(\ If
1( V[e talc~:
6
,, 0 + o0) be the polar co-ordinates of two positions_P
its gath. Thus the
' '1di arid (f, 9) and ( oving particl e at times t and (t + ot) on
~d Q of ai;the< lisplac ement of the PEticle in time bt. Let QM be the
vertical through O. · I R. II zoo and QM are the
ff a particle moves on$ plane underl a force hav mg c}\Otd p~ - r from Q on OP produc ed ,so that PM
29• 11el to the rectangu ar axes (X, Yb .corn Pon~ri,', I 1
ua -
~d1c t of d ~ t PQ along OP (radial) and perpend - icular
x, rper unitmasspara pe•r--
clioris
of x, yin any position)~ then show that the differe ntial e emg_fUn cofl'Ponen sverse). Let u and v be the radial and transverse
5
quahon of its s are those of the
y - X ~] 10 OP (tr~t~ elocit v a.tP, while (u + bll) and (F + 8v)
d dx com pon en~
i., = 2X. [ V. H. 2OOo I . ..tide at Q.
path is dx d
~ PjlJ" .
[ dx 2
11. + 0~
3

30. A particle slides on a smoot h curve x· = ~3 a (~Y. _ 1) With

2
.
the u
.
to that due to a fall from the x-ax·IS Which rlJ
velocity at .any instant equal
. be' d d
is horizontal, the y-axIS mg ownw ar s. Show that the t·une of
1,
·,1r.l
sliding from y = b to y = c is (c - b) I J2ag .
3 .. .
3L A particle moves with an acceler ation µy- toward s th e c.XIs
- fro the · ( k . ofx
starting · .m · point 0, ) with. compo
. nent velocit ies U Vp
, ara111 e to' X
the axes of x and y. Prove that 1t will not strike the axis of
x unless .p
. at a distanc e
. s trikes 1t
d . this case 1t Uk2 . I
"-2
µ > V ~ an m ~ from the
Fig. 7.12(a)
. . U V kbe"mg positiv ·· vµ - Vk
ongm, , , e. [V. H. 2003] . all and 8r is also very small
Here ot being very small, ()() is very sm
~2. A particle, projected with velocit y ·u, is acted upon by a force displac ement along OP in time 81_
~hi_ch produces a constant acceleration f in the plane. Obtain of motion
the Now u = Lt l,t
mclined at a constant angle a with the directi on of motion 61 ➔ O

intrinsic equation of the curve describ ed and show that the particle will OM-O P
PM
be moving in the opposi te directi on to that of project ion at time
·\ = Lt - = Lt ~
_u_ (e•c:ota _ 1). · [ B. H. 1995] 61 ➔ 0 ot 61 ➔ 0

Jcosa !! + or) cos 80 - r

= u ➔ O
ot
61
Answers !! + or). 1 - r since 60--+ o as 8t --+ O 3!1d the~
· ' rn _ 1 neglecting small
2. v=At•. 8.ks+c=c1 e 1: 10. s=ctan 'tf. = Lt 6t
3
.. ! ~, 6t ➔ 0 COS UV - I

·ties above the first order

18 (a) f IC y . (b) . F oc x- 3, perpendicular to the. y-axis, x quan tI (1,
k~g.aconstant,at an angle tan - (lx) with the x-axis. ~ = r.·
1
' ).~ = Lt -
6r
= -drdt
19. f IC x-~.- 20. (a) f oc y-3• 21. ,ii · a · · & ➔ o ot
)
25••2A2 •• c(Y -2't'P). ·. 32. ,S ·71 ~2 .a (ez,cota . . 1 .
 1 ,. 4 ADVANCED A NA L l' TI CAL DYN A• .. ., 145
- ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ''-'
_ "' l ('S
Jl pL,ANE
, d isplaceme~erpendicular to O P .
tflll!. tJI . .
~ d
(ff~ . f locity perpendicular to OP m time &t
Al~o f1
61 -o 0
t}f - - ..!!' r ~ -- Bt
"" Lt QM f ~ 'JJ~
O
perp- fo
OP in time t + ot ) - (velocity perp. to OP in time t)
fi/ -4 0 6t 61
= U (T + 6r) sin cS8 • ~+&I) sin 68 + (v + 6v) cos ?ief - v~
61 --" 0 f)t
u & ~~ ~
~- sin 68 68 ~ ,,..,o t4 '~
: Lt (r+or) · ~ · & ll!'+&u) ~+ (v+6v). l \ -v, (sm668 ➔ O as ot ➔ O ~ d
·& _,. 0
~ At 6t then 60 beln~ very small, m
= r '::: , since cS8 ➔ O as ot ➔ O and Lt sin te
a,_, o circular measure, sin l50 = Otl
oe-.o ~ - and c~ 1 , neglecting
=re. small quantities a~ e
(2) first.order )
Thus r and r 9 are the radial .and the transverse (
co~ponents o f v eloaty . o f the partic
. 1e. The actual veloci
cross-rad
. 1·al)
resultant of these two.
Let / 1 and ii be the components of acceleration of th~
. ;-; :
ty 1s the
.
P<lrt1C'le alon
= r8+ :t (r0), by (1) and (2)
OP (radial) and perpendicular to OP (transverse). Then we have ,g
!,= Lt change of velocity along OP in time f,t = 2r0+r8
(4)
61--+ o Bt
=-;1 d ·
dt (r 8).
~ eloci alon OP in time t + 6t - (velocit alon OP in lime I) of the particle ~ the resultant of
2it ➔ O . 6t The actua_l acceleration -...
= Lt f(u + Bu) cos~ - (v + OV) sin Be)) - u f1 and f2•
&-+0 Ot

= Lt (u +~u).l - ~ (v + Bv) o8 - u, since o0 ➔ O as ot ➔ o . the •,ollo wing

. d these results m . way· too :
lit ➔ O
an f m . OY as axes
d then o0 being very small, ~ ular . mates of the point P with OX ~d
Let the cartesian co-ord . be (r 0) with OX as initial line.
measure, sin &J = &J and cos 08 = 17 be ·(x, y) and the polar co-ordinates '
neglec~g small quantiti~ o~~ the x = rcos8,
Then
first order y = r siri0 .

= Lt
~-+o
(°" -l,t
v M - Bv .
l,t · 6t
l>e) = du
dt -
v d0
dt
. .
Differentiating with resp
ect tot, the time, we get
d8
dx os 9 ~ - r sin 8 dt , (1) '
d · di -d8 dt :: C dt
= dt (r)- , dt . dt, by (1) and (2) (3)
dr d8
~ = sin a-+ r cos 8 dt .
dt dt
 l{ IN A pLANE 147
Af)VANCED ANA L YTICAL DYNAMICS :

-
146

y
V
AWr1cls;
~ Examples.
· le describes an equiangular spiral r = ae8 in such a
-•.a~..--t its acceleration has ~o radial co~t. Prove that its angular
. .1,.r,i.h/ is cmrstant and the magnitudes of the velocity and the acceleration are

oiw--~onal tor.
dfCltJ{ere the radial ro~ponent of acceleration is zero.
t 'fheI\ ..r- r92 -- 0.
(1)
0 X · n-erefore r = re'-.
Fig.7.12(b) . NoW r = - ··
• a. . (2)
~re
r = ae 8 = r8.
= component of velocity along OP
11
dx du dr ~rorn (2),
, = r0+re
= dtcos8+ftsin8= 7t' by(l),
= r 8 2 + r 8, by (2)
v = component of velocity perpendicular to OP
= r+r8, by (1) .
,_ ~cos8-~ sin8 = r dda, by (1) .
- dt dt t Hence r 8= 0.
Differentiating (1) with respect tot, we get r ~ 0, hence 8 = 0.
2 But
-d x = -d2r c0s 8 - 2 -dr . -
2 d8 sm. 8 - r cos 8 (d8)
- - r sm 8 -d2e , •
2
Therefore integrating, we have 8 = constant,
that is, angular velocity is constant = k (say) .
dt 2 dt2 dt dt dt dt

A~.
~
dt 2
b . h~ . 8 -
= - sm 8 + 2 - · - cos 0 - r sm
dt 2 dt dt ~
(~)2
dt
+ r cos 8 -~
dt2
Again r = r 8,
= kr.
by (2) (3)

f1 = component of acceleration along OP

Therefore
v2 = ;.2+,2 82
2 2
2 = r z + r z , by (2}
dx d~ · .
= -ros8+~sm8 d r- r (d8J
=- - 1 = 1.J?-,2, by(3}
2 2 2
dt dt dt di
or, V = ../f Jc.r.
Ii = component of acceleration perpendicular to OP
Therefore v varies u r.
_ {:y_ d2x . dr d8 d28 1 d ( d8 l
- dt z cos 8 - dt2 sm 0 = 2dt· dt + 'df = -;: dt r2 dt f
Cor: If the path of the particle be a circle, then, with its centre as
pole, r ts constant and hence
dr
dt = O,
so that we have fI =. - r 8z and fi = r 9 .
 ADVANCED ANA LY TIC AL ~DYNA.M1cs . NIN A PLANE
-- -" '.: ~- -- -- -- -. ..: ~-
l4B
· PA.Jt1·1c1, , -~ . .. .
The uelocit~s. of a particle along
and ,lvin'g th~ velocities II and v along OP and perr '!,•'1· ular to OP,
- ~ endiCtllar e
m.
,z,accet{;;;;lera:htions
a fixed ongin ~.rf,_ ¥ and µ8
along and perpendicula r tO the
. Find pe"P
the
Path and to the ,. .
~<
ere~ · dr
di = 11 cos a
·

)
shotv %11s weQ
· 1 ( 'adius ,... t!tQt th d8
PctivelY: vector ~ree
-
').l·r - r µ 202 · and µ8 . A4- J!
r . rPCn --r- and r di = v - 11 sin 8.
d8 [C. Ii . 2004]
·
We have dr - 'I ~
and r dt = µ8 . Dividing ' we get
dt - I\.T
l dr u cos8
_ @ (1) r d8 v- u sin 8
Dividing , we get r d8
dr - Ar
dr II cos 8
dr >..d8 - = d0
,or, r v- 11 sin 0 ·
or, 7 = µ8 ,
path as Integrating, we get
which on inte grat ion gives the logr = - log( v-11 sin8 )+lo gc,
(1)
1 X
- ; = µlog 8 + c, where c is a const ant. .whe.re c is a cons tant .
Radial acceleration = r - r82)
V
.
= Ar - r 7 , by (1)
112 92

2 11282
= Ar - ~, by (l ) .

Tra nsv erse acce lera tion = !r .!

dt
(r2 a) _ .· -
- 2r 8 + r 8
X
=
,,'I
LII.T. µ-;8 +r 8,- by (1) . (2)
Fig 7.13(a)
g, we get 0, that is, when the particle
is on the
Now, from (1), by d iffe rentiatin We assu me that whe n 8 =
s
r8+r8 = µ8. initial line OX, r = l; then (1) give
log l = - log v + log c.
Therefo re r 8 = 8( µ - r) = ~r (µ- )..r), by (1) .
The refo re c = lv.

se acce lera tion is equ al to Putt ing for c in (1), we get

Hen ce, from (2), the tran sver
2Aµ6 +~(µ-AT ); µa(:v.+;:-1} µaf +7} or,
log !r(v - u sin 0)\ = log (Iv)

! = 1 - !! sin 8. u ·
stant velocities u and v,such thatthu
Ex. 3. A particle P possesses ttoo con
r V
; as
cle is a conic with O as focus and
and v is always perpendicular to e Thu s the path described by the parti
is always parallel to afixed direction OX the particle is a conic wiJh focus O
radius vector OP. Show that the path of its eccentricity.
an ellipse, a parabola or a-hyperbola
·Note. The path described will be
. . u
and eccentncity. -.
V
p0int (r, 8) IClcordingas u<,= m•> O .
let the particle P be at a
Let OX be. the init ial line and
 ADVANCED ANAL YTICA L DYNAMICS
l50

oif r
'
Ex. 4_An insect cra~ls at a_ c~ stant rate u alo~g the spoke
adius a the cart moving wtth a constant velocity v. Find
' ke
of acart
the
~
tuheel,
r,1orION . IN A PLANE
~

i
. . straight smooth tube rfX>lves with constant angular
rizontal_p~nt ab~ut one extremity which is fixed. If at.~o
velocity ro
151
-- H

along and perpendicular to tlte spo . • lC. H. 1993; B. H. acceler

_K Hatton
.
1996 ·rtide inside tt li: _at a distance a om a xed end and moving
!imt a(lvut1'aj)
The cart moves with a consta nt veloci.ty v ; hence ' . ' 20Qo with constant
the aceel eration
. \
pa focity V ~ng the tu e, then show that its distance at ti]nl.t tS
~
centre O of the wheel is zero. V .
of th~ a ~osh (l)t + l N, 8. H. 2~71
u being the speed of the insect along a sopke
, 00 sinh (l)t.
~ = consta nt = u, Let the initial positio n of the tube be along the initial
line OX and the fixed
dt ' do of the tube be taken as pole. Let the particle be at is a c
U) Pafter time t,such that
in which r = OP, Pbeing the positio n of the insect
. h d at time ton the k
~p ,;_rand LXOP = ' 8.
OP which makes an angle 8 with t e ownw ard drawn vertical oz. spa ea\0
ng :\
V

0 X
F,g 7.13(c)

Since the particl e moves with ~nsta nt velocity V

along the tube, its radial
acceleration is then zero. Hence
2
d r _,(~e'\ = 0.
{l)
dt 2 \ d~)
Fig. 7.13(b)
The tube rotates with co¼ta nt angular velocit
y ; hence
d8 = (J).
Now we have de = E , dt
di a
since v is the velocity of the centre of the wheel Then (1) becom es
of radius a..
d2, -r (1)2 = 0.
Therefore v = a de • dl 2
di Soluti on of this equati on is given by
r = A cosh Olt + B sinh Olt, {2)
Hence the accele ra~~;:: f-d:rg OP is
where A and B are arbitrary constants, to be d t rmined by the initial
~e
dt1 \ dt) conditions.
1 Initially, the particle is at a distance a from O.
v . dr .
= - ; · r, since dt
is consta nt Hence r = ,i at t = 0.
Substi tuting this in {2), we g~ a = A.
and the acce\ei:ation of P perpen dicula r to OP is A.gain, differentiating (2) with respect to I, we get

l.!r,1de)= l.! r,2E) ~ = A(J) sinh oll + 8(1) cosh (l)I. (3)
r di \ di r di \ a. dt
dr . V
= ~ .! (r2) = ~ .2 ~ = 2uv b (1).
We have at! = 0, di = ·
ar di ar. r dt a ' Y
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS .
152
. PA.RT1cie
rJ/llP" IN A PLANE 153
~
~
. .
Hence (3) gives V ":' B(I).'".° ?IJoW', at t ·= O, r = 11 and t'-= V. (2)
. Therefore B= Y.(I) · t,iffetelltiating (1) with respect tot, we get

Putting for k~d Bin (2),.we g,et the required d i~tance as ; ""Lo> sinhcot+M(I) coshmt+-fm c:osmt. (3)
'\ /1/" r = a cosh cot + Y. sinh cot. frotn (1) a'nd (2), we have 11 =.L.
1
frotn (2) a,nd (3), ~e have
.~ - _,:\ smoot~ straigftt ~hin t;be revolves with uniform an
ro in a vertical plane about' the extremity which is fixed . I at gu_lar Velocity V. = M(I)+ ...&....
2(1)
be horizontal and a particle inside it be at a distance a om~ hrne the tube i~

moving.with a velocity,Y_Elong the tube, then find its distan fixe~ en and M=y __g_ _
'"-. ce at hrne t or, (I) .2(1)2 ·
Let the tube revolve round O for time t with angular veloci ·
moves through an angle 8 = (l)t. ·· ty co , so that it Putting these values in (1), we get the required distance as

SD'* £ .~ .. ·~ -,;;,}u,ho, ·•~'"

~ 7. VX yaint starts from the ori~n in the direction of initial line,
~t~ vel~ty /o and moves with constant angular velocity
1
(I.) about the
origi1;i_ani:fvith constant ne~at~ve accelera~i~n ( - f) . Show that_th_e rate
0 A 3/,gr.owth' of.the radial ve_loctty ts never ~OSt~tVe bttt ten~se to the hm1t zero
a~d prcn;i that the equahon of the path ts (1.) 1 r = f ( 1 - e ) . \ K. H. 2007 l
Fig. 7.13(d)
\ Let ( r , 8 ) be the position of the point P at any time t. The angular velocity
Let OP= r, where Pis the position of the particle at time t. (I) is constant. Therefoie
The equation of motion is then dO = (I.) 0 = (J) t + A, A being a constant .
50 that
cPr 2 d~ I

dt 2 - rm Att =0, 8=0 . Hence A =0 and we have 8=rot.

= a~leration along OP The ei:iuation of motion in the radial direction is
=-g sin8 d2r -r(~ai =-!
=-g sin cot. dt2 \._dt)
The complementary function is d1 r
--rro
2
=-/.
At•t + Be-1111, or, dt2
tion is C1 e.,. + Ci e-•, C, and C1
. of this
that is, L cosh (J)t + M sinh (J)t, The compleinentary function equa
being arbitrary const~nts. a
where i and M are arbitrary constants and the P,.articular iowal is
. 1 /) here D--
1 .
g sm (J)t ) =
g sin cot .
. P~rticular integral is 02 ~ ro2 ( - ' w dt
n2 , {-

Hl -~,y
u- -Cl}2 2(1.)2

· ' Thus the complete solution is r, ' % f % ~

(1)
r = L cosh cot + M sinh (J)t + g sin Cl>t .
. 2CJT
154
ADVANCED ANALri'ICAL DYNAMICS.
..--------------..:.:;..:.:_·PART~~
"']If IN A .PLANE. . '\ 155

::.: .

~ of the
~ the tension of the string in this positio~~Let I be the length
. .

at which the
The general solution is thus ~ T ~ AB .so that the length of OQ, where Q is the point
1111
r=C1 t +C2 e-•+ ~. w~~ -s~s M
s is attached, is ( I - r ). Equation of motion _of
M at Q in the
·
co ~g.1: .....,. .;onis
To determine C1 and _Cz, we have ~ initial conditions, . --ti~l QJl~• ·
vP- , , d2
at t = 0 , r = 0 . and dr = J_ · rl ,,f,'., M 2 (1-r )=Mg -T
· · dt . co· ,. dt
Theseuive
o··
+-L
O=C1 +C2 co~ and co( C1 - ½ )=J_co'
d2 r T (1)
- -2 =g- -.
that i~,., C1 =0 and C =-.b, .
2
or, ·..,, -dt M
co J- ,,
and cross-radial
r=1z< Equations of mo~on of the mass M at P. in the radial
11111
Thus Wyw ehav e 1-t- ),
co .
8
=oot .
difedi011S are respectively
so that the path~ given by (1) r =/ (1- t- ), since 8
2

. .. M{d22r -r(de)n=-T
Again the rate of growth of radial velocity is dt ldt IJ
(~)-i.(L -"")- f -•
d dt - dt
di (I) e -- e '
M!.!.(r2d8 ) =0 .
and r dt dt
which is always negative but tends to z~ro as t ➔ oo.
~
~
Ex. 8. Two equal masses M and M are connected togeth
er by st . I • • , .,

From (3), we have r 2 8 = constant = uutial value = a 3 •

I

"a hole in a s,riooth horizontal plane one o'thea ""g

which passes .through d · ' 'J masses (4
la
·ng on the p ne at a istance a from the hole, the other han •n d 2
r 1 2~L-_.!.
resti_ .
df2 -~ 4 M·
3
dicufa,1~
vertically. If the mass on the plane be now projected on it perpen Hence, from (2),

t~ the string wit_h a velocity -{iji, then show that the second mass will Subtracting (1) from (4), we get
2D_ ! ~=- g
dt2 3 r3

Xi
nse through a distance a before descending.
-- 2d·2, _.!ft,j~~-g)4._d, .
or, dt2 dt l3 ,3 t
X 1 • 'th respect to t and using the initial condition r = a whe:
·
lntegra~g Wl
0: a A ;:o, we get
7 4~ 2 -gr
• 2.;.. _.!.. 3
:!:._g r ]' =-ga
3
--
3 ,
r - [ 3 ,2
•
T _ _L ( 2_4oJ _ 3 ,,)=_3g_,2 (r-11 )( 2a-r )( 2a+3r)
Q - 3 ,2 7", · ......rted and the oth1
of ,from:24 +3r = Owhen r=value) 0 JS.-.,-- •
Mg . 1 and r ,= 2a ·
1he negative va ue_ . . _ 11 ( the initial
B Fig 7.13(t) are r - f the tring on the tabiE
two values of ' fot which r = O
th
XY is ~ horizo ntal plane and O is the hole. A is the initial pcsition of the froml A,~~beelfeno r~~~• g. This shows tha'
mass~:at OA = a • The mass M at A IS prqec ted
with the initial velocity maxunedum·
Thus, after p is project va ue 1M .

I ~ f r o m " to _a ..i._.,.,...
a length a before descending.
~~ 3
in d. · n p e ~ a r to OA. Let P be its position at tirne
a irectio the hanging mass naes ~ u""t'I"'
. .
· .
· 1J.Jle
·
whose polar-fu-Qrdmates
. ·
are( ', 8) referred to Oas pole and OA as initial
 ~ H IN A PLANE . . 157
16'.6 ADV.tNCED ANALlTICAL Dl'NAMtcs . p
. 1\1{7'1(:,_i-
lf the path ~f a ~a~icle ~ ' = a tan 0 and the acceleration be
ai

Exunples VU (8) ~ ~ IIIW•rds :(e on:), then show that the ac.celeration is
1. If the angular velocity of a moving point about a .
(\')I\StMt, then show that the transverse acceleration · _ftxect OTi gi l
· -' ~ ·k t vanes as 1·ts radn •~
,..; 3 + 7 , where k = r' !~.
vuvu,, .
2. (a) ff the ~adial and the transverse velocities of a . 'al 'I, If U\e radial and transverse velocities of a partide be always
and .Ar resperovely, then show that the path of the par~cle ~ µo ~onal to each other, then show that the path is an equiangular
represented by an equation of the form r = A8 2 + B whparticle can b ~- [T. H. 2003]
tnRStants. . , ere A ilhd Ba e
rum~. ✓ ~ocities of a particle along and nd 1
. re Jf, in addition to the ~bove, the radial and the transverse
aeceterations too be proportional to each other, then show that the
radi~;~ m a fixed origin are ,._,. 2 and µ82~pe , cular to the
ctively. velocity of the p·article varies as some power of radius vector.
Show ·ttiat the equation to the path is ~ = -1:_ + c . The acceleration of a point moving in a plane curve is resolved
8 2r2 • 8
jntO two components, one parallel to the initial line and the other ~g
·Show further that the components of accelerati 1 the radius vector. Prove that these components are
perpendicular to the radius vector are on a ong anct
9
e• d 1 .. .. 2 2 a3 - _!_ l!. (r 8) and cot I (r 8) + r- ~ -
'1 2. 3
211. .r - µ
2
- an "+"-' 8 + 2µ - respecti· vely r sin 8 dt r dt [V. H.19118]
r r ·
8 '9. Aboat, which is rowed with constant velocity u, st.ans ~ a
- 3.. (a} A particle _descri~ the rurv~ r = ae with co~~t an
velocity. Show that its radial acceleration is zero and the tr gular . paint A on the bank of a river which. flows with a constant velocity v
acaele.ration varies as the distance from the pole. ansverse and it points always towards a pomt B on the other bank exacdy
oppasite·to A. Find the equation of the path o~ the boat If u = v, then
(b) A particle desai.bes the parabola ✓r cos~ = ✓a, such that ,;sh~ ~ e path is a parabola whose focus IS B.
. d2 ~ A s~ooth straight tube rotates in a ho~tal plane ~ t a
its ~ velocity is constant. Show that d ; ,is constant. int in itself with uniform angular velocity O>. At~ t = O, a particle
4. (a) A p_arti~e describes an equiangula/spiral r = ae tmJ with
t° inside the tube at rest relative to the tube at a ~tance a ~ .the
point about which the tube rotates. ~o~ that, at tune t , the distanCe
constant vel<>?ty. Find the components of velocity and of acceleration of the particle from the point of rotation 1S a cosh O>t. . . .
aloog the radius vector and perpendicular to it.
(b) A particle moves along r = ae 118 , where 0 = bt . Prove that its U the length of the tube be b, then show that the directi: :a~hich
the particle flies out is inclined to the tube at an angle a,su
aa:eleration is proportional tor and makes a constant angle with the
radius vector. b [C.H. t9n]
S. (a) A small bead slides with constant speed v on a path in the tan a = {b2 _tr •
shapeof acardiode· r = a(l +cos.8). · . tube tumS about one extremity O ~ a
11. A straight smooth . Ori,.,;.. ,.nv a _,...;,.le
· 'th uni£ rmanguiarvelooty(I). ~........J,, . , - .....
Show that the value of 0 is _!__ v sec~ and that the radial component horizontal plane w1 o O d projected roward.s 0
. . 2a 2 . laced in the tube at a distance a from an . .
of the acrelerati.on IS constant. ~P . . < f , then the particle will rPach
(b) A particle moving with uniform angular velocity w aescribes . with a velocity V. Show that, if (I) a
~ rurve : = a(1-cos8). Show that the velocity acquired at any point
1
15 proportional to the square root of its radius vector. [ TH. 200l ]
(c) A point moves on a plane with constant linear velocity wn
Oin time ;tanh-
1
v·
Q(I)

and its angular velocity about the pole is ror . Show that its acceleration
I . A.A.D-11
ic ~.,2.. a
 PLANE
'._o "' 159
. ,~ s ,.._. .... «·· - ADVANGED--ANAL:YTI<:AL DYNAMICS ,
15 . .. . P.AJ?.1'1
lf! h~·•<~-~--~
--- - - - - - - - - - -
~
iii mass;,; inoves ht a smooth hJbe, whi ~
. article is placed at rest in_a roug~ tube at a distanc~ a from
" · ti A-~ j1 /\ -~ al:\the tube starts . rotating honzontally with a uniform
a horiwntal plane ab~ut one end A with constant angu1 ch rotates .
The particle is initially at rest at.A and is acted on by a VelOcity
which produces a constµ\t a~celeration f along the tu:St~t fore~
;r c; -~v:
ttf'"efl..~. ·iocity ro about this end. Show that the distance of the particle
!t:_ ae--~tanE(c,osh~~sinEsinh~), where ~ = rotsecE,
at ~ . -·tlie coefficient of fnction.
,: .i_~action of: t}te_,tube on .the particle.at time f; .
1 · FU\d the
¢': £ ~~rnooth straight tube rotates in a horizontal plane with
·:r,:.:,:l13~i:Asmooth,tube of lengtb2a.is,capable of tumin . in
lr.p~e;ai,.out one extremity and has a particle of rn a_h~rizontaJ ma! 19· , velocity ro abO\,J.t a fixed end and a particle moves within it
~ resist«Wce equal to k times the square of the relative velocity.
,i::,ip.i!;~Y::th~,p~5le p.e at _rest at the n;uddl~ point of the U\side it. If
"< ~~& rot_a~~ wi.~ _uiW,o.~ an~lar ,velocity ro, then sh:e and the
th
~ ~at;:if the particle be project~ so as to come to rest _at the fixed
~:thEµ\ the relative velocity at a distance r from the end is ,·
press~.~f..the.tu~ on .the particle when _it is at a distanc at the
, .-~ed~n_d ~
1·_; I ;_',I'.• J · ·~
, 2mCii- ✓r2-a2.
,_ ,, • ;_: _ ·;_, . ' l : , •
e r from the
, ~ •
;, ' ·,. .,- ·· ~ ~ro ✓elli-'lkr,..1.
:1.- .0 ,-_F,~4-~ .the tim~'wh~n it emerges ·out of the tube. l } -,w ...
14. A smooth straight tube AB of length a rotates · h . , 2(). 'f~ s~ooth rod, on which is a ~ing of mass m'. is ~apable of
plane with .;co1,1.stant angula~ velocity ro about one ~ ~ onzontal t tirig 'iri a horizontal plane about a fixed end. The ring 1s attached
·l~_ pawcl~!~laced at-the' other end Bis projected toward~~: fiends A. ro ~is end by a massless spring (modulus of elasticity A., natural
~o th J ) whose coils encircle the rod. The system being at rest, the
. ;. 1°:1. ~~l~ty aro. Show that the particle will have travell xed end
•., .. n.1, . ..·_. 1. .,_ , •.•
1 1 .
· .~ ~er~ ~e 00 lo~ 2 anq. that it will not reach the fixed end A in
. ed half the :isis seized and constrained to move with angular velocity (•l .

, ,c:.:....:ui • ' .. . .
-u~uu: e': . :- •. ,I ' ' • . [Toshowt ➔ oo as r ➔ O. ) a Prove that if ro < ~ , then the motion of the ring relative to the
' ,:ifll s."" Ai p~tidt( is\ k rest on a smooth horizontal pl hi rod is simple harmonic and the amplitude of oscillation is
/ .. ·. . . ane w ch
~ __o~enc~s t~ tum about a straight line lying in itself with constant ml2ro 2
(;; r,_·tn angular:vel9¢ity 1ro.downwards; If a be the distance of the P"r1-· l f 1i.-mlro~ ·
· "f · ·
::: • ·e·~ o rotation at.zero time, then show that the body will l
...,..ic e rom
th
.2 r- 1
'n 1"'- ' t tim" t ffi b th · eave e { Equation of motion in the radial direction is m ( ·,; - r 8 ) = - i.. · -i- .)
•rnu,e a e, .,.,.verr y e equation
-%
. " ·.··:. a;sinh 'r i)t+~·cosh rot-= cos cot. [T. H. 2003; N. B. H. 2004] 2.1. Two equal particles are connected by a string one ~?int of
. . .ro which is fixed and the particles are describing circles of radn a _and
·: . , •\ ~· [} , f~-~ ~e l~ves the plane when the reaction is zero.] I, about this point with the same angular velocity, so that the strmg
:.~,:.' _
~ s~~~~~;~?'~~ tu~--~ made to revolve upwards with a is, alw11ys straight. The string is sudden~y release~- Prove ~at the
__ const~t-~gular ~eloc1ty ro ~ ~vertical plane about one extremity 0. lu'mnsiohs·in the two portions are altered in the ratio ( a + b ) · 2a and
, "~~it:'5/inahonzontal position, a ~rticle is at rest in it at a distance 1

a from the f~ed end 0 . If robe smait .th..en show that it will reach 0 in '~ a+b): 2b .
· 22. A bead can slide on a smooth circular hoop an~ is initi~ly
'./~!t~ e-;b~~J:i;approximafely: nui ':'::br .;:,_.:,, . . . [C. H. 1999 ] at rest at A . The hoop is rotated in its own horizontal pl~e with
t/~~;:1.~:\~Jl'\n\-' .. ,~·,.;' ' .-... "h, ,;,: ..•. ·,. '_ constant anguliu velocity about the other end of the _diameter
- ,.,.fio/. JA'-sfh11khtsn,ooth W~ rotates'iri'a veftical ~ 'th uniform through A. Prove that the horizontal component of the pressure of
rb Jallgtilar J.ACitu ,.h,,. P e-wi the bead vanishes after a time
- ·\J:l a point _
9 Qf \~r~ ·_Abead
\, .
wire :Y.~ "~-~~:-~ can slide on the
at
band lIUti~lly is at rest O with the wire horizontal. Show that, at l 1og l ( 3 + ../5) ,
a su sequent inStant t, the beacUs at_a distance from O equal to 21t 2
_g_ •<"';£,::_
re Tis tl).e time of rotation of the hoop.
2ro2 (sinh rot - sm rot).
 160 ADVANCED ANALYTif.;AL DYNAMICS 161

. particle falls from rest w ithin a straight sm

w i is revolving with uniform angular velocity co about:th _tu~ rdinates of N are (y, 90· + 8) referred t.o O as
0
in its length, being acted on by a force equ al to mµ( / int O the ~:ie.Thecomponents of velocity ofN arey along
towards.O. Show that the equation to it~ p ath in space is
15
lilnc~) ~ OA as a.
rod ced since.!·(90. + 8) = Furthermore, the

r=acosh l
! /~
7 ) .. (1)2 -
8 or r=acos
(-G
ic:~ a), 2
~ , -~alongPNp u ,
01'
dt .. . 2 alo
ts of acceleration of ,N are (y - y8 ) .~g
ON and

2 2
a/ t .asµ ~ _CO
ccording If µ=CO , then show that the pa~ e. ~ a long PN produced.
· ----
•

l B. H 20101
, ,v
1'-..;& 8)

f smooth horizontal board, on which a heavy partid .

f p
~ . . e 1s at y
I' A.() rest, is suddenly set rotating w ith constant angular veloeity
''v ' - about a fixed axis in its plane carrying the particle upward (I)
. le mr,2 1l 0
s. if
2Jlco 2 = g, then show t hat the parhc , one,u --Y at a d istance a from
the axis, will leave the board when the latter has turned through
.
angle given b y ¾

8 •log p sece )-
0
Answers
Fig. 7.14
mv Hence w e have
, . (a) ✓1 +m2 , ., • velocity of p parallel to OX
• velocity of p relative to M, parallel to OX
A sin8 + velocity of M parallel to OX
9. - =---,, l l. 2m/ slnh cm.
r (tan 18); (1)'
2 • -ye+ x,
v ;; velocity of p parallel to OY
7.14. Components of velocity and acceleration ttfe'rred to = velocity of p relative to M, parallel to OY
a set of rotating rectangular axes. + velocity of M parallel to OY
(2)
Let OX and OY be a set of rectangular axes, which revolve about = y+x0,
0 in any manner in their own p lane . Let OA be the initial position U = acceleration of p parallel to OX
of OX and is fixed in space. Let 8 be the angle w hich OX makes with = acceleration of p relative to M, parallel to OX
OA at time t. Assume further that (x, y) are the co-ordinates of the + acceleration of M parallel to OX
(3)
moving po.int P referred to OX and OY as ax.es. Let PM and PN be
= _~ ¼t (y2 0) + x- xe2,
the perpendiculars from P to OX and OY respectively.
Now the polar co-ordinates of the po.int Mare (x , 0) referred_to V = acceleration of p parallel to OY
= acceieration of p relative to M, parallel to OY
0 as pole and OA as initial line. Then the components of veloaty • + acceleration of M parallel to OY
of M are X along ox and X a along MP I while the acceleration
.. ;,i\ 2 !. .! (r e).
(4)
= y- ~~ + dt
components of Mare (x- x 82) along OX and .!. .E.. (x2 0) along iv1.P. x . d components of velocity and (3) and (4)
X dt 1)
( · · and (2) are the requiret of acceleration.
.
;;iwp .the reauired compoI\en
5
·
i62 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMJcs . p
. . I\R'J'1cLe 163
Cor '1 -In particular, if the axes OX and OY revolve w ~
. . .. . . th th const
an. gu1· ar velocity ro such that 8 = ro, en e components of v . ¾t \,lacce\~·r ation· of P parallel to OA is
p_~ong.PX and OY are r~spective c· . e1Oc1ty of
. 1y x-yro) and (y + xco), While
components of acceleration _along OX and OY are ·res . the U cos 0 - V sin 0
?. ~.L'I ~ 1,•i
x...:. xoi ..:. 2roy and y- yoi- + 2rox. . a ,. . . ..
I I
pectively
/!~-rrr ·'· .= di (velpcity of P .pa_raUel to OA)
:)l/1 U ') ':'.'
Cor. 2. Let the origin be in motion and let its position be at , at
0 .
time, so that O'X ~d O'Y are the rotating axes. Let u0 and Vo be tha =did (11 cos 0-vsm 0)
\isa
components of velocity of O' with respect to OA and perpendi ul e
oi 1!1'J\!L
it, resolved along O'X and O'Y. Then the components of veloc~ty~/ 0
in the directions O'X and O'Y are given by P =.( i1 - V 8 ) COS 0_- (.V+ U 8,)sin _0 .
Acceleration of P _perpendicular to OA is
u =Uo t i - y 8 and v =Vo+ y+ x 0 .
ii sin 0 + V cos 0
With these •values of velocity components, the acceleration
d .. . . . . , .
components are given by = dt (velocity of P perpendicular to OA)

u =u-Va and V =V+ u a.

Alternative Method.
We can find these results in the following way too : = ( i, -v a) sin 0 + ( v'+1/ ij'.):~~\1'. 'Hll.,H•:1:: ~,' \sf
In the figure 7.14, we \iraw PR perpendicular from Pon OA . i r , ' . , '.. , : ·,: 1- 1 '';_·

..l;lifl'inatingp an~ V.~par~t~ly ,fro~ (4) and (5),,we get ; ,

Velocity of P parallel to OA is 11\J , . ,,> v.l, ,,, , , ;'.,. ·· .• , ·, i: _.,\
u cos 8 - v sin 8 U =11 - v 8 and V = v + 11 9 .

=i =i (OR) (xcos 8-ysin 8 ) ! Thus

J
U = ..x -. ;.2
Xl:r - -
y t
d .:z.
1 -d · .. · 2 1 d 2 · by.(3iJ. , (6)
( y 8 ) and V = y - y 0 + - -dt ( x
· •X , ,,. ,·• •
n,
= xcos a·'- x sin 8 . 8- ysin 8 - y cos 8 . 8. Deductions
(i) Radial and \.f r9ss.-radial " components of velocity and
y
= ( X-ya) cos 8 - ( + X 8 )sin 8 . (1 )
acceleration.
Velocity of P perpendicular to OA is
Let OX coincide witlr the radius vector, so that x =randy= 0.
U Sin 8 + V COS 8 / ..... \ .. ',

= ft ( ft (
PR ) = x sin 8 + y cos 8 )
Thus putting these valu~ in (3), we get
the radial velocity = r and cross::radial velocity = r 0 .
=x.sin 8 +xcos 8. 8+y cos 8- y sin 8 . 9 Similarly, putting x =randy= 0 in (6), we get ..

y
= ( .x - y 8 )sin 8 + ( + x 8 ) cos 8 .• (2)
the radial acceleration = r -r0 2

Eliminating II and v separately from (1) and (2), we get 1 d 2·

and cross-radial accelera~ion = -::dt- (r 8 ) ·
_.. , ,:, r.:· .. ,. '. . r
u =X- y a and =y+ V X a. (3)
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMIC
S . p roN IN A PLANE 165
1t;G 14~ ~-_::: .~:.-- ------ --...:. ...:_ · ARTJc ,
and normal components of ~
=- ~ - . -
(ii) Tangenti~l vel . ?iJoW sum of the components of d1Splacement of the -particle at P
oc1ty and the line OA is x cos 0 + y cos ( 8 + ♦ ) .
acceleration • ,ions
Let the origin O ' be moving along the curve. We take the u
1,et and v be the components of velocity of the particle at P along
X d O 'Y along the tangent and the normal to the c axes "and oY. Then the component of velocity of P along OA is
?£ ' ban the length of the curve between a fixed point ~rtvhe· 1'hen, a~ .
1 s e 0
e cu ucos8+vcos(8+ ♦)
and o ', we have rve
_!., l x cos 0 + y cos ( 8 + cl> ) }
_ v x=y=O and 8='11, the inclination of the t
5 ' o=0 '
- dt
uo -
the fixed direction OA. Then, f rom C o~.1. 2, we get angent t .
o == xcos 0 - x sin 8 . 0+ ycos ( 8 + cl> ) - y sin ( 8 + ♦ ) . ( 8+ ~ )
s
u-=u0 + x-y8 = and v =Vo+ y+ x8 = O. == f cos0-x 00 1 sin8+ycos(8+ ♦)- ysin(0+cl>)·oo 2 • • • (1)

A lso U = u- v 0= s and V = v+ u 0= s0= s \j, = .!_p 5 2

,
At time t, the straight line OX is so chosen that

p being the radius of curvature of the curve at O' . 0 + ♦ = ~ , so that 0 = ~ - cl> .

7.15. Velocity and acceleration compone nts referred With .these values, (1) becomes
• ~a
set of oblique rotating axes. u sin cl> = xsin ♦ - oo 1x cos ♦ - oo 2 y.
Let OA be a line fixed in space. OX and OY are the ax L
L XOA = 8 and L YOX = ♦ . If OX revolves with an angular ves.l .et Therefore U = x- 001 X cot cl>- 001 y cosec ♦ . (2)
ro1 , then 0= ro1 . If OY revolves with an angular velocity w e ocithty Again, if we take 8 =~, then we have, from (1),
. . 1 , en
0+ ♦ =001,
-v sin ♦ =-001 , x-y sin ♦ --<lli y cos ♦.
Therefore ~ = <lli - oo 1 • .. . (1) Therefore v = y+ 001 x cosec cl>+ 002 y cot ♦. (3)
(2) and (3) give the components of velocity along OX and OY
r~pectively.
P(x, y) Let U and V be the components of acceleration of the particle along
OX and OY respectively. Then, proceeding as before, we get

' U = u- 00 1 u cot ♦- 00 2v cosec ♦

= x - <il 1x cot cl> - oo 1.x cot cl> + oo 1x cosec 2(\) . ~ - <il 2y cosec ♦
- 002 ycosec cl>+ 001 y cosec c\).cot ♦ . ~
- ro1 cot cl> ( x- 001 x cot cl>- 00 2y cosec ♦)
0 -001cosec l\)(y+oo1xcosec (\)+oo 1ycotcl>)
=x -<0 1 xcot ♦ -<il2ycosec ♦ -2001x cot(\)-2002y cosecq, -x c,l
Fig.7.15
LetPbeap o· t h .
obli m w ose
que set of axes OXY. co-ordinates are ( x y ) referred to the
, .
166 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: ON IN
A PLANE
167
PARTICLE
xis along the
Wet a k e thex-axis
tangent PQ and assume PQ r.yaxis is along
=

at P. Thus we have
=v +01 x cosec ¢+ or Coseco- Xcosec dcot ¢.o normal P
the
+02ycot+02ycot o-01y cosec? . o 4OS,
Uo, x=. y=0 and 0 =y.

+01 COsec o (*-01 x cot o-02y cosec o )

+ cot o(y+@1XCosec o+2y cot o)

=i +01 xcosec ¢+201X COsec +02ycot o+202 y cot

-vo2
=i -y o2+(x@1+2xo1)cosec+(y®2+2y w2) cot .
7980/
7.16. llustrative Examples.
O A
Ex. 1. f the angular velocity about the origin be a constant o,
deduce the cross-radial component of rate of change of acceleration then Fig. 7.1640)
particle and show that if this rate of change of acceleration be zero, then of the Now u=luo +X-y0=s+r
[C.H. 1990] U=Do +y+x0=r6=ry.
de and
Then U= acceleration of Q along PQ
We take the radius vector as x- axis, so that x=r and
values in the expressions for velocity y=0. We put these
components and get
u=i-y6=r, v=y +x0=r0=ro,since 8 =.
The components of acceleration become
U=u-D0=r - ro2,V=v+u
0=r0+ro=2r0.
Now rate of change of acceleration
perpendicular to the radius vector is since and
V'=V+u6 P

27 0+ o-roif19310 and V acceleration of Q perpendicular to PQ

=3 0-ro'.
If this rate of
change of acceleration be zero, then =v+u®(r)+s y +ry

37o-r0-0, that is, 2r + r y+s y

Ex. 2. QP is a
tangent, of length r, to a curve at a point P which
moves d since
along the curve with speed v. Show that the acceleration components of
along and perpendicular to PQ are
du d r v respectively
and ,d(ur2
where p is the radius
P rds p
of curvature at P. C. H. 1991]
 IN A PLANE 169
MOTION

168 ADVANCED
ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS U=u+vcos 9+sin9-Vcos 0
Ex.3. The position ofa PARTICLE Then

+v Cos 0+sin -cos +cose

Show that the components of
point is determined by the
acceleration are co-ordina
u+and v-*, motion of a point relative to a fixed frame is defined by the
Ex. 4. The
where u, v are the components x=a cos ot, y=bsin ot.
of velocity in the directions eguations

of x,r
Let U and
respectively.
Vbe the components of acceleration in respectively
the directions
How is the motion of the point represented in a moving frame with the
of r andr carne origin, if the frame revolves in a positive direction with angular
The acceleration velocity o ?
parallel to OX is
U+Vcos What happens ifb =a?
OXYis the fixed frame and OXY is the rotating frame. The co-ordinatesof
velocity parallel to OX) Preferredto the fixed frame are ( I, y) and those referred to the rotatingg frame

-(u+Dcos) are (x,)

+U Cos - v sin 0.0. Therelationsconnecting(x,y)and (X.y)are
Again we have r0=- usin 0. x=xcos +y sin ot
cos wt.
Therefore and t e Y - X sin o +y
sin .
Therefore =a cos eot + b sin" o, by the given relations
-(1+cos20uB)+(1-cos 20
(1)
-lab)+5a-b) co20
anil s ot sin ot +b sin at cos ot
and 3rit
tril an - a Cos

2)
-(b-a )sin20.

O M X Y
Fig.7.16(6)
Thus U+ Vcos =u+v cos +sin6
and Vsin 6=(sin 0) =v sin +v cos 6.8 o't
v sin 0-sin 0 cos . Fig. 7.16(c)

Therefore V=v-cos =v-,since cos

 TION I N A PLANE
ADVANCED ANALYTICA DYNAM
0

MICS 171

Eliminating t between (1) and (2), we get

PARTICLE article moves along a straight line fixed in a
5. A velocity V, while the plane itself turns uniformly
Consta planearound
with aa
lar to it with angular velocity a. Prove
f i x e da x i sp e r p e n d i c u

is the curve
that the
the particle
which represents a circle. path
th of
If b=a, then from (1) and (2), we have r =a,y=0. VCos+ov2_2

Thus, in this case, the point will not be in motion. fesi ecn:Bo sb
least distance of the moving point from the axis.
where a is the
Examples VII (C)
accelerations dlong and
Show also thatthetheaxis at right angles to a
Derpendicular on are respectively
1. PQ is a tangent at Q to circle of radius a; PQ is
a
fixed tangent to the circle. equal p and soan 2aV,+ro) and 2 V?-a3.
to
makes an angle 0 with a Show that the
components of acceleration of P along and perpendicular to QP are
of a moving point referred to
5. If x, y denote the co-ordinates
-p0+a ® and (p6)+a0 respectively. two axes, one of which is fixed and the other rotates with uniform
that its components of acceleration
angular velocity o, then prove
2. A particle moves along a plane curve; v is its velocity when its parallel to these axes
are

distance from the origin is r and p is the radius of curvature. Show

that
thé velocity of the foot of the i -2 0y cosec ot and y -@*y+20y cot @t.
perpendicular drawn from the origin
upon the tangent to its path is the perpendiculars and n
7. The position of a point is given by each other. Prove that the
an angle oa with
on two fixed lines making
the directions of and n are respectively
3. If the path of a point, relative to a frame in
rotating about a
fixed velocity components
origin with constant angular velocity, be a straight line through the
a 1tcos
origin described with uniform velocity, then show that the path 9ns aft i w i Stsincos
o
and
sin o
Telative to the fixed frame with the same origin is thecurve r=a9.
to the
by attached a rod PA without mass
4. A set of rectangular axes is rotating with a constant angular A particle P is
8. which revolves
about the
rod AB, n times as long,
velocity o in its own plane about the origin and a particle on the plane extremity of another in a horizontal plane.
the whole motion taking place
moves so that the components of its velocity in space parallel to the other extremity B, rods the and
velocity
o be
of AB
angular
axes at any instant are respectively f e be the inclination of the
at time t, then prove that
a2-b3
a + y and or d n c o s cos+ sin =0.
sibii
where(x,y) are the co-ordinates of the point with respect to the
moving axes. Prove that the particle deseribes an ellipse relative to the
axes in the periodic time-

ab
 173

CENTRAL ORBIT
8.1. Centralforces.
- £y_
m dt2 = -mF(r)Y..,

d 2z
m dt 2 = - mf(r) ; .
r (2)

(3)
Let us suppose tl'lat a force F acting on a particle of mass m has th
following characteristics : e

>.{1}lt is always d ~ s or t_Way from a fixeq point. z

p (X, y, Z)
l(iiYTh e rrtgajtu de of the force F is a function of the distance r of
- ~
the particle rom the fixgd_point.
Such a force is called a central force and the fixed pop,t is called the
centre ofjprce-:"the path described by..,the particle is called a central arbit.

Fig. 8.1 (b)

From (2) and (3), we nave

d 2z _ !!3_ _
y dtl z dtl - 0

Fig. 8.1 (a)

or, ;, ~!;-z~) = 0
Let P be the position of the particle in any time t. With the centre of In•atin g, we get
force Oas pole and any fixed line OX through Oas initial line, let the
polar co-:ordinates of P be (r, 8). dz du
y - - z ::...z. = constant = A (say).
dt dt
Letf (r) be some funct io~ic h represents thf force F acting on
the pa....rticle at P. If f (r) be negative, then the CE;!llra l force will be Similarly, from (1) and (3), we get
attractive and if/ (r) be eositive, then the central force _is repulsive in dx dz
character. z dt - x dt = constant = B (say)
~ & e now prov~ that the central orbit is a plane curve] .
and from (1) and (2), we get
~ be the ~entral force per ~t mass acting o~ ~ particle of dx
mass m at any pomt P (x, y, z) and directed t';{;e oagm tJ of the x dtdu - y dt = constant = C (say).
rectan lar cartes1an system of axes OXYZ. Let ; e
the length of OP.
Then the equatio ns o motion o e partic e of mass m at are Then we have Ax+ By+ Cz
d 2x x
m °Tt2 = - mf(r)-; ,
(1)
= +~;-z~Hz~~ -x~;)+z(x17-yt) = O.

r--- AAD-r n- .
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS . CENTRAL ORBIT

-
174
~--------------._:
H e the point P whose co-ordinates are (x
· Pfl.RTJCLE

y, z) satisfy
eBnc+ Cz = o which i,s a linear equation in x , z' and
----.: Then the areal velotjty is
175

Ax + Y --jng on .
' a plane. theref' ore Lt ~ OPQ = Lt ½P& = ! p ds = 1 pv
'fi must 11-+0 6t &I ➔ 0 . 6t
2 dt 2 • • •

'T'L.u;=-the path descri}?ed by the particle P is a plane cu rve, that .

la
u, . .
the central orbit is a p nexurve.
tion
is,
e
Hence twice the areal velocity = r = up.
2

Note. f(r), being the central force p~ unit mass, is the accelera
of the ular mome ntum and kinetic energy.
particle and · called the central acceluat,on. ~

. Areal velocit y. The an~l~ momen tu~ of a particle moving along a plane curve
about a pomt m the plane 1S the moment of its momentum about that
When a particle moves along a plane curve, tb_e rate of cha point.
. . . th ··c1 DgtQf
JOlIUI\g e parh e to a fixed nno,·lllt
area traced . ~
art . I Th'
IS is actu ally ~ If m be the mass of the particle moving with a velocity v at any
is caUed th ·.;;.:...;.:::....:..:...~k - - -~ - 1ce.
description ut 0, the pole. instant of its motion, then the magnitude of the moment of momentunl
of the particle about a point (in the plane of motion) is mup, where pis
the length of the perpendicular from the fixed point upon the tangent
a to the path of the particle at the point when its velocity is.v.
The sign of the moment of momentum is taken positive or negative
is
according as the rotation of the particle about the fixed point
anti<lock-wise or clock-wise.
Now we know that the velocity v of the particle is equivalent to the
X · dr . and r da
· theradi·aId'rrection dt m 1 rrec t·10n.
. the cross-rad'ald'
ve Ioc1ty dt m
Hence another expression for moment of momentum about 0, the
Fig. 8.2 fixed point, is
d8 ·
Let us consider that a particle moving along the curve APQ describe 2
mr -dt · r = mr 8I
be
an arc PQ = & in time &. Let the co-ord inates of P and Q
0, a fixed Point, as
respectively (r, 8) and (r + 6r, 8 + 68) referred to
pole and OX, a fixed line, as initial line. the moment of m :; about O being zero.
Then the areal velocity at P is
The expression for kinetic energy of the particle of mass m in pol
A~
Lt = Lt ~lr
nPn (r + 6r) sin 68
2 _ _ _ __ cCH>rdinates is given by
11 ➔ 0 & ~➔O &
!mv 2 = lm(r 2 +r 2 82).
2 2
l r2~ 'f torder
= Lt _2 _ _ , neglecting small quantities above the irs
& ➔O & ~ on of a particl e under central force. . . .
Let us find the differential equation of the path of<! particle mov111g
= ! ,2 . d8 = ! ,2 a·
• dt 2 • a~~ ~ a plane under a force which is directed to a fixed centre.
. -
Again,, let p be the length of the perpen dicul~ fro~
st raight line PQ and let u be the velocity of the particle at ·
 177
176 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE
ferentiating (6) with respect tor, we get
rential equation in polar co-ordmates. 4J?. _ 2u du . d8 + 2 du . d 2u . d8
2 du ~ d2u ~
dr = 2 d8 . dr\_" + d82)
1
Let .P be the position of the_particle in time t. Let (r, 0) be the - p3 • dr - d8 dr d8 d8 2
co-ordinates of P referred to the fixed centre O and the fixed initial I'
OX. Let F be the force per umt · mass o f t h e parhc
· le. So, 1£
· m be themlne
of the particle, then mF will be the attracting force acting on it. He~~:
the equations of motion in the radial and the cross-radial direction
=
2
!~0+!~~1 -~H;l= -~ht,·
2.F
= from (S)

.
m(r-"3 2) = -mF
. s are
(1)
= -h2·
1 d · h2 !Y!..
and m - - (r 2 8) = 0. (2) Therefore 3p dr = F. (7)
r dt
Integrating (2), we get This is the differential equation of the central orbit
r 2 8 = constant = h (say). P (r, 0) Alternative method.
The differential equation of the orbit in pedal co-ordinates may t?e
·
Then 8 = 2rh = hu 2 , where u = -1r , derived independently in the following way :
1The equations of motion in the radial and the cross radial directions are

that is, r = .!.

U
.
~~ BA
X
,m(r-r82 )=:...mf,thatis, r-rfl=-F (1) .

and m!.4:{r2e) =0.

Therefore · - dr - ..!!. 1 du(.!) 1 du d8
r - dt - dt u = - u 2 dt = - u2 d8 · dt
r dt
(2)

Integrating (2), we get r 2 8 = constant = h (say). (3)"

2 2
= _ J_ du h 2 _ h du
We have _:=-+-i{-)
1 1 l dr 2 1
= 2 +-i{-e--) = 2 + ~ = 2 + 2 , by (3).
1 r 2 1 r 1 r
. u 2 d8 u - - d8. (3)
p2 r 2 r d0 r r 8 r (r 8) r h
Ag~in r = .!!_{- h du) d8 -
d8l d8 dt -
..!!J 1 du) h 2
d8l- d8 u = - h u
J
2 2 d2 u
d8 2 • • •• (4) h2 h -2
2
:. 2=2+r
p r
Substituting in (1) and cancelling m from both sides, we get
Differentiating both sides with respect to r, we get
d2 u 1 · 2
- h iu i d8 i - ; . h 2u 4 = - F - 2h 2 dp 2h 2 . .. dt - 2h ... 1
- - - = - - + 2 r r - = -3-+ 2 rr7
P3 dr r3 dr r r
d2 u F
or, d8 i + u = h 2u i (5)
, h2 d h2 ..
or ~ ...E.. =--r = -3--r = -{r-r8 ) .
r''6 2 .. .. ·2
which is the differential equation of the path, F being the force per unit ' p3 dr r3 r
mass. _/ h2 dp
\S!)YDifferential equation in pedal co-ordinates.· Hence, from (1), 3 -d = F ·
p r .
·Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the fixed centre of Cor. We know that 2 (areal velocity)= ~2 8.
force upon the tangent_to the path at p whose polar co-ordinates are Again, in a central orbit, we see that r 2 8 = constant = h.
(r, 8).
Thus, in a central orbit, areal velocity, that is, the rate of description °!
Then we have sectorial area is constant and is equal to ½h and the angular momentum

.l.
p2
l.+l.(dr1
·= 1 2 r' dQ
2
(du) 2

-_ .u + da , wher.e u -_ !_
2
,
(6) remains constant throughout its motion, which is mh .
. -- -·
 cs . ,
ADVANCED ANALY1'1CA.L DYNAM1 :l~A.Rr1clE 179
_,
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- .: :. :_ •:
178

--- -- particle rakes to d .i~...,_

· de h ff T be the tirn.e that the'od e~r the whole path fo r
s that the an . · ·
furthermore, 8 : dt = r 2L-, which show gula,- tJeloc;, 0 . th f . th
an ellip se, a 1s, e pen 1c time, then
we have
Y!
* •.. • . • ~,
,-rtitft ant s mv.. ,
. --•~ as t,rc squart of the distance.
½h . T = area of the ellipse = Jrab,
AJ,owehave r 8 = vp = h.
2
since h = twice the areal velocity.

n-r.xe •'=;:=~++(:Jr the I h the

as
Furt herm ore, h
2
= µJ = µ -ba .
1

Thus illtt • n
l. i ·
.. 5 r 'Odocity of the particle varies inversely
engt of
-i1. ,..,, ..., d "'- upon the tangent to the path~ 2n 3
~ ,, , , _ _ , _ , . ~ pvm the centre Qffo~~e
T
21tab
= -h- = ~ = Tµ az.
2'1fllb
1fi dete rmin ing the orbit for a given . Ther efor e
Note. Equations {S) and (7) are used '/µ! C
luv of<;entral force or vice-versa.
To dete rmin e the titne, we use the form
2 f
ula I = ¼ r d8, from r2 == I,. a a

centre of force at the focus,

it. Cor. For a parabolic orbit with the
8.S. Law of force for an elli ptic orb
as pole is F =~ and v 2 = ~ , while for a hyperbola '
The equation of an ellipse with focus ,~ r

;I = l+e cos 8, e<l or,

1 e
u = + cos8.
1 1
(1)
F= µ
?
2
and v = µ(~+.!]·
r a

s bein g the cent re of force.

Let us find the law of force, the focu
du . e sm. a d d 2u
= - 1e cos 0. 8.6. Vel ocit y under central forces.
( )
We have ;fro m 1 , de = - 1 an dS 2
~ ocity in a circle.
distance r from. the
Hence F h'u'(~~ +u)
= = Hcos8+Hcos8)h'u' If v be the velocity of a particle in a circle
• cent re of force mov ing unde r a cent ral force F,
at a
then

= h2u2 = J!.2 (say), whe re µ = h2_ F =-

vi
I r l r
rsel y as the squa re of the distance (1)
Thu s the central force vari es inve / v = Fr.
2

from the focus.

'-@)Kelocity from infinity.
Agam •' =;: =1i 2
{ u'+('.::J} =1i {(f +fcos0J +(-f sinaJ}
2
If a particle.falls from infinity under an
attraction F to a point whose

= 7(1 +2ecos8+e') = i-{i ·l+e,c°s 8- 1 ~''J dista nce from the centre of force is r, then

f~ -
we have

{~-¾J
p3 dr -F.
a(J -e'J,
since I= semi-latus rect um= ~, = h2 J'
This, on integration, gives - ½p1 = -
= ½7T = F dr,
. . . · · or axes ol
senu -ma 1or and sem i-mm
where a and b are the resp ectiv e r (2)
the ellipse. . t f the ellip se. The . that is, lv 2 = - f Fdr.
. s the velocity of the part icle at any porn
This give °
f th e direction
of 2

. r only and is inde pen den t o

veloc1ty thus depe nds on
motion.
 ADVANCED ANALl'T.l_CAL DYNAMIC S : ~ • ~O~RB
:;.IT
:,_
- _ _ _ _ __ 181
180 PA _
R1'1c 1,~,
n:ius the velocity from infini ty at any poin ~ h .
. ~.... ., the "·e locity that a parti
t of the c e ~ d8 h that de = == h:u 1, where u = _
, ·
U\,::m ·•5 . cle wou ld acqu ire if it be mov "d orbit , 1 __.. ::: , 50 dt 2r r
'
it fmitu to that pomt unde r the actto . f l . t.,et dt
t, o t ,e given attra cti ve fro
'
-associ .J . rb'
ared with the o ·it.
If, in particular , F = ~ ' then we have
f "'
e orce 'fhe(' , troin (l),
T ,==
;e ge:
u dt =
dh d0 - u dh . ~ = hu J dh .
d0 . dt - d0 r'- (3)
d0
r
dr - dr . d0 = __!_ . du . nu z = - h du
v2 =- 2 Jr dr = ~ ·
.l!_2
r
Therefore dt ~ d0 dt ui d0 d8

(iii) Change in kinetic energy. iu\d ~:~ = ~t (-h !:)=- :a~!:}:

Let m be the m ass of the movi ng parti cle.
Mult iplyi ng (2) by m and
su.pposing that -t he veloc ity chan ges from (i d2u dh du)
= - hu ~ d0 2 + d8 . d0
2
Vi to v2 as r tl,an ges from
r1 'to r2, we have
r2
2• • 2 d2u I , from (3).
½mvl - ½mv12 = - J F dr. = - h -u d8 z - u . du
d9
r1
Henc e, from (1 ), we get
Thus the chan ge in kinet ic energ y is equa
l to the work done by the
force as the parti cle move s from one posit z d 2u - !. du - h2u J = - F
ion to anoth er. -h2u d82 u d0
(iv) Velocity offall to the point of projection.
If a parti cle falls from the centr e of repu lsion T du
unde r a force f (to a F- --
poin t at a dista nce r, then we have d2u u d0 (4)
or, d0 2 + u = h iu i
r

½v 2 = J Fdr. trom (3).

wher e
8.7. Orbit unde r radial and transverse
accelerations. . th differential equa tion of the path.
If, in addit ion to the radia l accel eratio n F, For given F and T, (4) gives e
there be anoth ei al\':celk- . lso be writte n in the form
tion Tin a direc tion perp endic ular to that
moti on in the radia l and cross -radi al direc
of F, then the equa tkms of
tions are respe ctive ly
Note. Eq~uati;n (4~
2 - 3 d8
m;:~a
d ,
( ~a1l
u u dh = iT , from (3).
m{
2
d r
w- r ~ dt) J = - mF, that
. is,
d 2r ( ~a
dt 2 - r \dt)
2
1=- F (1)
d2u
-+u
= - (h ·) = 2h d8
d8
u3

d8 2
and
r dt ~
r dO)
m .! if_ (
dt
2 = mT
'
that is, .!. if_
r dt
(r de)
2
= T (2)
ustrative Examples. ,
.bes the path r = a tan 0
under a fo rce to the
dt ' a) A particle ~escn i in terms of r.
wher e m is the mass of the partic le. . . f ' d ,·ts acceleratwn and vdoc ty
ongm . m roe . der a fo rce F to tire
(b) A particle describes the n1 p2 = ar ur1 .
In this case, from (2), r 2 ~~ is not a const
ant. pole. Find the lizw of force.
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL .DYN.A.n..\fJcs
:
•: P
·

-
182 18-~
-~ cEJfl'JlAL ORBIT
(a) Here we have r = atan 8, that is, au = cot 8_ ~
raking logarithm of both sides, we get
du 2 n log a + n log u + log cos n8 = 0.
Hence ad =- cosec 8 =- (1 +cot
2
8) = _ (1 + a2u 2).
8 Differentiating with respect to 8, we have
2
ad
du 8 cot 8 = 2au( 1+ a 2u 2). n du sin n8
2
Also
82
=Zcosec ; d8 = n cosn8
~or a central orbit with acceleration F, we have du
dO = utan n8.
or,
f l
~ h'•'r,~;~ = h'• 1u +2u (I+•'• '>I Therefore
d2u = du
d0
2
2 2
dO tann8+nusec n8 = utan nO+nusec no.
2

2
= h2u 3(3 +2a 2u z) = h2(3 + 2a 2] ·
2 2
d u +u = u(l+tan 2 n8)+n11sec n8 = (n+1)usec n8
,3 r2 Hence 82
'Illis glves the acceleration. = (n + 1 )a 2" u:u,+t, from (1).

To find the velocity, we apply the relation Therefore f = h2 uz(d211 + 11) = (n + 1 )l,2a2" 11211+3 = {n + 1)h2a2n .
ld82 r2nt3

•' = h'\•••(~:J )- h'{•'+o•::•'J') Thus f

1
- ·
oc -r:u,+ 3

Alternatively : Taking logarithmic differentiation of

(2)
hl r" = a" cos na,
= a2r•(a'+3a2r 2+r ').
n dr
we get -; de = - n tan n8.
This gives the velocity.
(b) Here we have p1 = ar. Thus we have cot ♦ = - tan n8,
where ♦ is the angle between the tangent and the radius vector.
Therefore 1 l --l
2=-
p a r So cot ♦ = cot (i 1t+ na}
Differentiating both sides with respect to r, we get Hence i
♦ = Jt+ n8.

_.!_~ 1 Further, we have, for a curve, p = r sin ♦-

rntl
p 3 dr = - ar1 ·
Hence p = r sin
(
i Jt + n8 ) = r cos n8 =7 , from (2).
Therefore F = h1 . ~ - h2 l
p3 dr - 2a · ;i · Therefore ~
dr
= (n + 1).C ·
a"
- h1~ - hia3" .C - h2a2"(n+l) (3)

/ de~,
K'~l_/ ~':the l . central oroit rn = a• cos n9 nder fi
Hence
F-

foe_!_
3 d - ln +3 (n + 1) " -
p r r

.
a r
2il +3 .

any pos 1•non. . further theu velocity

po e. Fznd the law 01•'fiorce. Ftnd a orce
at Thus ,2n +3
If f be positive, the nature of the force is attractive, otherwise the force is
Herewe~ve a "u • cos n8 = 1. (I )
repulsive in nature.
 PART ICLE
184 ADVA NCED ANAL YTICA L DYNA MICS
CENT RAL ORBIT
To find the velocity vat any distanc e r, we have
3h 2a from (3)
Here F = _ _ 11 t •3,
2

= lhia..!
2 r4
...
= h 2 (u 2 + u 2 tan 2 n8)
= h ·2u 2 sec2 n8 = h2u 2a 2nu 2n = a 2nh2u 2n+2 Therefore F oc ..!..
r4
.
a:z,,. h2 . (iii) If n = l, then the equatio n of the curve
is r = a ~os 9, which is a circle
= r:z,,+2 with the pole on the circumference .

This gives the velocit y ~t any distanc e r. Hence F = 2h 2a 211 5, from (3)

= 211 2a 2 ..!..
rs
.
A few ptlrticulilr cases :
is Therefore F oc - \ .
(r) If we put in (2), n = - ½, so that the curve r
1 1 (i~) If n = 2, then the equatio n of the curve
is r 2 = a 2 cos 29, which is a
r~ 2 = a- 2 cos(-. !8) 2 lemmscate of Bernoulli.
1 ! 2
Here F = ?Ji a41/, from (3)
or, r2=~
.
cos.!8
2 = 3h2a
4
..!..
r7
·
a
or, r=---
cos2½ 8 Therefore f oc -¼r •
(v) If 11 = - 2, then the equatio n of the curve is a
2
= r 2 cos 29, which is a
__ ,
r = _ __2a
or, l+cos 8 rectang ular hyperb ola, the centre being the pole.

which is a parabo la with the pole at the focus. Here F = - h2 4 3

· - \ 11- +
a
=- h:a r, which is negative.

Here F = ½h 11- u- + , puttin g n =

2 1 1 3 in(3) -½
Theref ore F oc r .
from the centre.
The force is thus repulsi ve in nature and acts away 3
µ (distance)
Ex. 3. A particle moves with a central acceleration
+ •

Theref ore f -1. Find the path.

oc
of the distance. Hence the
r2 Here the acceleration varies inverse ly as the cube
the path of the particl e is
½, so that the curve is differe ntial equati on of
(ir) If we put in (2), n = F 1 3 µ11
d 2u
d82 + u = = Wµu = W . h2
r=ac os
2
½8
= ½a (1 + cos 8), which is a cardioide. or, !~~ = (p- 1}.

5
 186 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
CENTR.(lL ORBIT 187
Now three cases are to be considered according as

h 2 < µ, h 2 = µ and it 2 > µ. We have, for a complete revolution,

c.s, /. If h 2 < µ, then (f.- J I is positive and equalto •' (say). J~ Jr (,~ )do if
= rd9

Over the curve Over the curve Over the curve

The equation then becomes 21t
d 2u
d82 = n2u, = h1 f ld8
1 + e cos 9 for the ellipse ; = I + e cos 8
0
whose general solution is
A and B ~ing arbitrary constants.
This·is aspiral
u = Ae ne + Be -ne,

• curve having an infinite number of convo1utions. b

-~ f
- h
1t

O
I d8 - 21 1 [ -1 e + cos 9
1+ecos8 - ,i" ~\ll-e 2 cos l+ecos9
I
poIe. If, m particu1ar, any one of the constants A and B .h a out the
is an equiangular spiral. vams es, then the curve 2/ 1t
=,; -~ ·
Case II. If h7 = µ, then the equation (1) becomes Therefore, if T be the periodic time, then we have
du
d82 = 0,
2
!
T ~
f dJ.r -_ ~h . Tt7.
1t h 1
2rrab = ; .
(1)

whose general solution is 11 = Aa + B , Agaln, for a complete revolution,

which, in general, represents a reciprocal spiral.
If ' '
' m particular, A = 0, then it represents a circle.
. ½ f v'dt = ½ µ(~-¼}t f
Case Ill. If h 2 > µ, so that(l!.
h 2 - 1).1s negative
. and is equal to ( _ n 2) ( , = 2µ(½J~ )-; (½Jdi) for complete revolution
then the equation (1) becomes sa) J.
= ~ _ l! = l!, by (1).
d 2u a a a
d82 + n2u = 0,
Ex. 5. If the central orbit be an ellipse under aforce towards the centre,
is• whose general solution is 11 ::; a cos (n8 + £) then find the law offorce. Find also the velocity at any point of the orbit.
·re• where a and £ are arb't
1 rary constants. '
I The equation of the ellipse with the centre as pole is
Ex. 4. If the central orbit be 0 .
t11en pror,e that the time avera ,~ ell,f'st, thefocus being the centre offorce, a2b2
-2- = a2+b2_,2 _
(1)
~ 1 reaprocal distance
0
p

tf~=l. Differentiating with respect to r, we get

- 2.a2b2 ~ = -2r.
Deduce further that the ti r "
Ir me average of the square of the speed p 3 dr
2 2 2 2

°f Jv 2
dt = H
Therefore F = h 2 !!£ = h r = µr (say), where 11 = µa b ·
p 3 dr a 2b 2
The integrals a ·
are evaluated Jo Hence t
r complete remlution. oc r.
 AJ-4Ics
- -- · -- ~-~-· (i' i

NCED ANALYTICAL DYN

- 189
ADVA · : p~
1$8 . 'l';rENTRAL O
RBIT
1, 2(a 2+ b 2_ ,
2)
It 2 ' from (1) )
2
Further, v = p 2
= 0
2 bi
Examples VIII (A
c2! 8
=µ.CD2, uation is r = a se z
=µ(a2+b2- ,2 ) .. ~ rv e w ho se eq
rti deseribes a cu rce varies invers
ely as the
diam et er o f the ell; se p \V 'I \ pa cle ow th at th e fo
mi<onjugate P to C and d f to the pole. Sh
" ~ CD is the se of th e el lip se. Cp un er a orce di stance.
Cteing_the centre ~ square of th e
)i central force,
e cu ro e r = a(l +; V6 cos 0 5 b· . 2a3
38 be described by a
Ex. 6. Prove that th a cent ra l or
l/ QbO; 2. If the curve
-;r = 1 + co s
nstant.
cce/er al io n pr op or tional to to the pole, is co
tbtoriginfora the fo re~, dire cted
(,-• +1J 0,- s) . then show that
8 2 + b t nder
. a cu rv e w ho se equation is ~r =
o f thee ation o ft '- . ribes
We take logarithm
ic differentiation qu •)e g1 v en cu rv ~ particle desc
of force.
le. Find the law
'_ ,, 9 eq,s
1_ dr = - -2 v6 sin a force to·the po al, whose pedal
equation
♦, ir
-
r d8 +;
J v f cos 8 = co t
~ s an eq ui an gu la
particle describe e to the pole. Show that the •.
r sp
force varies
under a forc
is p = r sin a,
th
be tw ee n th e ra dius vector and e tangent. 3•
,i, bemg the
angle inversely as r
point on the
/ n 28
un de r a force ~o a
u' r 5• Show
si le
2
; = J +cotl
♦ = 1+ ✓
circ
the orbit be a at the force varies inyersely as y as r 2•
Theref ore co se c

of the curve, we ave

h
~ 1 cos a
further that the
then show
ve
th
circumlerence,· locity at any point of the orbit ,- -
varks inversel

From the equation rcle is r = 21lp.

1 J
equation of a ci
!. _ J+ J_ ,, ( Pe dal
= A cos n8 + B
sin n8, then show
2 v6 , e. be r"
en
y. u le rsely as ,2n• •
3
bit of a pa rtic
~ ~ or
-
Q
th e e va ry in i inve
der a central forc
!+ 1 ) nat it moves un be put as r" =
C cos (n 8- a). J
s9 +; 2 n
Thus coseci; = !_
_!:,v' 6 co
-:2..1 :
- ::
2! (1 + !!.) · .. () /
( The ~u at io n
of the cu rv

d
e ca

un de r a fo rc e
locity at any
to a centre, the ve from· the
t
an orbit, describe nal to the distance of the poin
,2 (r ,1
-
02
~
a2 ely pr op or tio lar sp iral.
point is invers is an equiangu
Th of the c . e. Sh ow that the path
eJ>edal equation WVe JS gi ve n by ce nt re of fo rc central force F,
·2
♦ a si n 11 8 de sc ribed under a
p :: r2sin2 tr=
8. For the orbi J l C.H. 2006 l
2 -1
2 n2 n-
2 2a
l _1 a(4_ + ll) F = h (- - - ,3
- •
or,
~~- ♦ : : : -
- ~, .. ,2
,s
p2 - ,2
, from (J ). show that
2 ,J , • stance
.
Differentiatin bo th sides With res rs ely as the square of the di
l force varies in
ve at the
g r, we get 9. If the centra bi t is a conic with focus
2 d . pect to int, then show th
at the or
-p l~ d : : : .!2 (__gr 4a,s )
- •
from a fixed po
int, then
ce from a fixed po
4 -
' pole. e distan
Hence s as th
l force varie

~~~:: 3k',[,-•,j.,-s)
10. If the centra
'
i re at the pole.
Ii at the orbi t is a conic with cent
show th
'- - 4 I A.A.D-13
 191

(~ ·sp in! is r = ~• -•-

·~ 1 d ·, 8) - =f.)
Eq :atu· ::ts Ul mo-un are -r - r 8 - = 0 , -r -,di (r
~

ra't ioo .Io r wh ich the

~ thae1 the only laYII· for a cen tra l acc
.rt my dis tm cr is equ al to
ele
the \.-elocity acq uir ed
in
~ in • md e cub e.
ce,, is tha.t of the invers
b'OCl mf u:n y to thal di:s
tan
~ ( B. {-I. 19-88 )

bit. therl ■ = FT. wh ett

1 f is the centR1
I u • h t ~ ~ ior cm ma ror
~
rc mf nt y.t t-e i
a~ bl' ~ ~m fa !lm g&
Ir •- Uw • • I r
½r = - i;_

rar tw ~ tha t its

anv-e t.m dtt a am ral att
~- A~~ in a tft le· sam e ~
ua .lt of ha tin a md ea
~a ilf fJ p, om iis eq of fut cr is tha t of the
arr..ier- ~ A:: :lf! iid
4 •-tt'IR
~ tha t the law
og, spiDl. ( B. H. 198
dar 3\
eca be ~ dm . ~ pa is an ecpsia
irn e.s

- ~~=h. ~ ~ =f = ::i = ;~ -}

Jld ica ct a bt t
21.. A ~ rrDriDg
in an d5pte under- the
ce &a n Ot o m
s &o m the pa les t 4iltan
lowz,w ~ tocm 0~ ·m on to the at t dil tlo re
. in time t, and tbm
c d : wy oi &E ll!l'JDOJ _.
flw mb iti l
&taOm tiae j - Silolt' M: fhf > a «e • ai.rity Olf
k- 1 a
k-'" 1 . 1 ·
._ __ . by 'd w ,_ .,. .- I R
•
f T-....., r c ~ ·~ ;.w ,8 .._ t
I
i l
 193
192 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAM_IJ:;_S : PA.R1'1cl ofiBIT
~$]'11'# _ be defined to be a point on the orbit.such that
Answers se inaY a}so int is perpendicular to the tangent at the
t, 2 (2r + a) """'°'sat\ ap
w ·¢ '1/eCtor to the Po
3
· F = --~ U'e radi . . . the centre of force and the apse is c'."1ed an
11.(i) F oc ,-2 (ii) F oc r -3. (iii) F oc ,-?_ (iv) F oc ,-u _ poit't· . ht }it\e)O~gth · adius vector through the apse 1S called
(v ) f F oc , -s 2 11'e str31dgthe length O e rle between two consecutive apsidal
o( ,2n-3. (vi) (vii) F oc , - i·ne at': ce The ang
. apse • ;Jal distan . idal angle.
13. F oc r. 14. F oc r(Ar - Br 3. 15. (b) F oc ,- s. aps~ ailed an . lli th ends
U'e 11r~ iS c . round the sun m an e pse, e
diStatl se of a planet moving the QRe nearer to the sun is called
the ca the two apses,
ses. It\ .or a,ds are is called apheiion.
. . . . f the 11\3) the further one
p 1s a pomt on a central orbit at which the radius vector drawr O •1itli0fl and
from the centre of force is a maximum or a minimum.
r
pert perty of the apse ine. . ,, he d' t
. ~10 . be . gle valued function 01 t tS ance,
The length of the radius vector corresponding to such a point t • trGI jlccelenttion F .a.stn two e ual and symmetrical portions
known .as the apsidal distance. tht cen line d'i:vides the orbi_t.tn!d0:.,....}
eoerY ~
Now, when the radius vector is a maximum or a minimum, ther tht1l hUS there can on IY be two apsidal ._.,.f..es.the acceleration
and t Fis same
ed function o r, . .
u = -
1)
will be a minimum or a maximum. The condition for that is F is a 'sing1e va1u . ti of the central orbit is
( r Sil\(:e . e The differential equa on
th~~~-
d e F
du = O d2u +u = ~
d0 da1 nu
h 2 ( ~ lu + u\ - \ .
and the first differential coefficient of u, that does not vanish, is of an
even order. or, ~d81 ) u
If p be the length of the perpendicular from the centre of force upon . 2 du and integrating, we get
the tangent at a point P on the central orbit whose polar c<r0rdinates Multiplying both sides by d8
are (r, 0) referred fo the centre as pole, then

1 _ du
2 2 duj
v :;: h -d8 +u
2 2
l: : !
2 _L du + C, where C is a constant.
ii'- 11
2
+(de'
) ~~
u2

Now, at an apse, where u is a maximum or a minimum, du - 0 Hence the above equation becomes
At an apse, . de - ·
du (1)
d0 = O.
v2 = c - 2 J F dr,
Therefore 1
~ = u2 = :i 1
p r since r=- · ..
or,

at
tangent to the curve bein
p = r.
- Hence, the point P, the angle between the radius vector and the
•h . . .
.u
Since F is a single valued function of :,
same at same distance r and does no
. also 5ame at sam
~1;::::n the directio;
e distance r. TouS,
, . ill trace a
t~:
that the velocity is

• ,,-,Jes to th d ' gang tang1e, the ·parhcle moves at nght motion. The acceleration F 1S apse, then it w
,:;e; e ra ms vector at an apse.
direction of velocity be reversed at : psidal distance.
~""'"""tnr::1\ orbit on the other side of ea
 194 ADVANCED AN AL YT
0,.0 911' ·
19 5
I
~ tiatiofl, we get . 1 e
IC AL DYNAMICS .
. P ,,. 1·fferefl co s! 8
. AR1'1c
lt l' 2 sU\ 2 -- -- 1- ·
W he n__the pa rti cle
arr ive
ce 1oS 'fit ~ ' cpl
~ . sifl 0 "" __ _.. .-:- 2 1 A
sy mm etr tca l ab ou t the s ~t the secon d apse, th~ 2 sifl 2 2 8
1 ~ ~ l _ cos 0
this · sec on d aps1dal dis tan "i~iflS
·bl
is poss1 e o nly if th
ce for the Pat I • _.. J8

eq ua l to the on e be for e ne xt, tha t is, the third ap sid same reaso 11h ;,_ ~ r" , 0·
e it, tha t is, the first. He al d' · 13111 CO t -2
ap si·da l dis tances. .Th nc e the re a istanc~ ~ cat,..i.,,:;
·e aps1·da l dis tan ces are
ap sidal an gle is alw ay
s the sam e. alternately e realonly "' h .1 1t'~re
~ 10-
· qu and th~ • "" 'i . ~ we ha "e
~ e es ta b~ the ab ce . "" r sin ,
ov e pro pe rty wh en t{~
va n es- as-so me int eg the central acceleratiol\ , - it\u
,• ...n\
. 1a-,n,-i 13tio1'
,- _
P ~ _ a (1 - co s 0).
ral .p ow er of the distan r sll
_, · \ce r -
ce from the centre of for \'llttit'g 0
ce. ,,, "". rsi nz "" r . 2a
Le t F « r", tha t is , .
F =~ , ass um ing u =!. 3
u" r
· . . . we
.. . t,oth sides, ha"e.
2ap2 "" r .
dp
Th e dif fer en tia l eq ua
tio n of the pa th is sq ,S . t to r, we get 4ap dr -- 3,1.
sides with respec
d2u +u _ _ . ti.f\gt,oth
F__ __ L_ Aot eflu a
d0 2 - h 2 u2 - h 2 uO 2 l.JU'-
. hl 3,1 ~l == 3a ... (1)
•
- -- 2 dt1
·
,•:,- t . !:£- "" - == hl u4 .
-f:-== dr
-;·
P
4ap 4ap 4
Mu lti ply ing by 2 ~:
an d integrating,. we ge 'therefore ~- . P3
t . . -4
.the fot::e "aries as r
l{ence
(!,iu]2
== o
2- - 2µ se ·dr
~d0 +u -C h: (n +l )u 11 + 1 . i\.tanaP , d8
_,,, .·

. equation of the cul"'1e

!!!.. - 0 gi"es sin 8 = O.
N ow , at an apse, du
dS = 0 an d we ha ve u 2 ffOll\thegi-ven , d0 -
=C
1 2.µr •+l · ente&::Oor1t -
tha t is, --2 =C H
r (n +l )h 2 _o oives r -- 0, which is a cu sp .
But e - r,-· _ 1t and r =
Hence, at an ~pse, 0 - 2a == P·
or, r
n+:J (n+l)CJi2 2 (n +l )h
- r + 2 0 h = vp == 2a. v.
2µ = • Therefore
~
This eq ua tio n gives the 4

of n or C, this equation
hence, by Descartes'
apsidal distances. Whate
cannot have more than
rule of signs, it canno
ver be the values
two changes of sign and
Hen<e,from(l);" ' F = 3a.
(2"11l' °(~)' since r = 2A .
positive roots, that is, t have mo re tha n two
there are at most two aps This gives '3t, l = 4af.
idal distances .

8.11. Illustrative Ex Ex.1. A pirticle moves un

amples. der a central repulsive for~ mµ + (dist
and is prajected fr~ an aps ance'
e at a distance a with a vel~
ty ~ • S~ow t~ t t ·
Ex. _1. Find the law of forc
e· to the ·pole when the pat equation to the path is r cos pe
r = a(l - cps 0) and prave h is the cardioide = a and the angle descn
that if F ~ the force at the bed tn tune_t 15
velocity, the n 3.v 2 = 4aF aps e and v be the
.
We have tlte plth in polar
aH>rdina tes as r = a(l
- cos 8).
[C. -H. 200 2]
·p n~ ~f!a
1
-ta 1 V. ·t
,
J2 1
where · p·2 = a~ -_
V +._µ. ·
a1 v1
l T. H. 1992 1
196
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTJCL-e

The differe.ntial equation of the path is

-........--..
rc
~::..::.-------------.,.._--=
·g ~ ORBIT

. •
3
A particle moving ~nder a constant force from the
~t· d ,·n II direction perpe• ndicu
c e . t of
lar to
•
the
.
radiu
fr om
s vecto
the
r with
centre.
the
Show
51

centre is
velocity
that the
197

r ·-, ·red in falltng to lnc poin pro1ectron

"10/e LA

· acifU'
path is
[C.H. 1982 J
or, dzu2 =
d8
-(1 +.h.l!.]u
2 •

r =p = a and v= v. The force is constant = F (say) .

Again we have h = vp =Va; for, at an apse,
'Jhe ·differential equation of the path is then
Therefore d u2
d8
2
= -(1 +-L
a V
]u 2 2
2
= -p u (given). .
-+u
d~
:.a--h ·
2
F
2 2
u
d8
The general solution of this equation is a from the centre, then
If v be the velocity of projection at a distance
u = A cos p8 + B sin p8, (1) a

where A and B are arbitrary constants. ½v 2 = J Fdr = Fa, since f is constant.

.. 11 · ~ 1 when 8 = 0 and du
de =0 when 8 = O at an apse.
Irutia Y," = ~
Therefore
Hence A= !
a
Hence
and O = [::] :s [-Ap sin p8 + Bp cos p8] e- o = Bp' from (1) ·
. ••o Integrating, we get
2
Therefore ;B = o. (du ) + u2 = _!_
3
+ C, where C is a constant.
1 ld8 au
Hence, from (1), we have u = ;cosy°"'
v,
Initially. when u = .!, du = 0 at an apse. Hence C = O.
a d8
so that rcospe = a. (2) J

2 Substituting for C, we have

To find t, we use r 8 = h = aV 2

(du)
d8 aV V 2 +u 2 = _!_
3
or, dt = a2sec2pe = ;cos p8; from(2) d8 au

8
3 3
duJ = 1 -:- a u
Yt = Jsec 2 p8d8 = .!tan
3
or, p
pe I
or, (d8 au
Q
O . ,.----x,-
± d8 = "J ~
1-a u
du.
or,
integrating from t = 0 to t and 8 = O to 8. 2

Let a 3u 3 = cos ♦, so that au = cos ♦

2 3
Therefore tan p8 = ~ t
a I

adu = -~co s - 3 ♦ sin ♦ d♦.

3
or,
198
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAM1cs .
. . PJtR,,,
~
i1Ct€ .;ENTRAL ORBIT 199
~
Thus ttence
213
or, or,
i
Integrating, we get ♦ = ± 8, · since ♦ and 8 vanish together.
der
the
tth
.T herefore

or, (;j = =' le , . •

To integrate this, we put x = 1 - c u ,
2 4 4

so that 2x dx = - 4c"u3 du.

\
This is the equation of the path.
Thus the integral is
~ 4. A particle is projected from an.a~ at a distance .c with a velocity . .J2 dx
"fµ c • TheJorce to the-centre being µ(t5-c' r),find the path.
3
+ 2 d8 =. --Ji _2x 2 ·

- The central force is µ (:5 -f).

[C. H. 1983; K. H. 1999]
lntegra,t ing both sides, we get
sin-1 -(.J!x) = + 29+8, whereBisaconstant.
\
l
Here h = vp = c ~ c
3
, sinceatanapse, p = c _and· v = ~ c 3. Initially, when 8 = O, P = r = c = ~ ·

Therefore ~ = ia . Therefore cu = 1 and X - '

Substituting for B, we get
- O so that B = 0.

The diffe~tial equa:on of the pa(th is ") ( ..Ji{l-c" u") =-'~ sin 29
2
-+u=---....J!_ 1 c 3 1 c' _ £.." ) = sin 2 '29 = 4 sin 9 cos 2 9
1
dei h 2u 2 - h 2u 2 -;s""'-; = 2ca ~- u3} (1) or, r"
\
or, 2(r" - c')
= 4r4 sin l 9 COSl 8 .
Initially, when 8 = O, u = !c and du _ 0 t
. d& - a_ an apse. , l 4 - 2x l y1 since X =
l l T COS 8, y= T Stn 8
or, (x + Y ) - c - '
4
or, X4 + Y = c'.
Multiplying1both sid~ of (1) by 2 :: and integrating, we get
This is the path. , eat adistance awith avelocity
s
If a particle be pro1ected from an aps ~bl ~ 3 then prove that·the
(!:j +•' i,(- ~•+~:)+A,
=
Ex
from i~fi~ity under the action of a central force µ.r , \T. H. 2003\
where A is a constant. nath is r" = a" cos n8.
r- -2N-3 = Ubl+l.
Usir,g the initial conditions, we have In this case, F = µr µ .
The differential'equation of the path is
l.2 _
C
- 1.( c"
C
a--+-+A
6 2 ·
c") dl "+u-----·F
de2 - h2u1 h
~ la+\.
- = 1u
 vANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAM1cs : p ,.,,,.nAf ORBIT.
AD J\RT1cLE cE1,,iJVU-'
_, du . ·
h .des by 2 - and mtegrating, we get
-----..... ~

tension of the _elastic string towards the fixed point is

201

Multiplying bot Sl d8 r-11 ,

(~u1 2

\_d8 +u
2_ µ
- h2 (n +l)
u2n+
2
+A
,
nmg -11- , where r is the extended length.

Then~ central force per unit mass Will be given by

M(r-11) = ng{1-11!Q, 1
where A is a constant. . . . . - . . . a au where u == - .
'ty from 11 Jinity at the apse r- - a, then 1t is et1ven b T
If Vbe thevelOC1 o· y
a a The ciiffefential equation of the path is

yz= - 2 JFdr=- 2 J.,.. ,- 211 -3 dr =

(n+l)a2n+2 ·
µ k2u 2 ~d 2u2+u)-
d8 - !!K · -1 - au where we write k for usual h
a. r u ,

!1 2n or,.
k2(~2u
\492 +u - a -~
)-.!!K 1-au
-
a2 y 2 = h~ (at an apse ) :;
Therefore (n + 1) ll

To find the constant A, we substitute the initial values at the apse, that is, Multiplying both sides by 2 ~ and integrating, we get

=k'{(:j +•'} =~ J2 1~:•1,

1 du d h2 _ µ
wpen u = a' d8 = 0 an - (n + 1) a 211
v
2

This gives A = 0.

Hence
2
du + u 2 = µu
( d8) (n + 1) h
1
..
211+2
II 111 u 2A ♦ 1 •
""~l~ - ,\}A, Abeingaconstant. (l)

de - O, v 2 = '""h
' · ll y, at an apse, du
Now in1tta 1
.,-z; and u ==-;; ;
This gives

Ju ✓a 'blum-1
du
=
Jd8 hence
k2 !!K 2
2pgh • 2 =
a 11
· a +A, from (1) .

k2 • 2a 2 phg and A = 2pgh - nga.

or, -J ,•-ldr
✓11 1a_ , 2,,
= J de, since u = !. .
r
Therefore
Hence, from (1) and (2), we have
(2)

Therefore
1
- cos-1 -
n
r•
a•
= 8 + a,, a betng a constant
2
1" p/lg {l~;j +•'} ~l~-:,)+lpgh-nga ...
= (31

or, r• = a 11 ros(1t8 +na). When, at an apse, : becomes zero again, we have from (3), ·writing
If we measure 8 from the apse line, then r = •• when 8 = O.
Hence Cl = 0.
u= !r and cancelling g from both sides,
.,_,2h n
Tbustbepath is r" = 11 11 cos ne. !:C...!!. = - (2ar - r 2) + 2ph - na
2
&. ·6. A pamdt of mass m is attached to afi:m1 point by an elastic string r a
tfnitur.l lmgth a, the roefJicimt cf elasticity being nmg. It is projected ~ or,
2
-,..,. ih = ~a -, 2 (2ar-r 2) +2phr - nar
.,,,..
2

an apse al fl distsma a with a reloeity ✓2pgh . Show that the other apsida,
distlma is givm by the equation ~
or, 2ph (a 2 - ,-) = - n · r 2 (a - r) 2
l V. H. 2006 12
nr 2 (r - a) -2pha (r+ a) = 0. 2
or, 2pha(a + r) = -n . r (a - rJ .
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLL '::ENTRAL ORBIT 203
202
- _ .mres the initial apsidal distance.
The {actDr r-1 - 0 IY-
2 ,_-,.Ju,fr+ ll) = 0.
Hence"r (r-1 ..,,._,_ . . Hence (l ) bemmes 2{(~J +u2} = 3u}+
11
~
4
+~ 2 . (3)

. .. _1 rustanee is given by this equation.

Now,pu:tting u = .!r and ~ _!_

The othef apsl(l.41 • .. 3 =- dr in (3) we.,..
rtide ,naves unth a central ~atio n ~3u + a 2u 5) bein ,2 d8 ,
;;ted~ A d9 t,-

7 disfllna a al an angle of 45: with a velocity e,qual to that in!

~de at the 511111! distance- Prove that the tune to the centre of force is
z {~ + ~ (!J} = ~+ ;:. + ~2

~
2
a ( x)
2-2.
or, _!_ (~ J = ..1..+£ _!_ _ _!_ _ 242,2+• '+,•
.
rnder
E fhe
,4 d92,2 4r' + 4a2 ,.2 - 4aZ,.•
'!lath
It is given that ~ v ~ of p ~ of the partid_e at an~ distance
is
equal to the velocity m a circle at the sam& distance. Let this velocity be v. (! J = ~2 (a +r2f
2

Hena yz = normal acceleration = µ (~ + ~) - . dr 02 + , 2

I ll ll
or, "8=-~
Therefore V 2 = .!I!. giving V = ~-
" Again we have r 8 = It.
2
"z
The differential equation of the central orbit is
dlu µ(3u3 +ll2 u~ . .
2
Therefore hdt = r d8 = r
2
(-~)dr.
,2+,2
--z + u = , for the grven acceleration.
dB h2 u 2 I 0

Multiplying both sides by 2: and integrating. we get Hence h I

0
d.t = -2a J-'-2
•2+,2
dr

{(d8duJ +u2 }= 2J1 (2 + - 4a,4)

•
!(1-,,:.} +-•i.n4; I=•' H}
4
3u2
- +A, 1 (1 )
vz = hz
<K, hl =1A =
where A is a ~tanl

Again weknowt hat p ~ = 2z+__!_

r r d8(''J = u
+('"Jand
4 d8 p = r-sin· ♦·
2
1 ·• 2 ( 2-2
Therefore . t = h a (.2-2
• ) = -~\ •)
2
I since It= ./2µ.

Initially, Po = 11 sin 45•, sincr r = a and ♦ = 45•

j Ex. 8. A particle moves in a plane under a force, kRvlm1s a fiil!d cmtre,
•
=;;:· al disbmcts
~ w tltedistmtct. lftlteptlfhoftltepartickhtls tmoapsid

1hmfoR , initially, "' • (: j = ;; = ~ .

a, b (a > b), then show that its equation am bt written in tht form
cos 2 8 sin-2 -
u 2 = - - +b2
8· {Y. H. 2002}
a2
So,wben 11. !, (~t., 2 = 1. and
• l"' J ,2 11 -
- V -- ~
•. Here we have f =µ.r =~ and the differential eqmtion <i the path beoJm!s
~ ~
~
~2
Tbefffore ll 2 : 7 = II 2 + + A, from (1) and (2). 1
d u +u=-f -=_L·
d02 1r2u2 lt1a3
1
Thus h = 2JL and A : L .
2-2

j
 ADVANCED ANAL:YTICAL DYNAMICS PARTICLE:

-
2/)4

Multip Iymg
. both sides by 2. -du an d m
d8
· tegra t·mg, we ge t
CENTRAL ORBIT
205
2
du ) + u 2 = __µ_ +A, where A is a constant. {1) We assume that the particle starts from the apsidal distance a, when
(10 h2u2
♦ + sin
2 2
8 = 0, so that, from (5), ~=cos .!
· du 1
Since a and b are the apsidal distances, we have de = 0 when u=-; and
a2 a2 b2 ,
whence we get ♦ = 0, since a* b.
1
u = -1 . Hence -l and !b are the roots o f the equation
. Thus u = - and ♦ = 0 when e=O.
b a a
So, from (6), we get B = O. u
u 2 +_.l!_-A=0 'f
h2u2 , Therefore , = ± e .
p
hl Ahl hl Ahl Hence, from (5), we see that the equation of the path can be written as
so that -;;.-7+µ=0 and b4-b2+µ=0. (2)
2 cos 2 8 sin 2 8
u =-a2- +b 1.
Adding and subtracting the two equations in (2), we get
Examples vm (B)
..!. +..!.=A and
1
- - =~ · (3) 1. A particle moves with a central acceleration which varies
a2 bl a1b2 h2
inversely as the cube of the distance. If it be projected from an apse at a
2 •
distance a from the origin with a velocity which is ✓2 times the velocity
.
With these values, (1) becomes da (du) + u 2 1 +1
= - 222 2a + 21 ' for a circle of radius a, then show that the equation of the path is
a b u b
e
l ~ft) rcos ✓2 = a. [C.H. 2001; V. H. 20031
so that I 1
( ~u = - 2 -2 2 \(a 2 + b 2) u 2 - 1 - a1b2u 4\
~d8) a b u ~ central force mµu ( a u + 4) acts on a particle of mass m. If
3 2 2

1 th; p~e be projected from an apse at a distance r = a with a velocity

=----i--b (1-a2u 2 )(b2u 2 -l), a>b(given).
a 2u 2
:a .fiµ, then show that the equation to its path is r= acos½8,
Therefore· du = ± !
d8 u
✓(.l.-
a
1
u Yu
A
2 2- ..!.)
b 1 ~ particle of mass m moves under a centr~ attractive force
mµ(Sr - 3 + 8c 2 r - 5 ) and is projected from an apse at a distae,~c with a

°'• udu=± ✓(~-u'Iu•-:,) d8 (4) velocity

3
.Jµ . Prove that the orbit is r = ccos½8 . Show further that it
C
1 cos.2 ♦ sin 2 ♦ 1tC2
To Integrate (4), we put u = - - - +~, l c. H. 19941
a2 b
(5) ~arri~ e origin after a time s.Jµ .
so that u du= (b\- ,,\)cos ♦ sin ♦ d♦. ~ particle of mass m moves under a central force
mµ{3au 4 -2(a 2 -b 2 )u 5 \,a > b.
Also a\-u 2 =(\--\)sin
a b
1 ♦ and u-..!.=(..!._..!.)cos
b a b
1
2 i 2
2
•, .
"
It is projected from an apse at a distance (a + b) with a velocity

Thus (4) !,ecomes d♦ = ± d8.

fµ. . Show that the path is r =a+ bcos0 . l V. H. 2000; C. H. 20041
a+ b . . 2 s 3)
On integ,ation, we get , = ± 8 + B, where B is a constant·.
4./A particle moving with a central accelerati~n. µ\l 8a u . - 8~
(6) st ~ from a point at a distan~ fro~ the ongu~ ~ ~
_JU.'.toJb~ radi))s vector ~ d ~11th th~_velogty.Jrom mfi b ·
perpendicul
Show that the equation of the path is r - r cos 3~o..,~ ~ ~
 ADVANCED A
N A L Y T IC A L DY-JV,..i i i
-~~1es
207
,.
206 : Pl1J?1'1 € RBIT
/ g h t an cl CENTRAL O it
roj~ted at ri 1es at a d 1. -th of what
,\ J . A pa µrticle is p g e
sti\Jlc ~ of a ce nt ral orbit is ~
. f . y po in t
locity from in In it y. S h o Q
locity at an at the centra
l
l force~ with the ve
w th at th cler ii ~ m e d is ta nce. Sho w th
centra bi t at the sa
r r a ci rc ul ar or
eosyo. .Orbit ;, w ou ld be fo bit is
11-3
!: l ation of ifs or
1 that the equ
r' = • ' forc e va ri es
- - - an d
as r 211 -+- I
2
.
nt_ id al di st an ce
g the a-ps
. 2 2 -1 ) 0, a bein
le is acte d on by a central repulsive fore Whj,.,L ,n - 1 = an -
2 1 cos(n
zo nt al fable.
~ partic of the dis,.,,..,._ If th e veloc ·t e
. '-'' "arie sas on a sm oo th ho ri
-th.pow er y at a n y p
le P of m as
s m, m ov es thetable and
then llt o f sm al lh ole in
I\. ~.
UU
be . i
ll · ol a
at which would acquired in fa mg frozn th the Pa
th 12. A pa rt ic P passes th ro ug h
ring. If initially
be equal tothth ~ J'\ g at ta ch ed to is en d of th e st
city ✓1 ag in
en p ath is e % A li gh t stri de d at th a
the .
pomt, show that the e~
rt ic le Q is su
sp en
wit h a velo
~
, an eq ua l pa P be m ov in g
eme ~a lu es of
th e pa rt ic le ine the extr
OP = a an d then de term
2 3 \9
r cos. !( n + ::: a co n st .
ant. es to O P , io n of the st ri ng at
/, 2 '
ri gh t an gl fin d the tens
'- .. .. di re ct io n at m ot io n an d
e su bs eq ue nt
i • A Particle mov .
es With 1 . [,
a central ace e er at io n µ r + - .__lll
aJ . OP d u ri n g th
ce a un de r th
e la w
- . r3 ue g an x in s~ t. fr om an ap se at a di st an
p ~
-. . . ,......-i~.fr- oman
apseat a dis tancea . 'th -a Veloc ·ty 2v.rµ- .
W1 i a.Prove th at ~ pa rt ic le is pr
ojected
j, , then sh
ow th at the
~.e ,2 (2 +cosyf'ru19::· : 3a2 . . -~ on be
it ~ --
?: ti 2
u m e sf h e [T H 07 J of pr oj ec l
-- = • . . 20 If th e velocity [ B. H . 2004
_J 7 o f force
artic le
~ , A P s -- -~ re d to~ c.
~u h. ,., .,,
'en fral i cos 8.
be d is r = a
it o f .
orce p e r u n mass equ a1 to or bi t de sc ri an d is
nt ra l force ~
µ {2(a i +b2) -3a2b2u7J is i . ed at a di {a tt ra ct iv e)
vuµ . u p O]e ct
. ~
Ce a Wif-thl a. veloc · ac te d on by a ce r =
~ . ity 1
A pa rt ic le is a
io n at n6·,,'-1
.i. . . ia l di stance.
a m a di re ct t an g1
es to th e in ft ia l
dIStance. Sho
w th
~

an gl e ! wit h its in it
. atthe ty ji_ at an 4
path of the is r == a i i
n 2 9> pr oj ec te d w
it h a_veloci a
ti on of th e or
bi t is
Particle i
cos 8 + b 2 si 6] th e eq ua
f B. H.198 nt re of force.
S ho w th at
l B. H. 1991 l
~ fr om th e ce 9•
ovin r = a e-
• A Particle m ,_
g un de r a c e n,cal accel · is
µ· ·
:-J ro · leration (µ u
2 + y u 3) .µ \C
er at to n ac ce 1

front .an apse at dis e a w· r P 1ected m ov es w it h a ce

nt ra l
w th a1th e partic
le w i
a fanc 1 velocihr ..,
th a t th 15. A pa rt ic le
at a di st an ce
R is V . S ho
. Show th a e path is
rcosh -~
· ~
~ 8 == a or re OS ...;.:::___r - - u -
Vis...'o r; :.athve
~
--:-:--C.9 == a ac co rd in g as
th e velocity
of projection

'o ofIt o infi

nity, ii V ' >
7t f, ·
+
I V. H. 200
ul ti m at ej -
~
Veloc· from :-L! .
-
ll V
B. H. 2006 1 particle goes
to infinity, if
u = 0. }
i
µ (u - a u-
5 2 q J
l C. H. 2006; N.
~ .. _ _ [ T he ce le ra ti on
· ~ ce nt ra l ac f'Y> c
w it h a es th e velocity
ic le m o v es
~ A .
f
. ~ 16. A pa rt distance a w it h a velocity ~ -f f1tim e ra di us vecto
Particle subjec ed to the ( +/~ is 4 d at a - ! to th - - -
·Central ac ce le ra ti on it is pr oj ec te cl in at io n ta n 3
r st an ce an d at an in -- -
at di
Pr<->ected frolll an a a.,ci--rc.-le- at th - · · ·
distan cu rv e
J>se at a c· 1
ce a With a velo 1o/.; Vµ. P ro ve that it s p at h is th e [ ~- H. 200~
at any S uh -. . S ho w th at 3a 2
-"""iuent tune t - - .
4r 2 -a =
2
-. ,_ ' (1 -0 )2
'==a-JJi2.• [C .H . 1981 J
- - - - - 2.
 208 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTJCL 209

17. A particle
2
. E:
of m~ss m moves under a central fo
mµ(3 r-3+ 2a r -=') being projected at, a distance , == a With a ---
. ~ce
Ve1Ocity
~ lion to a fixed point beipg ;'s , a particle is p ~
~ in a direction making an artgle Ian·•! with the radius .in a direCtion making an angl~ tan - 1 ( - .JfJ
2 . . . l distance c ,
- w1'th the irutia
a
Show that the equation of the path is
2

J
r = a tan ( ± a J Vector.

7
3

.-m the centre of force with veloclty ✓£1!2c2 • Prove that the orbi~ ~-
~ .
til(A particle m9Ves with a c"'.'tral aC~eleration _Iµ + (distance)'I 8
2r 3e "2+1 . ~
an1?p~oJected from an apse at .a distance a with a velocity equal to c 3e 8 h-1 C
times that which would be acquired in falling from infinity. Show tha~ under a central
,1 n _µ~- 7. is proJec!e
acceleratio
• d fr. om a
.., 23. A particle
the other apsidal distance is ✓n 2a_ 1 · If n = l and the particle be · t at a distance a with a velocity from infiruty, the direction of
r;ection making an angle a with the initial line. Show that the
projected in any direction, then show that the path is a circle passing equation of the path is r 2 = a 2 (cos 29 - sin 29. cot a).
through the centre of force. [C. H. 2005]
24. A particle is acted on by a repulsive force ~ per unit mass from
~ article moves under a central force m A. (3 a'u' + 8 au~ and
is projected from an apse at a distance a from the centre of force with a a fixed point and is projected at a distance a from the fixed point
I velocity 00. Show that the second apsidal distance is half the first . vector w1'th ave1oc1·ty 2a\ 2 . Prove that
perpendicularly to the radms

(1 and that the '<]Uation of U,e path is 2 r = a ( I + sech fs) · the time when its distance is a../2 from the centre of force lS
2
. 2../2 .
~
a

· r'
25• A particle moves under an attraction µ per un it mass directed
~ article under a central acceleration :!'
r
, is projected from a
. towards a fixed point 0, where r is its distance from O and µ_~ a
point at a distance a with a velocity.from infinity at an angle ex with the constant. If it be projected from an apse at a distance b from O w1 a
. initial line. Prove that the time ?f arriving at the centre ~f force is
l ·ty (2µ)1 b-1, then show bthat the other apsidal distance[K.isH. 2003
. ]

i(i )sec' ~' where Vis the velocity of projection.

ve oc1
2(\'3 - 1) .

~
2
4 d u _ J:__ 2•
[Here F = µu and - 2 + u - 2 u
A particle moves in a plane undo.r a force towards a fixed d0 h
cen!re p~ortio nal to the distance. If the path of the particle has two In any central orbit, pv = h and at an apse, p= r .
aps1dal distances a, b (a> b), then show that the time taken to move t -~ 3 _2_2 ·
2 2µu-+
(du )2+11=-
.from the apse at a distance a to the point (u, 9) is proportional to So p =b when v =(2µ)
-2 b2Th
• us d0 3.2 ~ 3b
l'
tan ~1 a tabn9) .
[ V H. 2002] du
d0
= o gives the apsidal distances.}

~ the central acceleration be { , then prove that the

Answers

velocities V1 and V2 at the two apsidal d~ances satisfy the relation

2 2 h4
✓17+1 .
U. r = a, -8-a, T= !!!&.(
4 ~
2+i)· r
3

V1 + V2 == 2 µ [ C. H_ 2008] 7
 211

m 9.1. Circular or
bi ts un
STABillTY OF
OR.Brr \.,e
at u::
.
. l
. l an d \et the pa rn.cl be l: htly disturbe
t the clfC e be oi ra di us c
he re x is ve ry

rce 1S µ: '
sm
all
so. th .::, c + x,traw\ fo . u " th e diffe. rential
e su g

.
eq ua tio n o
d,

f the pa th of
de r central forc
e. 5il\ce \hec. et'\·vet
Th e eq ua tio n
of arnc\e \5 gi \ by
rce f (r) pe r ur ut
,
ce nm1 1o m ot io n of a pa rti theV
. mas . cl e m ov in g un
de r an at tr • d2
u
;: - r8 2
s.is
active 101+ u -- -p
µ u" -2 .
= -J (r ).
U th e or bi t be
a circle w ith .. . (1)
. l th at is, u = c, w e ha
ra di us a, th en
;: = 0 , for r = its ce nt re at the centre of fo t ac i. rd e of ra di us c , ve
a an d (1) be co m force an d
es
a8 1 = f(a) ~ = o an d \l n-
c= h 1 c 1 ·
th at is, d8 1
(a 8) 1
= af(a) . h l- µc"-3.
N ow , for a pa rti Therefore
cl e m ov in g on - . of th e pa th
an y tim e ti s a a circle of ra di th e differential beeomes
us a, the velocit eq ua tio n
8. y -v at tte nc e
l
d u+ 1 n- 1
Th er ef or e v 1
' = (a 8) 2 = a f W u= --c;j :: lu - ·
\ · 'But this velo
city is th e sa m
pr oj ec te d initi e
(a) .
as the velocity
.
fo r a slight d1. turbance in w hl.ch h remains unchanged and c
ally at rig ht an w ith which the S . . u = c+ , -
l Th us a particl
e
gles to th e ra di
m ov in g un de r
us vector.
particle is
·
changes to ,c
. 1, + X) that lS,
,
x, we·nave
. de sc rib es a ci ,P x
\ a-central force \
rcular orbit pr
ov id ed the pa f( r) pe r un it mass -- -r + c+ x-- -- s (c + x) 11- l
velocity gi ve n rticle is projec c" -
by 2
rig ht angles to v = af (a) at a distance a from ted with a d0
n-2 ~1+ Xln-1
\
the ra di us vect th e centre of force

\
or .
U a particle de
co nt in ue s to de
scribing an or
bit be slightly
at
=r C
-
C
scribe a pa th di st ur be d an d
or~ginal pa th , w hi ch does no it still 1 + (n - 2) !+
:: C ..... \
th en th e origin t deviate far fro C
or bi t is unstable al orbit-is said to m the \ .\
. be stable, otherw \ecti.ng hi gh er po X
N ow w e shall
ise the :: c+ (n - 2) X, neg w er s ot .
investigate the . . . (1) .
or bi t w ill no lo situation un de ~ : : - (3 - n)
ng er remain ci r which the circ Toetefote
or bi t in this case rcular if slightly ular d0 1 X•
is sa id to be un di st ur be d. The . it
stable. circular . :p\e narmon1c . rnotion,
then th e orb
In ot he r w or ds
, as small distu 1f this eq,uation repre se nt sa su n
w e shall st ud y rbances are alw wi\l be stable.
if the circular or ays present in na :.-.-n\e
sm al l disturban
ce.
bit be stable or
unstable un de r
ture,
N ow , 11\ ~rde
th \ th e above es
eq_uation tel>~ ents a S= •r
a given ha rm oc ic rnot1o
r13 _\ )i s posit
ive,so th at 3 >
th e so\ution wi
ll
9.2. C on di tio n,, na n
n for stability
of a circular or be •
Su pp os e a parti bit.
w hi ch is nearly cle is describin 1
X: : A <;OS \ ~ 8 + E ) ,
a circle w ith the g a pa th un de r a central force . ~ 0+ ,
centre of force at µ.u "
the centre of the which gives u: :c + X -c
- + A co sl
E) .
circle.
 DYN AMI CS : PAR TIC LE
212 ADV ANy ED ANA LYT ICA L

-,--- ---
sin ( "'13 - 11 0 + £) = o .
d ll h . 93 213
For an apse, de = 0, t at 1s, · - Stab ility 0
f ~-----
. circuJ ar orb it in the
Sup pose a gen era l' _.. ,
whe re m = 0, I, 2, ...... particle desc r ·be
Hen ce ~ 8 + £ = m1t , the actio Which is -·
n by n of a central for t s a path
atio n are series of ang les give Circle cent r near ly a circl e und er
Hen ce the solu tion s of this equ as . Then F == $ (u) and ce q, (u) With the
cent re of the
✓3 - n 0 1 + £ =0, We have the difE eren tia7 /tuth~
q ation of the path
✓3 - n 8 2 + £ =1t , d 2u
dfi"i+ U::: ~
✓3 - n 8 3 + E =21t , h 2 u 2.
For a · .
circle of radi us 1.
apse c , that 1s, u == c'we h ave
ve values of these ang les at an
The differences of the successi d 2u
are 7t d02::: 0 and c::: -ti.:2._ iS.:l
-r,:: --- .
82- 81= 83- 82= ...... = v3- n h 2 c 2 , so that h 2 == c 3 ·
Hen ce d~,
Jei+ U::: ~ $(u)
This is the apsidal angle. . $ (c) . ?
the is the diffe
so that (n - 3) is positive , then the orbit.
On the othe r han d, if n > 3, Let us preunthal equa tion of
give n by h
solu tion, of the equ atio n (1) is u ::: c+
er~ x is very sma ll. th
equa tion of the orbi t b x, w
x = Ae ,f,;:J 8 + Be - ~ . , en the differential
8
ecomes

In this case, x con tinu ally incr

ease s with 8 and hence x d oes
no t d 2x 3
c3
the orbi t ceas es to rem ain circ ular . In this d0 2+ c+ x:: :~ . $(c +x) x)( x)-2
rem ain alw ays sma ll and thus $(c) ~ ) ::: ~ - ~ cf>(c+

+- ~
e. 1+ - '!'(C)
case, the orbi t is thus uns tabl
If, agai n, n = 3, then we hav e 2 x
d ~ ~ f♦ (c) +x ♦' (c) + .. + '. J
~ { ♦(c)+ x♦ '(c)- ~♦ (c)+
d82 = 0,
······ }
x = A8 + B . -
whi ch give s ular
s con tinu ally with 8. The circ = c+ ~
This also sho ws that x incr ease cf>(c) x- 2x+ ······
tabl e.
orbi t, in th.is case, is also uns
Thu s the mot ion is stab onlyle, if n < 3. The refo re d
2
~ = _ { 3 _ c 4> '(c)} X negl tin
ec g high er pow ers of x.
is d8 -...c ..:.
ral forc e is µr - 1 and the apsidal ang le cf> (c) '
Cor. Un = 1,.then the rent
Jt This equation will repre sent a simp le h .
2 ·
✓ anno nic mot ion and the
if c cf> '(c)
circ ular orbi t will be stab} e, ---c...:. <3
is µr - 2 and the apsi dal ang le
is 1t ·
If n = 2, th.en the cen tral forc e . cf> (c)
r 8. Thus, if the
and the tran sver se velocity is
Not e. We know that h = r 8
2
then the tran sver se { 3 - ~ } it
urbe d keep ing h cons tant, lnlhis case, the apsidal angle is 1t +
ci.r cula r ~rbi l be sligh tly dist
the radi al velocity is changed. "c)
velocity is not chan ged while only
 [

1
1 I ~
214 ADVANC ED ANALYTI CAL DYNAMI CS PARTICL E I.

l I
STABILI TY OF ORBIT
215

9.4. Illustrat ive Example s.

Ex. 1. If the . central

the apsidal angle.

·
t ts
µ1, µ2, m, n are cons an an
force be equa1 to ( µ1 u -.,,, + µ i u """. ) , where
d a is the radius of the circular orbit,
[C.H. then find
1984] 1 I
Therefore

Let us now put u =

211
d 2+
d8
11 ==

¾+
-L (J__ _~)
_b 3 (b - a) u 3

x, where xis very_small.

u 2 .

I
Here q,(u)= µ1 u-"'+ µ2u-". d x 1
2
1· ·
Then 2 + -b + X = - - - I b 3 (1+ bxr 3 - ab 2 (1 + bxr 2 I
Therefore q,'(u)= - mµ1u-m - 1_ nµ2u-n-1 _ d8 b 3 (b- a)
. h 1
If a be the radius of the circular orbit, t en c = -; Ib 3
(1 - 3bx) - ab 2 (1 - 2bx) I,
"" _!__
b 3 (b- a)
and
~nd
q,(c)= µ1c-"'+ µ2c - "= µ1a"'+ J½a"
q,, (c) = - ( m µ1 am+ I+ n µ 2 a"+ I ) .

- ( m µ 1 a m + n J½ a " ) ·
'I
I 1 2
neglecting higher powers of x

- a) lb (b- a)-: b (3bx- ' ,~)I

== -b 3 -(b-
3
Therefore c~-' (c) = !a 4>' (c) =
1 3bx- 2ax
c q, , (c) m µ1 a m + n µ2 a " =b-~
Here 3- ~=3+ µ1 a m + µ2 a "
2
or, d x 4b- 3a
(3+ m)µ 1 a"'+ (3+ n)µ2a" d82= - ~ x .
µI am+ µ2a"
1t -',/~
I
H ence t h e apsi d al angle is ~ .
. { (3 + m) µ,am+ µ(3 a+ n n) µ2 an }2 .
Hence the apsidal angle 1s 1t + µ a ,,. +
1 2

Examples IX
Ex. 2 One end of an elastic string, of uns~.'"'-:hed length a, is
tied to a
oin ton a smooth table and a particle is attached to .lie other end and can m~ 1. A particle of mass m moves1 in a central field of attractive force
of
-,Js
;eely on the ~ble. lf t~ patl1 be nearly a circle of radius b, then show that which the intensity is mk r- e - ' , where k is a positive constan,t. Show
2

apsidal angle 1s approximately that a circular orbit of radius r is stable, if

4E"
1t~4b-3a. •[V.H.19 88) r2 < ½·
r- a
For an elastic string, the tension T = J.:-a-, 32
. A2 particle
2
is moving in a circular orbit of radius a under aforce
µu ( 2a u - 1) towards the centre. Show that the orbit is unstable and
where r is the extended l e ~ and A is the . modulus ~f
. elasticity. if slightly dis_turbed, then it will take the form
The differentia l equation'o f the path of the particle of mass m IS
d2u T - _).._ - · !..::...!!. =
d8·2-:+: u = mh z u 2 - mh z u i a
_).._(J_- ~)-
mah z u 3 uz
r= a tanh 8 or r = a coth 8. [ V. H. 2007]
3. Show that with a central force µr", where n is a positive integer,
if a particle be projected from an apse at a distance a with a velocity
For the circular orbit r = b , u = b1
Abz . ~ , then the path is a circle and that there is an apsidal angle
and we ha ve b - mah 2 mah-2 (b- a).
,!._ _}._ (-b3- ab2)= - 7t
✓3+n ·
 i

216 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE

S'iABIUTY OF ORBIT
4. Two masses M, m are connected by a string which passes
217

\
through a hole in a smooth horizontal table, m hanging vertically. 6. Assuming that the moon . . -
Show that M describes a curve whose differential equation is l µ + (distance) 21 to the earth is acted on by f .9
· b. f ·
'\d 2 distur mg orce is to cause a force (and
m2 xthat
ct· the effect of the
a orce

,
( m u :!!.&_
1 sun's
~l+ M J°d02+ u= M · h 2u 2 · moon), show that, the orbit being ~tance from the earth t th
3 i ) near1y circular ·ts .
l
o e
1t 1+ 2m 2 (nearly), where 21t is , i apsidal angle is
Show that the tension of the string is MMm
+m
( g+ h2 u 3 )

If M describes nearly a circular orbit with centre at the hole, then

•
\ n
are neglected.
n a mean lunar month
and cubes of m

✓ M3~~ .
7. If the nearly circular orbit of a .
partic1e be ,
show that the apsidal angle is 1t l C.H. 1985; K H.1991 1 p2(a'"-2_ r'"-~)= b'" .
If M = m and M be projected on the table with a velocity
3
~ then show that the apsidal angle is nearly fm.
from an apse at a distance a, then show that m wiU rise through a- 2d m
distance a.
[ Here F == ~3 ~ gives Foc r ,. - 3 ]
[C.H.19801 p dr ·

att,active force f (r) - µ

5table, if a 2 b - c > 0.
l~,
5. A circular orbit of radius a is described under the central
+ : , ) , µ > 0 . Prove that the motion is
lB. H. 1990; V . H . 20001
8. If, in the motion of a particl th
e, e central acceleration .be'
µ r - 3 ) , then show that the apsidal an l .
( ,._ r - 2 - µ )½
geisn+ 1+ _
l
where h is the constant denoting twice th . . h2 '
If this condition be satisfied, then show that when the particle is .. e area 1velocity.
1
[ Here 11 + u = h2 (11. - µu ) .
;ubjected to small radial perturbation, the orbit will be closed, if
m1 - 1 C
== y + -"-- ; then ii== - ( l + ~
hllI .]
- -1 - + - = 0, Put 11
m + 1 a 2b h2+y ~
vhere m is an integer. l c. H. 198i'J 9. (a) A particle describes a circle under the forceµ per unitmass
l Putting u = -1 , force 'II (u)= \.l(bu 2 + cu 4) · r1
towards the centre. Show that the motion is stable and' the apsidal
r
angle of the path is 1t . [ B. H. 1991 }
tl'
l ~• \~) (b) A particle moves in a nearly circular orbit of radius a under
If a be the radius, then the motion will be stable, if ~ . 'II (l) < 3. the central force µ r 3 ( 3 + 2r 2 ) • Show that the apsidal angle is
a
✓ 3+ 2a2
1t 18 + 16a 2 • l N. B. H. 2007 1

- x
d ,.= -
de 2
l-
The equation of the disturbed orbit is

3 b+ 2c
2 a 1lb
a +c
Jx = - µ' x'
10. A particle of mass m can move on a smooth horizontal table. It
is attached to a string which passes through a small hote·in the table,
?oes under a small smooth pulley of mass M and is attached to a point
10
the under sides of the table so that the parts of the string hang
, - ct=-£ being assumed to be positive.
v~rtically. If the motion be slightly distµrbed when m is describing a
here µ - a 1 b + c '
orbit, if circle uniformly so that the angular momentum is unchanged, then
- A ( '1/u' 8 + £ ) . It will be a closed
Hen~ x - cos ,.. · . _ ( ) \ prove that the apsidal angle~ ✓ M + m . l V. H. 2010 I
l = 0 , 8 = 21t same value ) 'Juµ'= an integer - m, say · 4
12 nr
 PLANETARY MOTION 219

fn~a ting. we get

la10.L Newtonian law.

Pl..ANFrARY MO TIO N

where c is a consta nt
vi= ~ =~+ c
p' r '

.
(2)

Now the pedal equa.t.ions oi an ellipse·and a hyperbola ~

Newt on ian law of gravitation is stated as:
proportional to the ~ - ~ b2 2a
Emy partide1lltnf£fs every other pmicJe with aforce J an,d pi = -;- + 1 f3}
of the distance p2 - T -
produdt.fthtir m,zsses tmd ~ proportional to the square .
respec tively, where 12 and b are -~ and ~
betmeffl them. .
axes respectiveJy . In each case. the focus al. ~ pot.e_
r be the dis ~ the OW-<'e tS
If mi and m2 be the masse s of two partic les and
then each partic le att:tac ts the other with a force F given .
betwe en them, Comp aring the equation (J) . .
m1mi - With the equatJons (3}, we see ~.at
by f = l ~' if c be negative , . ~ ;,•, <~
that 15,u 2ll , lhen tneoth it ·
nt. Ute value of yin '1iS ,an effipse ;
wheie-, is a constant, called the graui.tational consta
T . .

that in lhe CG.S. system

the F.P.S.- systemis 1-05 x 10- poundals and
9

if c be positive, that is, if v 1 > ~ , ~ - ..... ~.....: ts.

is 6-fRJ X 10- 1 dynes . , u.oa1 uc Ul..:JJJ.t a h~
les of unit masse s
y is thus the force of attrac tion betwe en two partic
when placed unit distan ce apart. li c =0, then. (Z) becomes E:_
T
=2µh - ~ Wmcil is, Ill
1
_ _
fact_
the __ ,
This law is seen to hold good in the case of
the motio n of all plane ts pedal equati on of a parabo la "'ith '-...,._
'ULUS as po.e_
earth about the sun, that
in the solar system. Hence the motion of the
the earth ~ all gover ned by this law of invers e squar e Thus the path de.scribed under .i.._ .
.· re law ai <lh"iance
u.a:= m'\'e!"Se sqtW
of planets about will be an ..11 •._.,. .
of the distan ce and the paths descri bed are know n as planetary orbits.
I ~ , a parab ola or a hyper l,oJa accordmg as
ing article s, we shall_discus s the unipla nar motio n of
In the follow 2
<== or>~ -
of attrac tive centra l forces varyin g 1 D
particles under the influe nce I , T
of force .
invers as
ely the square of the distance from the centre In the case of an ..~=
11;....,..~ . -
, comparing (2) and (3}, w-e h.ive
lo.2. _O rbit desa ibed unde r inverse square law. h?
Let the accel erati~ be 2alway s direct ed towar ds
a fixed point and b2=;=- f,
be equal to (µ+(d istanc e) ) • , bl
so that h· = µ- ,
(1) a
Thus we have F = ~,
r

where Fis the acceleration at a distance r from the

centre of force. that is, h == ~ =~µ X semi..la

form is
Then the dlfferential equation of the path in pedal and C = _}:! .
µ a
h 2 dp
j,3 "Tr = r1
Thus. for an ellipse, 02 = µ{~-¼l (S) .

or, h2~ -
r,3 - µ~
r2.
r
!
r 220 ADVANCED ANAJ...Y1'lC1.\L DYNAMICS
: P;V?T /Cl,E
PlANE1'AR Y MOTION
221

Thus the squar e of the e , ,

, comp arin g (2) and (3), unde r inver se squar Ofpth.r10dJ _c time for an elliptic orbit descr ibed
In case the path described be a hype rbola · . e e distan ce ·
va nes as the cube of the
'
sem1-ma1or axis of the eJJ 1pse.
J, ~ !! C
w e get p = =
11 1, Cor. 3. Let Vi be the I .
ve ocity for the description of a
circle of
. V2
- r;:;- radiu s R. Then -L _
There fore ,, = 'Iµ ~11 = ✓µ x semi-latus rectu m R - nonn al acceleration = A . R2

and C = _!! . Therefore V/ = _g

R
ll
Q

Hence, in this case, , (2-;:-+; .

v·= µ
(6)
or, Vi = velocity from infinity
✓2
(7)
Again, for a parab ola, v 2
= ~ - l0.3. Central repulsive force.
r

Cor. 1. The orbit unde r inver se squar e of

a parab ola or a hype rbola accor ding as the veloc ity
nce is an ellips~,
the dista
at any point is less
Let us consi der the
inverse!~ as the squar e 0 ~ : :
h
;st:c
th
e,~s c::::
fr::~ :a~: _var ying
the orbit is
red in falling from infini ty to In this case, the differential equat ion of
than, equa l to or great er than that acqui
l1 2 dp _ µ
that point . ~ dr - -?
cted at a dista nce R with a
, We know that if a partic le be proje
tion unde r inver se squar e of the dista nce, then 112
velocity V in any direc or, p3dp = -~d r.
or a hype rbola accor ding as
the path is an ellipse, a parab ola
V 2 < =or >~ · Integ rating both sides, we get
R
v2 =~= -~+ A (1)
se squar e, the equat ion of p2 r
Now , the law of force being inver
I

wher e A is a constant.
motio n is
branc h of hyper bola is
e of force. Now the pedal equat ion of the farther
the accel eratio n being towa rds the centr b2 2a
2 = 1-- . (2)
Integ rating , we get p r

;, = (~ =
J [~I = ¥ Comp aring (1) and (2), we get
h2
b2 =-. =
A
T'
Henc e the corol lary is prove d.
Cor. 2. Periodic time for an elliptic orbit. There fore h2 = µ E.:.a and A = 1:!a .
! and if T be the perio dic time
We know that h is the areal velocity
for an ellipt ic orbit, then we have Thus (!) reduces to v' = µ (;\- ~ J
T _ area of the ellips e _ ~ = 21t
a~
- lh - 1~ Tµ . Hence, in this (' the farther branch ol hyperbola is descr
ibed.
2 2 µ-;
 YTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE
,wvtJ-JCED ANAL = ~ --- -- -- PLANETARY MOTION
223
222 • •n o\ar equation.
p\anetal'Y orbit 1 ~ we can find the polar 10.5. Kepl er's laws of plan etary motion.
10.4. equa tion of the
.
reVtous discussion, f force. After a long obser vatio n,the great astro
p..s in th~ P Ul\der inverse square law o three laws conn ectin g the motio n of
nome r Kepler disco vered
rbit described the plane ts abou t the sun. The
o laws are name d after him and are state
µ. - uu2. d below :
F:: ~ - r
ttere r . (i) Each planet describes an ellipse havin
f
. 1equat ion o the path is then g the sun at one of its foci.
-n..e differentla . Jii) The radius vector drawn from the sun
p to ·the planet describes
11'

d1u +u = (1) equal areas in equal times.

d01 (iii) The square of the periodic time of a plane
d1u ..I!:.. = 0
t is proportional to the
d02 cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. ·
or, + u - h1

or, fe{u -ii -ii) : H• O

10.6. Deductions from Kepler's laws.
From the secon d law, we see that the rate
of descr iption of sectorial
r ..I!:..
Put U :: u - h1 , so
that the equa tion beco mes area by the plane t abou tthe sun is const
that the cross -radia l acceleration of
ant. Henc e r 2 0 is constant, so
the centr al orbit whic h is
l d 2·
4.:J.! + u :: o. -;-dt (r 8) is zero.

\
i
d0 2
The general solution of this equa tion is
u:: Acos {0-E )
Thus the planet has only radial acceleration tawar
From the first law, we see·that the path
the sun. This, comb ined with the previ
ds the sun.
of a plane t is elliptic abou t
ous result,
law offorce under which a planet moves is the invers clearly show s that the
1

_ J!:.. + A cos (0 - E), ... (2) e square law of distance,

or, u - h1 · ·.-ia} the force being directed to the focus.
b deter mine d from the uu,...
arbitrary const ants to e
where A and eare_ Thus , if the law of force be ~ , then
conditions of motion. r
(2) may be put in the form bl
h2 = µl = µ- = µa(l -e2) ,
hl a .
- hl (3)
~ = 1+L cos( 8-E ). I wher e l is the semi- latus rectu m, e is
the eccentricity and a, b are th-::
r µ semi- majo r and semi- mino r axes res!_>
ectively.
.
Now the equation of the coruc •th focus as pole is \
Agai n, the p~th being elliptic,
Wl
(4)
~ = 1 ± ecos 0, \ v1 = h.: = h.: _!_ = µ(Ll\,
T p2 l p2 \,_r a)
. ariI\g
where I is the semi-\atus rectu m and e · th eccen tricit y· Com p
~ .e . c whos e senu- \atus wher e p is the length of the perpe n4icu
lar from the pole upon the
(3) and (4), we see that the path descr ibed tange nt at a pQint on the ellipse at a
is a coru distan ce r and v is .t!'E1 velocity of
the plane t the~e.
hl d .. .
rectum isµ an eccentricity 1s \.
(±A
µ hl')·
r 224
,...-r
ADVJ-u.,CED
ANALYT1CAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE

U T be the periodic time of the planet, then. PLANET~¥ MOTION 225

''-
I

h = 2,2 8 = 2 (areal velocity) Hence, from (1) and (2), we have

and Th = 2nab. T2 S+P1 a 3
2ub 2Mb 2't ¾ r;z= S+P · ci?
Therefore ·T = -h- = 7jjT = Tµ: a S +P T2 a3
or, $+ P1 . T1 2 = a13 .

10.7. More accurate form of Kepler's third law. Thus Kepler's third law T2 : T/ = a 3 : a13 is notstrictlytrueandholds
only when P = P1 or else both P and P1 are neglected compared to S.
Kepler's third law which states that the ~ua~ of ~ peri:odic tm:'e
~ J\e case of the satellite, the attraction of the planet is the force
of 8 planet varies as the cube of the semi-maJor axiS of its 0~1t ~~~t~
which determines its path. .
its mean distance from the sun ) is true only on the a.ssumptwn u \-4\ u ll:
sun is fixed and its mass is so great compared to that of the planet that H P and p be the masses o{ the planet and its satellite 'and D be the
the effect of its attraction on the sun is negUgible. But. a more ·aocunte mean distance of the planet from the sun whiled is that of the satellite

I form of this law can be found as follows:

Lets be the mass of the sun and Pbe that of the planet and "(be the
from that planet,then, as above,

----D
2Jt ~
2
and t = ✓
2Jt
d
~
2

I
T = ,
")'( S + P) )'( P + p)
constant of gravitation.
where T and t are the periods of the planet and the satellite
When the distanu! between the two bodk~ is r, h unswal
respectively. Then we have
. S.P
attraction between them lB y. --;r · S+P T 2 0 3

r . . S.P S P+p ·t2=d3 ·

I Hence the planet's acceleration a = l ,r::p • Y;,
10.8. Illustrative Examples.
, S.P
n. P Ex. 1. Show that the velocity of the particle moving in an ellipse about a
and the sun's accele.ration ., = 'Y rl.S "" Y-;:, ·
centre of force in a focus is compounded of two constant velocities, ~
Thus the relative acceleration of the planet with respect lD thr sun perpendicular to the radius vector and ~ perpendicular to the major axis.
is
Let S be the fpcus which is the centre of force and S' be the empty focus. Let
a+~ = ~ = .!; (say), where µ = 'Y (S + P). P be the position of the particle at any time t and p and p' be the lengths of the
r r perpendiculars from S and S' respectively on the tangent at P. Then, from the

) Hence the exact periodic time of the planet, T, will be gi've.n by

2't , (1}
geotJ\fflical property of the ellipse, we have pp' 1= b2, where b is the
semi-minor axis of the ellipse. ·
I
;· T = ✓)( S + P) 41• -
b2 p' = 1L
Al.so we have vp = h so that v = h.p = lL b2 s1.,

t
I

Let T1 be the periodic time of another planet of mass Pi and whose where Z is the foot of the perpendicular from S' to the tangent at P, the
➔indjcatjng the diredioo.
orbit's semi-major axis is a1; then
2
1
I
21t
T = --r-:- -
t
ri · · (2) Also h 2 = µl = µ !ca · Therefore b2 = ah
µ
.
t l ~'f ( . 11 '
Hencn = ah ~-?,z.
r
I
CLE 2'21
A.D'.;ANCED AJ'i.3.L rTIC.-tl - DY">.-.4M ICS : P_4RTJ Pl.AJ.VE TARY MOTIO N

Now we have. for a hyperbo lic orbit,

~-e=--~ !. ➔
'YZ a."'"lrl is perpendicular to 57... But "-"'t' ha,"e.,
=µ (¾+¾} giving¾= : -¾-
is 2
Tin..:s itie 2 (1)
v
fr.am ttie ~ S"CZ C bemg u,;e centre of the ellipse.
If 8 be the angle of projectio n. then
~ = st, ... c1 .by triangle 12w. h = \IR sin 8, since the initial value of pis R sin 8
dµ[
=✓I-Ja(l' 2
-l) .
No,.,,, for a rectangu lar hyperbo la,
a l +al
tl
= ~ = 2, sinrea = b.

=../µ a'=~ ,
A _ _ _ _ _.....__ _.._ _..,.

-ir
Henc-e VR sin8 from(l)

(:2
µ

\
Hence the ve locity ~ · s-=t
Fig. HU.!(11)

perpend ku lar ti.J S'Z IS r,qw-.·~e nl

➔
t,;,
Therefor e sin 8 = µ + vR(v 2

Ex.. 3. A particle describes an t!llipse under a force

- 'r- 1

Iµ+ (dista-,,ce) 2 }
*·rt
w~ . U1at is, -u}~I ti t' ""'""""nd
..- - - r-
kular to S'C and ..l:L
tut . CZ,
towards a focus. If it was prajectl!d ruitl, a velocity V from a point distant R
3
perpendicular lo CZ. whic:.h is p.arallel to SP.

Thus the w Jod ty ls cam:pou nded of a veloaty

? perpendi ,cuLu to the from the an trt ufforcl! , then shou, th/Jt the peri.odic time
is ~-½ - ~ T 2
-
2
.

[ B. H . 1iBS }
~ pe:rpend1cula.r to the rad.ius vl."ctQr dnlwn to the

I
major a>-ls and a velocity Here the law of force is ~
,. and the path describe d is an ellipse-
particle.

F, ~l(. .l. A 111,rt'ick '111J~ u:ith a cent ral accderatio:n jµ + (d1stanafl. It is

y l : µ({ -;)
pt7tJi is a redmtgu lar
flrt1Jtd c-d w~ t/1 a t~hxity V at ti dislilnCl.' R. Shuw tJmt its

I
2
2 V (l )
;l ,, R--;;·

f
l1yper-bo/11 , if lite angle aJ 11rnje-ctian O be gii.1f?n by

sin O = µ + VR ( V 1 - ~ r (CH. 2005}

O t',

where Vis the v ~l.ocity of p-mj.ectio o at a distance R

a is the semi-~or u is of the elliptic o-rbit.
lf The the penodLC ti me, the n
ftc,m the cer,tre of frm:.e and

Thr t-en tt 11 l /,)ru• lt; ~ i111d \l i.~ lhe vektt.i ly at a dis lahee R fn-.m the C{>ntre
2,i .:! 2tt ( 2 V 1
i
~ R - -;- } ,
•
11ifbtn• T ,. "t,: a 1 ""
1
from ( l ).
 ADVANCED .ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE
PLANETARY MOTION 229
228

Ex. 4. A particle is projected from the_surface oft~ earth with a velocin, . :"us the earth's distance is e .
v. Show that, if the diminution of gravity be ~ken mt~ account, but the lies in the portion of the arc BA'f. ater than a when the position of the earth f
resistance of air be neglected, then the path IS an ellipse of major axis
~ where a is the earth's radius.
2ga-v 2 ' B
When the diminution of gravity is taken into account, the acceieration d
to gravity at a distance r from the centre of the earth varies inversely as ~
uare 0£ the distance from the centre and let it be ~ ·
sq . r A,~f--+ ----lA'
ff v be the velocity of projection at a distance a, then the path wiU be an
ellipse, if
v 2 < ~, thatis, if v <
a
-{ii.
a B'

If g be the value of gravity on the surface of the earth, then we have

. Fig. 10.S(b)
2
g = ~, that is, µ = ga Now hme of description of the arc BA'B'
a periodic time

~ _ area SBA'B'S f.nab+- .2b.ae 1 e I

1

and = ,/iga. - I
= ----=--- = - + - = - + - - 2

a whole area Mb -.
2 7t 2 60x3-141
2ga, then the path traced out will be an ellipse.
Hence, if v < ✓
If 2.a1 be the major axis of the orbit, then Also the period of the earth is one year.

v2 µ(L..!.), Hence the required time is

U+ x\,
..
aa 1
60 14 )year
from which we have
2
2ai=-- : : : ~2
= f year+ 2 days (approximately).
Li 2µ-at, '
Ex. 6. If the planet were suddenly stopped in its orbit, supposed circular,
giving the major axis of the ellipse.
a µ
then show that it would fall into tire sun in a time which is 1 times the period
of the planet's revolution. [B. H. 1990; V. H. 2001; C. H. 20021
Putting ~ '· = µ, we have m1 == ~
2ga - v 2
-
Let Vi be the velocity of the planet on its ,circular orbit of radius a under the
Ex. S. TTie eccentncity 0! tlie earth's orbit round the s,m is ..!..
60
Show that
attractive force ~ at a distance r.
. semi-major axis of r
t/ie earth's
tlte • . bofr.or
orbit dudistance . tlte lengtl, of the
· n tire sun exceeds
~,
2
, , ring a ut 2 days more than thatlwlf the year. Then Vt
a
""
a
giving v, "' ...jl!a ·
Let AA and BB' be the ma1or .
. . . minor
earth such that and axes of the ellipse described by the
If T be the period of the planet, then
AA.' = m and BB' = 2b. 2M - fa
T ~ - ., 2M >< -v::.. .. 27t .!
~ai . (1)
If 5 be a f ~. then we have VJ µ vµ
SB ,. a "" SB'.
r
 ADVANCED ANALYTIC AL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE • LANETARY MOTION 231

f
230

~ 214 When the planet is suddenly stopped at a distance r, the equation of motion Examples X (A)
r =- ~ (2)
t
!
becomes
r 1. If V1 and Vi be the respective velocities of a planet when it is
with the initial conditions, at t = 0, r = a and r = 0 • nearest and farthest from the sun, then prove that
Integrating ·(2) and using the initial conditions~ we get (1 - e) V. = (1 + e) V2,
µ
ti ;2 = 2µ(¾-¾) where e is the eccentricity of the planet's orbit . [C.H. 2002; T. H. 2003]
2. A particle describes an ellipse as a central orbit about a focus.
!!!_ = _ ffe✓a-r Prove that the velocity at the end of the minor ax.is is a geometric mean
or, dt a r
between the greatest and the least velocities.
or, dt = - ff✓
2µ a-r
r dr. 3. A particle describes an ellipse as a central orbit about a focus.
Prove that the velocity at the end of the minor axis is the geometric
· ht
·· the ng ha d s 1·de from r = a to r = 0 and the left hand side mean between the velocities at the ends of any diameter.
Integrating n
from O to T1 , we get 4. A comet-describes a parabola about the sun. ·Prove that the sum

.✓
of the squares of its velocities at the extremities of a focal chord is
T1 = - #2µ Jo r
a- r
dr
constant.
.

5. If ro be the angular velocity of a planet at the nearest end of the

= #2µ f• ✓ a-r
r dr,
major axis, then prove that the period is
0 21t ✓ l+e ,
ro (1-e)3
where T1 is the time to reach "the sun.
To integrate the right hand side, we put where e.is the eccentricity of the elliptic orbit.
r =a sin2 8, so that dr = 2a sin 8 cos 8 d8. 6. A particle is projected at right angles to the straight line joining
= O, 8 = 0 and when r = a, 8 = ½7t • the centre of force, attracting according to the law of inverse square,
When r
with a velocity ½.../3" V, where V denotes the velocity from infinity. Find I
!
2
.,;;- J -sin -8 · 2a sm.8
. cos 8
de
the eccentricity of the orbit described and show th~t the periodic time
is 21tT, T being the time taken to describe the major axis of the orbit
l
Therefore T1 = "\/-:=-
2µ cos 0
.
0
with velocity V .
7. If the velocity of the earth at any point of its orbit, assumed to be

=a~
2µ
f0
(1-cos28) d8
circular, were increased by about one-half, then prove that it would
describe a parabola about the sun as focus.
3 • s. Show that an unresisted particle "1.lting .to the earth's surface
from a great distance would ;acquire a velocity ✓'iga, where a is the
= ~ [ a - sintr
radius of the earth.
:! 3
. r;;- a2 1 7t fi 21t 0 2 Prove that u1e ratio of the velocity acquired by a particle similarly
= 'V,l ·Tµ ·2·2 = s ·rµ falling into the sun to the earth's velocity is the square root of the ratio
"f the diameter of the earth'_s orbit to the radius of the sun.
=
-Ii" T, from (1).
8
,,
.1
I 232 APVANCED ANALYTl~Y NAMICS : PARTICLE

· 9. - ~ p ~ describes an ellipse _tmder a force to a focus. When

the particle is at one extremity of the minor axis, its kinetic ener - ..
pV,NET.P.HY MOTION

16. (a ) A body is describing an ellipse of ~

action of a force ~ to a focus and when a the ~
..at)• ~ t.midff ff.le
tt ~ the
centre o f force is transferred to the ~ focus. Pro"ite fuat the
ea:.entricity of the new orbit is e(l(J-+~},e) _
2
doubled without any change in the direction of motion. Prove thatgya: f T. ff_ la)?J
particle proceeds to describe a paxabola · . (~) II the velocity of the body be doubled m :ne above ?"ool..em
10. ~ow that the velocity of a planet at any point of its otbit is the \...hen it is at one end of the minor axis, then prove that the li1l?'JC" path is-
a hy-peruola of eccentricity •19-& • {C.H. 1993; RH. .2091]
2
~ as Lt would have been if it had fallen to tr~~t point from rest at a
dista:nce from the SW1 equal to the length of the major axis. 17. A particle describes an ellipse about a f.ocus. ~ ' that lbe
lL Show that, in elliptic motion ,o f a particle about a focus under greatest and the least angular velocities occur at the ends of the major
attradion µ,- 2, the radial velocity is given by axis. U a and ~ be these angular velocities, then show that the .mean
J

,,(: J = ; {a (1 +<) - ,-J (r-•(1-,)), angular velocity is ~~ •

18. lf, when a planet is at the end of the minor axis of the ellipse,
where 2a .i s the majoc axis of the ellipse with ea:entriciiy c. the mass of the sun be suddenly increased by one-foili, then show that
Show further that, if the particle be p ~ frotn the pood (c, 0) the planet will continue to describe an ellipse whose axes will be
a, b -.fi, where 211, 2b are axes of the former elliptic orbiL
at right angles to the radius with a veloci ty ~ , then 5
C
19. The earth's present orbit being taken to :>e circular, show that
its path would be an ellipse, a panbola or a hyp,.!zbola according as
(rdrJ
di
= ~{r-c)(nc-(2 -n) r J.
C n <=or> 2.
r
U. Prove that if, when the particle is at a distance from the focus, it the sun's mass be suddenly reduced to !..th of what it is 001....,.
" [K. H. 200.3]
its velocity be v in a direction making an angle ♦ with the radius vector,
e, µ1 = (v 1r - µ)1 sin, ♦ +µ: cosl ♦- 20. A particle describes an ellipse about a centre of force al a
then
focus. Show that at any point of its path, the angul.ir velocity about the
13. A planet is describing a n ~ about the sun as a focus. Show other focus varies inversely as the square of the normal at that point-
that the veloo:ty away from the sun is greatest when the radius vector n. A partide describes an ellipse under the action of a force
drawn to the planet is at right angles to the major axis of the path and towards a focus. Show that the angular velocity round the other focus
- . 2Jme . ..
't hat it then is Nl _el , where 1JI is the major axis,, e is the eccentnaty varies inversely as the square of the diameter parallel to the. direction
[V. H. 1989; K. H. ! 998; _B. H. 2003} of motion.
and Tis the ~odic time 22. A particle P moves in a plane Wlde.r an attraction to a fixed
14 If the velocity of a body in an elliptic otbit.. ~ ~ 24. ~ .~
· .. wt p whether the orbit is described m a penodic point S on the plane. U the attraction be ~ per unit mass and the
sam . e at a cert.am po ' . . - ...Mir time T' about the other
ttme T about the focus .S or in14T the,F'".,...,_._ 'lslT particle be pro;ected with a velocity u from ;. point distant c from S at
d S'P _ _ _ _ . ~2

focus S', then prove that SP = T+T' an - T + T, right angles to the radius vector, and if a=µ be less than 2. then
. . is rojected from a point p with velocity V in a prove that the orl>it is an ellipse whose semi-major ax.ti a and the
.. 15 •.. A ~ p , a with the radius vector- If V were V", ·~ eccentricity e are given by
~
1
,..1 bean ~~hnla. Prove that, if.. t h . e orbit be h ~ a==-'- and e 2 :;:(a-1 ) -
d. J · e· d i !
: t

the o:rbit WOUIU

.
m _
:a .
_ c
l it,g

a ...---- . - 2-a
~ the angle 81,etween the asymptotes~ gwen by
&
tan-=
2
- 2v(vv-2 )i .
V'
1
--1 sma.
 "iN it'-\ ......' ' \\ \ ' ~"' ' ' "' - ' ~\ ,u ,·~ ~\ \ ~ t'h';i
""""' -~-----,-
""'-'lo,'' , •...,'\,, ,•"-~ ~' ., ~~ ,x ~\l,, ,1;, ('\,~\ >t-, ~ ' ~' " \ ~ ,-1\, ~ \ \\,\ ttw \\1 ,1 h"' t' I ' (} ,. jl
, ,__~ ,__ ,,,,~
¼i'';~...""..... "' •"''' '
...--1>.,. ,\ "'~'''\<."'·,",ii
",, ,._ "
· ~''"'~\\.\ t \\\ h1H ~ f •1,0
. ~ .,..,.,.,, 1;:, ~~~"\~ , , ~"'-"~' " , , . ,~~t 'ft ' \\\\ '\ \,~ \\ \ \\~ ~t., t~\·
;:,._ ,.~,,..~ '~"'~ ~~--.,.,:,t-,, -..1).-.~' ,\~ ~~""-' 'lt\\~ ~'"''-\\..h., , \~\"l,'\' \' h:\'\\ \~\\\'
.:.,~~-....t,-~~~"'' <f.,~t..~' ' ~ .l: ~ '" ~ -.., ~~ ~~' -- \ t~,,~t<c;'Ut i'-\th,~
,""t · ~ ~-'
,,\ h J J1~f , '- ,ff\
t•
~,~~,,-:. .:". ""~~;~~~,~, ,~-;._~~_.._, \$ -~ ' ..,: .- ~
- p· n !\ll.~l '" wh.\\'l\ \\~ ~,&.,;.u m~ t\11.,t l ,~ th~ Hm~ frt!tl\ th~ "~ ·1'\I t-~ p r - ~
~ 't ... " -::' ~ ~~ i' ',, ,ti~ ~~ ~ \\~ , , ~, .....~ ""'~'ft , ,\n-1 ~1 , t,, l\t\\' \\\'mt I' lt. tn ~ l
~ -{'lo.~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~\,.~:t: ~ t~ ' , ~ l\'\.Tu.'i..~ , ~ m,,--t,.,-.." ,t.n...,
~ ~-~~....,~~ "'\:
~ -- --~ ~ ,- ~ ~..-.:a~ ~ -:~ ·· "tt;::,' \\' ~~ 't:~\\ ~~ ~ ~ ~\'> '-~~ - ~\.
~~~~~~ -
~ -\. ,~...: ~~~ #.~ ..:-,.~~~ ~ ~~ tl~"-."\..'"l \'\' ~.icl\ W ,'\S
~ ~ l-~""'"'~ ~~-:::u.~ ~ ~~ ,-i ~~ ~ t--..x:."'1'1 t,.~, ~'\llth.·
t ~ . . . .~. ·~ ~--- ~~ ~t~ '\~'-1...t y 1\' ~, ~ ,ti..~-tron
~ . Y i . ~ ~ ~---"llt~~ ~
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ' # ' t a ~ " ''("\~ tt\.'n\ b.~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~- 1.-. i. ~~ \.t ~~ ,:t.~ ~
~s~~~,~ . .~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~,-c ~'tik:n1.~ h~"~u:i ~.u-d
:~ ~:· , t 1..-. Et ,:-~ l

~ \
ht a. J ~ ~-ec- ~ ~ a9 .
il ~""l' r a /,f ~,- ~t
a -~
...~
""'- N ~.n.,~~--~.a ~. ~-e- ...~~~~ ~ ...

~
~~ ~~~ .
""'~5"'·:l '.ffi'lb:.~ 1~ C l i : l t ~ ~ ~:t-~~-~
\.
, QJ
i~
. . ."t~• ~~
.

n~$.. Y " t t r w b ' ~ et~ ~{){4 ~karoit.

~ ~ ~ ~-~ .:f .t!F~"'S -u . \ ! " - ~ ~ ~ i s
_£ ::: 1. ..-~ei::: ?a..~:.~ .
r ?
~ ~ . f s- ~ - . d / i is;~~..'S~""W mt."'>t ~ ~ ~

~
 236 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE
~9
10.10. Time of description of an arc of an elliptic orbit. pLA]vETAllY MOTION 2'37

We know that the equation of an ellipse in polar co-ordinates is

L
T
= 1 + e cos 0, e < 1,
:t{ence e(1 !; :;s 0) 2 e +e (1 cos 8) fa (1 :~:s 0} ~t
m,
On integration, we get v.
in which l is the semi-latus rectum and e is the eccentricity.
1- e
-e-
2
J d8
(1 + e cos 0) 2 =
1
e
J1 + ed0cos 8 sin 0
1 + e cos 8
is

or, J d8 1
(1 + e cos 8) 2 = 1 - e 2
J1 + ed8cos 8 e sin8
1 - e 2 1 + e cos 0 ·

Now we know that

1y
f d9
1 + e cos 8
=- ~ ( t a n -1 ✓ 1 -e
Vl - e2 1+e
tan.!!), since e< 1.
2
,e

Fig. 10.10

Again we have r 2 0=h

Therefore J (1
d8
+ e cos 8)2 ,d

~
ch
or, hdt =r 2
d0. - 2 ( tan - 1 'I~--
- tan -8) - -e-2 · - -
sin-
8-· he
- ~ 1 +e 2 1-e 1 +ecos8
I J m .
Hence h f dt = J r 2 d8 , Then, from (1), we have
0 0
•
in which we assume that t is the time taken from the vertex of the
e llipse to any point P (r, 9). ht = l2 J(1 + ed8cos 8) 2
0 of
9
s.
Th en ht = 1
2 J (1 + ed8cos 8) 2 , e < 1. (1)
= 12 [{----"I
2 ~ 8}, e -sin 8 ]•·
tan -t 'I~ tan 2 - 1 - e 2 1 + e cos 0 is
0 2(1-e )2 o
2
d ( · 9 ) (1 + e cos 8) cos 8 + e sin 8
Now dO 1 /:Cos 9 = (1 + e cos 8 )
2
b 2 a 2 (l -e 2)
Now, as h = ../µI and/=-;;= a = a(l-e ),
2
it
e + cos 8 e z + e cos 0 n
( 1 + e cos 8)2 = e (1 + e cps 8)2 ;e
therefore t ✓µa (1-e 2)
(1 + e cos 8) - (1 - e 2 ) , as e < 1. 2a2(1-e2)2 -t - ~ tan!!_ea2(1-e2 )2 sin 8
e(l + e cos 9)2 = :! tan '\I~ 2 l-e 2 l _+ecos0
d ( sm 0
, I - --
1 1 - ez 1
- -e- (1 + e c0s 0)2
(1 - e )z 2

TI1ere fore d8 1 + e cos e ' 1 + e cos 8) . Q¾ ( I.~ 0 ~ -~ 0___) ·

f Henee t = Tµ 2 tan - '\I~ tan 2 - e 1 --' 1 + e c<' ~ 0
~ AA.D-16
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE PLANETARY MOTION 239

On integration, we get l9
10.11. Time of description of an arc of a hyperbolic orbit.
2:
we know that the polar equation of a hyperbola with a focus as pole J(l+ecos0)
de
2
= _e_ . sin 0 1
e2-1 l+ecos0- e 2-1
J d0
l+ecose·
is
! = 1 + e cos 8, e > 1. Hence (1) can be written as
r

Again we know that r 2 8 = h

ht = 12 e sin 8 12
(e2-l)(l+ecos0)- e2-1
J d0
l+ecos0
or, h dt ,;:= r 2 dtt, 0

I 8 or, ht= l2esin0

(e 2 - l) (1 +ecos 0)
that is, h Jdt = J r 2
d8 ,
12 1 ~ + ✓e-1 tanl8
in which we assume that t is the time required for the de~cription of an
- e2-1 · ✓e2-1 log ✓e+l- ✓e-1 tan1e ' since e >1
2
arc from the vertex of the hyperbola to any point P (r, 8).
or, t - !:..{ esin8
- h (e 2-l)(l+ecos8)
•
Then ht = l2 J(1 + ed:os 8)2 , e > 1. (1) 1
-~log
✓e + 1 + ✓e - 1
·
tan!2 81 .
0
(e 2 -t)2 ✓e+l - ✓e-1 tan½8
2
Now .!!.{.sin 8 . ) = (1 + e cos 8)cos 8+ e sin 8 2 ! ! 3
d8l1 + e cos 8 (1 + e cos 8) 2 But we know 1-h = ~ =~ - 2 2
a (e -1)2
vµI vµ - Tµ ·
cos 8 + e cos 2 8 + e sin 2 8
Ther~ore
(1 +ecos 8) 2
t = a"i (e ✓e2-1 sin8 ~ +..re::Ttan
_ e + cos 8 e cos 8 + e 2 ../µ l+ecos8 log --le+T'-.../e=T'
- (1 + e cos 8) 2 = e (1+ e cos 8) 2 ·
_ (l + e cos 8) + e 2 - 1 10.12. Illustrative Examples.
- e (1 + e cos 8) 2 Ex. 1. A particle describing a parabola about the focus S and mou·
2 towa~ds the vertex pa~ses ·through L, the extremity of the latus rectum" u.
or, _E._( sin 8 ) = 1 + e - 1 velocity v. Show that 1t reaches the vertex after a time
d8 1 + e cos 8 e (1 + e cos 8) e (1 + e cos 8) 2 ' as e > 1.

,
2..fi SL
-3- ·-; ·
Therefore · 1 = _e_ . .!!.{. sin 8 )
(1 + e cos 8) 2 e 2 - 1 d8l 1 + e cos 8 The equation of the parabola is ir = 1 + cos 8,
1 1 where the pole is at the focus S and 8 is measured from AS, A being the verte.
- e.2 - 1 · 1 + e cos 8 · of the parabola.
tUO , m : ; a r - ~ ~- l4 \

We ht1,,~ r
2
9 = - Ii, fllhce O tl lmh,l!<he~ wllli I.
fj.it, 'Ji , // 011! 11,N1nl 1,( tt f1itu11>t t,, J(;_t.; rln!fii 1m,l llti< tirt/l'rffffN-1'1/ ~ ,~ };;_ , M4ti
;,r ~.,;;~,
t/tPrl sht1tli t/1111 f/,e /111111<111/ J,.t1t<rlbl1tt ,;.,. fNitJJ ht,/,,.., rJf tlttJ t.1 ,tm fYlffttdfltl hJ
f/lfi //ltU!I rl't:l11t11 IJfl!l /l ll t!f thnm,tll lfnt r:t11tf11 tlffrtfr, 1,n1
3 5
~z(t ±-L)f~tt dn- ;-r ~
11t,-,,,
-
tttnl'ltt• &{~f
' ftt,
ty t·

A ~~

L'
Fig. l0.12(a)
0

Then we have hi = - Jr 2
d8, as L ASL =~ :ltty
~
1
1-lere e = 60 ·
2"
J r 2 d8 .
lf 2t be the time in days fur de;cribing the an: LAf!, tflen
II

.
2
2, = 2t
Ii
2
J (l
48
+~coe 8)1
Therefore t = !.: J
de
h , (1 +cos8)2
, for a parabola
0

II (1-~rostl+ -
)ila, since, < t and A=~
-
-iii
12
[ tan -8 + ~
2 3
1 tan3 -
2
812 = -23 · -fh ·
2 o.
~,f
0
~
The pedal equation o! the parabola is P2 = ar, ·1
,tS l
where 4- = SA = ½I.
Also r = J when the particle is at l.., the extremity of the latus rectum. l'J
12 I
Therefore pz '""2' so that p= ri · lt
n
Iv
But h = pv = T1 . ~

Hence: the time from L to·A is

2 t"2' 24/i l 1.1iSL_ l
3.- l · c; = 3 ; = ~ u
 I

i'
p(,ANETARY MOTION 243
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE
I 242

The other time in days ::(escri~ th

) e r~( ·ng ~art
) of the orbit is
1 + 1s1t .
s. A come_t moving in the plane of the earth's orbit ( supposed
cireUlar) describes about the sun a hyperbolic orbit of eccentricity e and
24 9

365 -
2 1 -1s1t =T its least distance from the sun isl of the radius of the earth's orbit.
Prove that the time the comet rem~ within the earth's orbit is greatest
Examples X (B) ~ (e sinh ~ - ♦). . maf5 m,
1. If T be the time taken by a hevenly body to describe an arc of a
focity v .
where e C?5h ~ = 1 - n + ne and T is the periodic time of the planet
parabolic orbit bounded by the focal chord, then show that , path is
J
describing an elliptic orbit, the maµ>r axis of which is equal to the
T oc (focal chord) 2. tran5verse axis of the hyperbola.
f.f. 1986 l
2. Prove that, for a parabolic orbit, the time taken to m ove from the
10.13. Effect of disturbing forces on the orbil
vertex to a point distant r from the focus is sion.
The elliptic path of a moving particle described Wlder the inverse
~ (r+l) ✓2r-l, square of the distance law of force is very much affected when at some
point of its path an impulse acts on it. This may cause a change in its
where 21 is the latus rectum. natany
orbit o.r it may cause an alte ration in the strength of ,the centre of force
,pse line
3. The perihelion distance of a comet describing a pambolJC o rbtl as thereb y caus ing an alteration of orbit. This change in orbit will be
;;-th-of the radius of the earth's path supposed circular. Show that the ascertained by finding changes in the magnitude and direction of the
time that the comet will remain within the earth's orbit
maJOr ax.is as well as the changes in eccentricity and periodic time.
tS
: the end
2 11 + 2 ~ 10.14. Effect of some tangential disturbing force. \S which

3
Jt • - " - -i;;- of 11 year. m of the
Let the focus S be the centre of force and APA' be the elliptic path
4. Prove that the times taken to d escribe two portions b\tr> wruth i by .an .
described, H being the empty focus.
an ellipse is divided by the latus rectum through the centre of the fOf"C'r
are in the ratio
(cos -1 e-t ~ ) : (1t - cos -1 e +e✓ l -e 1 ).
p
S. Prove that the two parts into which the earth's orb-it is divided ,end of
by the. latus rec~, are described in 178·7 days and 186·5 d.a-ys he axis.
respectively. [ e = 60 ]
! line is
6. The earth's orbit about the SW\ being assumed to be a circle,
show that the longest time the comet (whose path i:s a parabola) will I. 1992 l
remain within the earth's omit is ~ of a year. lK H . 2002} Vhenat
3 ered. in
7._ Assuming that the eccentricity e of a planet' s omit is a small 1ellipse
F1g. 10.14 l
fraction, show that the ratio of the times taken by the planet to traYel
over the two halves of the OJ:bit separa.ted by the minor axis is nearly When the particle is at P on its path, let its velocity be v, which l - n2'
changes to (v + 6v) by some tangential disturbing force, the direction of ; 20021
l+~ - the velocity ~g..unaltered .
.:
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE
244 pLANETARY MOTION 245
249
Let 2A be the major axis of the elliptic orbit which changes to 2.a' after
~
2
µ ·1- e
2

the action of the tangential disturbing force.

Therefore & = av - •
(5)
µ e V

Thenwehave This gives the change in the value of the eccentricity.

v2 = Ii 2 1)
SP-a (1) Again we have the periodic time T given by
s greatest
f maFs m,
21t ~ elocity v.
T = Tµa1 .
and
f
(v+&,)2 = µ 5~ - }_,)· (2)

If the change 6v of v be very smc\ll, then differentiating (1 ), we have,

On logarithmic differentiation, we get
:'s path is

3 3av 6v H.1986]
as SP is constant instantaneously , 6T
T = 2a 6a = - µ - ,_from (3). (6)
lision.
2v6v = ~&i, Again we have assumed that the direction of motion at p is not
a
changed and the new focus lies on PH. Let the new focus be H', such
2w 2

that is, &i = --6v

µ -, (3) that HH' is -~mall. ,on at any
apse line
Then HH' = H'P - HP= (H'P + SP) - (HP+ SP)
which gives the change in the semi-major axis of the elliptic path.
= 2.a' - 2.a = 2(a' - a) = 2 6a.
We have assumed that the direction of motion at P is not changed
by the blow, so the length of the perpendicular p from the pole (centre . Now, if 6'1' be the angle through which the major axis moves, then at the end
of force) to the tangent at P is not changed. Hence, differentiating the Ml' = L HSH', and is small. :us which
H'M
relation h = vp, we have Hence 6'1' = tan 6'1' = tan HSH' = SM um of the
ed. by _,an .
lih=p&=h& ,· (4) HH' sin H 2 6a sin H . .
. V
= 2.ae + HH' cos H = 2.ae • smce HH' IS very small.
Agai,n we have, for an ellipse of semi-latus ~ I, 3

(7) e) "i.
h 2 =µI= µa(l-e 2), Therefore 6'1' = 2.av
eµ
sin H · 6v.
mend of
which gives, on differentiation, --the axis.
2h 6h = µ{(l - e 2) &i - 2.ae oet
10.15. Effect of an instantaneous change inµ. ,se line is
or, 2µae oe = µ(1 - e 2) &i -2h &,
Let the particle be at a distance r from the centre of force when dut;
H. 1992}
z 2va2 6v 6v to some cause the absolute accelerationµ is changed instantaneously
= µ(1-e) · - µ -.-2h -h~, from (3) and (4).
to µ'. Let the length of the major axis and eccentricity be . Whenat
instantaneously changed from 2a and e to their new values 2JJ' and t tltered in
Thus 2µae oe = 2µ(1 - e z) a 2v 6v 2µa (1 - e z) &,
respectively. an ellipse
µ V
I
particle remain •
. Since the velocity and the distance of the 15--,
1-n 2
= 2w 2 (1-e 2)6v-~(l-e2 )&, instantaneously unaltered in magnitude, we have
V 186; 2002]

µ(~-~) =•' =µ'(H) (1)

 .4JJVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PA 0
'l.Il.TfCLk, pVJIETAflY MoTION

----
247

Toeequation (1) gives U, the magnitude of the new major «Uds . .---- I1Justrative Examples.
10.16·
Again. velocity remaining constant, we have its moment th When a periodic wme:t is at its greatest distance from the sun its
about 5 the rentre of force, so that h remains the same
h= ~
Her: sazne
E,(. 1. ~-1[
·ty v is increased by a 1>Iruu . i::__ . /
quanflty w . Show that the CIJmet's least
equa~ ____ ·· e the ~ from the sun is increased by
gives -Jµa(l -e 1) =h =✓µ'a'(l -e' ~ . 1
{2) a3 (1-4} 2
This-equation gives e', a' being known from (1). 4&, · { µ (1 + e) . '
Let the change ~ in µ be_ very .~
change & in a is obtained by differentiat ing
Then the corre5J>onctin amere 2.Jl and e are the major axis a_nd eccen:tricfty of the cniginal orbit aml µ
g is the intensity of the suns attraction at umt dtstance.
v' =µ(f-¾) [ V. H. 1989; C H. 1992 J

and ?,•e have - ~

µ2
V2
5µ = - 2 fu·
1 for an elliptic orbit, we have v 2 ={ !-;)-
4
2 If S be the centre of force, then the comet's greatest distance is
Therefore fu = - a ¼J
µ2
41. SA' = a + at, where A' is the other end of the major axis.
(3)
Thus velocity at the greatest distance is given by
Again, differentiating logarithmically the relation
µa (1-e 2
) = h2, where h 2 is constant,
r,2 _ {-2__ _!} _
- µ a (1 +e)
J! 1-e
a - " · 1 +e · (1)

we get ~ +~- 1.e&2 = 0. We know that,f.or a disturbed orbit for tangential disturbance,
µ a 1-e
&z = 2z;,a2&7
a,
Themore 1.e&
l-e2
=~-via
µ µ2
~= (1- v.2a )~ .
µ µ (4) &
µ
= ll1l2-µ _1-e i _~ _
and
µ e
• ~ smce the periodk time T = vµ
A~m · 2Jt 12 V
a , we have 2
Hence, from (1), we have µw 1-e
= ~·
oT= ~ & _ ,!~
T 2 a 2 µ av2-µ = .!..=!_1 = -2L .
Therefore
µ l+e l+e
~ -. =-½(1+~}i ... (51 Thus the equation (3) becomes lie = -2(1 -
OIi
e)-; ·
the tangent rema.tns unaltered and S and r also remain
~t~· -
nev, empty focus H' must be on PH produced,s uch that
and Pff +PS= 2(a+&).
Let the shortest distance A5 be T ' , 50 that T , = Q -
Therefore the increase in the shortest distance is
tu .

Therefore HJf = 2 fu. or'= (1-e) &l-a&

2N 2 6v . 2" (1 - e) &,
Also 6y' = sin oV = !f.M. _ HH' sin H or, 6r' = ( 1-e) . - µ - + v
SH' - SH'
_2&sinH & = 2a(l - e) ( ; + ¼)ov .
- 2ae = ae sin H.

J
r 248
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS PARTICLE
249
PLANETARY MOTION
f a ~ . 1-t + {g_ _t+e )ov,
Hence 6r'= 2a(1-t\µ a 1 +t µ 1-t
Examples X (C)
since v = ✓l! . l-e 1. A planet of mass M and periodic time T when at its greatest

_ 2a 2
-
3

µ
s-
t} . 1 - t + 1 + t
✓1 - t 2
ov
a l+e ·
distance from the sun comes into collision with a meteor of m.a:s m,
moving in the same orbit in the opposite direction with velocity u.

I
If ~ be small, then show that the major axis of the planet's path is

= 4ov·(f !~:r- 4m
reduced by M vr..JS
·n +e .l [ C. H . 1985; B. H . 1986 J

Ex. 2. A small ,neteor, of mass m, falls into the sun when the earth is at [ Here Mv - mv = (M + m) V, V being the velocity after a>llision..
#,e end of the minor axis of its orbit. If M be the mass of the sun, then show Also 6v = V-v = _imv and v 2 = ~a(l +e) -]
M
that the major axis 2a of the earth's orbit is lessened by 2a ; , the periodic {
2 . In an elliptic orbit about a focus, if the direction of motion at any
time is lessened by ~ of a year and the major axis of the orbit is turned .~ point be turned through a small angle a, then show that the apse line
~ (1 + e
\ 2
b m will be turned through an angle -;) •
through an angle -;; · Al [B. H. 1989; V. H. 2002; K. H. 2002]
I'
'i
.i 3. A particle describes an ellipse about a focus and when at the end
We have µ=y(M +£)andµ+ 6µ=y(M +E + m ),where£ is the mass of I,

of the minor axis receives a small impulse towards the focus which
the earth and 'Y is the constant of graviation. l
i \~
imparts a velocity v to the particle. Prove that the latus rectum of the
Thus 1 +-;- =1 + M: £ = 1 + ~ , since £ is very small in comparison ellipse remains unaltered while the major axis is increased by an .
4abev ••
to M. Therefore ~ = .!E... amount -h-. I
µ M 1/ i
Now we have v 2 = µ (~ - ;} for an elliptic path
Show further that the eccentricity is increased by V: 3
(1 - e) 2.
!
i

;
I
'\ (
4. When a body moving in an ellipse about the sun is at an end of :) il
= a. the latus rectum, a small velocity u is given to it parallel to-the axis.
a2v2
;- , since at the end o.f the minor axis r
6
1
· · IS
· eccentrioty
P rove that the- change m µ
· ehu and that the apse line is
1 1
,i• ~
Again &z = - -2-6µ =-a~=_!!!! _
µ µ M
Therefore 2& = _ 2am _ t\ turned through an angle 2hu · [ V . H. 1992 )
eµ.
M ,
I p
11
S. A comet is moving in a parabola about the sun as focus. When at
x., ( + _v_
T
1 .!:I!
Furthermore, we have 6T = __
1
3a 2) = _ .!. ~ 2m ) the ~ of the latus rectum, its velocity suddenly becomes altered in
2 µ µ 2 M (1 + 3) =- M . the ratio·n : 1, where n < 1. Show that the comet will describe an ellipse
l
Therefore 6T = - 2mT - 2m whose eccentricity is ✓1 - 2n 2 + 2n 4 and whose major axis is _I_2 ,
-M of a year.
M - \ · 1-n
Again we have
&v = ~sinH = ~ -E = -~ .!. .
· - ata Mae
l ~
where·2I is the l~tus rectum of the parabolic path. [C. H . 1986; 2002)
[Here~= n; therefore v' 2 < ~ . ·
V l
Hence the ~ubsequent path ls an ellipse. ]
r 2·

250 ADVANCE D ANALYTI CAL DYNAMIC S : PARTICL E

6. (a) A particle, of mass m, moving in a circular orbit of radius c

under an attraction /µ+(distan ce) / towards the centre, collides and
2

coalesces with a particle of mass Am which is at rest. Show that the orbit
of the composite mass is an ellipse of major axis c cosec o:, latus
2
rrm ARTIF ICIAL SATEI LITES
rectum 4c cos a and eccentrici ty ( - cos 2cx), where sec a = 2(1 + A)
2 2 2_

(Here~
2
=~; hence v =~- Again, (m+Am)V = mv +(Nn)O, 11.1. Introduct ion.
C C C
An artificial satellite is an object which is placed in an orbit round
V being the velocity of the composite particle. the earth outside the earth's atmosphe re. The name satellite
is
As A> 0, V < v; hence the new path will be an ellipse. derived from the celestial objects which the planets have, rotating
about them in respectiv.e orbits. As these objects, unlike the satellites
For this, V
2
= µ (L .!),
c a
~
2a = major axis. But V 1 = < cos
•
2 .
a, of the planets, are man-mad e and are launched by man by the
launching rocket or a series of launching rockets, called booster
hence 2a = c cosec 2 a . Then use the relation µ1 = h 2 = c- l y 2_ )
rockets, these are called artificial satellites. These rockets-p ropelled
artificial objects are raised to suitable height above the earth's surface
(b) A particle is describing an ellipse und er a force to a focus. when an appropria te velocity is imparted to it by remote control in
a
When at a certain point the intensityµ of the force is increased by .!_th, predeterm ined direction. At this stage, the launching rocket stops
11 functionin g and getc; detached, or in some cases, remains attached to
show that the semi-majo r axis a is increased by the satellite. By remote control,th e rockets and equipmen ts attached
a2.v2
--, to the satellite are usefully op~rated to change the orbit of the satellite
nµ or to bring it back to the surface of the earth.
v being the velocity of the particle.
11.2. Gravitati on.
From Newton's law of gravitatio n, it follows that the force of
attraction f between two masses m and M placed at a distance a apart
is given by 4
F= G Mma2 . , .1
where G is the universal constant, known as gravitational constant.
At the earth's surface, the force of attraction on a mass mis mg,
where g is the accelerati on due to gravity. Now, it is known that it is
legitimate in cakulatio n to assume. that the mass M of the earth
is
i&
concentra ted at its centre, if i~ be a sphere_Assuming that the earth
spherical and of radius a, it follows thaf the force .o f attracticn of the
earth on the mass m is G ~m

U, agairr, the mass m circles the earth, remaining very close to the-
suriace of the earth, with a velocity v,. then the force acting on it du.e· to
this circu1D motion is ,mil- .
ll
 24
252 ADVANCED ._,ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS PARTICLE
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES 253

11.3. Orbits round the earth. The pe ri od of the sa tellite is

Satellites are launched from the surface of the earth to circle the circumJeren ce of the earth
earth. Gra vitational attraction of the earth keeps them in their orbits. the veloci ty of Ehe satellite
2n x 6·4 x 10 6 metres
8 x 10 3 metres per second
5000 seconds (approximately ) = 83 minutes.
Cor. If the satellite be launched such that it moves in a c:ircula:r orbit
~t a height Ir above the surface of the earth, then the velocity required
lS -~
ti 'J.§i
a+h ·
Fig. 11.3 2 4
ti Note. Since GM= ga , its value is 9-5 x IO in mile- second unit, •,vhen
Consider the satellite of mass m which circles the earth of mass M g =32 feet per second per second and a = 40C10 miles.
and very close to the surface of the earth as in orbit 1 of the above
di~gram. U a be the radius of the earth, then, by Newton's law of
11.4. Parking orbits.
gravitation, we have Let us consider the orbit 2 (Fig. 11.3), which is concentric with the
tl
2 equator of the earth. Consider a satellite of mass m moving along this
mv Mm
-a-= G 7= mg, orbit in the direction of the rotation of the earth. Let R be the distance
ti of this orbit from the centre of the earth of mass M and radius a. Then.
where g is the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth and . o ro·1t, we ha ve
vis the velocity of the satellite of mass m round the orbit.
1'f . the veloaty
be
v. _ . its
. o f th e satelli te m R Mm .
rrro: = G ~

Hence v 2 = ag and GM= ga 2 • B4t GM= g, 2, so that

mv i mga i . . ' ga z
Thus v= wig= ,{§M,
a
R= 1{2 ' givmg v ·= T ·
This is the velocity which is needed to place the body in a circular 2 . QA.1:. the
. the period-1c time
~
Now we have v = T1t R ,wh ere T 1s -~ n:
· 5al1:Hlte. 7
orl,it very close to the surface of the earth.
for a = 6·4x 10 6 metres
2
Sin.:e g = 9·8 metres per second , Hence we have
10 x 9·8 metres per second ~
2
v= wig= ✓6-4 ~
2
we have 6 4Jt R _
T2 - R
3
= 8 x 10 metres per second (approximately)
t 2R 3
= 8 kilometres per second . or, rt= -4 .1ga·-~- - . . . (1)

Thus we have the velocity of the satellite in its otbit to be 8 kilometres If now the period of the satellite be equal to the period of the ~arth' s
per second. rotation, that is,24 hours, then the satellite will be seen to be station ary
. ~ a matter 0f fact, ~e ~tellite is raised to a height by a rocket fitted over the same place on theearth, whie the earth rota~ ~ is kno~i.,
w~-~ Jets. Then, by firing Jets, an impulse is imparted to the satellite as the parking orbit. 'Relay satellites' a.re placed m parking orblts
through which television programmes are transmitted from one part

--
which deflects it~ direction .~f motion in a direction parallel to the
tan.gent to the orb1l The velocity of the satellite in its orbit is poosted of the world to another.
8 kilometres pe.r second, so•that it stavs in the orbit fnd ~P'- Alm,
-- - -A.A,D-11
 ADVANCfc~ ANAJ--Y'f](]AL fJYN~MICS _ : PAR7'10LE AR'Jlifi'J()/AL SATEU,/Tlt.-1 25e;
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~
111 llw tit,\\h \R U~1 , whN 1i ~ I 1~ \ho "'" lil1 Hi ihe ''"' \\-, 1 1tJ1J\mm{ \ ~\\\~ \\ Iii\\\\\~ \\°\A\ t \\\\\~! \\{ \l\~lll, lli \\(\ \\w,.,_\ W\\\\ \'~\,\\V\\\' V, t\\\\\\
\h\!, l\\\f+\V~ ,1.l lh~ ~W\\~~\\ \\\\\\ \\ \\\l \ ~ '\\V,~ \\'\\\\\ \\\\). i (i\'\\.1\\,\\\-,\ \
the wh••h• m•" M ,11 th• ~••Ill W ~
r -
spl11>11< ol \V1• 1111•r,11w i\\h~\-l\\\\\ ,il ,l,\\ ~ \,\, \\\~\\
I\W, tli\\ HI
1,1\i\1 t-1\1\ H\lv il_t\\ 11 \W\\ ,\,\\\11 ~\' \\Wh \1\ll \~ _ ,
ut " \r'''\\U,,~\ vtHM'"'..:~ \\~lw~, \.\.\\\\\\\\1 "'wJ \\\ll: \\'""'\ \il \\\"'~
·. lh~,w,,, l, 1\,,1111 I•\ Hw ~hi\ !IM\<1111tl h•II" hi i ,11,,..
11 ; "'"""*
~• m<, •II 11~ Ilw •}111 th I• Ihe I" " ~ 11111\li\ •ll• •I hi' ,11, 1,11 " e •• \ I .. tM \\; u~!
1!
~''l\4ill \-\•

- •- - ·rI A----- *:-- · _

.........
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS PARTICLE ARTlFlCIAL SATELLITES 257
256

Therefore the kinetic energv, of the rocket is TI1us we see that a satellite can describe a circ ular orbi t very close to
GM the surface of the earth with a velocity of about 8 kilometres per second.
! n,v i = mx - . The velocity of escape Ve bemg 11 kilometres per second, the sa tellite
2 a

Hence v= ~ = velocity of escape wi ll describe a parabolic path, so that it escapes the gra vitationa l
attraction. A satellite describes an elliptic orbit round the earth with a
= -.fiv. where Vis the velocity n ~ to pla.,ce,the velocity greater than 8 kilometres per second but less than 11 kilometres
body in a circular orbit very dos.e to the >urface of the earth. per second ( = VE) . In the case of an elliptic orbit, the maximum and
min imum heights above the surface of the earth depend upon the
Now GM : ~ ; hente v ~ ✓2~P . particular velocity with which the satellite moves . In case the velocity
ai is greater than Vt , the pa th described will be hyperbolic.
If g = 9-8 metres pe1fieCMd per !i4"(~:d .\nd ,a t:t 6,4 l( 10\ t'lll'~ Thus we see tha t if the veloci ty of projecting device be gradually
then v= {fg-'i t=, .Jf; 9-~ ¥ 6-4 • 10' mttt\"' r,e,t "'«'()tlJ t.nc:reas~d beyond 8 kilometres per second, then (depending upon the
true dir~ction of the velocity at the time when the maximum speed is
"" J J ., _ lO~ f!'H1.n--~ pi.-r -.«nf\d
re-'th~d) its orbi t of revolution changes from a circle to an ellipse, then
Thus V, c: velocity c>f ('1,('.af)<' to ;i parabola and fina lly to a hyperbola. In the case of an elliptic orbit,
t.tw vek,c1ty varks round the orbit which is maximum at the perigee and
.. l l kilo1Jwt.r~ ~r ~~ t•.prt'~tttf'411-h J
gtAdually deneases towards the apogee (the maximum distance in the
Thus, when pro1ocu..-d wHh a vd«tty o4 l l ) . i ~ rr• ~ - otb11).
a rocket will compll.'tdf <"V3f",' fr-om UY' fAJ "" t41M·~ I .tU.f ,w;~ r:i, 1tti, Nu1ti. VekicHy of escape in the F.P.S. Nystem is approximately 7 miles
earth. ,,.., ll«'Md, that L!t, 25200 miles per hour . Velocity for a circular orbit near the
r.tr1h l.t 17600 mtlt-'S per hour (approximately).
11.7. Orb it of a sat ellite.
We h.lve seen, In the previous chapter, that if v be the velocity of
prQltttxm and R be the distance of the point of projection with an
acct-wtatum varying inversely as the square of the velocity, then the
piilh desct1bed will be an ellipse, a parabola or a hyperbola acc,ording
35
v1 < 2µ
R'
v1= 2µ
R
or v2> ±1!.
R.
11.S. Es<ape velocity under central force.
let the ?artide be moving under a central force/ (r) per unit mass.
Let v be th£ velocity of the particle at a distance r from the centre of
attnu:tion a:nd. v. be that at r"' a.
The tangential resolute of the acceleration gives
dv dr
v ds = - f(. r) cos ♦: - /(r) ds, (1 )

If the body be fired from a height 1' ii'oo,~ ttte sud~ Qi the ed. where cos io == ~ , ♦ being the angl.1! between the radius vector and
• .L _" _ ✓ 2G.M r . -
u~n " £ - 4_+ h = \'.? times the \'efficity need-ed to p:!a.:e dw body !.fl thetmg~nt
a ami.lar otbtt at a hi-i~ht k.
 !:_
2_5_s _ _ _ _AD_vAN_c_E_D_AN._'AL_Y_TI..:C.:.:'AL~D:.Y:,:N:AM:::i~C'.::S_;_
: PARTICLE 259
ARTIJ,'/CJAL SATELLITES
Integ rating betwe en r = n and r = r, we get
11.9. Illust,rative Examples.
r
fv 2Jr=u = - 2
Irj(r)dr Ex. 1. The radius of the earth is 1. g, where g is
2

that the velocity

the acceleration due to
of a satellite of the earth
gravity at the earth's surface. Show
a ius is approximate ly equal to that of the
moving in a circular orbit whose rad_
earth is 'A.g.
=- 2 If j (r) dr- [i<r) dr I (2) For the motion of a satellite, the velocity vis
given by v = ag, where a is
2

the radius of the earth.

or, Therefore v = -lag'= ✓')..2 g2 = 'J..g.
vi=v .2- v2+ 2f /(r)dr, .. . (3) s surface with a speed
Ex. 2. Prove that a body projected from the earth'
per second will not, in general, return to the earth (variation
exceeding 7 miles [ C. H. 1985 ]
in whic h we assum e of gravity being taken into account).
2
V = 2Ji(r ) dr. (4)
miles.
We assume that the radius of the earth is 4000
to gravity g is 32 feet per
. Now , when r ~ oo ,we have, when
v <V i .
On the surface of the earth, the acceleration due
•v '2 v < 0, wh1ch afford s .
unag inary value s for v. Agai n , wh en v. ~ , v ~ 0 and . I . second per second
. l
V ts ca led the escap e velocity . for if > . vis rea. Th.is e of the earth is -.figa.
We know that the escape velocity on th~ surfac
inf,inity. ' ' v, - V, th e particle can escape to
per second
Now Fg/l = ✓2 x 32 x 4000 x 1760 x 3 feet
8 X 200 X 4 ill .
In partic ular, if J( r ) = 1:
r2 I then wehave 1760 x 3 miles per second

40 ill 6 95 m1·1es per secon d (approximat

= . . · ely).
= 33
V2= 2J-1!.r 2 dr = ±H.a . miles per second, then the
Hence, if the velocity of projection exceeds 7
a

I particle will never return to the earth again.

There fore V =
2
(-¥ ) 2
Ex. 3. Find the escape velocity at an altitude of 900 kilome
surface of the earth.
tres abave the

~'--t
ration in cartesian co-orI.UM4
Note. If we use the resolute of the accele ~,
[Radius of the earth= 6400 kil~rrzetres,
then we have x 10- 8 C.G.S. u11i(. j
X u mass of the earth= 6 x 10 v grammes and G = 6-66
··
x = - j(r) . - and y= - /(r) . :z.., circles the earth at a distance
r r Let v be the velocity with which t~ satellite
vectorial angle of the position of of 900 kilom etres.
since ; = cos 8 and ; = sin 8 , 8 being the
Therefore v = ✓-m, where a = 6400 kilome
tres and h = 900 kilometres.
the particle. 7
10 centimetres.
Now a + h = (6400 + 900) kilometres = 73 x
Therefore ii+ yy= - j(r) ~ =- /(r) .!.!.
r
r
✓6-66x .
10- 8 x 6x 10v centim
x. 1 etres per ScC0nd
1 d dr Therefore v = 73 10
or, 2 di (X 2
+ y ) = - /(rJ di
2
.
= 739000 centimetres per second
Integrating, we get = . 7.39 kilometres per second .
r, 2 = - 2 Jj (r) dr, which gives (2).
 'A NCE_D AN/\ LY'l'I CA/, ·DYNAMJc.•1.:, . /'Al'"
AJJV:_ . .,,, · · d'ICJLE 261
. ·
..... All'fl fi'ICIAL 8ATE UITE8

rlll'n•/111'\ ' \I, ,. cscnpt' vd1l\~ity 11 1 n

lwigh t of 900 kilnnietrrH
ar orlJit of radiuli
"' v2 r, .. ,/2 X 7.39 kllornctre11 per Mccond, Ex. 5. ,tnsum tng the tn(}()n to de1cribe a circul the periodic time
the earth tn 27•3 days, calcul ate
4 x 10 ' kilometres round
. riurfac.e,
• 10.45 kilomctrcll FlCr second ("pp
" wx 1malcly), of an artificial tiateltite of the earth near the earth's
ti at . . , ( C H, 1983 J
Ex · 4. A body projected with an initial vdociI y II ''b . a he,~ht h above the [Radius of the earth a 6400 kilometres,J
es a satellite will, c· the earth which Ji given to
surfac,, of lheeartl, becom ircu ar or ,t. Show that Let T1 be the periodic time of the moon round
the earth. Let r , and r 2 bf: the
a ✓-.&_ be 27·3 days and T2 be that of the satellite round
11 0 ::
radii of the moon and the satellite, w that
. a + h' re11pective orbital
ti , ,r, , etres.
~vherc g,, ,.., the acceleration due to gravity 011 , ie sur1a ct of the earth and a is r 1 "' 4 x 10 kilometres and r 2 .. 6400 kilom
5

tis radiu s.
f T. N. 2007, 2(HJ9· V. / /. 2008 J Prom Kepler's third law, we have
varies inverse! as ti . ,
We know thal the acceleration ~ ,esquareofthedi stance
from thece ntre. Weassume thatg ·is th c acce erat1o n du e t )
I . T i2 r 13
I bo
1a
h
ve t e surface of the earth . Hence < gravity at a height 77= -;-;
.8... a2 T1 2 T2 2
t1 or, -;; I
80"' (a + h)2° -;-;-; ::

a2
t} Therefore g = ~. (1) that is ~ = __.I_L •
(4 X 105) 3 (6400) 3
(a+ · h/ I

2 3 6
3) 2 64 2 x 10-9
II Therefore T 22 = (27·3) Xx 64 X 10 = (27· x
64 1015
5
or, T 2 = 27·3 X 64 X ,fro X lU-
to
= 0·055 day (approximately)

= 1·32 hours (approximately).

ttres above the emth's
Ex. 6. A satellite is to be put into orbit 400 kilom
after launc hing be 1500 metresptr ~ at
surface. If its vertical veloci ty
impulse required to
ion qJ the
Fig ll.9(a)
this height, calculate the magnitude and direct
direct ly into orbit, if its mass be 50 lcilogtQffimtS,
at a put the satellite
it is a satellite about the earth
h . ~ g~in, fo~ the motion of the body, when
g given by [Assume g =10 metres ptr StCcmd ptr second
and
eig t 1, we ave the normal accel~ration radius of the earth = 6400 kilometrts.)
11/ etres,
g= a+ h'
(2) We have a= radius of the earth= 6400 kilom
R= radius of the orbit of the satellite
where llo is the velocity at the initial stage. = (6400 + 400) kilometres: 6800 kilom
etres.
Then we have
From 0) and (2), we have Let u be the velocity required for the orbit R.
11/ a2 go mu 2 mM
T= GjT
a+ h "' (a+ h)2
ga 2m , GM
or, llo= Q ✓-i!!_ . Rz ' since 7 "' g .
a+h
 262
ADVANCED AN
----...... :.::,:~~~ ALYTJC AL DYN.AMlCS

Therefore ~ ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

11 2 ::: 263
R
10 X (6400 X 10 3)2 4. Find the velocity and . d. .
6800 X 10 3
surface of the moon. Given thnt a
tho ic t~e for circular orbit at the
a e radius of the moo 15 · 1080 il
or, 11::: and her mass is equal to o, n
013 imes the mass of the earth.
f m es
7·76 X 10 3
metres per sec d
on (approximately). 5. An- artificial · 1es the earth at a distance of
. satellite . cue
t
1000 kilome res. Find the · · .
revolution. velocity and its period of
ffill\lII\um
My
[ Radius of the earth= 6400 kilometres,
mass of the earth= 6 x 10 27 ~mmes and G = 6-66 x 10 -s C.G.S. unit. I
My . 6. ~ artificial satellite is circling round the earth at a height of
700 kilometres from the surface. Find the orbital ve loci·ty O f the
satellite.
Fig. 11.9(b)
[ Radius of the earth= 6300 kilometres
At this height, the vertical momentum is and g = 981 centimetres per second per second.)

t, My = mv = 50 x 1500 kilogramme -metres per second 7. An artificial satellite goes roW\d the earth in 1 hour and
. =, 75000 kilogramme-metres per second. 30 minutes in a circular orbit. Find the height of the satellite above
Horizontal momentum required is the earth taking the earth to be a sphere of radius 6445 kilometres and
ti M;r; = mu=' s_o X 7·76 X 10 3 kilogramme-metres per second g at the orbit of the satellite to be 980 centimetres per second per
3 ~econd.
= 388 x 10 kilogramme -metres per second.
8. A small satellite revolves roW\d a planet of mean density
Impulse needed is ✓M/ + M/ 40 grammes per cubic centimetre, the radius of the circular orbit of the
tc
= ✓ (75000) + ( 388 x 10 ) kilogramme- metres per second
2 3 2
satellite being slightly greater than the radius of the planet. Calculate
8
= 395·18 x· 10
3
kilogramme-m etres per second the·time of revolution of the satellite. (G = 6· 6 x 10- C.G.S. unit.)
(approximately). 2
[ Time of revolution= 1t r .]
V
If 8 be the angle that the total impulse makes with the horizontal orbit,
then 8 is given by 9. An artificial satellite is girdling the earth in a circular orbit of
radius Rat a height, where the gravitational acceleration is g'. Shor,r
1
tan 8 = ~
75000
M;r; 388 X 10 3
0· 19 .
that its period (neglecting the effects of earth's rotation) is 21t ( r,).
Examples XI 10. A satellite is to be put into orbit 500 kilometres above the
eatth!s surface. If its vertical velocity after launching be 2000 metres
1. Find the velocity need~ to place a body in a circularorbit _atan per second at this height, then calculate the magnitude and direction
altitude of 150 miles above the surface of the earth. Find also the ~f the impµlse required to put the satellite directly into orbit, if its
periodic time of the body. mass be 50 .kilogrammes.
2.. Find the escape velocity at an altitude of 80 miles-above thE ( g == 10 metres per second per second, .
r~us of the earth= 6400 kilometres. I
surface of the earth.
3. Find the escape velocity at an altitude of 100 kilometreS above
the surface of the earth.
 AMICS : PARTICLE
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYN
264

abo ut the eart h at a heig ht

H

~ RESISTING MEDIUM
11. An artificial sate llite revo lves d and (iz) orbi tal
the (1) orbi tal spee
abo ve the surf ace. Det erm ine
so that a man in the sate llite will be in a stat e of wei ghtl essn ess.
peri od,
2 us. of the eart h
Tak ing g = 9-8 met re/s eco nd and radi g that
tal spee d and peri od assu min sting medium.
6400 kilo met res, calc ulat e the orbi [ B. H. 2006 ) 12.1. Vertical motion in a resi
ium like air or any othe r fluid,
of the eart h. the
H is sma ll com pare d to the radi us When a bod y moves in a med resistance
be plac ed in a stab le elliptic orbi
t, of thE:..mot ion o( the bod y. This
12 An artificial sate llite is to med ium offers resistance to bod y in
vari ous pow ers of the velocity of the
gene rally varies with
distance ~ from the surf ace of
the eart h,
ecce ntric ity ½and minimum motion!.:.·-.- - - - - - - - - :
----,..

whe re a1 is· the radi us of the

eart h, usin g a laun chin g rock
et whi ch
h, and otion in a vertical line downwards. @?)
surf ace of the eart from
a abo ve
rais es the sate llite to an altit ude 1
the icle at time t whe n i~distai_:ice
v. Find the requ ired Let v be the velocity of the part es as the
stop s afte r imp artin g to it a
hori zon tal velo city assu me that the resistance vari
to the star ting poin t is x. Further
valu e of v in- term s of a1 and
g, whe re g is the acceleration due so that the resistance is ko n per unit
mass,
11--th pow er of the velocity, g on the mas s m of the
eart h. force actin
grav ity on the surf ace of the k being a constant. The resisting force
direction of motion. Again the
particle is thus mkv" against the ce the net dow nwa rd
dow nwa rds. Hen
due to gravity is mg acting

ti 1.
Ans wer s

4·823 miles per second (approxim

roxim
ately);
ately ).
---
force acting on the particle is
mg- mkvn.
Therefore the equation of mot
ion _of-the particle is

tc
2.
321259·28 minu
6·879 miles per
tes
seco nd
(app
(app roxim ately ).
ately).
[~=•=g-kv•- l ... (1)

etres per seco nd (app roxim s

3. 11 ·11 kilom l,:ration of_the ~d~e ase
ately); This equation shows that the acce
3862·81 miles per hour (approxim lerat ion vanIShes wh ~

. ~- vJf
4. (n > 0) and the acce
(app roxim ately ). as its v~~ ity increases
105·36 minu tes
roxim ately); (2)
7·348 kilom etres per seco nd (app
S.
ately);
1 hour 45 minutes (approxim
~s
attainable by the _p~~cle and
6. 7·81 kilom etres per seco nd. This is the greatest ve~it)'._ ~e lzmt ting or t~zn al
ion ~arii shes is ~le d
7. 800 kilometres. velocity at which accelerat velocity.
icle ~oves wi~ th1S constant
vel ~ub seq uen fly, the part the earth
8. 43 minutes. ha raind rop stnk es the surfa ce of
per seco nd; - ote. The velocity with whic h it has fallen ; for, after
10. 4 x IO kilogramme-metres whic
5 ht from
ot afford any idea as to the heig to move
the terminal velocity and continue
8 = 14·6°. =in g somt; time they acquire
uniforml 1th that velocity.
3
2 Jt (ro+H )2 25-044kilometres per second; ~
11. (1) ro ✓ g H ; (il) - r - - - '·
vg ro .. Motion in a vertical line upwards.
of the particle is v at tim~ tat
ro+ a
1605·7 seconds . Let us suppose that the velocity er ~a~ the resIStance
t. Assume furth
distance x from the starting poin that the
n-th pow er of the velocity, so
u.! f· ' .~
of the med ium varies as the
~
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS .

-
PAD
26,~6___:.,:. ...--- ------ --·...:.:,::.nJiT/CL. 267
---.. MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM
. tance due to velocity is kv "per; unit mass, k being a constant '1"I..
1

resi; tee of resistance acting on the particle of mass m is m~ " ·. "Us th Integrating, we get
tlle 0
ward direetion. Hence the net downward force on the p~a rt~ e
d own th . 1cie 1·
s I+ C = - k1 log (g - kv), where C is a constant.
(mg+ mkv ") or the net upward force on e particle is
(- mg - mkv ").. Initially, that is, when I = O, v = O. Therefore C = - I log g.
Therefore the equation of motion,in this case,is 1 l
Thus 1-klogg=- klog(g-kv) .
Qfr-=_-_g-kvJ (3)
Hence we have log g - kv = - kt
g
(iii) Motion in a horizo;t~al '!!rection. _
In addition to the two previous cases, a particlem ay m~e
h . or, g - kv =; ge - kt
zontally in a resisting medium. This case has been discussed earl· on-
1er. (2)
or,
12.2. llustrative Examples.
Ex. 1. A motor car driven with a constant force tit all speeds meets ·a As t increases without limit, e - k
1
➔ O and v ➔ f,which is the terminal
.I
'i
air resistance proportional to the ~quare of th~ velocity. If u be the maxi:~:,,: velocity as is evident from (1). Equation (2) can be written as
I
I
spee_d of the car, then show that its acceleration when running at a speed ..
vanes ,zs v ~=£.- ·le-kt
i/ dt k k
ti 2 - V 2.

The equation of motion,in this case,is

or, dx= ( f- f e- kt }1.
!!!!_=F- ·Ta; 2 (1) Integrating, we get
dt ' I

X= l1+ Le-kl+ B
' ' k2 '
where Fis !he constant forcea nd k is a constant.
k

·
For maximum dv
Sr......, we have di = 0, so that
nAAA where B is a constant.
Initially, that is, when I= = 0, x 0. Hence B =-:Z ·.
F= ku 2,
g!. _g_ _g_ -kt (3)
u being given to be the.maximum speed. Therefore X= k - rt + k2 e I

Thus putting this value off in (1), we get

which gives the distance x at any time t.
dv
di = k (u 2 - v ),
2
If we eliminate t from (2) and (3), we get
(4)
so that the acceleration varies as (u 2 _ v 2).
Ex. 2· A particle Jails vert · fl fr. • ·
x=-i-fi~s(1-~}
varies as the velocity F• d thetea ~ om rest rn a medium whose resistance This gives x in terms of v.
>'
Let v be the-.rel~ ':f the mo~on of ~he pa:ticle. Note. The equation (4) can directly be obtamed by employing the
a distance x. The equa?on of partt·_id~ at time t m which it has fallen through
· mo 10n1s equation
·dv V
dv g- kv .
. -=
di=,- kv, (1) dx .
k b!!ing a· constant.
 268 ADVANCED ANALY TICAL DYNA MICS .~ PAR.TI MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 269
CLE

Ex. 3; A particle of mass m is falling under the influen X =0 at f = 0.

ce of gravity Now
through a medium whose resistance equals to µ times the
velocity . If the m2
particle be released from rest, then sholJ! that the distance fallen This gives B = - g 2 ·
through in µ
time tis
2 Substit uting for B in (2), we get
gm- e
( _ .I!., µ ).
m_· 1+-t _.!!,)
µ2 m m m2
x=g!!!. t+-e m -g2
.µ ( µ µ
In this case,the total resistan ce is µv,whil e the net
downw ard force on the
particle is (mg- µv) . Hence the equatio n of motion
is m2(_.l!,
= g2 e m - 1+
µ) .
;;t
dv
m dt = mg - µv µ
rticle falls vertically from. re.st m
• d'
a me ~um whOse resistanc
.
e
varies s tlte square of the velocity; investigate the m~tzon of the par1 1
or, 4E_= g-..l!v ice.
dt m Equatio n of motion,in this case,is
dv .I! (1)
or, dt + m v = g , ~= g- kvz,
dt
which is a linear differen tial equatio n whose integra J!,
ting factor is e "' and where k is a constant.
~
whose solutio n is

.I!.,
ve m = I .I!.,
gem, dt.
The terminal velocity V, in this case, is given by 0 .
Then ~= k(f- J= v2 k(V2- v2)
E-1 m E-1
or, ve m = g µ e m + C, (1 ) ~= kdt .
or, V 2- v 2
C being the constan t of integration.
Integrating , we get
The initial conditi on is v = 0 at t = 0.
J_ log~ = kt + C,
2V V- V
Therefore C = - Eµ .
where C is a constant. - Therefore C = O.
\ Substit uting for C in (1), we get · Initially, that is, w hen t-- 0' v- O.
l oV+
g -V -- 2kVt
\
gµm( em.I!., -
E-1 Hence V- V
vem = ) -2kVI
1 (2)
i m( or,
~ = V 1-
v = V t 2kVt + 1 1+ e
e _ 2kVt ·

-=v= g- 1-e _.!!.,)

or, dx
dt 1!'
µ. l ·ty vat any time I.
This gives the ve OC1

or, dx = g µm( 1 - e - .l!.1)

"' dt.
\ It follows from (2)
that as I ➔
Again, from ( 2 ) , w ~
v➔ ·
00

£!.
V
,

(3)
Integrating, we get _ ~= V tanh V,
v - di - x -x 1 - e - 2x
gµm(.t+ µe
m _.!!.,)
__;:,.;--- sinh X _ ~ == ~ .
."' + B, = _g_2 ~nd tanhx= -~ - e ,._
x=
where B is a constant.
(2)
\ sinCe
k
V
e.-
---
x ~ -

. 1;
 ,,_
li48•
\ MO'flON IN A ftf iJJifflNO MEDIUM
PAln'JCLE 271
-, ADVANCED ANALY1'lCAL DYNAMICS
270
Substltutln~ tor C, we gel
lntegrat\ns with respect t<, I, we gel Vkl .. tan v- tan"
- 1 II
I t
x;
v~
-
. ~
l~>g oosh V + B,
~ r
o' t:
V - tar(
lgltan- t _!!, t .£.)
V,
whl-re B is a constant.
Initially, that is, when f "' 0, x = 0. Therefore B= O. which gives a relation between ti me and velocity.
vi gt (4) Equation (1) can be written in the form
He.nee x= g log rosh V· dv 2
V b = - g - kr, = - k (V 2 + 0 2)
lf we eliminate t between (3) and (4), then we gel

v01=v 2
(1- e-,J- (5)
or,
vdv
- 2 --2= -
V + V
kd:x .

This relation gives velocity v at any distance x. Integrating, we get

Nolt. We can get this relation directly by integrating the equation log (V 2 + V 2 ) = - 2h + 28,
dv 2
v-= g- kv , where B is a constant.
d.r ,,---:;::-
tkroug\\ Initially, when :x = 0, v = u.
no rformof(l).
'ch is ~
w
We . . A particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity u in a Hence we have 2B = log (V 2 + !' 2) .
the earl midi m whose resistance varies as the square of the velocity. Investigate the V2 2
motion. l c. H 1983 l Putting for 2B, we get 2kx = 1og ~
v2+v2 · (3)
Th,

toM.t
NoJ'
~

~'-'~
where Vis the terminal veloci~.
n
Show that the particle comes to rest at a height

~ log (1+
l K. H. 1998 l
This gives a_ relation between distance and ve~
From equation (2), we get the velocity a~
we get the velocity in terms of the distance x.
,
while from equation (3}
· ·
The greates~. hei~ht h a~~ by the particle is olnined ~ putting
We take the upward direction positive for measuring the distance 1 from v= ~ and x = h m the equalfon (3) which yields -

Aga \ _
l the point of projection. The equation of motion,in this case,is then
· dv
dt= - g- kv
2
... (1) h= ~I<+~:)=~ k+ ;:) (4)

~\ We can write this as

= - k (V 2 + v 2), where we put V 2 = 8.k' After attaining this height, the partitje begins to rome down. T o ~
s u ~ t ~tio~, we ~an ~-roceed as in tbt:.Preyi~le. To find the
veloaty of the particle~ 1t reaches the point of projedion. we are to put-this
Furt " dv valu~ of h as obtained in equation (4) above for ~ the equation (5) of the
- 2- - =
2
- kdt . previous example. Thus the velocity·on reaching the p<)U\t of projection is
V + V
The
Integrating , we get (
V \ 1- t
-~1½
v J
2
Aga 1 -1 V
V tan V = - Id + C,
where C is a constant.
• vf 1- ___y:_)½ . uv .
lnitiallv.thatis.whent= o, v= u. H 1 u ~ vi+ "2 ✓ vz+ 1.1 2
ence C = V tan- 1 V .
 fi
;
\
272
-
Ex • 6• .
xed pam 1 0 u ·
A
par 1
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE

i ·cle moves from rest in a straight line at a distance fr

.
. fi
nder the action of an attractme orce equal to µ tim 1
. .
a om
es t ie
-- MOTION IN A R ESIS TING MEDI UM

The refore, putting fo r C, we have, from (1 ),

273

nfi ·t mass 1r the resistance of the mediu m, in which it m

distance per u111
.
be k t1111es 1
.
. 'J .
.
.
ti e square oif the velocity per umt mass, then show that th
fr
Iocity when it is at a dis tance x om O is
. ·
oves,
e
v2 =- e 2 k x
e- 2k a(µ-a+ -µ) +-x+
k 2k2
µ -µ
k 2k2
w square oif t 1s ve
~ 2J:( r- • >+
k-ke
ll't' L
2x 2
t1-e 2.l: {r -0 J }
.
o r, v
2
= ~k · + L
2k2
l 1- e2k<r- a) lf _ ~e2k(x -
k
a)
. (2)

To find the velocity v 1 ~to, we put x = O.

Show also that when it first comes to rest, it will be at a distance b given
Ther , fro m (2), we have
by
(1 - 2bk) e ™ = ( l + 2.ka ) e -2a .
E
the ~ Let the position of the particle be_ a t P a t tim e I ':""hid 1 is a t a d 5 tance r from
that ; the fixed point O . Let v be the velocity o f th e p a rticle at P.
The two forces acting on the particle are
=~-i e-2ka(a+½)- (3)

Thus the pa rticl~ will move to the other side with this velocity. Let us

~
(,) mµ.x, an attractive force,
ass ume th at the particle comes to rest at a point when x = _ b .
(ir) mkv 2, the resisting force, against the force of attraction. Hen ce, from (2), w e have ·

-~j Thus the equation o f motion is

0 = - ¥ + ~ I1 - e- 2 k (b + a)l - Te - 2 k (b + a)
the ~ , o.f- m, mx' = - rnµ.r + nikv
2

.l ~ or, 0 = (1- 2kb)L _ L (1 + 2ka) e- 2/c(b + a)

or, x·= v~= - µ.r+k-'v 2 2k2 2k2
dx
to t'. ~V..~
wl
We have thus
1 dv
2
2
- - - J:v = - µ.r
or, 1 - 2kb= (1 + 2ka)e-2kbe-2ka
2 dx or, (1- 2bk) e2 bk= (1 + 2ka) e - Ha _
i
\ th,

l· which is a linear differential equation whose int.e gra ti:ng fad.or is t -

the dependent variable is v 2 • Thus, ~lving this equa tion. we have
li x and
Examples XII(A)
t
l u 2t - H :r = - 2µ Jr t - H; dx 1. A particle is projected vertically upwards under gravity with a
Tl velocity V . Assuming tha t the resistance of air is kv per unit mass,
where v is the velocity of the particle and k is a constant, obtain the
equation of motion of-the particle and show that the particle comes to
f- {-i ~)
I ~
2 log ( 1 +
or, v = C t 2h + l (1) rest at a height above the point of projection.
kx + 212 ·

wl
Now, when X= a,v = 0. Therefore 0= ce2.I: •+ 111+ ,;;i . . Show further th a t if the particle returns to the starting point after a
time T, its velocity then is gT - V.

He.nee C= - e- 2.1:. (~ . ....P_) If, instead of being p rojected upwards, the particle falls downwards
lka+ ~ . from rest, then ~ind the distance traversed by the particle in time t.
!

l
 ME DIUM
sTINO , h a t--m• m al
rN .A ,1.01:•s1
v, . els wit Ip .. • • •

21• ADVANCE D ANALY'.l'ICAl~ DYNAMICS _: [l~RTIC/, P, MorrON rticallY upwar - of the v-eloctty•
. - . r ·ected ve n-th pcwer ·ven by
A parude 1s ~ OJ resiSting as the ..., f the ascent are gt
7, i ln a med ium . d the space ~ o
2. A raind rop falls from the cloud with an initial velocity v,..
Assul\\i ng th,,t the d rop doos not gather furthcr moisture as It proceeds
2
vetodl)' '
Show th~l the w
Mle Utr1e T af\!
1 g!_
J 1
~
x dx
-
and that the resistance of airis ~ per unit mass, show that its veloci ty
gT _ f~ and L 1 -- 1+ x
whe.n it has fallen through a distances is given by T- J t +x" a
w11 0
21t L 2
£_11..,.-1.- ,. v 2 "' k 2 + (v.2- k 2) e- •

~ \ ,~ -;,article is projected vertically upwards with a velocity AV, the

· F n ,_ 3 show that X + LT==
or - ,
3'✓3g ·· · me
d -~- ..-hP
J u,,.,.•,.... ...
resistanee
. .ected in a restStlllg oint in its
resistance of the air being k times the velocity per unit mass. If V be the 8 A heavy particle is prOJ d be the veloci ties at any P ge
terminal velocity of the particle, then show that the greatest height varr'ing as the velocity. If v;:; ~\ be the interval betWee'Il its passa
attained by it is ~
g
l A- log (1 + A} \. [C.H. 1~84; K. H. 2000] ward and downward pa
up gh thi oint then prove that
an
- !!..
throu sP ' v
- t and V - v2 == (V + V1) e
Show that this will happen after time }'.'. log (1 + A) . v 1 + Vi- g
g
. th t nrunal velocity.
where V 1s e e . ll p·w ards in a medium,
~ particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity u and

velocity. Show that the velocity u with which the

2
the resistance of the air produces a retardation kv , where v is the
particle will return
9. A body of ~ass m. is
·
p:~)
for which the resistance is m v · .
·ected verttca Y u
i If the initial velocity be V o, then show
.
1
that it attains its greatest height at time t given by
. . . 1s
f pro1ection .
. given b 1 = 1 + -k . 1
to the point o y 2 2U tan (gf "Jc)= Vo£ (k = gc) ·
U g 1

Find also the height where the particle comes to rest. Deduce that, no matter how large V o may be; t cannot exceed
I 1
[ C.H. 1984; B.H. 1988] -- l -- 1
½1t g- I C 2 ( = 21t g 2 k- ).

5. A particle is thrown vertically upwards with a speed V. If the air Show further that if the body returns to the point of p rojection w ith
2 2
resistance be assumed to vary as the square of the speed-and to equal ) a velocity v1 , then V1 1 (g + k 2. Vo ) = g-t'o •
gravity (supposed constant) when the speed is U, then show that the 10. A particle is projected in a medium whose resistance is
. for a t1me
. le w1·11 rise
partlc . U tan- I U.
V g 'l proportional to ~e cube of the velocity and no other forces act on the
particle. While l\\e velocity diminishes from v 1 to v 1 , the particle
Prove also that the velocity with which it returns to the point of
. . .
pro,ection 1s
UV
I c. H. 1999 l
I trav~rses a distanced in time t. Show that !!.. = Zvi Vi_ .
t v , + Vi
l \. A particle . is proj~ted with a velocity V along a smooth
horizontal plane \n a medium whose resistance per W\i t m ass is
6. A particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity f in a ~ tt;0-es t~e cube of the veloc ity. Show tha t th e distance it has described
tn hme t 1s
medium wh.ose resis tance is lcv per unit mass, where vis the velocity of
the partk l.c and g is th.~ acceleration due to gravity. Prove that the µ'v t✓1 + 2µ v 1 t - 1)

·h . · . 1 . g(ek - e2) . and that its velocity is then i V_ .

t attauied by the parhd£ after time k
L ~·
1u:"1g LS 2 1 +2µV l t
 AJ)VANCED ANAJ.,Y 1'1C.Af., D\'NA.MJCs .
276

12 . A p~ r tid\:! m o ving in a tttra.i g ht

line i~ ~ubjer t lo i\
iltnoiml kv ,, per unit rnaas, whurt! v is ~.h e velooHy ~l time 1 · !\l\~\\aj
fihnW tha.L If 'l ¢ 1, 1hc1 p arl te lri w ill c o m e t\l r~at nt ho,
R j _ _ •

~
• PART1oi.~

/~rt 16
. A ptl.rlldt~ is p.roje4'ted ve.rtk ~Hy i~~i\,icud ~ under gf~vrty. The
·tJJ>i ~ ti\ lW i~ t•f llw ,,ir proch,1 ~ ~l\ accolt;.r~tt~n r.-pptlait~ I<' the v~~.tty
271

\
2 ., . 1_ , t,lRta"~~ 1
, 1 ,umprk'" IIY ~:iw,1 10 h• , where v
4
,s the ve ~~ Hy 4\nd .k l,,'( a.
1
. H - --·· fwm tht, poinl pf p rPjtw tion 4\ 1 tune t ,:;; -1_ _ , _ " · M\~ 1 . . . kV)
A (2 -· 11) k (\ - ·n) • Wnew o \a ~,o.nsH\l\t. (i tlw in~trnl vel.Q9.1ty t,\! V 4'rn.l the ~affi Q.f ··\~- ~~, he:
th!'il tnHH'.tt bp~ed .
,,\¼f,ll,l<'.' l\l{t th~n s.h\)W thM Uw sr~t~t '1lt:\h,de ~ vhf{i by th~ p,t.\ rt~c~
Wha.t h/;\pp~ru, wh1;.1n (u) ri - t, (h l < n < 2,
f\f\d (1b 11 > i ?- (r ) n,,. i Is
Vl tV"
u. A pMltrlv lb proJ~, h~d w Hh " v~\i, f lty \I !\l(\nu " ·
1
" . ·llkli\ \ \)tl\
2~ - ·l £' '
h,1.d 11-w,tf\ t phint,, 111 i\ 1ni,~hun wh11~ rc~1:.i ~" r' '" •c1\1.l \H\ lt H\.,i,,..~
·1 l . ,·i l i
I w \'~ onw. ~~~ IU\V t HH l,it~ Vtilu1 lt\' (' ~th11
1n U,ilt um« ~m i ~ IVt\n \l y
1
~
~n.1 th~ 1\i~t \ \. .
1U ~W!\
\¥ \ 'Q{t
I,\ '""", u . lf
\ '\;!~\lr\lY ,
th\.1 \\is~\'\\\W\') h ~ \'-i\'f~"l·t,w~aA \\\ t~'@- t\•., iot\ r"'''-' \\' ,. . {
nu~n \""'"~ tt\,, t Hw ~,~r~,· <\t t« ~\\\\"\~ t\\ ~,~~-t:h \ ~~,~w
~

,tw h~\hrJ.li( p,\\\\t Wh\1-\\ \\\\\\'U~ \'\\ a V~l'H\''l.\.\ \t\\'¢- ""'~ ~ i"'\.·W\\ \'s '~~ ~
t' ""'

p,,, Ud ,-1 h\Hll i h •m n

Vr 1., tll\d ./ ·- \' \I
~
1-. \ h \ ,, m""'hnn1 tn wh1\ h ltw 1w-i, , \IW\'
~· 41 \

t~'"''' 't' ,,•\\,~,, n ,~\\'1¢.\ ~1,,l ~ \~,,h ,if w~, \~\~ \~,~~ !: ~ t~
Ht, (tt ) '-\
ltt kv i pv, \\\\ll m~,- • 1~, ,w,, \\\,,1 \hv , h 11i ti\ llH1 tol\~n h, Hrl\o « ~:. ,~,·,,,lw,\ \.~ \µ.r ~ x ,,t \hi.!,,,~ ~\\\\'\\·.
i ln~ ,·,t~h \t ~g~)
\\i, .-\\~ \\KW- l'i:\ \l..'t h\'\.\ \ \\\li~ \ \ "\\\ ~ ~ , ~\Y\\ ~ ~, \\\\$;'~\ ~ ~'~""'~" \ \l\~
,,t
nw"~ l\\\\\,\~w~ \\J..'lt \"1,, ~,,,,.,~ whw~ \'\\~,,\:I, M t~¢- ~\~\W \\I;, ~~ \ ~"'\\'"'• 1~
( I ti\\ \~\\' \'\ \\\ ~\\\ '(\\' \\\, \\\\ i:\\\\,\\\,\~\ ~\\" \\ V\\, ~~ ~~ \ ~ '-,' \\~ \t \X
\ ~ ~'\'\~
H ''"' piHt\d, 1 Wt\\\) t\tl\ N \\t\H~ · HWH l iH\\'-\t \f\i,\\ thv- ,l (:tl\.\ !\\~ '\UI\\
(\\1h\,\\ h\l--h 1\\' thu hiutw~\ \ \ IH\\ \t\ Ow poHI ,...1 ,W\,\\ \ i\V<,. t h~,,\ t\w.,~• t,,~,1., "'' \{,v.- "''"~\\\,\,\ \ ~ \\•J \' ~ ~~
w,..;~\\."\\'""' "''
t~ ~\\\" 1'~,·v~,1,.'\h1 H\\\\ \ iih,,,w ~\\
~ h\~l ~ \, \ ( ✓~i \, whv~,~ t , h ~\\\ lh 'll. \h\1 IIH\\I 1,, 1\\ h H1\ vw "~~~, ~~~\
~ .

~,i,~, ,h. 'l ) - \

t\
\IA\ ,\ pt\\ l\\ \\\ h,,H~ lH t\ \\
H~ \"t \\\ij \\W\\l\\\\\. wh,vt\ 1 h \.\o \:e \,\\l\ ·t• , ,Uh'-
, ~-h¼\\\'· ft\,,\\\' H,~t t\w pt\ W , -\v, ,,\ ~
1\~ \ \\\ hl v~ tH~H\
1,_ \\\\• "-'\'i-M"~ ,-1 Hw
'"'t <\\ , ,\1uv- nw h"1H\\\\\,\l w~11t\\'
at\\~~\ b t\\

\\1. i\
l~vt
h~,, \":\-\\.\\.~ \'• '\"-'\j,,~•,,_\ ' "'~'~\.\ ~ - ~ :,,-.,,, \, ~~ ,\ ~~~~
, ht\,i \\.~ \\ij_ ,~mh,\\\ ,m,l ~ "''' th-'\ \h~ ' '"\\•\ h 1 tv-,,\ h t ~\\,\ ~w\\l,,\ \i.: \\'·\W,•\\ \~ ,t,i\'&.\\\c\ \, , · h\\ ~\>-~ ,~~ \{""' "-\t\l,..\,~ , -t \~ \ ~,;,\",,,\- \~ ~ ._, ~~~-4,~-
\.\\\~ i \ '~ \\1, \t"' \ \~ \lq \\\l ~'1,\~ ~, ~ ~~, V~\ t'\~~ ,,~ ,\\ ~,,:~'~'-~"!I~~
~ \.~\Jit.h I l,;, )\ h\•\\\~ \h \\ \ \\cH\\\\\l\\ \ \ 1.\\-l,\ \ \ \
\~,¼,,\ ,\\, ~w ,, .\, ,\\._,, ,, 11ol,,\,,· ~\t ,~ l\""'",~ "~~ , "~\ ! ,·· \\~ 'V,;,-

$ '\ \ f'\ \·'-;\\\\, .\l\-1 ,,t \\\1\ ~ "''\\'!!\,\\\\ ijh\\ (\\ th>\\ l ~ \
1,/;t , ~, \\ .. \ \\\, \ , '\ 1
\'\ \tw h"'''' "' " t,"\).~ '~' "'' ~ ., ~ -~ \ '*' \\.'""~~,\-+.i. \t~ ,1.'l-.~x~..,~;,..;\,,~~~~>
•\\\.\\:\.~~~~\.~, ,w~,~, >..\ \, ""~,,~,w.,~ ~~~~,~~
.\
I i, I.. ~- ti \ '1.'1 \~\H\\\\ h\\\ \\ \ \'-'!½' ,\ 1 1\\, \ l\ ' " ~,~\"\ \\ , ~ ti\\' \ \~\\\.\ \.\\•W-
~ \ l-t \\\ \h, 1 ~1,J\H, ~ ·- ~\\,~\\ ~~~~~-8!'
11
i\ \ \ 1 h" ,\.\ ·
\;\\ \ W,\ \ \ ' ' ~ \ \1, \\\;~'ll. ,\w
~ \
~h \ \1.•,\\'1-\ ,,, h \' t~"¥'\~
n . ~n q ~I.\_, . 1.t,j\ ' \ \ t , ,,
,v~\
~
\~\-\\ \.W\"' \~\\\";;.iA\, '"' w.~~"' , ,~~A~~~.~ ~'"'' ,~~~
~ ,i,

V,~ t+.~ ,..,'A;'\~,~

\\,,, \_ \hv, ~hWi \, "\\\¥\t\Y t\\ ;\\\\\'\~ ,~ \\ ~\),\W e ' . ,, ~l\ \\~\"\,\ "'-¥ ~~,,~,..~~¼~ \\\ ,\ , ~\:\~ ~ ~•··\ ,\w,h \ - \N•- ~ ' \'1-...\,..~,, ,,~, ~~
\W~h.,, H\,~ . \\l~hi~1, \'-\ 1.,, ""'"'' ,. \ \ \ ' , ~ ~ \\\\\,\!;'\')-\~,;\\:\ \1' ~~~\ \\\.~ , ,'\i\ '\, ~¾l.\~ ~ \
. . . .. ...
\ \ \\ \-\ v, h ,.."'\~\•>H\• \ " .. t.\'".,,\ \~ \ '
, , , \~ • . ~,\ \\\\\\ m .\H \'\\ \\1 "
♦ \'' ,~w ' "\•\\'"'' \\\\ \\ ..\\,,,,
...,1.,~1.,\, \\ 'i \H\l~ \\\ \ \ \\"' ~\\\ \1.,\t' \ · " . ~\~ · , \ ..i.~l n ' \\ ~" \ h
\f'-\' , q ~ -"; ~~,\\~\~\ .\
\
t
,... \'. \ \
\ .
t \ .Ju t-
~ ,~
:i
~ ....
" . .'-':.,,.
j. ·.:, \
'\;\ \
;
' '- '
\~1-N~~M~·~
.
\ h ,\l \1W ~\~\.~• :q\y.;.-.\ ,t\•,,~\ \\\ n m,, \\ \ \\ ... ~ ~» \ ~.;~~\.,\ \, ,\ ~.;., , u ,\ t.;,u....:...... ~..... i>~b:,,,\,\1.1."l,\tl. t ~ ._ \~.., , -',l),:,, '\,\~,.,,.._~~\~
~\\,, t\. "~ . ,~,..""~ ""~ ..., ..
· , 1. , hv," \ · ~ , . ~ ' ,\\ +.
..,,_<,;. , ,; : ~ · · """ ••
\
t'' i ' v · t,: ,
p
=- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- _:·_,
276 ADVA NCED ANA LYTI CAL DYNA
MICS . p~
7'Icr.,~
12 . A partic le m?vi ng in a straig 1:t line is subje MOTI ON IN A RESI STIN G MEDI
UM

\
amou nt kv" per unit mass , w here v ct to a r e ~ 277
1s the veloc ity at tim t ationo f
Show that, if n < 1, the parti cle
___ from the pomt
_u2-n .
o f proJe
. .
will come to rest a~ a
.
t = -=--
~t:.
0. 16 _ A partic le is proje cted vertic ally upwa rds unde r g,:avi ty. The
resist ance of the air produ ces ~ accele
k (2 - n) chon at time ul-n
-- h ilnce d nume ricall y equal to kv , wher
rati~n oppos ite _to the vel°? ty
the initia l speed . k (1 - n) _. w ere u is e v 1s the veloc ity and k is a
an tant If the initia l veloc ity be V and 2
What happ ens cons · the squar e of kV can be
and (d) n > 2°?
when (a) n = 1, (b) 1 < n < 2, negle cted, then show that the great est
g
(c) n == 2 altitu de reach ed by the partic le
~3. A partic l~ is pro~e cted with is
a veloc ity V -alon g a smo
honz ont~l plane m a medi um wh?s V 2 kV"
e resist ance per unit mass is k ~ th
the veloc ity. Show that the veloc ity 2g-~·
v after a time t and the distan es
in that time are given by 17. If the resist ance, be propo rtiona
ced l to_ the fourth powe r of the
veloc ity, then prove that the ~er ~ of
v = Ve - •' and d = kV (1 - e -1: ') •
m ~oun
the highe st point when movi ng ma vertic ~s at a depth x ~eet ~low
al line unde r gravi ty will be
14. (a) A parti cle falls from rest in a medi
is kv 2 per unit mass . Prov e that the
um in which the resistance
dista nce fallen in time t is
E tan m:x when rising and E tanh m:x when fallin g, wher e E is the
termi nal energ y of the medi um.
½
log cosh (t -.fgf).
18. A partic le falls from rest unde r gravi
If the parti cle were ascen ding, then prove ty throu gh a distan ce x in a
medi um,th e resist ance of whic h varie
insta nt b elow that the distan ce at any s as the squar e of the veloc ity. If
the highe st point o f the path is v be the veloc ity actua lly acqui red by
it, Vo be the veloc ity it woul d have
.!. log acqui red, had there been no resist ance
k
sec (t {if), wher e I deno tes the time to attain the greate termi nal veloc ity, then show that
in the medi um, and V be the
st hcighL
(b) A parti cle falls from rest Wlde r
a resist ing medi um, whos e resist
gravi ty, £:0m a height h in
ance varie s as the squar e of the r.£_1 =
~v 0 )
1- ! r~1 + _1_r~, __ r~, + ..... .
l
veloc ity. Show that the partic le does
not acqui re the termi nal \lelocit_Y
2
\V) 2.3 \ V) 2.3.4 \ V)
durin g its moti on and show that 19. A heavy partic le is proje cted vertic
the time to reach the g.r oun9 is ally upwa rds in a mediu m
£ cosh - 1 (e'7), cbeing the terminal velocity. whos e resist ance varie s as the squar
energ y k in its upwa rd path at a given
e of the veloc ity. It has kinetic
point . When it passe s the same
g
(c) A parti cle of mass m falls unde r
a dista nce x starti ng f rorn res·
const ant gravi·ty throu
t A small resist ance per urut mass
.
gh point on the way down , show that its
k ' is the limit to whic h the energ y
! 2
loss of energ y is k k, , where

. th articl e Show appro aches in its down ward cours e.

th
equa l to k times e squa re o f the
. speed
. acts on e p
·mate l m x(l. - lex), \ 20. An attrac ting force varyi ng as
that the kinet ic energ y a~ui red
n eglec ting high er powe rs of kx.
is approXl y [J
H. 20011 unit mass initia l! y at rest at a distan ce
when the partic le is at a distan ce x
the distan ce acts on a part!.cle of
a. Show that~ if V be the velocity
and V' be the veloc ity when the
resist ance of air is taken into accou nt,
• r unit mass
15. If the ~ist ~ce- be ~edat an angle and the partic le slides on a
2

~ to the vertic al, then show i then

sn1.ooth stnug htdw ne
that the space s escn
-:c!1:
time t from rest is given by
i V ' = V { 1 - !. (2a + x) (a - x) l (nearly),
• 3 a+x f
ek• = .!.2 ( e ', + e - ' ' ), wher e c i = kg cos 41 • the tesis tan~ being k times the squar e
Stnall. of ·the veloc ity, where k is very
 S : p,1.,
ADV ANC ED ANA LYTI CAL DYN AMIC ,~'J'I ctE
278 IUM
. II ----.. ..._ MOT ION IN A R ESIS TING MED 279
. partic le is proje cted vert1 ca y upw ards With a Velocjh,
. . g 2 •
21.A heavy hme s the squa ~~~,,
. ed" m whos e resis tance 1s 2u tan· a . Answ ers
uma m rn will retur n to thee k )
. being a const ant. Show that the parti cle
. g - kl
gt ;z(e •
1 (
4. ll log I+gu
1 _
a . ft 1. 7c+, - 1).
veloc ity, a a )er a time
Point of proje ction with veloc ity u cos 12. For (a) and (b), the partic le never
comes to rest in finite time but
u ( cosa · [ N · B· H. 2on,. (c) and (d), the partic le never
-g cot a a + log l -sm . .a · ~J the displ acem ~t !~ds ~o a finite value . For
displa cemen t is also not finite.
come s to rest m fm1te time and the
r ~om the centr e of the
fr~m rest a! a dist~ ce
22.A parti cle falls moti on meet mg with a smal l resistan ~ linea r moti on in a resis ting medi um.
rth whos e radiu s is a; the
in a mediu m wh.ose resistance
ci~ v and the ret~d ation beii; A partic le is projected under gravi ty
;opo rtion al to the squa re of the ve!o the path of the particle if it be
µ for unit velocity. Show that the
kmet 1c ener gy at a dista nce :x from equal s to mk times the veloc ity. To find
a to the horizon. (Projectile)
projected with a velocity u at an angle
the centr e is mga
2
{ ½-} + 2µ (1 - ; )- 2µ loge -;} , The origi n of the system of co-ordinat
and the
es is taken at the point of
vertic al lines throu gh this point
proje ction and the horiz ontal
the squar e of µ being negle cted. and y-axf:!S respe ctivel y. Let, at any time t, the partic le
are taken as x-
n of the p articl e are
- · 23.(a) Two parti cles move in a
med ium who se resis tance varies be at P(x, y), so that the equat ions of motio
let fall from a heig ht h and the , (1}
as the squa re of the veloc ity. One is x=-k vcos 111 =-k!! !_ _dx= -kdx .. .
cted upwa rds at the same insta nt with initia l velocity T dt ds dt
other is proje
a heigh t h. Show that the parti cles meet at a kdy
dt. dsy - g = - dt - g .
1cv· 'I' - g = - kdsd -. . (2}
suffic ient to carry it to ..
and y = - sm
n by cosh ucos (a -u) = 1,
depth y below the high est poin t give Integ ratin g (1), we get
2 gh = V
2
log sec a, V being the terminal
wher e gy = V log cosh u and log .i = - kt + A, A · being a constant.
velocity. Now x = u cos a at t = 0 . Theref0£e...A
= log (u cos a ).
(b) In a resist ing medi um, wher e
the resis tance varie s as the x
ical bodi es are let fall from the same log u cos a = - kt
squa re of the velocity, two ident Henc e
val t. Show that the distance . ., (3)
posit ion at insta nts separ ated by an inter .i = ucos a .e-kt
e vis the limit ing velocity. • or,
betw een them tends to the limit vt, wher [ B. H. 1990) Integ ratin g once again, we get
, . . . (4)
upw ards with a x = _ ucos a e-/ct + B,
verti cally
24.(a) A heav y parti cle is proje cted s as the cube of
k
um, the resis tance of whic h varie wher e B is a constant.
velocity U in a medi we have B = (uco.sa )/ k ·
the partic le's velocity. Show that the 2
heig ht to whic h the particle Now, when t = o, x = 0; hence, from (4),
2 .u v
v2 .
Subs tituti ng for Bin (4), we get
- UV ~ + ~ t a n -1 ~ ,
v2 u2
ascends is -lo g + . .. (5)
6g (U + V)
2
18✓ 3 g 3✓ 3g V./3 x = .!.uc osa (1 - e-kt).
termi nal veloc ity. k
wher e V is the
Integ ratin g (2), we get
(b) ~ partic le is proj_ected verti cally
upw ards with a velocity u log(k y, + g) =-kt + C, where C is a const
ant.
.
is kv4 per unit mass v being the fl=
ma r:11edmm whos e resist ance st Agai n we have ' usin a at t = 0.
th e partic le and k is a cons tant. Show tha; the greate
velocity of Ther efore C = log (ku sin a + g) . . .. (6)

heigh t reach ed is _l_ tan - 1( {f

2) l N. B. H. 2006] Thus ky + g = (kusi na + g)e- •
11

2 /fi Vi" ·
280
:ADVA.fv
CEDAJv.
On fu rther,~t · ALYT1c.A r
~ Dy~,
egrati •v¾Ics A RESISTING MEDIUM 281

---
.Ul
on, we hav : PA.Jt Mo1'fON~~IN~::. ....-----------------
ky + gt - ku · 'I'Jcu,
-- ~ e
~ . f m the equations (3) and (6), it is seen that as t ➔ oo, .i ➔ 0 and
where D . k e- k' + D Again, ro . . . . .. .
ts a constant. , £ H nee the particle will then Just attain the !muting velOC1ty.
. _..-k. e
(7) 1J T find the range R on the horizontal plane, we p ·.1t x = R and
Now, when t == 0 Note 2. 0
' y =: O; hence . y::Oin (9).
Substituting th. (7) gives D:::: ku sin er.+ t2.4. Illustr ive Examples.
lS value of D . ~
ky + gt == ! . in (7), We get Ex. . l re a e va~ as _the veloci~ and the range on the horizontal
k <ku sin a+ lane thro he point of P:OJ~Ction be ~mum, t~ ~ _that the angle
g)(l_ Ck') . ~ which the direction of pro1ection makes with the vertical is grven by
From (5), we have
1- e-A:t_ lex
--.;.:__
... (8)
log ( 1 + A. sec a ) = A. ( i: ~ 0
::a ),
u cos ex.
Therefore t_ 1
--klog
(
u cos ex ·
t--E._J where ,., is the ratio of the velocity of projection to the tenninal velocity.
.[C. H. 1994; V. H ... 2002)
Substitutin f
particle as
.
g or t in (8), We get the equatio f th If V be the terminal velocity, then g - kV= 0, giving V = 1, where k is a

_ g I ( lex ] ( n ° e path of the t:9nstant.

Y -p og 1 - - Equations of motion are
X
u cos a + ~ u sin a+
)
9) f . ... ( d 2x
-= - kv COS\jl= -
ds
k- ·
dx
-= -
tb.
k - (1)
dt 2 dt ds dt
Cor. The particle will be at its grea test h eight
. H when -dy = o 6 . ds du du
dt ' and 2
=- kv sin 'I'- g= - k - · =-- g= - k =-- g. (2)
that is, dt dt ds dt
From (1), on integration, we get
e-1:,= _g ,from(6). log x = - kt + A, where A is .a constant.
ku Slll a+ g
Now, at t = 0, x = u sin a; therefore A= log (u sin a).
Therefore T = time to attain the greatest height H Hence log x = - kt+ log (u sin a) .

=¼ 1+>• t'} Thel'.efore .i = u sin a. e - k 1•

From (2), on integration, we get
log ( g + ·kfl ) = - kt + B, where B is a constant.
... (3)

Then H is given by the equation (8) as

Now, when t = 0, y = u cos a, so that B = log ( g + ku f05 a ) .
u sin ex - ..£_ log ( 1 + 1cu sin a ) . Hence log(g+ Icy)= -kt4 log(g+kucosa).
H= ~ k2 g
This gives g + Icy = (g + ku cos 41 e - k t. (4)
the equations (5) and (7) that as
rtical asymptote From (J), we have, on integration,
• t. It is evident from the path has ave
Not,... u cos a d Y -+ _ oo·. Hence 1t
-+.::.--an .. x= - k sin·a. ,- kt+ C, where Cis a constant.
t -+ - , X · · k · ........rtion.
u cos a from the paint of p,..,,. .~-
1.. -,...,nntal distance ~
atanou-- -
• 282 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE

To find C, we have at I = 0, x = 0. Therefore C = i sin a .

µO'f'JON TN A RESISTING MEDIUM

putting these values of t and e- kt in (7), we get

283

g I ku + gcosa. kucosa + g ·
Hence x= "i sin a ( 1 - e - k1) • k og g cos a = -:--k-:(k,....u_+_g_c_os2._a._) ku
... (5)
Integrating (4), we get kV log ku + kV cos a _ kucosa + kV
or,
k kV cos a - k (ku + kV cos a) ku
1
gt + ky = - -k ( g + ku cos a ) e - kt + D where D i·s u + V
Vlog V cos a U·--- ucosa. + v
' a constant. or,
cosa u+Vcosa ·
1 (
Now, at t = 0, y = 0 ,· hence D = k Now u=AV .
g+ ku cosa) .
Therefore VIog "'V + V cos a = lV •-:-:----
l V cos a + V
Therefore gt+ ky= g+ ~ cosa (1- e-kt).
V cos a lV + v cos a.
. . . (6)
or, Iog(l + Aseca) = A(l + lcosa)
A+ cos a
To find the range, we have y = 0 and hence from (6), we get Ex. 2. A particle, maving in aresisting medium, is acted on by acentral fora
gt= k1 (g+ ku cosa)(l- e-kt).
~ . If the path bean equiangular spiral of angle a, whose pole is at the centre
... (7)
r
offorce, thenshow that the reszstance
. zs. -n -3
- .-µcos a
-
Putting the value oft from this in (5), we get the range 2 r"
In an equiangular spiral of angle a, we have ♦ = a .
R=· 'i sin a ( 1 - e - k 1 -) • . .. (8) Let R be the resistance per unit mass.
Equations of motion along the tangent and the nonna.1 are
. dR
Now, for maximum range, da = O. dv µ
v - = - -cos ♦ - R
ds r" (1)

Then. from (8), we get v2 µ .

and -=-sm ♦ . .. (2)
p r" .
, o= i cos a ( 1 - e -
let
) + u sin a . e
-kl dt
• da ·
.. . (9)
From (2), v2 = ..e_ sin ♦• p .
r"
. th
e curve p = rsma, p = r -dr = r coseca .
Differentiating both sides of (7) with respect to a 'we get But, m .
dt . dp
g ) - = u sm a ( 1 - e - kl) ·
... (19)
- kl _ Therefore v 2 = ~ sin a co.sec a = ~ , since ♦ =a . (3)
{(g + lcu cos a ) e da ,"- ,"-
Differentiating both sides of (3) with respect to s, we get

Eliminating El. from (9) and (10), we get 2v dv = - (n - 1) ..e_ • ~

ds r" ds
da · . - 1c1 _ o
ds -_ cos ♦ _
2 dv = n - 1 µ
- kl - g I + ku sm a . e - or, v- ___ ._cos a, since dr -cosa .

or,
cos a ((g+ ku cosa)t
(ku+gcosa) .t
- let -
-
g cos (X
ds 2
Now, putting the value of v:
r"
in (1), we get

_ kt _ _
8 cos a_ . - n-l . ..e...cosa = _..e_cos ♦ -R .
or, e -1cu+gcosa 2 r" r"
_gcosa_ _ Therefore R = n- µcosa since ♦ =a .
3
1 2 ° fll I
Therefore t == - k log ku + g cos a

&
- ZB(j
ADVANCED ANAL YTlCA/, DYNAMICS , p
. . -- · · - · - . --
~
_. • 'Alt't•lctlt.

- 'b) A pitrtide moves with a centra l accolera ti cm /' 111 _·_. ·

~ . , _ ( 1--~ )2 S·h · arn1>.<J1u
·f Wch the re8istance ts k . vc V\.,ty , ow that the cqoatl . t't\,
o w. on to ltt
path. ,s a2 u F ~
- z + U ;:;: 7"'7" e2 I
d0 h0 u
h 5 is the length of the arc described and h0 i,; the initial rn
~ =~entum about the centre
o " dh
of force.
da
I C JI. l(J(J6; v H -~r:;~_t
. · 'V06 j
[ As in the previous sum, dt II' - kvh ,.. - kh dt .
dh kh . . h h - h
Therefore ds "' - , giving "" o£ ·

Tl,u6 F•h'u'(u•:;)•h,,'u',-"'(u+ ~) I
8'. ff a-particle of mass m be acted upon by equal constant fore:~
mf tan:gentially and no1'mally to _the _pa_th and i~ the rai5c~ ht
·,tf.; f k2, then prove that the intrinsic e.quat1on of the path is
y (,e2fiif k1 - J)-= u2 (e 2i:v -1), where u i.s the velocity of proja:tion_
I 1/ H 1992 1
dtJ . u1 ,,,
rfbe <:quatiotis of motion ate m'D th "' mf - m kl / a.nd mp "' ,!If .
it a O.J
f.he i,ni:i,-fal-. aittditfon3 a:re o/ = 0 and u "' u when
, . A, pa.1rti:de moves in a resfSting 01::edhnn with a given cmtral
aeceteration f . Tue path of the particle being g:iv-en. show that the
t£Jistana is
fV. H. 2005 !
 ·--
---
zss
.
ADVAN CED
' ANALY TI CAL DYNA MICS : PARTICLE;

_ dy and hence (1) gives mv dv = - mg dy,

Now sin 'I'- ds
,__
--
coNST RAJNE D MOTION

W e consid er the particl e to move O th

th. eq
e
· ·
uation o f motion m the norma l nd" eouts
.
. 1de of the circle H
289 \
vi 1rection is • ence l'~-
1 mv1-
.
. h on integra tion.gi• ves z
W h IC, - C- mgy , . . . (3) m--;;- = mg cos e _ R.
.
where C IS an arbitra ry consta nt.
Theref ore R = mg ( 3 cos ~ cos Cl) .
y

Fig. 13.2 (a)

I Fig. 13.2 (b)
If Vo be the veloci ty of the partic le at the point (
Xo , Yo) , then I\ ,· When the partic le leaves the circle, contact is broken
we have, from (3), ½mvo 2 = C - mgyo · and we have
· · · (4) R= 0.
Subtr acting (4) from (3), we get
\:i We have then cos 8 = ~ cos a. .
!. mv 2 - !. mvo 2 = mg ( Yo- Y) · · · · (S)
2 2 The veloci ty V of leavin g is given by
To find the reacti on R, we are to put for v 2 in (2). 2
V = 2ga (_cos a. - ~ cos a ) = ~ ga cos a .
~(5), we have v2= Vo
2
+ 2& ( Yo - Y) ·
If, in partic ular, the particl e starts from the highest
... (6) point, then
/ f R - mg cos 'I' + !!! \ Vo 2 + 2g ( yo - y )) . a= 0 and in that case ,
~ ere ore - p
d p and cos 'I' and y2 = 3ga.
.
From the given equat ion f the curve we can fin
o '
hence (6) gives R • ..
1~ - : :cle inside a smQOlh vertical cittle.
- / /
~g.,,,~ in a vertical circle, a heav y~.desuch
be allowe d to s!id-e-froll\
that L AOB = o and
. Suppo se a partic le of mass _m is projected from the
lowest point A
7 . t B at rest ( Vo= 0 ) to the Poll\ with a veloci ty u along the inside of a smooth vertical
circle whose
a pcm - 0 then the difference cent re~and AB is the vertical diameter! Let the radius
of the circle
L ADP - , - a cos a- a cos 0 be a and P be the positi on of the particle at time t after projection
. diusof such
y~ - ; : B above the level of p' where a is the ra that L AOP = 0. In the case of a circle for an arc-length AP = S, we
have
. . the vertical heigh . . en b"
tS -1
the circle. Ve OC1·ty at p 1S giv - i os e) , from (5) . s~ ,so that s= a0 and s= a0 .
v 2== 2ga(c osa c
 ('ON8'ffM(NlW M07WN

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ll ttwpnrtkl\l rti&d10~ tht; ht~lw?it pr int 1

Al th~i hi~h~ t l111in1_!I, W\l h,M,1

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t'\\\\,~ \~ 1< ~- ))$'~ . ~h\..\l \ I<. l:i p\,~\\l.ni M~I H1\' p;,.\t'Hd \l ,,•.Utr\Ut l~w
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.1111\ It K• Vwt,,,,~ • \I, . \h"'1 "''' \\ - :fl l ' ). t1w1 \•t\
\'tv \'~\l~l\,~ \~\\l't~,•~IJll-t\\"4.

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Iii )t ~~\\\~~
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t.,~\,~
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~.?
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1., th-,~\,\~ j , ~
'
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lJ. ~ 1., tn~, ·0t- ,~t N:.w~~•.\~~~t-~~\~"~ ~,1.-).\~l~~~~\'.~·

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'ti\~ i "' \\'\lo \ "!, Y-~.1-~ ~~~~t. "' ~ " 1..
,
"
r

YTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE I CONSTRAINED MOTION

293

292
ADVANCED ANAL

Rwill not vanish. Henc~ghth

. h somewh ere
in the first quadr ant
If u 2 < 2ga, then v will ~ d e will return to the lowest
! the second quadra nt
.
pomt an
and
d
1
I
l article tied to one end of an inexten sible,w eightless
other end of which is fixed to a rigid suppo
fixed positio n
rt
as
and which
centre is
string, the
oscilla
called a
tes in a
simple
vertical circle having the
same he1 t
ill rise to the
w - - - -. results
------=-have pendulum.
us we the followm ciliates on each side of the
article OS
~ if u z < 2ga, then the p -
article leaves the curve and

) lowest point ;
(ii'' 1 if 2ga < u z <.5ga,
describes a parabo 1a ,
then.
th
1 e
(The partic e mo
pves under gravity with certain
.

initial velocity.) . akes a comp lete revolu tion.

z 5 then the partic e m
1
th vertica l circle startin g
(iii) if u > ga,
. be 0 ·ected down a smoo expres sions for v and
Cor. 1f a particle _ P~ J ·ty u then the
1
from the highest point with a ve oc1 ,
R Fig. 13.4
A
lum when the
'Let us find the time of oscillation of such a pendu
oscillation is small.
of th~ar_ gcle
Let O be the_fixed poin~ 3/'d A be the lowest positio n
n of -the particl e at time t , such that
of mass m. P 1s any positio
s and L AOP = 8. T being the t~~ of the strjng,, the
arc A:=
equation of motion in the _dir~tio n of tangen t at P is--------
---
d2s . . . (1')
m dt2 = - mg sin 8 .
Ftg. 13.3(b)
d by 6--and
given oy If 8 (in radians) be very small, then sin 8 may be replace
R at any point outside the smooth vertical circle will be we have
V 2 = U l + 2ga ( 1 - COS 8 ) d2s
d/2= - ge.
\ and R= ml 3g cos 8- 2g- •:}
If/ be the length of the string, thens= / 8 ands·= I Ei,
so that the
iamef'er of the .
\ where 8 is measured from the upper vertical semi-d equatio n of motion becom es
circle and a is the radius of the fucle.
Note 1. In the case of motion of a bead on a smooth vertical
circular wire, ~ - 8. . .. (2)
u 2
> 2Jlg and < Sag, dt2 - . - I 0.
the bead cannot leave the circle. In such a situatio n. if
nt and changes
then the pressure vanishes somewhere in the second quadra This is a simple harmonic motion, the period
of a complete
it begins to press -
sign, so that instead of the bead pressing the wire outwards, :- oscillation being . ·
inwards.
Note 2. ln-c.ase a particle ~ging from a fixed point by a light
inextensible 21t --ff.
g
pro;ecte d horizon tally with a velocity , the motion is exactly ~ same
string is
reaction R is ~ be
as that of a particle inside & smooth vertical circle. Only the '• .
the circle by~ length of the stnnS·

u
replaced by the tension T and the radius of

r
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ff/ i J
,1,,11 I/IP pert~>+' ("/{ q~cj/lar11111 q{ lh.c /Nrt·1dp 11), lh!i El!!lH! E~ Lhi1 t
nj a .· / Ib
~, cjjll~d th1: lfJ l(Hi'~ ifl/11 c, !'!!ifJJ!.~
111 JJJfll; ,;:· l]lnJpllJ Ill tj.J7 ""' !Ill/, ~">W 1y
pimdll/u m q
, f Jat'~ ~nd k /tj
1
1
·- l.!.!!lJ!lJJ11 ;.
f,ir th~ mot1cm giv~y
'.!,
F ;/JJ % ., I
t/f. 7 ..,_ ,4.µ
d 'i:::: - ..R. X 1
l)f,
di l {/ Ill
. f/ 1// 0 wh.J,ch. m~w~#wt ;J..1~_TJ:l,/:/f¥,n J1:1~ 1 y1 tt ,1: u.u.i,t~iJI ,l,/41...u.~,.1.. -~+'-:f.
1; /
. ,
the l~ngth nf the e91..uvalent s1mpltt penqul1m1 1s-:
-ft/ thl,$ ~/ ~
44
~ n of a heavy particle on•a ~mooth 'l'_:)oid. whkh ;.s mdepen4e,;i.t 'if tJ:w uc. ~8Ut 1lns ty)Jt qf ~
1, ~

~1ioo ~ in~pa ~.<>f d1.e ~ ' ~ ~~t;1~, ,.;,;;-4<~

Let the particle of mass m move on a cycloid , whose plan -:-- . which t
.;he
wit~ .its base AB horizontal and vertex O downwards. r:/~v:;ticaJ The geJler~ sqlutiop Qt (l) is
pos1hon of the particle at time t,such that the arc OP = s.
the {_r; <

$=C cos l "i t; .t1r:t } ·

Jf t be ,rneas.ured .from <th.e ~ .a t wti,icll ,tj:-,e
th.rougbO, ~ s = Owhen :t = 0. J"AA gj,Y~O= C ~.,., .
,a.~ y~

Again, if c be the ~ axe d ~ o n, ttl£'l.l

A
, --- --. -- - - ...!B s = c when i == J!; {Ig .
Hence c== C cos {½• + £ ) ,; - C sni .
Thus t= i1t and C = - e.
T
mg
J,
I Hence we have s = C cos ( ~ t + r.}=c sm (-{[; t j- ... (2)
Equation of moti.oo along the ~ ·gwes
Fig. 13.5 z
p -
m !!_= . B
mg cosy+

\
Let u be the radius of the
the .angle
. ·.
•.
that the tangent
.
generating circle of the cycloid and i,,
at p m k . .
the tangen t at 0 . Then
T
be
the
or, It= m ( g cos... + :
1
l
position of p is determined b th a es With

I
y e equation s = 4a sin \II and hen~ where v is the ve1oci1}' oJ it.he putid.e at P.
\
(
~;
ds
d . : :; 4a cos \ II
p :;; ~ Putting fot p. w.e hal-e R = • g (.\li ¥ 4 fii ~ . )
\If -~
T'he forres ~cting o.n the )ar ,
and th~re4ction Ralong th; . tide at p are r11g vertkaUy downw
ards H• ~ : ,. .. ~li; 5ee' ¥-
I norn1al ! ( ) the curve il t p .
"5 •

•
r
AMICS : PAR T1uu
#JVANCED ANALYTICAL DYN
296 /
co.vSTR.4.JNED 11ano.v
7.
~ Motion of a heavy particle on a
Let P be the posjfioo._oj Ute par:tide.
rough cyrv e.
ofmas.; m ~ t,.sud\ that the
This is a lmear ditreremiaf equa
J- I[,,, ~ , ""- - .. .
tion~who
e-
iri,,
-
se inte gtam g fartoir is.

the curve. T.hE-for ce s~ ~- t U li4ilS ,

~A P= s, A being a fixed point on ~ ::_- 'D 00 U lt;:'

-
particle are
J ff mg acting vertica.lly downw ants
t(i}" the reaction R along the normal
,
at P,
Tht6, on integration. we get
1
v Jr - • • = 2g Jp ( µ cos v- sm v >r h • av + c, . .. (3}

whe re C is a l"O:nS't:a.nt
the ta ng en t~ ( ~ the
~ -~ f~ of fridion µR along
1
p = ds and hence- (3} gr\'ES u
.
e), µ ~ ~ coefficiait Gt blCtlOn fur a givm cu:rve~w~ can find --
particle i.s mov mg down the curv
..- ::- ..,,... di¥
___
) y
-
The ,r onst ant oJ integration is detm
Tom R 1$ d:ttermi:ned from (2), by
nine d from the initial ronditioo
putt ing for o and p.
2
.

----
•ll. ~t ion of ,1 heavy particle
on .a rough cyc
slides down a rou.g h cycloid
loid.
in a
Sup pose a part ide or mas s m of the cycloid is
base AB
,-mx-al plane. Ass umt further thatnwathfrds, a being the radius of the
A honumta.J an d the vertex O is dow
of the particle at any time t and.
~n tin g circle. Let P be the position
0 T X
OP • ,. The equ:4tions of motion
are
Acl li . (1)
dv R
nw ds= µ. - mg smv
> • •

c;,ol TI\e equations of motion 11N'

I dv Vl - ~2)
~ mo ds = µR - mg un '1 m - = R - mg cos 'I' .

;f
l aJong ~ tangent in ~ i.ncr~as.mg
~ o, s
and p

l, t
and m
t,,
p == R- mg cosy ... (2)

\
, I

11
> {
0 T
I. ,mg
\
II ng, 13.7
I
!
ng it from (l}, we get
Multiplying (2) byµ and subtracti
u.v 2 : g(µ IDS
dv - ~ . • )
IJ- Sll\ljf ·
v-
ds p
r ~

ADVANCE D N.'IALYTICAL D YNAMI CS : PARTICU 299

298 CONSTRAINED MOTION

Therefore
2p
2
_!_ ( dv - 2µ u 2
d'll/
)=g ( µ cos'lf- sin'V) Hence vi - ug
- T+µI !C e 2 n - ( sinv - µ cos.-)2f,

dv 2 1+ µ2
or, tivf - 2µv 2 = 2gp(µ COS'lf- sin\jf). . . . (3) w here w e write C for C' 4ag ·
t~ Now the equation of the cycloid is s = 4a sin 'If
I Therefore v 2 -
- 1 + µ2
4ag {C e 211 • - ( sin V - µ cos ¥ Yl .
and hence p = 4a cos 'f.
Th.us (3) becomes This gives the velocity at any p osition. The constant C is given b y
dt, 2 the initial conditions.
dVf - 2 µv
2
= Sag ( µ cos 2
'II - sin 'V cos 'If ) Equation (2) then gives R by putting for v 2 and p.
= 4ag {µ(l + cos 2'j, )- sin 2'jl} , (4) 13.8. illustrative Examples.
which is a linear differential equation, whose integrating factor is Ex. 1. A particle moves unJe:r gravity in a vati£a1 c::ircl£ si:idmg dmvn the
convex side of the smooth circular arc_ If its vdocify bt> t:ha.t due to ..i foll tu &e
e- f 2"""'= e-211-..
starting point from a height h above tJie centre, then shEJW tkat it will fty off
1he solution of the differential equation is thus the circle when at a heigh!½ h abooe tM centre..
vle- 211 •= 4ag J{µ( 1 + cos 2'j,)- sin 2\!f} e- 2 11 • dv Referred to the figure of corollary of Article B.2. the i:nilial veiocity at B is

= 4ag J(µ + µ cos 2"' - sin 2'1' ) r 2

11 • d\v ✓2g ( h - O N ) = "2.g { it - a cos ex ) .
Equation of motion along the tangent is
<:pl = 4ag {- e- 211• + µe-211-.
0 2 4( 1 + µ2 ) ( - 2µ cos 2v + 2 sin 2'1' ) mv ~ = mg sin 8 .
l e- 211-.
ds

t. - 4( 1 + µ2 ) ( - 2µ sin 2'V - 2 cos 2 'I') } + C',

Integrating. w e get

It v 2
=c- 2ga cos e, since s = aa
C' being a constant
t
t
= 4age- 2 ., ,, 2 Initially ,-When V = ✓2g ( h - Q cos a. ). then e= Cl •

2( 1 + µ ) + 2 <1 - µ ) cos 2'lf + 4µ sin 2'V i + C'

2
4( 1 + µ 2 ) {- Therefore 2g ( h - a cos a ) = C - 2ga cos a . giving C = 2gk .
\. = 2age- 2u•
1 + µ2 . { - ( 1 - cos 2'lf) - µ2 ( 1 + cos 2"' ) + 2µ sin 2"' } + C'
Substituting this, we get
v 2 = 2g { h - a cos~ k ... (1)
_ 2age - 211,, • Equation of motion in the directioa of the normal is
.. - 1
+µ
2 ( -
·
2
2 sm 'fJ - 2µ 2 2 .
~os 'I'+ 4µ sm 'If cos 'I' ) + C'
mp=
v -:
mg cos 8- R.
=- 4age- 2p. • 2

1 + µ2 ( sm 'II+ µ 2 cos 2 'V - 2µ sin 'V cos 'I' ) + C'.

Therefore R = mg cos 8- ~ l 2g ( h- 11 cos 8 ) \, since p =- a.
Thus v 2=C'e2 ., ,, 4ag . When the particle leaves the circle, R = 0.
- 1+ µ2(S1I\'f/- µcos'41)2
(5) Therefore a.g cos 8 = 2g ( It - a cos 8 ) .
= ~ { l+ u2 a cos 8 = ~ = height,above the centre where the p article leaves
. • µ cos V )l } .
Hence
4age 211 -. - ( SU\
1 + µ2 C'~ -
the su.r lace.
 -· -- --- · - • - ~ 4 U\JHJ.J UlH J-UVll(.;~ : l'AltTICLE
l

· Ex. 2. A smootlt parabolic tube is placed, vertex downwards, in a vertical

plane. A particle slides down the tube from rest under the influence ofgravity .. CONSTRAINED MOTION 301

Prove that, in any position, the reaction of the tube is 2w ( h + a ) , where w

. p Therefore 2
V = 2g (11 - 1/ ) · (2)
is the weight of the particle, p is the radius of curvature, 4a is the latus rectum Equation of motion along the normal is
and h is the original height of the particle above the vertex. [ C. H. 1996 ] vi
m - = R - mg cos 111 •
p

y Therefore R = m(g cos ljl + v/ )

2
= m { g. (a; Y) + } 2g ( h- y) }, by (1) and (2)

h + a 2w(h +a}
= 2mg .-p-= p
I
Ex. 3. A particle Jails down a cycloid under its own weight startingfr°"!
\: tlte cusp. Show that when it arrives at the vertex the pressure on the curoe IS
0 X twice the weight of the particle.
We have, as usual, the equations of motion
Fig.13.8 (a)
dv . g _ (1)
V~ = - g Sin ljl = - ~ :.,
Let the equation of the parabolt with axis as the y-axis be x 2 = 4ay.
vi
\1+(~)212 m-= R- mg COS'l'- . . . (2)
p
Therefore p = dx
£Ji.2 Integrating equation (1), we get
dx v2= - _s_ s2+ C. .. . (3)
4a
2 ~ dy
or, p= 2a (l+ tan '11)2, since -d = tan'V= -X Initially, v = 0, when 5= 4a.
X 2a
= 2asec3'1' Therefore C= .L 16a 2
.
4a
=~(l+ 4ax\)=~·(i+.1l)= 2(a+y)
COS'lf COS'lf a COS'lf' .. ; (1) Hence (3) reduces to v 2 = t' ( 16 a
2
- 5
2
) ·

Equation of motion along the tangent is At the vertex, s = 0 ; hence v 2 = 4ag at the vertex.
dv ~
mo "i; = - mg sin 'II
p +
Hence, f rom (2), R = .!!!E_
·2
mg cos ljl = m • 'tU
2
• + mg= mg,
A

or, v!Ldv=-g~ - since s = 4a sin ljl and p = 4a cos 'I' ' so that, at 'II = 0, p = 4a .
s ds
Integrating, we get v 2 = C - 2gy. fa. 4. A heavy particle hangs from a poini Oby a ;tring.,of
It is projected horizontally with a velocity v,such t~t v = ( ~e+ 3 ) g.
1rftt
When y = Ii, we have v .. 0. Show that the string becomes slack when it has descnbed an ang
Therefore C== 2gh. _ 1( 1 [ N. B. H. 2005 ]
cos - ✓3 J •

U~-_ I ,
r;~
, ..
.
,...-
A.A.D-20
~~
An VA!'<:81) A_NAl,1''f_l CA_J, IJYNAM I C8 :
302_____..;;...........- - - - ----- --..:: .::...: .._ P,,..rn,,c,, /Ji
~
300 .,,,.,,_-, ,-
l;
<,'f JN .'4TllA I NE D MO'I'IO N
and L l\ () J•
l.,.(•t the particle be at P l\t tlm ~· /, ou r h th a t.I\ /' -- :1 , wherII b,.urm - ,,1,1d, ,,., h,~11 T 0
. I h(,' n1·t1~I p<>!!ltion of the port1clc. T he foro .•~ il<'l in ~ o n th!!, p11 rticlu J h •• ,i t r1n ~
A lS

~
<
plm, 1 I f1•nn:, frri m (5 ) , w<• h~v,,
(i) weight "'R
acting vertica lly downw a rd :,, l'l tf!
1;? (( J'l tt + h,i » 0
J>roi r .
(u) tciuion ;1cting ii lo ng the 9trlng to w ard ~ O
I
T3, g JVr n~ v.,. "" c~
1 ( _ -~
·u
)l
is tli c_!4 '1 = --
or,

~ r~ ,. ~ A
and m .a ~-ruar,J
0 bead s lides doum a rough circular wtre, whtdt 1r:;
lal diamete r When 11' has
phrr,e, s tarting fr o-rn res t at the end of the hor1wn
described an ang l.e 8 abcn,t tire centre, show thal
the $CfUl1Te of the an.:fUL.ar
0 T
velocity is
2
'l, ., c.o5 0-
I( 1 - 2µ 2 ) sin 0+ ~, e- " " Jt
- -~ ''
a ( 1 + 4µ- )
w/,ere µ is Ihe coefficie nt offriction and a is the radr:us
of the cucle.
A l B. H 1992; CH. :!fJfJ1 1

Fig. 13.8 (b) R

The equation s of motion are
dv
mv ds = - mg sin O (I }
µR
g v2
and mp = T - mg cos 8. (2) p
l

Now s = a9, so that ¥o = a. mg

0 From (1), we have Fig. 13.. 8 (c )
dv The forces acting on the partide are
v d8 = - ag sin 6.
(i) mg verticall y downwa rds,
Integrating, we get

l E,
lnitiall

.
Hence
y,
a
V
2

t A, 8 = 0
=

C- ,.f3.
- 3ag.
2ag cos 8 + C' where C .lS a constan t.
and v 2 = ( 2 + .../3
3 ) ag.
(3)
(i1) reaction R normal to the path,
(iii) friction µR tangenti ally .

line, the co-ordin ates of pare ( a, 8 ) .

. .
Taking the centre of the circle as pole and th e h o nz;o nt.al di.am.etet" as initial

directio ns are
01
Substitut ing in (J) ,we get Equatio ns of motion In the tangenti al and the nonnal

: V 2 = 2ag COS 8 + .../3, (4) ma 8= mg cos 8 _ µR.

Ir, ag.
F~om (2) and (4), we have
\,\ ma8r-= R - mg sinO,
Tl "'
-; ( 2ag cos 8 + V3ag ) "" T - so that ~
T--,~ mgcos 8 since V = a a and' p = "· dt = a O and V 2 = ao
P . i_

1 COS8+ ..J3g). (5)

·L
· ·,r ~

300 ADVANCED AN AL YT ICA

L DYNAM.1cs
TIO N
305
CONSTRAINED MO
get
R frnm the equations, we
Elim.mah,ng
Elim inati ng R, we get
I
j

pfa; e+ µ f12:: $, ( cos 0 - µ si n f))

(1
v ~_ µ ~P = g ( µ cos ljl - si n IJI)
:l Pre ds
A. (S 2) + 2µ e = 3£a (cos e - µs ine) .
2
v
2 · \jf
)

l is ti
ana
or, de or, 2 _d
2 ds
(V 2 ) _ µ -
P
= g ( µ COS 1j1 - Sin

Integrating, we get 2
'I' - sin 'I') .
2µv 2 = 2gp ( µ cos
I ~J 2111
'(cos 8- µ sin 8)d8
or, du
dljl
_

8 2e 211e = e
Jnte1·rating, we get

: : 3£ ( 2µ e 2
µ
8
COS 8
1 + 4µ
+ el II e Sin
2
8
v 2 e - 2µ • = 2g f p e- 2µ• ( µ cos 'I' - sin 'I' ) d'lf .
a '1'·
4a sin 'I' and p = 4a cos
Now, for a cycloid, s =
1- sinljl)dljl .
Hence l12 e-2 µv= BagJ e- 2µ• cos ljl( µco s1j
2" e2µ 0
& + f 1 - 4,i ) sin 81•
c• z = e- µ .., ( µ cos ljl - sin ljl ) .
= .:::£!. - -2 I 3µ cos Put
a 1 + 4µ 1 + µ 2 ) cos ljl dljl.
Then dz = _ e - µ .., (

a·- O= 'J . Hc.>ncc' 3£

" I ,.. 4.,· .,._
~ C• 0 Hence we have

,J lnltially,
3K 3p
~ .
2 - 2 11"' = _ -Bag-
} + µ2
f z dz= - -
4ag- z 2 +
l + µ2
A,

Therefo re C"' - a J + 4µ
V e
A bei ng a constant

Hence the result foll ow s. ... (l)

l
iµ.. ,+ A.
"'_ ~
1 + µ2
(µ cos ljl- sin \jl} 2e-

nt
gh c:yclc:d af uthid, tJ11 coefficie ons are v = 0 wh en 'V =
½n and 'I' = 0.
heavy particle slides down a rou te-.r d.otJ.muurds. Shaw thllt (i) In this case, the conditi
l a11J t'lt?r
c · 11 is µ. Its base is horizo nta (1), we get
tltf' vmex, then Putting these values in
(i) if it starts from rest at
the cusp and romes to "51 al
I 411g - •µ_ ~ µ2
2 11 ( C. H. 1986 : B. H. 1990 A= l+ µ ze - 1+ µ2
µ e •= l; 8wi lh
es(lJt angle
(ii) ~fit startsfrom rest nt a
point wlt ere the tangmt mak Therefore µ 2 = e- •µ '
wh ence µ 2 enµ= l.
at the rJer tex, tr.en
Ille l10n'zonta/ and comes to rest .,, = v" .,, = 0.
and u,
9 [ B.H.1984 ; C.H. 1984l conditions are v = 0 w h
. en ,.,
iie jl = sin8 - µ cos9. (ii) In this case, the
we get
s up the tangent. ting these values in (1),
cydoid, tht' fricti on µR a.-rt Put
The motion being down the . " 2 e- 2µ a _ 4ag µ2·
-- ~
4aR - sin u )
then A= -:-- --"- . ( µ cos 8 . +µ
The equ ations of motion are l+µ :
dt1 Therefore µ
2
e 2 " 8 = ( sin 8 - ~• cos 8 ) z
"W ; ; :. µR - "W sin \ii
or,
,1n l
 306 ADVANCED ANA l Y7'1 CAL
DYNAM!co o..) . p
300
XIII . 'lil?7tcle .J/)7
Exa mp les CONSTRAINED MOTION
g th . ular wire of
l plai 1. A particle is 'projecte d alon e mne r s Ur1a ' ce of
8. A heavy bead slid es on
a smo oth fi xed ver tical circ
1 . 1e ot. ra d 1us a, its velo city
.tca1 CJrc a sni the low est poin t with velocity just
from
vert . . a t the Jo
West p 0 ;.., Ooth radi us a. If it be projecte d radi us to
,! Pre 1 ~S
7 Jag. Show that 1t will leav
e the c· 1 ,t be· est point, then sho w that the
sv i J ire e at an .... sufficien t to carry it to the high
•
. ang ular d' "1g to the vert ical at an an gle
•t the bead is at time I incl ined
-
that
\ is t, cos ~ from the high
•
est poi nt
·
and
1 s velocity th .
en1s
1stc1n
ce
2 tan - {sinh J(g I a) t / .
1 [ CH . 2002 1
/11U ifiZ ::
radi us a. It
5 15ag . on a smooth vertical wire of
9. A particle is free to move city just sufficien t to carry
g the • . I C I-/. 2006 is projected from the lowest
point with velo
2. A particle is proj ecte d alon I that the reac tion betw een the particle and
the mn er ~ide of a smo oth it to the highest point. Sho w
circle of radi us a, the velocity at 1 g u. Sho Verticc1/ J(a / g) log(✓S + ✓6) . [C H. 1986 ]
~ bein the wire is zero after a time
2ga < u i < 5 ga, then the part icle
est poin t and will desc
will~we st
ribe
pom
a
p:a v~ ~e circ le befo re ivmgat
~at, if' ar; 10. (a) A particle is moving in
a smooth curve und er grav ity and its
Prov e that
the high ra o a who se latu ance from the high est poin t.
s rectuni is velocity varies as the actual dist
2( u i - 2ga ) 3
the curve is a cycloid. litud e
[C.H.2oos1 cycloid und er gravity, the amp
3 A ~ 1 . 27a2g3
d
(b) A particle oscillates in a
od bein g T. Sho w that its velocity at time
. pa, uc e IS allo wed to slid of motion being b and the peri
.
rest at the hi h e o_wn a smo oth vertical circle of 21tt
radius 27a from g est pom t. Sho w th at, on leav · 21th [ N. B. H. 2012]
circ1 I·t moves in a para bola who 1 mg the t mea sure d from a position
of rest is - s i nT-.
e, se atus rect um is 16a T
4 A . . a smo oth
. particle starts from rest t th . d with any velocity alon g
a
.
e high est poi n t on th e outside of a . 11. A small bead is projecte inve rsel y as the fifth
i smooth circle. Show th at the latus rect um of th circular wire und er the actio
n of a forc e vary ing
umf erence.
ribe the circ
c; particle d
s after leav ing the circle 15 . 16 _e para bola , Which the pow er of the distance from a cent
re of force situ ated on
esc
. ' v time s the radi us of the Prove that the pressure on the wire is con stan t
cud e. smo oth
a velo city v from the rusp of a
12. A particle is projected with dow n the arc.
. 5. A particle is projected fr verti 1 cycloid who se axis is vertical
and vert ex dow nwa rds,
t~ethlowest poi nt of a smo oth
cucle of radius a along the insi ~; w1 a velo cit al ca
to a Sho w that the time of reaching
the vertex is
fal y equ to that due
1 from a height ZE. . Sho w
.
4 that the particle leav es th e curve after 2J f tan - ( ; .j4 ii
1
J· [
B. H. 1981; V H.1998; K. H. 200
0]

reachin h . 3a
g a eight - and th en retu rns to th • the arc of a smo oth cycloid, who
se axis
.
2 . e pom t of proj ecti on. 13. (a) A particle slides dow n time occu pied in falli ng
6 Prove that the
· A particle is • ·
. is vertical and vertex lowest. ht is equ al to the time of falling
the highest . projected hori zon tail ~ from dow n the first half of the vertical heig
ide of a f:edwith a velocity [ B. H. 1980]
radi us a. Sh: ;mt of_ the outs dow n the second half.
oth vert ical circle of e
vertical distan thbeat it Will leav f
e the v rf tmo es on a smooth wire in the shap
the poin t : I~a circ le at a poin t whose (b) A heavy bea d of mass m slid nwa rds. ~v e that '
ce low ical and vertex dow
o proJ ecti on is .! a of a cycloid, who se axis is vert
7
. A part icle slide s d
own a smo oth
6 •
. the time taken in falling dow
n the first t
of the vert ical' heig ht is twice
[ C H. 2008 ]
be. , the axis of x last ¼'h of the vertical height.
f curv e y = a sinh ; the time of falling dow n the
po: f hohrizontaJ and the axis o !I dow nwa rd . at the cusp of a smo oth cycloid,
whose
w ere the tan
gen t
.
IS incl ined t s, star ting from rest at the 14. A particle starts from rest e that whe n i
. t has falle n
that itwi U 1. . nwa rds. Prov
le ex the hori zon . Show
to axis is vertical and vert ex dow
eave the curve When it h a fan ang nce ce mea sure d alon g the arc to the vertex, two-
as alle n thro ugh a vertical dista thro ugh half the d istan
[ C. H. 2006 } will have elapsed.
aseccx . thirds of the time of descent
 308 ADVANCED ANALYTI
300 NAMICS : PARTIC
15. A particle is
placed
very near the vertex of a
axis being vertical and vertex
RTICLE 30
ards. Find wheresmooth CONSTRAIBE DMOTION
pla off the curve.
Prove that it falls the the cycloid, the
particcle runs
distance (T+ V3 )a from the cerntreupon base of the
2\K particle slides from a cusp down
the arc of a rough cyciod,
being thecycloiradiusat a
Pro of the
the generating circle. base, the axis of which is vertical. Prove
that its velity at the vertex
wili

is t when the cycioid is smooth, the

of bear to the velocity at the same point,
Show further that the latus
and
rectum of the ratioof (e
tb
:(1+
-

p') whereu is thecoefficient offriction.

p)E,
equal to the height of the cycloid. parabola deserika [B. H 1989; C.H. 2002
is 23. A particle is projected horizontally a
velocity V along the
with
16. A particle falls from rest at the nside of vertical circle from the lowest point. Prove that, if it
Prove that the vertex of a rough
particle will leave the curve when antheinverted catenary.
3 times the vertical completes the circuit, then it will return to the iowest point with a
distance through which the path described i velocity v given by
17. A
particle swung round a fixed
is
particle has fallen
is
v= V e i -2ag ( 1 -e
vertical plane. Prove that the sum of thepoint the end of a strine in
a at
from the lowest point of
a
the particle is at the tensions of the is projected horizontally
24. A particle the lowest point after
diameters.. opposite ends of a diameter is the string when of radius a and comes to rest at
same for af rough sphere Show that the veiocity
18. A describing an arc less than a quadrant
particle is
R a (1+p*) where a
and is acted upon byprojected along the inner surface of a projection is sin a
angie subtended is the
no forces. Show that it
will return rough sphere the coefficient of friction {C. H.
1980
projection after time(e 2au- 1 ), wherea is to the point of by the arc at thecentre and u is
25. A particle slides on a rough wire in
the form of a cycloid
is the coefficient the radius
of friction and of the sphere, S= 4a sin y which lies in a vertical plane with its axi5 vertical and
V is the with such
velocity of projection. vertex downwards. The particle is projected irom the vertex
19. A bead C.H. 1981; B. H. 1982; V. H.
a veiocity u that it comes to rest at the cusp. Show that
moves
along rough curved wire which is
a 2000]
changes
that the
its direction of
motion with such that it e=+
4ag
(1+ *), where is the coefficient of iriction
possible form of the wire is constant angular
velocity. Show 26. A particle starts from rest from the cusp ot a rough ycicid.
20. A
rough equiangular spiral. [C. H. 1999|
an
whose axis is vertical and vertex downwards Show that it w come

cusps horizontal.cycloid has its

plane vertical to rest before reaching the vertex, if
A
heavy particle slides down and
cusp and comes to rest
the line
the curve joining
its
where the again at a from rest at a He?1, where u is the coefficient of friction.

coefficient oftangent inclined at point

on the
is other side of the vertex verticai
friction u satisfies 45° to the vertical. 27. A particle slides downrough cvcioid, whuse ais is
a

the Show that the that tie time oi reaching a certain point
3 juTt+ 4
equation and vertex downwards. Prove
is independent ot the starting point
the cycloid
log. (1+#) 2 =
on
smooth wire in the
21 A ring which can slide log. 2 28. A heavy bead of mass m shdes on a
in a
Pane projected from the
is on whose aus is verical and vertex upwands.
a
rough circular wire in a shape of a cycBoid,
it to the
horizontal diameter.lowest point ith such vertical medium whose resistance is mand the distane ot starting point
returns to thevelocity
show that the If the as will
velocity on arrival isring
to its lowest point,
take
thert from the vertex is c. Show that the time ot descnt oi the cusp
s

velocity of projection
(1-2u2- 3ue-*)i as
w h e r e 2a is the length of
the a s of the cyedoid
H1990:CH. OU4
(1- 212+
:

34e** )E.
 ADVANCED ANALYT
300 TICAL DYNAMI
LYTICAL DYNAMICS FARICLE
placed
29. (a) A rough
with its axis
parabolic wire, with latus
vertical and vertex rectum equal
PARTICLE
to 44,
plan projected along it from the vertex
with a wnwards. 40, iis/
veiocity u. ShowA bead is
Pro bead will first come to rest at the MOTION OF VArYING MASS
an *, that the
focal
is given by the equation
distance
listance an
is th
and u
cos
being the coefficient of friction
n =

logl n 1+1 where 1n

/2ga) 14.1. Introduction.
() A between the bead
cycloid is
placed with its axis vertical and the wira
Uptil now, we dealt with the
motion of particles of constant
mass.

upwards and a heavy

particle projected from the and ver
is But there are cases in which the particles
or the system of particles are

concave side of the curve with vertex

cusp tin such that their masses are
functions of time or in other words
mass

up the of a falling
rectum of the
velocity 2gh. Prove that thee as varies with time. In this connection,
we cite the example
its
parabola described after latus moisture from the atmosphere throughout
raindrop which acquires
where a the radius of the
is leaving the arc is motion or we consider the example of a rocket which during
its motion
generating circle ot the cycloid. h/a throws off a fraction of its
mass. In both these cases, the situation
with
cases of motion of particles
30. (a) A that shall have to study
particle starts
point of a rough circle. Provefrom rest and slides trom B.the FH. 2007 demands
varying masses.
we

thal it will leave highest

given by (1 24 ) " the curve at a point 14.2. Equation of motion.
cos
IThe particle leaves the sin 0. of mass m gains in time öt an increment öm
circle, t the reactun R 1V. H 207 Suppose that a particle with a
further that this increment öm was moving
(b) A particle falls vanishes. of mass. Assume
move with a velocity
(v ôr), while
from +

velocity u. Let the mass (m +öm)

nearly smooth position limilng
a
near the top of a of it gained
m was moving before
the point whose glass sphere. Show that itequilibrium
the with which the mass
sphere at radius is inclined will leave
v isthe velocity
the additional mass öm
angle
.

to the of the particle

au 2 vertical at an Then, in time öt, the increment of momentum
wlhere cos a
31. A small
=

and p is small coetficient of 4a/(3sin a) |. is equal to

m (v+ ov - v) + öm (v+ öv- u).

bead of mass m
triction. If this change in momentum be effected by an
external force P in
moves
being acted upon by
a central
on a
smooth circular wire
time ot, then the impulse of the force is P. 8t.
within the circle situated attraction mu(distance) to a point with impulse, we have
at a distance b Equating the change of momentum
in order that the bead trom its centre. Show ôv- u) P. 8t.
that,
m ôv + öm (v + =

may move like o. &m and

velocity at the completely round the circle, its Neglecting small quantities of the second order
point of the wire
nearest
the centre of torce dividing by 8, we get
be
less than y14ub/(a -b )}. must not
m+- P
32. A
inside of particle projected horizontally
is
In the limit, when ôt »0, we have
that the rough vertical circle from with velocity V along the
a

velocity atparticle reaches the lowest m = P+ u , that is, (mo) = P+

that point if the the highest point of thepoint. Assumng dt
coefficient of friction circle, find its This is the equation of motion of the particle of varying mass.
be. Cor. This equation of motion may also be written
in the form
15. At Answers
horizontal distance a(r+1) from
a
P=m+(v-u)= m+V,
dt
if matter be emitted at a constant
32.
e2" + the vertex.
dt

1+4u 2-1}+ rate with velocity V relative to the particle.

24 -1)P.
 Note 1. If
= 0,
DYNAMICS PARTIC
300
second law
then we get (nD)
in its =
P, 313
fundamental form. which MOTION OF VARYING MASss
E Note 2. If m be
gives Newtow'
plan constant, then we have
Prov
motion is P
=mf, f being the dm0 and
=0
the
14.4. Illustrative Examples.
acceleration. freely in a vapour acquires mass

is thu 14.3.
Pressure on the table due equation of by
Ex. 1. A spherical drop liquid of
condemsation at a constant rate k. Show that
the
falling
velocity after falling from
and to a rest in time t is
A heavy
uniform chain, of lengthI falling chais ain M
is
suspended by one end above a
just above the tabie. Let x be
whose mass
horizontal table, per unit length is s1 M
table in time t. the its lower
portion of the chain coiled e where M is the initial mass of the drop.

Let R, be the
up
p on
the
The drop falls freely under gravity.
dynamical reaction
reaction which reduces on the table, that is, the Therefore P= mg, where m is the mass
of the drop at any
time t.

(1)
to rest a
impact in time ôt is
given by
portion dx of the chain in time
part of the We have m= M+ kt,
t. The M being the initial mass of the drop.
R.ot= m öx. v. dm
k, as M is constant.
Differentiating, we get
Therefore R,=t m öx. from rest ; therefore
the equation of
The additional mass is picked up
Hence the
equation of motion of the motion is

d moving chain at timet is (mv)= P =mg.

m(l-x)x|= m(/-x)g- R dt

kt )v} (M+ kt ) g, from (1).

(M+
=

of, Hence dt
(-x )i= (l- x)g-i,m
or,
being constant Integrating, we get
v(M +kt) =Mgt + kgt",
(-x)* =(1-x)g 0) and the constant of integration
is therefore zero.

initially (when t
=

or, as v = 0
x =8
Therefore X=gt, gt 2M +kt
as
x =0 at t= 0. Thus U= 8 M+kt
Hence
i=g* M
Again
therefore
x is the
portion of the chain coiled
up on the table in time t,
M rest
radius a centimetres, falls from
Hence spherical raindrop, of
Ex. 2. A motion an accumulation
2gx receiving throughout the
through a vertical heighttheh,rate ofkgrammes per square centimetre per second,
Let R2bethe part of the reaction of condensed vapour
at
Show that when it reaches
the ground, its
mx coiled up on the table. supporting the weight of the chau no vertical force
but gravity acting.

Therefore the total radius will be

pressure on the table is
R+ R= mx 2+
mgx 3mgx =

C. H. 1999; 001; N. B. H. 2004

three times the
=

veight of the portion coiled up

300
314
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTICLE MASS
315
MOTION OF VARYING

Let the raindrop fall

E through a distance x in time t when its radius is
,
so that its mass M is 0 when r =a
plane given by I - as=
M=rpr, p being the constant density ( = 1, here) Thus
Prove
is the
and h Hence the equation of motion is
Hence,when x =
h, we have

Mi)=Mg
dt

or,
Therefore VShk2
or,
(1) Bk-= 0,
Now it is given that or,

dM
d k Am2 which gives r= Va. 4a4

)-4r va.i) 2hk2

throws off every unit of time a
Hence T=k, which gives, on Ex.Ifa rocket, originally of mass M, then
the constant of integration, r = kt +
integration being determined a, mass eM with relative velocity V and if M' be the moss of the case etc.,
when t 0, r= a.
from the condition
show that it cannot rise at once unless eV >g,nor at all
unless
M
eMV >8
Then
(1) gives -ni= gr C-15 vf [P H. 1984]
then show that its greatest velocity is
Ifit just rises vertically at once,
Vlog [K. H. 1998 ]

and that the greatest height it reaches is

Integrating, we get r*i=+A, where A is a constant.
Initially, when r = a, i= 0. C.H. 1984]

Therefore Rocket is a particle of varying mass as long as the powder burns. As

soon

all the powder burns off, it moves as a particle of constant

mass.
as
(2)
Let m be the total mass of the rocket at time t, when its velocity is v.

- .
of
Then m=M, when t= 0.
which,on integration.gives
According to the given condition, dt =- eM. (1)

B, B, where B is a
constant. quation of motion is
d
) - mg+(p-V) dm (2)
 316 ADVANCED ANAAYTICAL DYNAMICS 31
PARTICL MOTION OF VARYING MASS

Thus mo) mg
m+(v- V)-eM) get
Integrating both sides,
we

where B is a constant

dv
m =-eMI + B,
or, (-eM) v+m dm -

mg evM+eVM
-

At I=0, m=M.
Therefore B M (4)
or,
do m =M-eMt =M (1 - et).
dm eM m Hence burns off.
when all the powder
Let t
when m =M, that is,
dv
Now, in order that the rocket may rise at once, 0 , M-M
M =M(1 -elg ), giving to=eM
Therefore

that is, have

(1), (2) and (4),
we
dm O , from
Again, V)(-eM).
M(1-et)g+(v-
that is M(1-et) v =-
M Since m=M initially. M from both sides,
w e get

constant, cancelling
Therefore eV>8 - Since M is
du +eV
-(1-et )g- ev
Again, in order that the rocket may rise at all,>0, that is. dv - ev +(1-et)
0dm
eV
when m =M'. d-8t-et
Therefore
M'M or,
dv=-gdt+-

or,
eMg
M Integrating
both sides,

V=-gt-Vlog (1
we get
-et ) +C1,
where C is a
constant .

From (3), we have

v=0. Hence C =0.
At t=0, timet
(1-et), ifr be thevertical heightat
Therefore = = - g t -V log
Integrating both sides, we get -et)dt.
Or, dx=-gtdt-Vlog (1
both sides
once again, w e get
- V log m+A, where A is a constant Integrating (1-et)}+C3
eM
Now, at f=0, v=0 and m = M. x-ig-V{tlog (1-et)-1-log
constant.
Therefore A=Vlog M- where C2 is a
Hence C, =0.
Att =0,x=0. log(1-et)}
Hence
mM)- Vlog Thereforer=-igt-V{t
log(1-et)-t-
The
maximum velodity Dgis attained, when powder is all burnt, letr =
¥.
Also whent =
to,
that is, when m= Mr. log(1 -d,)
x-st-Vt% log(1-et)--
Therefore
ve(M-M) -VlogM
Therefore
MM-M! bM
er =V
log - s-M
eM
JoE M eM
Now, frc n (1), we have
- eM dt
A.A.D-21
300 318
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
PARTICLE
E: MOTION OF VARYING MASs
The greatest height is 319
plane x0 28
Prove . A spherical
raindrop, of radius a, falls from a height kh and
M-M_1
is the -se|-vMlogs los M acquires moisture trom the atmosphere throughout its motion: the
radius thereby increases at thne rate of ca. Show that when it reaches the
and radius becomes
ground, its

1-- a11 V.H. 1997

Ex. 4. A
heavy chain of length l is held by its upper end, so that its 2 A Small raindrop falling through a
stationary cloud acquires
end is at a
height l above the horizontal plane. If the upper end be let go,lower
then
moisture by condensation from the cloud. When the mass of the drop
show that at the instant when is m, the time rate of increase of mass is m. Assuming that the drop
half the chain is coiled up on the plane, the sfarts from rest and that there is no resistance to the motion, find the
pressure on the plane to the weight of the chain is in the ratio
The part of the chain
of 7 :2. relation between the velocity v and the distance fallen r. [ K H. 20071
when a part of moving down falls with acceleration
g. Hence
length
x is
deposited
on the
plane, the velocity v is given by
4. The volume of a spherical raindrop falling freely increases at each
instantby an amount equal to times its surface area at that instant. If
If R be the reaction of the
2g (1+). (1) the initial radius of the drop be a, then show that its radius is
is plane at that time, then the impact in time 8 doubled when it has fallen through a distance.
given by R 8t m öx.0,
=

that is, R mu and as C. H. 2006]

ot0, R= mv'= 2mg ( +x), from (1). 3247
Hence the total
pressure, when a length x is deposited, is 5 falling raindrop has its radius uniformly increased at the
R+ mgx= a horizontal velocity 22a,
mg (21 + 3x). rae aby gathering moisture. If it begiven
Now, when x l, we have this
=
then show that it will describe a hyperbola
pressure =
mgl. Hence the result follows.
C.H-20l6.
28u y
Examples XIV 3 IC. H. 2003]
1. A where a is the ini.ial radius of the raindrop.
spherical raindrop of radius
falling freely, receives in
a,
each instant an increase of M is at rest ana oeg1ns to move under the
volume equal to^ times its 6. A particle of mass
that instant. Show that the surface at the
a fixed direction. It encounters
velocity at the end of time t is given by action of a constant force F in
resistance of a stream of fine dust moving in the opposite direction
+ + M-a At)3 and the distance fallen
through in that With velocity V, which deposits matter on it at a constant
that its mass will bem when it has travelled a distance
rate j. Show

time is
[V.H. 1982; K. H. 2001; C. H. 2005] m - M|1+ log , where k= F- uV.
H. 2005]
V.H. 1991; C.
[Herear)=1.47r.giving=l, where r=a at
t =0.
v and .Iitialym- Mandp= 0
Theequation of motion is dt =arg, with x=0 and i =0 at t=0. LHerem)-
dt
F-
 320 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS :
PARTIC VARYING
MA.SS
300 MOTION
OF

7. A ball of mass i is moving under in a medium

gravity ot mass f4, throws off, per unit tim.
whid rocket,
originally
deposits matter on the ball at a uniform rate . Show that the equati 19 1f a
plane with relative velocity Vand if be the mass of the
of the trajectory referred to horizontal and vertical axes through a poin a5s
Pro on itself may be written in the form other
allied things of the rocket, then show tat i
and unless V ng, at all unless
is the kuy= kx(g+ku)* gu(1- e#). TE
case
cannot rise
ically
vertic.

rises
r
at
ises
once

vertically at once, then show that

vertically
nor
the
where u and v are and
the horizontal vertical velocities at tho . can iust
If it just
kV >ng.velocity is
1C.H. 1985: L g i n
and ; mk= . greatest

8. A trailer full of sand is

pulled by a constant force F. Sand leaks Vlog,k-k-1) C.H. 1993
out atthe rate of à units of mass per second. Show that the
velocity at whose mass at time tis m,( 1-at), where m, and a
1 A rocket
theend of timet is
1- and the distance moved
o constants, travels vertically upwards from rest at t 0. The matter
=

backward speed relative to the rocket.

during that time is emitted has constant
the gravitational field g is constant and that the
Assuming that
where M is the initial mass of the trailer and contents. [ V. H. 1992 of the atmosphere is 2 m, v a , where v is the speed of the
resistance
9. A meteor is seen to fall the original mass is left when the rocket
vertically to the earth show that half of
behind it. If the resistance of air be leaving a bright trail rocket,
constant and equals to R, the rate of V. H.2005: T. H. 2008}
reaches a height
loss of matter burnt off R
equals to and if M, V be the mass and truck of M is
14, An open railway mass running on smooth
velocity just after entering the atmosphere, then show
velocity after falling through z is v, where that the horizontal rail under rain falling vertically which it catches and retains.
Show that, if u be the initial velocity of the truck, then the distance
( k) travelled in time t is
zA) g+k and a= M
10. A particle falis from
cloud. The mass of the
rest under
R
gravity through a stationary
M1og 1
the rate mkv, where m particle increases by accretion from the cloud at
is the mass, v is the where is the mass of rain water falling into the truck per unit oftime.
instant and k is a
constant. Show that, after velocity of the particle at that
distance x, its velocity is the particle has fallen a IT. H. 20088}
given by
kv?= g(1- e-2k).
Also show that the B. H. 1980, 1991] 15. A in the form
mass
of a
solid cylinder, of radius c, acted
distance the upon by no forces moves parallel to its axis through a uniform
particle has fallen after time t is cloud of fine dust, of volume density p, which is at rest. If the
11. A rocket whose total log cosh Vgkt. particles of dust which meet the mass adhere to it, and if M and
at a
constant rate cm, and initial mass ( fuel+ shell ) is u be the
mass and
velocity at the beginning of the motion, then
at a
that the lowest
rate of fuel ejects fuel
velocity V relative to them,case. prove that the distance x traversed in time t is
given by the
to rise at
once is c= consumptionthat will
permit
the
Show equation K. H. 2006 }
.V rocket (M+Tpc?x)?=M2+27puc? Mt.
Here(M +rpe* x)i) = 0. initially i = u and r =
Q)
dt
 322
300
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTIC OF VARYING MASS
323
MOTION
16. A mass in the form a table. One
end is
of solid at the edge of
cross-section is A, moves cylinder, area of a
whos
the
19. A chain
of length I is coiled of the whole chain,
parallel to its axis, being acted is equal to that
plar force F, through a uniform cloud by a constan fastened particle, whose
to a
mass

Show that, immediately

after
of fine dust of volume end is put over the edge.
Pro which is moving in a direction
opposite to that of the
density and the other
constant velocity V. If all the dust that cylinder wit with velocityVg.
is t meets the
(the cylinder starts from rest )and its initial mass becylinder clings toi leaving the table, theparticle moves
and m, then show K. H. 2008
that
the
velocity after time t is mt_y uncoiled in timet, then
K Ifx be the portion
e gvesi-, asx= initiall
and the distance described in i= 0
that time is
Then there is a jerk
then v= lg.
-

Vt-where K= vm +2mApvt +AFp If v be the velocity when uncoiled,

(m +m) v'.
Therefore v'= v. Then

velocity v'; hence

mv=
a
producing '= (m +m)v"
17. A uniform vertical impulse giving velocity v mv
". Hence
chain, of lengthI and mass ml, is coiled
there is a
horizontal table and a mass M is on a resultant velocity =
Vo2+v"2J
If this attached to one end of Therefore
is coiled on the floor.
least
mass be projected vertically upwards, then show that it. 20. A uniform chain,
of length land m a s s ml,
velocity of
projection, so that the whole chain may leave the to one end and projected
vertically upwards
the A m a s s mc is attached as the chain
does or does not
Show that according
velocity v2gh.
table,isV(M+ml)-M 3m
with
completely leave the floor,
the velocity of the
mass on finally reaching

a height
due to a fall through
the floor again is the velocity
Here M+mx)* ) = -

(M+mx) 8. a3 c), where

a'= c2(C+ 3h
2-C+ d+eor(a-
dt Atr=0, i= V. [VH.2009]
Mass M is at a
height r above the table. has left the ground
in timet, then
When the chain of the chain which
leaves the table, x =1. Vis least
when i =
0.]
[Ifx be the length
(x+ c) i}
= -

(c + x) mg, which gives

m
18. A chain, of
so
great length a, is
that its lower end touches suspended from the top of a tower, I(x +c)il
=-
3str+ 3cx +3e*x)+ 2ghe2
the earth. If it be then let the velocity when r =l,
that the fal', show floor, then, if V be
square of the the chain leaves the
velocity, when its upper end has fallen a In case
3cl?+ 3) + 2ghe2
(l+c)'v2 = -

is(+
distance x, is 2gr log where ris the radius of the
earth. and the total heightis I+
V. H. 1998; N. B. H. 2008 In case the chain does not
leave the floor, then
When the chain has fallen when x'+ 3cx2+3cx 3h2] =

deposited per unit of time.

a distance x, a mass (mx ) of the chain
i =0
is then
Therefore Answers
dt m(a x)i } change in the
=

momentum per unit of time

= -

m xx.:
8 Sr mdy 3. v+ r + 0.
-I-y
 325
DIMENSIONS

THREE
MOTION
IN

pla
Pn
15 MOTION IN THREE DIMENSIONS (i) Spherical
Let the polar
polar
co-ordinates.

of P be (r, 6,
co-ordinates

Let ON = p. The
0), whose
cartesian
cartesian

components
of

15.1. a r e (X,Y, 2). that

is
Components of velocity and acceleration. co-ordinates
z . F r o m the diagram, we
Pare x Y,
see
velocity of
,

a () Cartesian co-ordinates. and z rcos O,

6
Let OX, OY, OZ be the three fixed P r sin
which the co-ordinates of P, a
rectangular axes referred to
p r sin 0+ r cos 0.e
and (U, V,
point in space, are (X, y, 2). Let (u, v, w)
so that
W) be the components of velocity and acceleration of p |= i cos 0- r sin 0.6.
parallel to OX, OY, OZ respectively. Now and
OP
of velocity of along
Thus P
the
velocity of P= velocity of P relative to N + velocity of N. = component
u,
Again N is a point on the XY-plane, its velocity p sin 9+ | cos 6
and y, and
velocity of P relative to N is z. Hence components are =

0- r sin 0. 6)
cos

the cartesian sin 0+

6. é) sin 0 + (rcos
components of velocity of P are x, y, z. =
(r
rcos

direction of 0 increasing
ugcomponent
of velocity of P in the OP in the
ZPK
plane
perpendicular to

P (x. y. z)
r8. ) 6.é) cos

r sin 6 ) sin 6+ (r sin 0+ r cos

= -

(r cos
re
direction of o increasing
Y of velocity of P in the
and u,= component perpendicular to
the plane ZPK

N =p o= r sin 6.¢. y,z alon8

co-ordinates are x ,

in cartesian
of P
The acceleration
K which a r e equivalent
to
Ox, OY, OZ
Fig. 15.1(a) ( p - P ) along ON,
Thus u= *, v= y and w= |. perpendicular to ON
Similarly, acceleration of P a (perpendicular to the plane ZPK)
acceleration of P relative to N+
acceleration of N and along OZ.
'+(* along OX and
Thus ý along OY). Also
6. 6 + r cos 6.6,
x, V= y and W= ~. sin + 27 cos .é- r sin
i
rcos . é - r sin . é,
z =rcos - 27 sin 6.é-
 326
300
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: DIMENSIONS
327
PARTIC MOTION IN
THREE

u, =
component of acceleration of P along OP particle P on a sphere of radius a,
Cor. 2. For
the motion of a
2 cos +
(p - pÙ ) sin 0 r= a and
r= i =0.
*
0.
Pi (f cos 0- 2 sin e.6- rcos
= + a a sin
. é - r sin 0.0) cos Acceleration along PO is
S +(r sin 0+2r cos .è-rsin .è*+rcos acceleration along the
meridian c u r v e ZP is

=
- re- r sin' 0.*, 0.6-rsin 4.0) sin ae a sin 0 cos
. and

the plane ZOP is

the perpendicular to
component of acceleration of Palong the meridian curve acceleration along
24 cos . - .
ZP
cos ( adt 2sin 20.o)=a sin 0.o +
- På)sin
-

a sin
= -

(f cos - 2Y sin 6.é-

+(r sin 0+ 2r cos 0.è-r
rcos 0.é- r sin 0.é) sin 0
sin 0.è+ rcos
.e - r sin 0.6) cos e
2r é+ r -

r sin 0 cos .2
=
6)- r sin ecos 0. 2 o
and U= component of acceleration of P
along the perpendicular to
the plane zOP
p
Cor. 1. For the motion
d
of a
sin'0.). Fig. 15.1c)
(semi-vertical angle of the particle
P on a
a right circular
Acceleration along the
cone). Therefore é= á= 0. cone, (ii) Cylindrical co-ordinates.
whose
point P,
along the inward normal generator
is i -r of the
PG is r
sin acceleration a.o2, Let (r, e, z) be the cylindrical
co-ordinates

along direction
the sin a cos a. and acceleration cartesian co-ordinates are (x, y, z).
perpendicular
to the
plane OPG is rsin a.o

G
P(r,0, z)

-
Y

N
O
Fig. 15.1(d)
Fie 15.1(b)
 328
ADVANCEDANALYTICAL DYNAMICS:
Then tAniI
MOTION IN THREE DIMENSIONS 329
4,velocity component in the
velocity component in the increasing direction of r = i, Ex. 2. A heavy particle is projected with a velocity V from the end of a
4 velocity increasing direction of G= horizontal diameter of a sphere of radius a along the inner surfuce, the
If , , component in the increasing r,
Ue. U, be the direction of z |. =
direction of projection making an angle B with the eguator. If the particle
indicated directions, thencomponents of acceleration of P in the never leaves the surface, then prove that
above
u, = f- r è2, Ug= 1d ) and 3 sin B 2+
Note. With these U, = z'. r
3ag
easily be written. components of
acceleration, equations of motion can
Equation of motion along the meridian curve is
a 6 a cos 6 sin 9 . o = - g sin G. (1)
15.2. Illustrative Examples.
Ex. 1. A Equation of motion in the increasing direction of o is

particle moves on a
pressure of the surface. Show smooth sphere under no (sin? 6.0) = 0.
cot = cot ß
cos o, B
that the
path is given forces
being by the
except the dt

co-ordinates). a
constant. ( and ¢ are
equation Therefore sin 6 . o= constant = V cos
The particle moves on the angular
The , sphere under no forces. 1.
equations are as initially a sin 6.o= Vcos B and sin = sin-
6 sin cos .= 0 Hence, from (1), ¿' =
c o s . cos 42Sin6
Sin 'g
and
sin 4 (sin . )= 0. (1)
Integrating and using initial values, we get
From (2), sins (2)
=
a
constant c
(say)
=
cos 2 cos (2)
Using (1), we have 2sin 2e
=
sin 0 cos (3)
0 2
=
c2 COS Equation of motion in the radial direction is
sin' 9
Multiplying both sides by 2 and
R
a42+ a sin 2e.o g cos , R being the reaction of the surface
integrating, we get
Ssuming Bwhen = sin 0.
sin 'B sin 0
(4)
-+3g cos 9, by (2

Now e vanishes when cos = sin 9 1 cos 9 and hence R just

From (4) and (3), we have
dG Bin vanishes then, if this equation be satisfied by
sin 4 Vsin 6
suming to decrease with sin '
B
increase of 6. cos 3ga'
Integrating, we get = -

co ot 6
Hence cot = cot
cot "9= 0when = B. that is, if cos' (1 - cos
Bcm o.
 ) ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

that is i
3(1
PARTICL MOTION IN THREE DIMENSIONS
sin B) = 1- 331

that is if 4. A heavy particle moves in a small

sphere. Show that if the
velocity be that due to the level of the centre, then the
reaction of the
surface will vary as the depth below the centre.
Now if 3 sin *B <2 5. A particle describes
it is not
+
then that the longitude
rhumb-line on a sphere in such a
a

increases uniformly. Show that the way

possible for the particle to acceleration varies as the cosine of the latitude and that the resultant
So the attain this makes with the normal an angle equal to the latitude. direction
particle never leaves the position.
surface. A rhumb-line is a curve on the sphere cutting all the meridians at a
constant angle. ]
6. A particle moves on the inner surface of a smooth cone of
1. Prove that
Examples XV vertical angle 2a, being acted on
by a force towards the vertex of the
the meridian cone and its direction of motion
surface of the anchor acceleration of a point always cuts the
constant angle. Show that the law of force is that of generators
at a

I = (c+ a
ring moving on the inverse cube.
sin 8) cos 7. A
particle is projected from the origin with a velocity whose
, y = (c+ a sin
0) sin ¢, z
a -

(c + a sin 6) cos o.i.

=
a cos 6 components along the axes are 0, (-), under a force per unit
Show further that
the acceleration along the normal mass whose components along the axes are acos pt, asin pt, 0
-

a- a
sin e.Ù2- co2 sin e is Find the cartesian equation ot the path of the particle. ITH. 20I8 |
and that in the
transverse direction is Here = a cospt, j = a sin pt, ~ = 0

with 0, y =- = v and x
sin d sin *e. Ù)+
cÙ.
0, y 0, 2 - 0 at t 0.

2. If A,
B, C be three fixed 8. (a) lt a particle moving in space freely describes the curve
of a points and the
moving
show that thepoint along the directions PA, components
P of xy =c,2=k undera torce which is always paralle! to r-axis, then
accelerations in PB, PC be those u, v, w,
velocity prove that the force varies as the cube of the distance from the
directions are then
rz-plane. 1T. H. 2007|
uuP
and two similar
uw osAPC y+z
(b) A particle moves in space and treely describes the curve
= a , x = b under a force directed always parallei to z-axis.

3.
expressions. Show that the force varies inversely as the cube of the distance from
The position of point is a
IF.H.2009
r= vr2+ y2+ z2;x given by the co-ordinates x, the xy-plane.
y, having z y, where r
the
rectangular axes. Show that, if their usual
significance relative to Answers
velocity in the directions , u, v, w denote the
correspondingcomponents
y, r, then the of 7. X= ( 1 cospt). y = vt
2Sin pt,
are 2 .

accelerations
4+ ,v+ , w- u - vy,
 16 HoDOGRAPH AND MOTION
REvoLVING CURVES
ON
HODOGRAPH AND MOTION ON REVOLVING CURVES
Thus, in the limit, P'Q' will give the direction of
whose magnitude will be given by
acceleration
333

at P
16.1. Hodograph.
the rate of change of velocity at P
If, from a fixed
point, Lt
chord P'Q Lt chord
to the straight lines be drawn
and P' arc P'Q
proportional
curve, then the velocities of a which are
parallel
t0 arc P°2

hodograph of the motion of the extremities particle

locus of the
of thesemoving on a velocity of P' in the hodograph.
=

lines is calledplane
particle. the Therefore the acceleration of P is equal to the velocity of the
B corresponding point P on the hodograph.
Hence, if (x, y) and (x', y) be thecartesian co-ordinates of the
points P and P' respectively referred to the set of axes through 0,
Q' then from above, we have

x'=a dt
and y'=
dt (1)

and
- and dt
2)

where is a constant.

A 16.2. Hodograph in polar co-ordinates.

Let P', whose polar co-ordinates are (r, ), be any point on the
hodograph having cartesian co-ordinates v(x', they). Let P (x, y) be the
Fig. 16.1 and let be velocity at P on the
Fig. 16.2 corresponding point o n the c u r v e
and y'= (1)
Let P and Q be two curve. Then x'= a

consecutive
particle at times t and (t + öt). Let points on the path
moving of a For the point P,r Vx'*+ y' and tan 6=
and Q be v and the velocities of the
(v+ öv)
which the straight lines Let O be the fixed particle at P
respectively. point from
velocities parallel and
OP' and OQ' are
proportional
P'Q'is the hodograph of the motion to v and
drawn to
(v+
represent the
&v). Then the curve
Therefore - Na]-(#J-*
of P.
Now we have = tan V
Also tan =
chord P '2'= change in velocity as the P makes
particle moves from P to Q. where y is the angle which the direction of
the velocity at

Hence, when Q
approaches P, P'Q'will be tangent at P' to the with fixed direction.
hodograph in the limit. a

Thus
A.D-22
 334
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTICL AND MOTION
ON REVOLVING CURVES
335
HODOGRAPH
Hence, to find the locus of P', that is, of (x', the velocity at the point
y) or (r, 0), an
any see that SP
is proportional to
point on the hodogrpah, we should express v in terms of y, so that Thus we
to the velocity at P, that is, perpendicular
is perpendicular
V= f(v). and also it
to SQ.
Then v is to be
replaced by and y by 6. the locus of P" turned through a

Hence the hodograph of P is

Thus the equation of the about S.
hodograph is r= Af(0) right angle the orbit
of a central orbit is a reciprocal of
Thus the hodograph about
16.3. Hodograph of the central orbit. to the centre of force turned through a right angle
with respect
Let P be a point on the central the centre of force.
orbit, the centre of force
velocity of P and p= SY, the perpendicular being
at S.
Let v be the
the tangent at P. from S on (velocity of P),
Cor. We have SP' =
the velocity of P. This
that is, radius vector of P' is proportional to
to the acceleration of P,
gives that the velocity at P' is proportional
th at s,
.2

velocity at P'is (acceleration at P).

P

16.4. Illustrative Examples.

X Show that the
Ex. 1. A particle parabola under gravity.
describes a
to the axis of the parabola
line parallel
hodograph of its motiom is straight
a
Y
and described with uniform velocity.
P' the corresponding point
Let P'(x', y) be a point on
the hodograph and
Fig. 16.3 on the curve be P (x, y).
Let SQ represent the under gravity, the equations
velocity v at P so that the locus of Q is the Since the particle describes a parabolic path
hodograph of the motion of.P. We
produce $Y to a point of motion at any instant are
P, such that
SY.SP'= constant 0 and -8 (1)
=k (say). dt
Then the locus of P' is the dx
reciprocal of the path of P. The
QSP is a right angle. We know that, in a central orbit, angle Integrating the first, weget
= constant = c (say).

the hodograph, we have

Up= h Again, from the property of

v. SY= h, x'= Ac= k(say). (2)

giving v=
. SP°.
the hodograph is the vertical line
Thus the locus of (x', y), that is,
Thus SP'= parabola, that being the axis of y.
7= (velocity of P). r'= k, which is parallel to the axis of the
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS CURVEs
PARTiC AND
HOTION ON
REVOLVIG

HODOGRAPH

Hr, be arny pornt em the poie. then

hedgg aph, then we have ieuruSKate
arder a forte
to sts
a
fha ad y, 5.fa partce
descrabes

is
hodograph
whete v the
vwiority and y is fhe direction of the velkxity in the
ia that the
prove
Now, puttirg from {2) in (1), we get curve r' see -2
centre. then show
to the
under a force
ellipse
6.1f the path be an
isa samilareilipse. be the
forces and v
2a cov that the
hodograph
be the tangential
and normai
is
7.1f P and Q that the hodograph
direction,
then show
2 fxed
Therefore inclination to a

2a
centrai
acceleration being
being

particle moves
under a velocity
8. A witha
2a apse at
a distance 4
This gives ds= cos y dy, as projected
from an

Integrating and takings =

0when y= 0, we have
constant,
is r cos m8 =

hodograph of
the path
S sin y Show that the

where m 1
S 4b sin v, where 4b =. an angle
u making
with an initial veiocity
9. A particle is projected be k times the
This is the intrinsic resistance of the
atmosphere
equation of a cycloid. the horizon. If the the projectile is
a with of the path of
show that the hodograph
velocity, then
the straight line
u cosa=
0.
Examples xVI (A) (g + ky)
ku sin a)-
r (g+ to vary as the
cube of
1. Prove that the of the air being supposed
hodograph of a catenary described freely under 10. The resistance motion of a projectile is
of the
an acceleration that the hodograph
parallel to the axis is a straight line described with
the velocity, show
velocity proportional to that in the catenary. given by the equation
2. A bead moves on the
3ry= ay'+ b,
r
arc of a smooth vertical circle
from rest at the highest point. Show that the
starting the axis of x being vertical.

hodograph is r= sin
equation to the

2 Motion on a revolving curve.

16.5.
3. Show that the the
hodograph of a circle under of mass m at time t on
Let P be the position of the particle
the circumíerence is parabola and under force toforce to a point on
a
a
with angular velocity w about
the fixed point
an internal a
Curve, which is rotating
is an ellipse. point Let OA be a fixed line on
the plane
4. If
Olying on the plane of the curve. fixed with respect to the curve.
a circle be described under of the curve and OA, be a line
a constant acceleration not coincides with OA.
tending to the centre, then prove that the Assume further that, at the initial position, OA,
hodograph is lemniscate.
a
 340
30 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS ON
REVOLVING
CURVEs 341

Let the
PARTICL HODOGRAPH
AND
MOTION

polar co-ordinates of P, with when the curve

as initial
line, be (r, 6) and at time t, Zreterence to O as pole and OA of motion of
the particle
at P,
components
reaction of the curve at P andA,OA 6,, so that é, o. lat
R be the =
equations reaction and
the
= Now the
corresponding
X, Y be the if R° be the
P extemal forces on the is fixed,
are,

directions. particle in the radial components of

and forces be X
'and Y,
(5)
of external
cross-radial ré)= X'- R ' sin o
m (r -

(6)
Y'+ R'cos o.
(2r 0+ rê)
=
and
and m
the same as (5)
(3) and (4)
are

we see
that the equations
Thus
2mww.
(6), if and R'= R-
R Y'= Y- mrw
P X'= X+ mrw',

Hence we see
that if we introduce
*radially
i) a forcemro
A (#) a force (- mrw) cross-radially
and curve, the only
on a fixed
motion will be
the s a m e as that c u r v e is
fixed, is
then the when the
that the reaction R',
difference being
the relation
related toactual reaction R by
A R'= R- 2mwv,
Fig. 16.50) of angular velocity
w.
The radial and in the
cross-radial components of being the velocity
sense

i-
acceleration of P are v

"reducing the revolving

Curve to rest.
r(è+ è*= i- rè- 2rê0- This process is
called
introduced is
and 2r (+ é)+ r(0 + ro Note 1. If ao be constant, then =
0 and the only
force to be

0) 2r 6+ re +=
ro 2r o+ the equations of
motion are

respectively. mro *radially. In that case,

Equations of motion are then mf -

ré)= X+ mro* -

R'sin o
Y+ R" cos
(2ré+ r é)
=

m r re- 2r é w- ro)= X- R sin and m

the be in the sense

and o velocity v of the particle relative to

curve
m
(2r6+ re + 2r0+ ro)= Y+ R cos Note 2. If the
then
, of rotation of the curve,
where is the angle between opposite to the sense
OP and the RR+ 2mww.
These two tangent to the curve at P.
equations
are written as
Cor. To obtain the equations
of motion in the tangential
and
introducing a
m(r r )= X+ mro'+ 2mr é w- R sin
-

normal directions, we first

reduce the curve to rest by
o (1) cross-radially and obtain the
and m
(2r 6+ ré)= Y- mro 2mr w+ R cos . radially and a force (- mrd)
(2)
force mro
If v be the equations
of the
velocity of the particle relative to the curve in the sense
rotation, then = T+ mro'cos¢-mro sirn
r=
v cos o and r9= v sin o. ds
Thus the equations (1) and (2) become and m R + N- mrw * sin o- mrw cOs 0,
mr- ré)= X+ mro- (R-
and m
2mcov) o
(2 9+ rê)= Y- mro+ (R 2mw) sin (3) Where T and N components of the external
are,
forces acting
normally and R' is the reaction of the
cos o
-

curve.
.
.

(4) tangentially and

 342
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: ON
REVOLVING
CURVES 343
PARTICI HODOGRAPH
AND
MOTION

forces parallel to
of the impressed
Z are the components
perpendicular
to the
where X, is the component
of and z and Y the axis of z.
the normal to
X
ax es of
the the inclination
the c u r v e and 0 is
mrw plane of

mro2

N P
R
Z
O

Fig. 16.5(6)
The
equations reduce to CA

do
o T+ mro
ds mr ds
and
m =R'+ N- mr? 2 4 dr
If wbe constant, then = ds ro ds
mr

0
and the only force
radially and the equations become mro' is introduced
du
mw= ds T+ mro2 dr Fig. 16.6
ds
and m R+
N- mro' ds Equations (1) and (3) which give the motion of the particle
relative

to the curve are the same equations as we should have if we assumed

16.6. and an additional force
Curve the to be at rest put on
revolving about an axis in its own curve
and away from the axis of
Let the curve be plane. mo'x (distance) perpendicular to

a fixed axis revolving with uniform rotation.

plane. 20x is a planeangular
Oz in its own velocity o about
t, the curve has fixed in space. At time at rest and
revolved through an Subject to this modification, we may treat the curve as

o= 0. At time t, letangle
the curve. Then o, zOx being the use convenient equations to solve the problem.
the plane of
the particle P on the
curve c be cylindrical co-ordinates of
in the
plane of the curve and S(x,be¢,thez). Let R be the normal reaction 16.7. Illustrative Examples.
plane of the curve. The reaction
are equations of motion of theperpendicular to the
particle of mass m Ex. 1. A smoth plane tube revolving with angular velocity w about a
m(x xo ) R sin 0+ X,
-
= point O in its plane contains a particle of mass m, which is acted on by
d (1) force mro towards O. Show that the reaction of the tube is | A+ B
(xo)=
d S+ Y
and (2) where A and B are constants and p is the radius of curvature of the tube at
mz= R cos 9+ Z,
(3) the point occupied the
by particle.
 344
ADVANCED
S00 ANALYTICAL DYNAMICs
PARTICI
Here o is constant. We reduce the revolving curve to rest
PARTICLE AND
MOTION ON
REVOLVING
CURVES 345

additional force mro along by applying: HODOGRAPH

plar along PO. Let R and Ri be the OP (= r). This annuls the
given 8 an
force mro? pole at O is r= 2a cos 6.

revolving and is reduced respective normal reactions when the of thecircle

with

Pro to rest. Then the

tangential
and curvo
ve is Polar equation (1)
are normal equatior dr - 2a sin 6
rions Therefore
de
mv =0
ds
(1)
and
m P
R mr
Integrating (1), we have v'= c', cbeing (2)
a constant of
Putting this in (2), we get R integration.
=

.
A

mr

Fig. 16.7(b)

osition at time t.
is projected from A and let P be its
r The particle
force mrw along OP= r).
o
We reduce the curve to rest by applying a

is
Let Ri be the normal reaction. The tangerntial equation of motion

mds
2 mrw cos
Fig. 16.7(a) dt
Hence the actual reaction R= 2mvw+
RI dr
=
2mvw +c or,
ds
ds
= 'ds

2mmcw+ = A+ or, du = 2rdr

where A and B are constants.
Integrating,we get =r*o*+ c, cbeing a constant.
Ex. 2. A
particle moves in
wire in the form
a
of a circle of radius a, Initially at A, v= 2bo,r= 2a.Therefore c= 4b2 2 4a 2 o2
constrained to rotate in its own
plane with angular
velocity
O
of itself. The particle is
is projected with initialy at the end of the diameter wthrough
abouta point
O and
Hence v2= r*o*+ 4b - 4ao
velocity 2bo, relative to the wire. Show that
describes a quadrant of the circle in the particle
time or, = . 4a cos 0+ 4b2o2- 4a , since r= 2a cos .

T4 1+
where b is
4b Therefore 20 V-a2sin 2e
large.
or, ds d20 Vb2- a 2sin 9 .
de dt (2)
 CURVES
347
REVOLVING

AIVAESD AAIITIEAIL DIMAMILS MOTOW

ON

FhTI H O L O G R A S H
ASD

V.

Aumeter unh myjdan

kst piant wAth
nuity and s partuis ie prjeetd foum tho
mity ust udfuent ts aury it ta
thuhighuet pint
- nsin

Vin
348
AIDVANCED ANALYTiCAL,
Tbe the time to
dess ribe the first 1YTICAL, INAMM
qusdrard.t.
CURIE23

R E V O L I I N G

MITION
ON
AMD
HODMRAPH

s
1' kay
paratria
1 n sin' ehthe
Theeratim tan
y
Trerekre
r- 4a
Weharve
ione
that s7y ' t a r a l

appiging
to r s t by sÁ motien
s

Putfing1 n
1(1+ m)tan 2
ie
reduue

mas'1
thecurve tanapntialx a t i c n
3kng
MP. Tre

tan= 1, s that 1 a tis,

i

vn+ sec d=
2ds ,we'
T V d
Thisgves 9

(1 nd
psie
a c z e r A t i o n
s

tangeniai
ther he He
, cse,
Now,if» '
eie
nezGre
s e
N
cczieration

-N tangertial e g
ther the ae,
, n t h e ater
Ex.4. A (n+ 1)g kovg (n4 i n+ 2). pwards
and acceeration
w

about parubolic
move tangemtial
wil er he
Totates
its uxis wire, whose uxis is
ring
f, n particular, s
unypoint of it in with uniform ungularvertical and vertex doomork
downwards.

emain
at rest
and the ring w
dwwurds relutive rest. Sho« velocity o. A 1ngis*phoarsa
how thut
beccme
zerO

where bu
according us tn» it will mooe
upoante
Examples xVi B)
Oof s
is thelatus rectum
o
and uill remain at rest if o* wire is
made to
rotate
abeut a pount
horizotai piare
of the circular na
purubola. 1. A
snooth

circunfererce
with
uniorm angalar
velociry
and is
attracted
the
towards y
angle
Stom hat i ,
wire
on the
A snall ring P siides
distance
tron this pount. equation
of the
as the s t a t i s r i e s an
iorce varying diameter througt O,
OP and the
between
su cos8,
where AS a corstast cortasns
( A and
form
circuiar tube is fixed at one p oend
t
of the
diameer

smoth
2. A at the oppositeh o r i z o n t a i piarne w t n
rest
N at
whuch is inutially rotate in a he
particie them made to d e s c r i t e d by
mn' hFOAgh A.
The tube is
Show that he
angje
angular veiocity s
ifo tube in timet
of the
about the centre
pafticie

4 ta tanih
Pig,4714
AAD
 350
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
PARTICTs AND MOTION ON
REVOLVING CURVES 351
3. A bead can move H O D O G R A P H

ret at a
on a smooth circular wire and
point A. The is with uniform
wire is made to rotate initiallu circular wire of radius a rotates
plane about the otheruniformly
with unit at endA of the diameter AB
angular in its A smooth
through A. Show that thevelocity round the tangent at the
8.
end of the own angular velocity o
vanishes at a time' pressure between the bead diame. A small ring of
unit mass is free to slide on the wire
and the of the wire.action from A, r being the distance
wir
wire of a repulsive force jur
under the 4a v2u
the ring be initially at B with velocity
a

from A. Ifa'= and

74
then show that, after a time t, its angular distance
after the start. relative to the wire,
from B is
4. A 2 tan' (2 2 sinh t Vu).
particle P moves in a smooth circular
turns with
uniform tube of radius
angular distanceangular velocity
If the w about a a, which
of
particle at any time vertical
point be 0, and if it be attherest t from diameter.
the lowest
relative to the tube
where cos when 6 = a.
V,then show that, at any subsequent time t,
5. A smooth
cot= cot cosh wt sin
circular wire
about its
tangent line at a pointrotates
the wire from
with uniform
A. A bead, angular velocity o
Show that the position of rest at a point ofwithout
a

the weight, slides on

passing the pointangular distance
wire
on the
wire traversed very near to A.
opposite to A is in time t
after
6. A thin
2 tan (o t).
with constantcircular wire is made to revolve
being attached angular
to its velocity. A smooth ring about a vertical
diameter
length is equal to thehighest point by an elastic slides on the
wire,
displaced from the lowest radius of the wire. string whose natural
If the
highest point, if the point, then ring be
that it will slightly
weight of the particle.modulus of elasticityshow be reach the
7. A equal to four times the
parabola particle
can
and the tubemoveis
in a
smooth plane tube
and then initially in the form
suddenly begins to rotate
angular velocity.
at rest
with the
particle
of a
at the vertex
Prove about the
proportional to that the focus with
pressure in any uniform
position is
r
wherer is the
distance from the(3 Na-4 vr),
focus and 4a is the
latus rectum.
 ADVANCED ANALY'TICAL DYNAMICs
DYNAMICS OF A RIGID BODY

MoMENTSAND PRoDUCTS
OF INERTIA
1.1 Definitions.
If, in given body, m be the mass of a particle and r be its distance
a
from fixed straight line, then mr2 is called the moment of inertia
a

particle about the given line. The sum of similar expressions for of
the
all the
particles of the body is called the mament of inertia of the body about the
fixed line and is, in
fact, given by Zmr2
If the body consists of a finite
number of isolated particles
connected rigidly, then its moment of inertia about a
calculated by multiplying the mass of each given line is
distance from the given line and then particle by the square of its
adding
these results for all the
particles of the body
If,however, the body consists of a continuous mass, then m is
replaced by the elernentary mass dm at a distance r of a point at (x, y, z)
and the summation is replaced by integration over the whole body.
If we write mM k ' , where M is the total mass of the body, then
the
lengthk is called the radius of gyration (or swing radius) of the body
about the fized line.
fMbe gfven in grarnmes and k in centimetres, then the moment of
inertia (briefly deroted by M. 1) is reasured in gramme per square
centimetre units.
# , y be the co-tdinates of an elernernt of mass m with reference
to two mutualiy
perpend iculat straight liness OK and OY, thern mxy
is calied the product of inertia of the boidy with respect to the lines O
For tree tutualiy
perpendiculat ares OX, OY,OL, if (x, y, 2) be
the co-ordinates tfa pattitle of
Z
thass m uf thie body, thieri hie quantities
, mis, Zmry a1e
the pToducts of itiertia tf the bittdy vwith respeet
o the paits e sy xyd , atid t,t atid y respectively
 2 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS OF INERTIA
. RI PRODUCTS

AND
MOMENTS
In future we shall denote the I.
ordinate axes 0X, OY and 0z by A, B, C rtiaof bodu.
moments.of inertiaofaa body dernsity, say p
= kx at P, then
M.

about
respectively. (iin If the rod be
of
non-uniform

ByD,EEwe shall denote the products of inertia of the of the rod

about AZ is
the pairs of axes y and z, Z bods aby
body
and x, x and y respectively.
kx ox 3dx
12 Moment of inertia in some simple cases. 0
24
Moment of inertia ofa rod. =
ka. 4a '= M.
Let us consider the rod AB of kx a dx 2kaa2
length 2a with uniform cross- sers
=

a and since in this

case M= |
density p. Let O be the middle point of the rod. ec 0
rod
inclined at an angle 0 to the
axis through O
I . about
an

1S

Jpax'sin0 dr=M.sin 20
element PQ from
the axis.
the
is the distance of
In this case,x sin 0
x
rectangularlamina
DMoment ofinertia ofa uniform lamina whose mass per
O thick rectangular
B Let ABCD be a uniformly sides AB and AD
are 24 and 2b
The lengths of the
area
unit is p. lamina and the axes GX
of the
Fig. 1.2(a) be the centre of mass
Let us consider respectively. Let G AD respectively.
from 0. The mass of element PQ(= åx) of the rod
an to AB and
at a and GY are drawn parallel
the element distance1
PQ is pa ôx and
M
Now we have the
mass of the rod =
24 ap.
following results: C

atM.L.
of the rod about
0, is OY, a straight line
perpendicular to A8
paoxr2 G

-paxdr= pa3 M.
n) M. I. of the rod
the end A, about AZ, a
is straight line Fig. 1.2(6)
perpendicular to AB at width ôx parallel to AD at a
Draw an elementary strip PQ of
Jpar*dz,. xbeing the distance of distance x from G.
PQ from AZ Mass of the strip 2h.ôx.p. Since the distance of every point
=
on

pa.ad= 2aa p.a*= M.a? PQfrom GYcan be taken asx,the moment of inertia ofthisstrip ab0ut
GY is 2b.p ôx .x
 ADVANCEDANALYTiCAL DYNAMICS INERTIA
5
PRODUCTS
OF
AND
Henge- MOMENTS

Mof the rectanguiar lamina about a rectangular

parallelopiped.

Let OX, OY,

Oz
araei toAD is aight line
straight line through
thr (c)
Moment ofinertia ofa
of the body
be 2, 2b, 2c.
the centre
O,
of the sides a x e s through
Let the lengths that is, the

2pr be the
principal
perpendicular
to the
axes,
faces of the
solid body.

where M= p= mass of the lamina.

MLof the rectangular lamina about AD is
2hpx d , xbeing the distance of PQ
from AD
16 pba
3
M.*
n the samne
way, if the strips be taken
parallel to GX, we can show
Fig. 1.2()
divide the
MLof the OX, w e
parael to AB s rectangular lamina about a straight line
about
of the body Each of
to OX.
through G To find the
of inertia
moment

slices all
perpendicular
of inertia of
each
rectangular Moment
into parallel 2b and 2c.
body of lengths
apy'dy= M the slices
has sides

the product
and
ofits
mass

about OX is
about OXis of m a s s M
MLof the rectangular lamina about AB is of inertia
moment
of the whole body

Hence the

2apydy M moments
M.
of inertia
about OY and
0Z are

the
M.I of the rectangular lamina about GZ, an axis Similarly,
-respectively.
diular to the plane of the rectangle, is through & M
and M
circular ring.
Emr= Em(r?+ y)= Emx?+ Emy2 inertia ofa uanýorm of a uniform
Moment of
diameters
perpendicular arc of the
anelementof
two
=
(M. L about GY) + (M. I. about OYbe along
Let OX and 0. Let PQbe be the mass
GX) through its
centre
86. Let m
of r a d i u s e and L XOQ= 0 element PQ is
M.M.M.
weTEr is the distance from Gof an
ring
ring,such
that XOP ='0 so that the m a s s
2
of the arc,
unit length
of
from OX is PN
element
the
4 sin 0.
z
rdinates are (z, yi referred element of mass n at a
per
The
distance of this
to GX and GY as axes. point whose ma89.
 7
__
6 _ _ _ _ _ _AD __
vANcE_'D_AN.._'.AL_Y_T_'I_C.,:'.AL::...;D:,::YN~£, TS AND PRODUCT S OF INERTIA
'AM1cs
- ,.JOMEN
~ Z\ \ yt

X X

~ Fig. 1.2(d)
Fig. l.2(e)
~ M. I. of th~;ing about the diamete~n g OX is
f ma · a
0
2
sin 2 8 d8 Hence I
(i) M. I. of the disc about a diameter a ong
OX ·s
I
. 2. • z a2 ~
= ma 3 fo sin z 8 d8 == m ,r a l = 2 . al .1 f mttr 3
dr = mtta • 4 =M· 4 '
"
1C am
· -2 -- M · - ,
0
where M = mass of th
-s;: .. ~ l e t e ring = 21t111n . 2 where M = mtta z = mass of the disc.
Similarly, . a2
~rly, ·
(ii) M . I. of the disc ·a bout a diameter along OY 1s M 4
I. of the ring about .
.../M I . the diameter along OY is l m 2
~ · · . of the nn bo -;, ··· · a . Also
th - -
the plane of the . . g a utan axis OZ rough O perpend icular to -
nng JS (iit) M . I. of the disc about an axis OZ through O perpendic ular to
I;ma&J. 11 2 the plane of the disc is
• mna 4 a2
·, a 2

2 =M2 ·
2. 2
f 21tmr dr . r 2 = --2- = m 1t a
= ""'3 I d8::::: 2,c""'3= Mil z . •

~/

~ Momnit ofi",...;_
o
~~t
--::::::?::>
of inertia of a uniform elliptic disc.
7
·-• •"' ofll Wlifimn · i.etoXandoY be the rectangula r axes along the major axis AB and
lar ~t OX and oy be al . - CZrcuJar disc..
. dJSc of centre O ong two pern-.. . perpendicu lar to it, intersectin g at 0, the centre of the elliptic disc.
dJSc. and radius" Let-r--•d1c utardiamet
• • • 111 be the llla:ss e~ of the cin:,,,. Let the equation of the elliptic disc be
DiVIde the disc . per unit all?a of the x 2 Y..:,_.J. I
·S\.ICh a ring of rad . lllto elements wJ..:_L al+ b 2 IJ. .
Now ius rand Width &UUI.
are concentric .
,so that its tnass . nngs. Consider _ Divide the disc into strips parallel to the major axis AB. Let PQ be
M. l. of the rin abo
JS 2nr ~r. m.
g ut the di one such strip, such that the co-ordinat es of P are (x, y) or
~ 2_ r 2 atnefer along o v .
. W' • 2 = 1717tr 3 a, . "' JS (a cos 8 , b sin 8) , 8 being the eccentric angle of the point P . Let the
wid~ ~f the strip PQ be 6y.
 7
__
6 _ _ _ _ _ _AD __
vANcE_'D_AN.._'.AL_Y_T_'I_C.,:'.AL::...;D:,::YN~£, TS AND PRODUCT S OF INERTIA
'AM1cs
- ,.JOMEN
~ Z\ \ yt

X X

~ Fig. 1.2(d)
Fig. l.2(e)
~ M. I. of th~;ing about the diamete~n g OX is
f ma · a
0
2
sin 2 8 d8 Hence I
(i) M. I. of the disc about a diameter a ong
OX ·s
I
. 2. • z a2 ~
= ma 3 fo sin z 8 d8 == m ,r a l = 2 . al .1 f mttr 3
dr = mtta • 4 =M· 4 '
"
1C am
· -2 -- M · - ,
0
where M = mass of th
-s;: .. ~ l e t e ring = 21t111n . 2 where M = mtta z = mass of the disc.
Similarly, . a2
~rly, ·
(ii) M . I. of the disc ·a bout a diameter along OY 1s M 4
I. of the ring about .
.../M I . the diameter along OY is l m 2
~ · · . of the nn bo -;, ··· · a . Also
th - -
the plane of the . . g a utan axis OZ rough O perpend icular to -
nng JS (iit) M . I. of the disc about an axis OZ through O perpendic ular to
I;ma&J. 11 2 the plane of the disc is
• mna 4 a2
·, a 2

2 =M2 ·
2. 2
f 21tmr dr . r 2 = --2- = m 1t a
= ""'3 I d8::::: 2,c""'3= Mil z . •

~/

~ Momnit ofi",...;_
o
~~t
--::::::?::>
of inertia of a uniform elliptic disc.
7
·-• •"' ofll Wlifimn · i.etoXandoY be the rectangula r axes along the major axis AB and
lar ~t OX and oy be al . - CZrcuJar disc..
. dJSc of centre O ong two pern-.. . perpendicu lar to it, intersectin g at 0, the centre of the elliptic disc.
dJSc. and radius" Let-r--•d1c utardiamet
• • • 111 be the llla:ss e~ of the cin:,,,. Let the equation of the elliptic disc be
DiVIde the disc . per unit all?a of the x 2 Y..:,_.J. I
·S\.ICh a ring of rad . lllto elements wJ..:_L al+ b 2 IJ. .
Now ius rand Width &UUI.
are concentric .
,so that its tnass . nngs. Consider _ Divide the disc into strips parallel to the major axis AB. Let PQ be
M. l. of the rin abo
JS 2nr ~r. m.
g ut the di one such strip, such that the co-ordinat es of P are (x, y) or
~ 2_ r 2 atnefer along o v .
. W' • 2 = 1717tr 3 a, . "' JS (a cos 8 , b sin 8) , 8 being the eccentric angle of the point P . Let the
wid~ ~f the strip PQ be 6y.
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL lJY/VllAA
------------------.:.:•"'="'~
8 9
LL<) .
_ _ _ __
-~ .,!.~!_P~:R~O~D~U!C~~!S_;,O~F'.;IN~E~R~T;:_1A:,__
z\ y MOMENT~ AND
. ofa solid sphere about a diameter. of radius a and
\
\
--- .
\
(g) Moment of mertta . l e of the sphere
be the mass per unit VO um
Let om AB is a diameter of the sphere.
centre ·

Fig. 1.2(/)

M. I. of the strip PQ abou t OY is 2x 611:, · m· ~ , whe re m 1s

.
the lllq
, 3 A
per unit area of the disc. Hence
is
M. I. of the elliptic disc about the minor a.xis
(i)
•
- .
f f mx
2
.
3
dy
Fig. I.2(g)
Ii
,
s ces su~
Divide the sphere into clrcu ,arbe
has pp' Q 'Q atI'a dista
f h
nce
PN is
x from the centre O and let 6x the thick ness o t e s ice .
f
3
f.
3
= m a cos 8 d(b sin8)
perpendicular to AB.
is assu med to be equa l to Y·
-i
.
2
Then PN 2 = y 2 = a 2 _ x 2, wher e PN
Therefore the mass of the circular slice
PP 'Q 'Q is
:s b . 3it= M ~
2
m1tY 2 6x = mn (a - x ) 6x •
2
= fma3bx 2f cos•8d8 = !mtl
3 16 •4 I
0
M . I. of this slice about the diam eter
AB is, by (e) (iii),
where M = ~= mass of the elliptic
disc. 2 a 2 - x· 2
-.
Similarly, mey 2 6x . y2 = m1t ( a 2 - x 2) 6x . -. - 2
t the diam eter AB is
(iz) M. I. about the ~ajo r axis is M b i
. Therefore M. I. of the whole sphe re abou

c·itu,\ 4
t an j ½tmt(a 2
2 2 2
x 2 ) 2 dx= mnf (a - x ) dx= ~ -fs,a 5

~ - I. of the elliptic disc abou axis OZ through 0,

-

endicular to the plane of the disc, -

is 0
perp 2a2 2a2 .
I mr 2 = .t m (x i + y :i:.,-- "mx
-
,:- 2
+ Imy 2 =3,uzlmx s= M. 5,,
4

rax· OY)
- (M.I.aboutthemino + ( M. I. about the major axis OX'!
1 . JS
where M == mass of the sphere.
:::, i M (a i+ b 2) , e about a diameter.
(h) Moment of inertia ofa hollow spher
where.r is the distance-from 0 Let m be the mass per unit area of
the surfa(:e of the sphe re. Divi de
. element of mass m at a poin t (x, y)
on the disc referred to OX an d oofa" lar rings as PP 'Q 'Q(F ig.1.2(g))
y as axes. the surface of the sphere into circu
perpendicular to the diam eter AB.
 r:v - 11
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAAf '.:A- - - - - - ~
OF JNE;tcR~TI
.' II
) I,
I

'
3 ---------------~:.:.:,:~.-!Cs.~
10
~ G Il . ,rs A]'ID p
Mo!rfB,~
tWDUCTS

en
-

of (1) is zero an
d QN is the value
LetLXOP= 0 and LXOQ= 8+ 00, ' l eofz wh y
q where OX is a straight line along the diameter OB.
_ Now arc PQ = breadth of the circular ring= a 00 .
pN is the va u Tous
NoW of (l) is zero.
of'IW
hen z
c ~ a n d Q -a
b ~
N - - "a z - x •
x2 •

PN -- -a a b 2
Radius of the ring= NP= ~ sin 8 and its mass = 2 ,ra sin 8a
~'
. _£ (a 2 - x ) .
68 111 .
ll' ttc sec
ti·on 1s 1t
a
2
M. I. of this ring about the diameter AB is, by (d) (iiz), · · area of the e ip lli soid, then the
! '
Therefore h density of the e_ ~ l diameter
I
I;
i
2nam sin 0 . a 00 . a 2 sin 2 0 = 2 mrra 4 sin 3 8 50 . . ss be 6x . If p ~e t _e about the pnnc1~a
Hence the M. I. of the hoJJow sphere about the diameter is Le. tits th1ckne. f the ellipsoid i·deration is
f.,, f ·· ertta o . nder cons
;t II moment o m the elliptic section u
l'
,,h·
I 2mwr' sin
0
3
0 d0 = ! mrra 4
3
perpendicular to PN 2 + QN z by if} (iii)'
pj!/f<a1-x2)d x - 4 ,
J
2a 2 _,
= 4,ra2,n ,3= M.T ,
'),. 2

!!EE j
b z+c z (a z- x z ) zdx
where Mis the mass of the hollow sphere. =P4a2 · a1 _, -- ·
(1) Moment ofinertia ofa sclid ellipsoid about a principal dimnder.
t E£. b2+c2 j (a2-x2) 2dx
= 2 1tPa2 · a2 o

1,
z II

2 · 8
s 8 d8, bY putting x = a sm
t b ( b1 + C2) Jo cos
=i1tpac
b 2+ C2
~ . li= (!np,abc)x ~
s: 1t p abc . 15
4 3
bl+ C2
=M~,
where M == mass of the ellipsoid.
Similar results are obtained "or ,, M.I. about other principal
diameters.
~ ~of inertia about a perpendicular axis .
.... ~us now generalize the results obtained ~n connec~on with the
Fig. l.2(h) moments of inertia ofa plane area about an axts perpendicular to the
Let the equation of the ellipsoid be r 2 + ~+
zi - plane.
112bl z- 1. ... (1) Tht sum cf the·moments of inmia of II plane lamina a~t a_ny two
0'1, OB, 0Care its princt al se . . - c perpmdicular arts iying on the plane is equal to its moment of inertia ~bout
are~ PNQ parallel to thepyz • :--diam~ters. Let us take an elementary an axis perpendicuJRr to the plane and p•g through the point of
section ohrea n .PN . QN. P e whrch is a quadrant of the elliptic intmection of the perpendicular axes. ·
t•

13
INERTIA
12
_ _AD.::..:,V..:,:'AN,:C:'E:;D~AN~
'AL~YT~'I:C~ . 'S AND PRODUCTS OF
- ___ 'AL DYNAM1cs
Let m be the mass of an element of
referred to th a pla ne lam ina
: %\
I~ ~
.. /a ou th 's rule.
e rectangular set of axes OX-and DY l · at p (. . Ro uth is very much helpfu
l in remembering
}'lng on the I .t, ~) \ /: ' ~ ·ve n by Dr for moments
1 and other similar results
p~ 'fhe ru e ftained previously solid bodies.
y
f
the res~lts certain symme
of inertia o
trical
try
M-I. about an axis of symme
·' pendicular semi-axes
I
sum of the square of per
s
3, 4,5
== Mass x
dy is rectangular
r 4 or 5 according as the bo
h d nominator being 3 or (includin g circular) or
ing a rod and a squ are) or elliptical
p· ~-e ,;d
ig. t.3 erical).
Le tOP: r. Leto efii~soidal (including sph s:
through O Th Zb eas tra igh t line
rmaJ to the plan state the following result
. en M. I. of the Jamin aa;;,outO Zi s eandpassing By this rule,we can easily iped about an
I - of a rectangular parallelop
m,2== l;m (x2 + y2 ) me nt of ine rtia
· (I) The mo er sides being of
- Im x2 + Imy 2 allel to the side 'la, the oth
- (
- M. I. about OY) axis through its centre par
+ LM. I. about OX ) · lengths 2b and 2c, is ·
S:or.d·1. M. I· 0 f a rectang ~ b2+ c2 . . ss;
perpen 1cular to its 1 · ular lam•ina about
~ M.- -- , M bemg ,ts ma
p ane and p . a straight I' 3
M I assmg through ,·ts centre of mass . IIle axis through its
.. about GZ (F·ig.1.2(b)) == ( M I bo a cube of side 'la about an
· • a utG X)
1s the moment of inertia of
+ ( M. I. about GY) ce n~·parallel to a side is
_ b 2
a2
Cor. 2 M I
. of a circ ula r
- M .- + M . -
rin
3 - tM i
3 - 3 (a + b 2) .
JMa , M being its mass
2

ut a diameter of
to its plan; an.
fh a straight line (i1) The :noment of ine
rtia of an elliptic disc abo
d Passing through abouttre is perpendicular pal diameter bei ng 2b, is
sum of M I bo
d"
e cen length 2a, the other princi
. •a Ut
elliptic disc .
2
== M ~ + Ma 2
'aJneters along OX ¼Mb 2 , M being the mass of the
and OY(Fig. 1.2(tl))
Cor 2 2 == Ma 2. . ut a principal
rtia of a solid ellipsoid abo being 2b and
. 3. l l1 ·. I• of a d . (iii) The moment of ine pal dia me ters
"'
to its ,~_11e_ and p . rcular disc bo other two princi
P1G i h .
assing throu h . acenuttrea isstra g t line perpendicular di~ ete r of length 2a, the
sum
== M ~
2
of
+
M.
M
I. aboutd·
~
g •ts
- 11 ~e ter s along OX an<i0-t_(Fig.1.2(e))
- M2 .
2c, IS
M. +,
b2 2
M bein.g the mass of the
ellipsoid.

Cor. t 4 4 . a about parallel axes.

d · . M. I. of ". ~ n t of inerti ight line or lines
?erpen
'CUlar to its Plan anandelli ptic lan tin ducts of inertia about' any strathe corresponding
e Pas s. a abo ut ~""'1nfflts and pro G of a lx,dy be _given, then
(M 1
· · about the 11\ajo ~g
th rough its cen:.e ~tra..ight line
.,.. t:: : .h the ~ gravity line or lines can be found.
rllX +(Mis) IS
q titie s for any pa iillel
- I. about th . be any three
== .,, b2
e llllJlOr axis ) y of a body and GX, GY, GZ
m · -.. , M a == ! ·Let _Gbe the centre of gravit OX ', OY ', OZ ' be three.straight lines
2
4 . - 2 (Fig. l.2CI))
~~ogonaJ axes throughlyit.
Let
4 4 M (R + b 2) .
alle l respec tive to GX, GY, GZ.
- _ par
A.A.D-24
 --,,,.--·
r .

'
I

µOM
Ji!NttJ J\fl11 ·_ .
I

~t??~ct11fl~ J
111wu1101~

£ rn (x,r /) (1/ .., JI)

'
11 · Of" Jft//Jtn'lff
. .
bOJ,d thf ttJ't !t
.
. o' x, v , 11>
l!MJ O ,;,. •
,

,; mi V "" ,; ,,, (X:!/ -4, gx . ., /Y .., /R ) /!Ill r, my ., o

- t ,1n,:ut ,rt.%
~ ,:, tttXV + M/1{ ' . ' ut GX a.nd GY)
"1uct of ln~rtla ab' M nlaced alt C
,., ( pro1,1 · "f the rru••' ,.,. ,)
'6' '
ff ) zf ( auct of JnertlP . . . I and ox oY '
I' ~, prv . about the a,«!t i .... t.h.ert the
n direct o,,,
I
drawn In a S ve t the one that
r Cor, l, If" ournbc,• ~ ob(~:yu::i~ be the mJn~~um abou .
t )f lfl<trtltl v fl It· · of the bCJV Y· GX
rnon,trt t t . h the ,entro of grttv y ' . d O'X" paralleJ to .
pn•c•'' tl:l'<l>fut~u,r" be two i,trttlght llntc! <o,,:,a~l'ty of the body, then
or, ... ( c: thu c~n ' "' · " 2
X' coi aiu,d b rom ,, i ( .. , J about O'X,, )- Mb
ftt dlftto.n_
·OX') - Mil Ill JYJ , '
( M, J. nbout • ..,v,,
, J. about GX, .. f thti M. I. ot
. ls u pllud only w ,en . . Je
Not•• Tht thoc>r@m of parall~l ~~ of tJ~ bodY 18 known. For ex.amp . ,
Pia, I.•~ t:h t bt~iy iibmlt 1tt1•1txl, dlrough th@ t·p~rrttl@ I to the diameter l8
!t~n(~ :~~ M.,I. of thl} b()dy of ma&i M wU1'1 tetp«t to 0xt1, M,I,of A drcuJor ditD about• tnngen . ai
, 5d 2 M 1 of tltct djSC nbout a dlamotClr. ilf M . 4 .
., Ht ( ~+ .t ) ) iii ht I( ~ + S) l.., (I + h) JI
t m(y i .., l A+ l¥8 + 2th + o '+ h, ) . (I)
M.
7. , M,2 9 M . ,11lnce , ·
4
. M I of A ,olld i,phere about A tangflr\t la
ii
In th@tiAm« way, th t · ·
Now ~ hilv@
0
••• 2A l 7 2
M . T + M11 1 . 5Mo '
hL~ • 2$,J;IN,v, 242
Ag11il\ from Sm~ tine• th• M. I. of the ,olld sphere about a diameter is M • T ·
!~
1- ~ ~wlldlnttt of the tffltre t)f g11vlty referred to G Al u. Moment of inertlt, about any •tr•ight Um~.
Oftgfn Let OQ be• straight line whose direction cosines referred to the set
of lffltngular axes OX YZ are l, m, n. Let us find the mQment of inertia
of a body abou.t OQ, when A, B, Care t:he moments of inertia of the
'body about OX, OY, OZ and D, E, fare the products-oHnertia of the
body with respect to the axes of y and z, of z and x and of i . and. y
,mpectiv,ly. -'.
C~ : -~ td.er en element of ~s m' at .the point e (xl y,, .i ) . Then
· A:.,;itm'(y 1 + %1 ),B=tm'(z·2 + x 2 ),C = tm'(x•t+ y 2)
utdD=tm'yz, £=.t m'zx ,F=Lm 'xy. .
 .
F I
.
.

"
lo ADVANCED ANALY7'1CAL

If PN be the perpendicular
OP 1,. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and ON =
. . . .
DYNAMJ ,

from P t~ OQ, then

C:,:i

~
./

, ,¢/!, Jv J :J
/l'I V
Af"V
u~vvucTB Of Jfi/&RTI·_.A_. --
o• .
•
11

projection of OP on OQ ,,. Ix+ rnirta abOut OQ rs . 1

my~~! f>A .1.oftttela (uc.os0 - x sit'1 9)
N1 2 ·..,9 005 91:mxy
t ,n .P -- t tn2,0 t ,ny2 + sin z et mx i - st,, (1)
z : : cos .n 2 _ 2F sin ecos 8, . ..
:::: A cos 2 8 + 8 81 8 wnina abo ut ox I
A:::: t my - M. J. of the plalan
2- tie 1,.,...ut OY
11 1nce e lamina avv
2 "' M. I. of the P y
f . .....+ia with resp ect to ox and O ·
Q 8 :: t ,nx . .
uct
i and
F:: t ,nxy:: prod o inc:••·
'
1
y I; P ( :t,Y )
Q

y
\N
Fig. 1.6
Therefore PN 2 = x 2 + y 2 + 2
z - (Ix + my + nz ) 2 0
= (1- l2) x2 + (1- m2
)y2 + (1- n2) z2 Fig. 1. 7
·nh t tine OQ
lall'\ina abo ' it the stralb' .
= (m 2 + n 2 ) x 2 + (n 2 + /2
- 2mnyz - 2nlzx - 2lmxy
) y 2 + (/2 + m 2 ) z 2
Thus (1).
through 0, if ' ' .
s;e;
.
the M. I. of the
F be given.
d a straight line
- 2mnyz - 2nlzx - 2/mxy Product O f in. ertta wI'th respect to OQ an
= 12 (y 2 + z 2 ) + m 2 (z 2 + x perpendicular to it throug h O is
2 ) + n 2 (x 2 + y 2) 0- x sin 0) (x cos 8 + y
1PN ON = tm( Yc os sin 8) . 1 }
- 2mnyz - 2nlzx - '2,lmxy. h. I, ,rt . . r 2 - X 2 ) sin 0 COS 0 + xy (cos l 0- sin 0)
= t ml(Y
= (A - B) sin 0 cos 0 + 20
Now M. I. of the body about f cos .
OQ is I: m' .PN 2
= 12 I. m ' (y 2 + z 2 ) + m 2 I: m ' (z 2
+ x 2 ) + n 2 I: m ' (x 2 + y 2 ) mustrative Examples.
- 2m ntm 'yz - 2n lI,m 'zx 1•8.
= AP + Bm 2 + Cn 2
- 2/mtm'xy Ex. 1. With usual notations, sho that w
- 2Dmn - 2E:nl - 2Flm .
1.7. M01Dent of inertia of {l) A+ B > C,
a lunina about a straight lin {ii) A+ B+ C = constant,
lts plane. t In
lB, .H. 20011
Let P ~, y ) be the po&ition of {iii)A>2D, 8> 2E and C>
an element of mass m of 2f,1 ,..'1+ x2 )- tm( .xl+
- t y2)
wit h reference to the rectan
gular ax.es OX and OY. Let OQ the lamina (i) We have A + B- C - ,n
(yt +z )+~ m- .z
line making an angle 8 with OX be a stra
from P. Then and PN be the perpendicular ight == 1
2 tmz: > o.
on OQ
Ther~fore A + B > C·
PN = · oa 8- :ul n 9. ( The , um of any two of A, B . te than the third. )
, C Ii grea r
 i :I

rveB'f1.A.
18 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL vcrs. oE' I t-GY is,
~--------- DYNAMICS . pfi0V
------..:.. rs µJV . _~ -J. abO\l ) .
. :· RI010 1a,OS, tt:S ( 2
~ 0JJ$l'I 2 6.t,
M _ t z:; h ~
(ii) A + B+ C= I m (y 2 + z 2 2
) + I m (z + x 2 ) + I
of paralle i • M, +% •
2
m (x + y 2 ) M tile0reJ1\ •
2
= 2 I m (x + y 2 + z 2 )
J-leflce,
w~ . 1•"' ,. M6t :+- h
- ~~- ,4
~~
Gy 1s
.. = 2 r. mr 2, , -a who le--,,.,,\iflder
which i~ a constant, independen 4h , ·aofthe ,.
t of the directions of the axes. )
(iu) We have y 2 + z 2 > 2yz,
entofiftertl, z(az .tz d.t
_ ;;;-,- J --
t •'-e JllOJ1\
since A. M. > C. M. t{ef\ce \l' 2M
!!. ) 4+
Therefore +
Im (y 2 z 2 ) > I 2myz, M-(l¾+,:l dX- h O ,
that is, A > 2D . Jt !!.
. Simtlarly,-the other results will . 2+ h 2 )·
.follow . - 2 h 3 ):::: M. ( 3a
,,A,fla,. ·!!.+ -1 s of ,nass M
Ex. 2. Find the moment of inertia
of a right circular cylinder ~ - ,· 2 3 12 lid cone

' . ertia of a n·ght so

:::: Jt 4
(1) about its axis ; ornent 0! in · ais
ShOW that 1!1 of whOse ~ase is
(ii) about an axis through its cent
re of gravity perpendicular to its 'EX· 3. . hand theradius .. ,.
axis . whose htight is
Let a be the radius of the circular
base and h be the height of the 3Ma,. ~
mass M, so that M = 1t a 2h p, cylinder of ,.,_. ~ - h +a
p being its density. G is the C.
and the x-axis is taken along G. of the cylinder
the axis of the cylinder.
Consider a circular disc of thick
ness 6x at a distance x from
iant side and
y
G. about as M1. ( h z+ 4a 2 ) . e endicular to
80.h the centre ofgravity of the
bout astraight line throug
cone p rp [ K. H. 2001]
a . from the ver tex
its axis, disc of thickness 6x at a dist anc e x
tan a • 6x '
disc:;;;
2
X Consideranelem~tazcal ang
le a . Mass ~f the
. _ ,cx--2
0 of the
cone of _senu-vedius of the disc unit vol um e.
, hich x tan a.1s the ra and p ts the ma
~ig.1.B(a) mW
y
Its mass is¥ 6x .
B
(1) M. I. of this drcular disc
about the axis of the cylinder
is
M a2
h 6x • . (cf. Art 1.3 Cor. (iii) I
2
Therefore M. I. of the complete 0 X
cylinder about the axis is
M a2fh M a2
h' 2 0 dx= h ' 2h Fig. 1.8(t,)

Ma 2 ¥,,I.o f~ disc about OC, the axis

of the cone, is
=2 · ·, · 1tpx 2 tan 2 a .-6r . ½xJ
tan 2 a.
(ii) M. l. of the circular disc
about a diameter parallel to GY
2
is Therefore M. I.'C>f the whole body-ab
a M out OC (= h ) is
T ·T ~x. · 1 II
J•
21tPtan • a x d.x= -1t
1 5
•
0. to ph_ tan •a= A (say) .
 20 ·::AL:::_Y.:_;TI,:c~'.AL:.!_~
_ _AD_V:_'AN,_C.;,:'E:,:D:_AN.:.:
- ___ DYNAl.fics.
OF INERTIA
21
. .R/01)) MOMENTS . AND PRODUCTS
Again M. I. of the disc about OB
= ( M. I. of the disc about ad1am '
eter of the d.
. 4. Find the moment of inertia of
a triangleABC about a perpendicular
I
I 1
d'
+ ( M. I. of the mass of the isc placed at its cen
isc parallel to OB
tre about OB)
)
to ane through the vertex A.
the vertex A to
= 4( 7t px 2 tan2 a 6x) . x 2 ta 2 . be the perpendicular through
n a. + ( 7t px 2 ta n2 a.o x)x 2 LetAE be the median and AD r the elem enta ry strip PQ
AE = d . Conside
the base BC. Let AD = h and A wh~ se thic kness is 6.r . Ma nd N
n~e x from
1) . parallel to the base BC at a dista
= 7tpx4tan2,a . 6x(¾tan2a.+ the points where AD and AE mte
rsect the strip PQ .
are
f Therefore M. I . of th e cone about OB . y
is equal to.
A ____.. - ··· •
f 7rp i
tan2 a. ( tan2 a.+ 1) x 4dx f
0

=7eptan a(.4! tan a. + 1 .! s

2 2 )
. 5 h == B (say).
Product of inertia ofth e cone With
Th erefore M I of th respect to OC 08 1.s clea l
· · econe bo ut a slant side is , r y zero. C
. 2
A cos 2 a+ B sin a B
a
- I s 1 Fig. 1.B(c)
- io 7t Ph tan 4 a cos 2 a
+ s Ph s tan
7t 2a ( .! ta z
4 n a + 1) sin za EQ_ _ AM _ x _ AN _ AN ·
= 1. 7t Ph s tan za sin za ( 1 I
Now BC - AD - ,;- AE - T
10 2
2)
1
- - 3M + 2tan a+
Therefore PQ = E!. and AN = xd, where BC= a .
-10 ·~7 t1r 5ta n2
tan 2 a a sin 2 a (3 + 2tan2a,
I ) h h
endicular to the plane of triangle
ABC
M. I. of the strip about A Y, perp to A y)
ght line through N para llel
2 2 Wh = ( MJ. of the strip about a strai
= 2M_ h " (
3+·-!: J . " ereM== massofthecone + ( Mass of the strip ) .
AN 2
10 -~ 2h 2 , since -::: tan 2
,;-- ) ,
(ax) +,;--ax_,6x.p (xd
31.._ 2 h a 2
=~ 6h 2+ _2 ax 6x , p 2h
_ 1 ;--·
20 --:--.--:-,.! -3,
h2+112 ·
:p
~G Ybe since mass of the strip = ·';; . '&r
theaxi ,,,_ a straight lin e throu ...1. th
s. "1en 611
ecentreo f . 2
M • 8l'aVity G - J_ px3 a 2 .
+ 12d ) 6x .
·I.about OB:: E>elpendicular to -:- 12 . h 3 ( II
<MJ. about G}')
+ <MJ. of a ma M gle ABC about A y is equal to
Therefore M. ss Placed at G about OB) . Therefore M. I. of the whole trian
I. about CY= l 1t hs
tan 2 a( l Ji
S P 1
3M itan
2
a+ 1) 9
-M . -h2 12 (II 2 + 12d 2 ) :~ JX 3 dx
::.....,.._h2(1 "2 ) 16 0
- - 9
5 4 · h2+ 1 --M J,z
_ 3M 16 = l.ca2+ l2d2 ) hpa3 • lh•
4
12
- 80"(1,2+ 4112) _ 1 2
(a + 12d 2 ) pah .
.
= 48
 22 ADVANCED ANALY'J'IC
AL DY,
NA
_
Mt c8 . _ _ _ _ _
INER _ _ _ _ _ __23
_TIA
.. . - · •_:_:_
uouE NTS AN_ _
D PRODUC TS OF

Examples I (A)
~ ine rtia of a rec tan2gle
of m ass M an d
I h tha t the mo me n t of b2
rtia of a ho llo ws he re of mass A 11. 5 ow 2M a
. 1. Fin~ the moment of ineern . P 1 _ .
3 a 2 +b 2 •
int al d ".. bem ,.,, about ...,n,. an d 2b ab ou t a dia go na l is
diameter, its external and ra g a and b a .
. . sick s,,_ iptic are a of ma ss M
2. Show that the mome
nt. of in rti ar lam;_ tha t the mo me n t of ine rtia of an ell .
boimding de. a eteof a ~n11-cireu1 ~ · U! 1a ab .
12
Sh ow
length r 1s
a tangent parallel to the iam r IS ab ou t a dia me ter of
d ;em i-a xes a an d b
~J
0
a 2b 2
~
Ma 2r~4 - 31t I
lit
M-
4r 2
·
ps e of mass M and
M . th nt of ine rtia of an elli2
where a is the radius an,:.
I .
Is e mass of the lam ma. . Sh ow tha t the mo me · 5 M p , where p IS e
. th
. 13 a tan ge nt 1s 4
. . b ab ou t
3. Fin d the pro duct of
ular Wir f semi-axes a an d [ V: H: 2001 J
t Inertia of_a semi-circ e o mass M tre to the tan gen t..
.
about its diameter and the angent at its extremity. per pen dic ula r fro m the cen
rtia of an ellipt ic are
a
d
4. p· th · t the sum of the mo me nts of me
m e product of ine d
rtia of an elliptic qua rant of ·14. Sh ow tha
alw ays the same.
nts at rig ht ang les is
about its axes · mass M iibotit ah y tw o tan ge of the sol id for me d
by
ty p, is in the sha pe
s·p·md th e moment of · · . ' t'.5. A solid bo dy, of de nsi ide r = a (1 + cos 8) ab ou t the initial line.
inertia of the area of
mass M bo un d ed by the rev olu.tion of the
car dio po le
the ve r 2 = a 2
cur ht lin e thr ou gh the
ut its ;a,,;~
cos 28 abo of ine rtia ab ou t a str aig
.
Fmd also th e moment f .
~- Show tha t its mo me nt 5 f V. H. 3 1
199
the the ini tial line is : 7tptl •
,:_
une through the on· . m. . o n of
Inertia
,
c:2 ....
._., le are__a abo t per pen dic ula r to tic al
its pla
gm . u as straight
,..., to zts sph erical sec tor of ver
per pen d_i,'-WL sph ere of rad ius a, a
I
e and axi 16. Fro m a un ifo rm rti a of the
6. Show th at the mo <U"
. mo me nt of ine
of inerfia of ed . Sh ow tha t the
2 · 2
r = a cos 28 ab . me nt the curve angle 2cx is tem ov me try is
. straight line thr o theh are a of ab ou t the axis of sym
perpen dicular to i:u ! a ug the Orj crin rem ain der of ma ss M 2 cos a) •
and
pa ne IS o .. , ¾ Ma (1 + cos a)( 2 -
ius
ll of ma ss M an d rad
1 n hem isp her ica l she
- M1ra 2 ' 17. Sh ow tha t, for a thi e thr ou gh the ver tex is
ab ou t an y str aig ht lin
WhereM is th em ass of th
8 a, the mo me nt of inertia
e Wh ole area. i Ma 2.
ou t
7. Show ht an gle d tria ng le ab
that the mo nt -of inertia f - t the pro du ct of ine rtia of a rig
me :- o a p;a -.L li ow tha
~ 4a cut off b or~ VO c area of
latus 18. Sh
g the rig ht ang le is f
Ma b, M be ing its ma ss.
- Mh 2 about the tan y an -.unate at a distan ce~C1 h fro th is sides 2a, 2b contain.4i xes
7 &ent at ~ Vertex and ~ Mah .
th m e vertex iptic lam ina of sem i-a
M•
IS the mass of the

its ·
8. Find th
e mo me
Parabolic area.
nt of · .
,.... __
Inertia of-a u. uncaf-ed
s ab ou t the axis, wh ere 19. If k1 , k2 be the ,rad
a an d b abo ut tw o co
nju fat~ d:a,m~te(rs, ten
~ .o f gy rat ion of ~ ~ll
rr)o:ve tha t

axis, the radii of l'ts ends J....-.:_ 02 = 4 2+ -b2 .

UQllg a and b cone of mass Ma b ou t k2 + a
9. Find th . 1.
rtio n
of in ~ . t the x-axis. of the po .
sides 2a 2b 2c e momentM abo of a l"ectangu1ai- Sh. ow . tha t the mo me nt 2of ine rtia ab ou
20,
, , and lllass edge. Parallelopiped of 2 2
x · Y..:.. z = 1, which lies in the po sit ive oct
ant ,
the utan of th ·· lli · 1_'d -;i- 2 + ;-i
10. Show. that . ~e pso + b
·s . M mo me nt of inertia 0 f · p = µ.xyz, is
<tbout its axz 15 · aParab1o o1d of revolution vo lum e de nsi ty to be
- x (square of the . sup sin g the law of
po
mass. 3 radius of its b. )~.Where Mi s its !4 M( b2 + C , 2)
ase ips oid .
of the oct ant of the ell
where M is the ma ss
•
I
,.-
j-.
~
-

25
,....-
1,10#8¢ S ft]{f) PllOIJIJCTS OF /f'[ERTIA
ADVANCED ANAL YT/CAL DYN.
. . 'AMICS . ;.s tl,iS equation does not contain any term of the type (- 2D ' yz) or

i Answers 1
· R10 D _ iE , z;,) or (- 2f ' xy) , it can be said that the product of ;nertia with
L ~Mas- bs
5 a 3 _ b3 ·
2Ma '
4. .!.
Mab
--....::.
:1s
( pe<I th• principal axes must be zero. 'fl>us for every body there
at ,very paint O, a set of thret orthogonal axes which are the three
pri.,/4.,1104;,,neter' ef the mornental ellipsoid al Q such that the products of
~
3. 2 --;- .
5. Miz2(1t
16 - 3 )·, 48
Ma' (31t•+ 8}. . 8. 3M a s - b s
;n,rtifl ef the body aboUI 11,ose axes, talcen in pairs, vanish.
Jn particUJar, when the three principa l moment s of inerti• at any
9 4M (b ' 10 • ' - b ' .
./ +c'). p0int Oare equal, the ellipsoid 1,eeomes a sphere-
eor. li A and B denote the moment s of ;nertia of a plan• Jamin•
aJ,oUI the rectangular axes OX and OY in the plan• and F be
the
~ Momenta! ellipsoid. Jt""1Ucl of ;nertia of th; plane Jamin• with respect to those two
axes,
then the equation of the moment a! ellipse of th• Jamin• at O w ill be
Let I, m, n be the dir .
the axes
that the OXm~men!
Oy and
ection take
ofOZ.
. We . ~
cosin.. of a straight
ength OP al line OQ referr d .Axz+ By2_ 2fxy= Mk4 .
proporti onal to O , merba of the bod
H
, now, A B C
p · Y •o• ~ ..
ong the line O e to
15 Q~d
li P be a pain! on this ellipse, then the moment of ;nerti• of the
mversel )amina aJ,oUI OP will Vary ;nversely as OP' .
about the a,/ ' ,
stra1"ght line OQ D, E, F be th
es, isthen the momente of
moment 1
inert·1as an
of dthe bod of mertia
products . . ~ moment al systems .
Al ' · Y about the . Two ~ systemS or bodies are said to be equi-mornental or
+ Bm 2 +
and this varies inversel .
c 2 kin,tu:aUy equ,valenl, if the rnOIX\ents and products of inerti• of one
n - Wmn - 2Enl - 2Flm system or body . about all axes be each equal to the moment s
y as OP 2_ Thus and
products of ,ne,tta of th• other system or body about the same axes.
A/2+ Bm i+ Cn i - 2Dmn - 2£ I Mk•
where Mi th . For two systell\S to be equi-mo mental,
n - 2Flm= - ~
p be the s . e mass of the bod OP , , (i) both the systems must have the same mass,
then point (x, y, z) relerredyto thek _is
and axes OXlinOY
some ear constant· If, now,
O (~) the centres of gravity of the two systems must coincide ,
r (Al, ' ' z and OP= r
2 + Bm'+ c , . (u~) the two systems must have the same . .
pnnopal
' moments about the centre of gravity.
. principal axes and same
E
or, Ax 2 +· By z + Cz 2 - n2D - 2Dmn - 2Enl - 2Flm)= Mk'
quation
areessen yzI- 2Ezx- 2F
tiall (l) sh_o_w s that the . xy -_ Mic • . . . . (I) 1.11. Illustrative Exam p1es.
Y positive
This ellipsoid . ocus of P is an elli .
. psoid, since A, B, C 0
ofside
cubeEx. 1. Shaw tl,at theto equation-o
2a ref,rled f the
its principal .::,o;;"'tal elliJ,soid .at the corner of
d' Now we know
is called the momen
th .
ta/ ellipsoid at 0
wnelers can be f at, for .every elli . .
e. equation of· the
· ound Let Gbe 2x
the2 + 11 (y 2 + z 2) = constant • [ V. H. 1988; B. H. 1997]
elli , such
'd .that referredpso,d
to thethree. perpendkulat
th These axes are th p~1 will have no terms fse
oth the
fe fonn
.
. momenta ! ·elli e pnn
A, ,
. crpa
th diameters as axes
· 1axes of thee//' o. e type yz, zx or xy.
psotd when referred to :r.:•d:f.A,1 the equation (I)
0.
OYTake OG
and OZ r~
•
~entre of gravtty of a cube of side 2a
uced as the x-axis OX and t
"they-an whose one comer point i
d , -oxes respectlv.;;';. mutuaUy perpendicUlor \in•
pnnc1pal axes at O talc•

X +B'y2+
. C' z 2 =Mk• .
, 26
NiC
'A:_: I'!iC,4£ DYJv, c "
Y'~l
~'E.:'D~AN.~Jtl~ TS OF INER TI
A
27

V,.:,: AND PRODUC

- ~ -- -- A /J .. :. : ¾J Ii
'

a point on[ ~ ·
\J
5
-. J -
• ., . l011 !,(OMEN1' : ; 9 ; {/
th:~
"" '.m
Now ·!ht r- • ,., ... rut..lljars ; the centre of gra .
fro
. / ellipso id at
O.Hez:minus faces
are its Prin lof the cuL at the momen ta ·
.?!t:!. i op axes
. Moreo ver, JVI . J. a_L
veOI) _, _- 2 Show th v / + z 2) - ~ xz = constant.
are equat eacn ·-o 3 11 ,Mbeinath
be in a uout tliese ~\ + 4
t"J ,I.. Ex- · . 2x 2 7

I ass of the ¾
-- o e In ~ -. ',em/spltere 1s

,I
y

Fig. 1,11(11) Fi g. 1.11(b) et er

I. about ke th e d ia m
~ e n c e thH1. any straight li ne Who.se dir . rim of th e he m is ph er ~. Ta ~ d z- ax es
gh G is ectionCOsin es in t O on th e hv el y th e y-
are1, ,,,,h Consider a , p~ O Y an d OZ ar e ~p ec co -o rd m at es of

rJ
th en re. Th e
Y!:f.11212 .112 . th e x-axis an d th e he nu sp he
e .. 3 ~ + m 2+ ,, 2)::: JM3 ' through O as
g in th e pl an e
of th e ba se of ra di us o.r
theaxe sbeutg th at o, OY be in a be in g th e
. PrtnopaJ ax
es, D - E ::: F"' 0 re d to O XY Z ar e ( 0, 0,
The - av ity C. . .:r
Th CO-ordin ates of referred to . . the centre of gr
Products . G , or, oz as
thox of th e
Us the
of Ulertia about _are (11 ',ff>- JJ o, the hemispheric
al base.
be th e p 1od uc
ts of in er tia
ltelJce ox, oy oz ipal axesesef thaxes, taken ;xpesai rs are also , ,. thk m om en ts
an d D, E, F
e the Princ o e rn 0 ' .d at o ·zero· Let A, B, C be ese axes.
Now at O, , ar nienta] eJJjPS01 ou t th k fr om OX.
, . hem isp he re ab at a di st an ce
., 11 2 ta ry di sc of th ic kn es s l;k
A q bo . ~ Consider an el
em en
A== . . a ut 0G == k2 .
e di sc = ✓a -
2 ,
31 1, er pa ra lle l to
B -M I -aboutoy The ra di us of th
th e di sc ab ou t its di am et ou t O X
. I. of
at its ce nt re ab
- · ab ou t O X= M e di sc pl ac ed
M. I. of this disc th e mass of th f
== M, l.about . O X + M . I. of r un it vo iu m e-o
a straight line 2 2) + k 2 } , p be in g the mass pe
through G paraJJeJ to or 2 2 - k
p &: { ¾(11
,
+ M. I f i1. . = x (a - k )
• o """ ll1as
sM e hemisphere.
Placed at c abo ut or
?1 1
~ ate ria l of th
::: 2
) this m
3 a + (a 'ffi 2
M, sinQt OC •
::: fl V3 - k i)( a i +
3k 2) dk
: : .ll3M a 2 , . Therefore A
f
= ¾ 1C p (a i
0

C:::M.J · 1 bo ut oz • 4)d k
= ¾1tp f (a 4 2 2
+ 2a k - 3k
: : .ll3M 11
2
, bys.Ynun
0

lience th
etry.
= ¾1tp (a
5
+ ~a' - ¾a 5
)

e eqUation of th 1f4 3 p I
2
e lllolllentaJ e"«ll' PSOid at O.is i 2
w he re M = l3,
j Ma ~ x 2 + 1I M11 2 y 2 + 11 . = Ma ,
3 4 ,2 :::
or, 4
3 22
'10nstant B= ¾Ma2+ M
a2= ZMa2
2+ s
(y + z 'J - C9nstan1.
11 2
- C = Z 11 . 2 .
and s "" '
 ---------------=
28
ADVANCED AN
ALYTICAL
A ~i n D = M .
. 0 x -3 a= 0, E
8 = M . -3 a x a=
NAAf1cs . 1l
~ 10,t
: _ _-' Dy

JJJD pRovvcrs
29

an d . 8 M 3 2
F= M . 0 x a= • ja , ]l{StJ'fS. .

1
0. r,fO .
He nc e th e eq ua
\e a t,o1.1t.AP J.S • ! . Of.
2 .
Ax + By + Cz
tio n of th e m om
2 2
en ta ! el lip soid
at o is M· 1. of t}le tang I [.!. ( ~ \ z + ~ . V El 2 , s1,..,1-re- L'Jtl::::: h
or ,
- 2Dyz - 2Ezx
Ma 2( 2 x 2 + 7 y 2 7 2
- 2Fxy = cons
tant
1(ipdX )l3~2h )
+
~
5
~
5 5 z - 3 xz ) = co ns ta nt
2
+_·7 (y 2 + z 2)- 15
4 xz=
4
co ns tan t.
,.i, (
: : 4a.,., ~ 12 + DE l J z 3 {b cOS C
- c COS l3) 2 I,
. . Show that the
triangle, about an moments and pr _M. I (b COS C + c cos B) +
y str . h 1· oducts of inertia "'2 4 \ DC"' c(."058 + I, COS C
of inertia about the aig t mes, are the same as the 0r . BC:::: BD +
. same lines of three momen ts an7 a Utiifn,..
d su,ce a "' oC - EC "'
C _ ! BC
tlie sides, each equa . pa rticles place .. ,,
b cos
l to one-third the . d at the 'middle Ppoodllcti
7
mass of the tnan
Artd
cu•
VE"' 2 cos B) .
1 bC
gle. znts,; := 1 { OS C- C
,
A tot
,.
' 1. abol.lt AD is Cl)
K 1nere e J.V•· M l be cos B cas C) .
ic + C 1 cos l B -
- (b COS
6 .-A to AD
Al ( is
. ertiarefefll= '-' and
product of U\ 11

1(~ dx} · ~ x 3 dx . D£ f
p .LIN== h l o
o~ B) . (3)
!I?. . ! h 4 • DE == 41 bC OS C- cCOS
.Mh(
B
== hl 4 M
. wee pa rti·c1es ea ch of J.1\llSS 3 placed. at th e
DE let us conside
Now, r .
. E F Go fth .des BC CA an d AB re sp ec nv ely .
Le t M be th e ma
ss of th
Fig. l.l l(c )
e tri an gl e AB C
of he ig ht h, ba
mid:.t:t~~ eS l , .
partic{les abO(u~AK
) 1.5 (!! )
Th er ef or e
M = ½ ah p.
se a an d density
p. M h.1 + 2 1
+ 2
1} = M_ h 1 . (4)
3 2
.
AD is th e pe f the se three pa rti.des ab ou t AD is
rp en di cu lar to M . I. o
ele me nt ar y str BC an d AE 2 }

"cos C) + (! c cos BJ '

ip PQ of br ea dt
alo ng ~D . Fr om h 6x at a di sta
th e sim ila r tri an
is th e m ed ian
nc e x fro m th e
gl es AP Q an d
. Consider an
ve rte x A measu 3
M {(!a - c cos B )
2
2
+ i
( 1
1

2
'\

A.BC, we ha ve red uJ DE = BE - 8D
=:' ½BC - c co 8 11
_ ! -c co sB , ·
!12_ = .! th at .is
PQ = ~ s s - 2
BC h' ' h
· ru, tan ee of F fro AD15' lC D = !! ,c
m_ os C ,
AK is dr aw n 2 2
pe rp en di cu lar to AD mstanee of G {ro AD . lB D = l
in th e pl an e of Dl ccos.B -
M . I. of th e tri an th e tri an gle. IS 2 2
gl e ab ou t AK is Hence M. I. of the
particles ab ou t
h
M AD is
f (!!h.! p dx )xi= ~ . .! h U {(b co sC - cc os B) i + b 2 cos 2 C + C l 2

1
-
0 h 4
4 = .! Mh
2
i. (1)
- M (b' 1cos1 C:
co s B i
I
+ c2 co s ! B- 'be

I
- 6 cos B cos C) . (5 )
•
A.A.U-25

\
 31

SO ADVANCED ANAL ot IN ~J (f ift

YTICAL DYNMft otJ<ffS £
Again product of h\e cs ' It J,JJV pJ?O et'u-e o
rtia of the ~r r,1BrJ'fS ef 1 (lJ) .
ee particles about A ~aittl'1 ~d at th e c 5}
K~ t,10 ental elli1'5°
~(AD,OE+½AD ,!DC-!AD ,½Bo and~ola
ati°" of we itloin \I(. f-J . 200
) (h 1 )z l :::: cons tattt. .
= ½Mh { DE+ { (b cos C ·" t t}\e e'l'1
""'O"" ll'a X1 ~
.2
-+- b2 50id iS
iS ~ + b + a1
- c cos B) } 1, ~•· of at \ elliP
ce nt re
~ ¼Mh(bcosC- cc . plate a
31' e}liptiC . elli1'5°t•d at the
osB).
t t}\e
~ ta l t.
. F ~ (1), (2), (3) 2 :::: cotlstall'
and
inertia of the two sys (4), (5), (6), we see that the moments ••. (6 z. ~o'll ~,..,atiOI'_ i _.. b 1) z f the
tems about AD and AK and l t,ytlle~-- · (c 1 + 2) y 2 -t- (a
a in t ot l the ed ge o
inertia about any str
aig are same. Hence th Pl'O il'e!\ 1+ c1) x1 + •d at a Po . atio1
the equ ' ·
two perpendicular str ht line through A and the product of dllctsO!
ot1\el\~ el}•iP5
cal°1shell iS t,-
{b ._1
aighb.llnes through ine aiven bY H
A for the two system ~:'°tnentsot . S}\o'll that th :: ~ t. J(
{ . - 2006 1
Ex. 4. ABCD is a un s a habout aJ\y
ret e ~
h e fl 2) - 3XZ:::: co
ifonn parallelogram of mass M. At the midd ... ~~\at base of a "' ...
2
nstall .d at a po
ill t ot l
of the four si4e.s are l . .· .... + 5 0,2 + z -oai ental e1
.
oft 1.1• 1ipS01
plactd r,4rticl~ of ma the equation he
I>
epoints · •
.
ss each equal to M iS -
6 a•KJ
...1 1 4. ShO"' thaedt of a sat ~ ,
interseclion of the dia
gonals a particle of
!I the jrCUlar ge id cone i 7/,a i z i - at \t. " ·
..i.1)y + 1 0
;~ t O o a ~~ te
t1tec i 0 ~---- '
·-rial
mass M · Show that 3111 + ~ 1) x + (234 + P•
1 f
particles and the p,ondlelo 3 these tal ellips<>td a t. anythpa1.1•
gram are equi-momenta · five e rod for its ax·':1"
Let P, Q, R, S be the
mid-p oin
l. ( that the
s. 5hoW . a tn~inei:_..cylinder ha\111\S
"
....,. .
0 be the point of m ts of the
~~ o. n of the diago sides of the pa ra ll el ~ ABCD Let straight rod is right circuJ.A& • }a n\
.
in
f Jl\ass M 15
nals. The mass of the unifol'IX\ triaJ\guiar " o
triangle ABC is '6. 5hoW that a M placed at the
} M = mass of the . ac
triangle ADC.
eq
.
ui-momental w1 th three parttcleS, e
h of IJ\3SS 12 ,
3M __ ,i t tn e ~ t re f
angular paints and a - pl ao :u a o
~~p
particle of mass
4 {C . H. 2()00; V. H. 2()02}
. B .inertia of the trian&,.1,
-~·
s 7 Show that a un
rod of roa ss M ·
is kinetically eq • le nt to
Q th ~ particles rigi~Y nn
ifo ' d ·tuated on e u1vaen d of
0
the rod and one at
c~nnected_an
its .nuddle paUlt,
th:•
m as ses of
at each
the particles be.~S
D R .
C !M ,¼ M ,½ M -
6
Pig. 1.l l(d ) 8; Prove that the mo
M Now the trlll\gle ment- of inertia of •
AOC is equi-mome ABC of mass mabout a un ifo rm tri an
ntal with three partic an axis through gu la ~ la m ~
A pe rp en di cu la r to
6 placed at P, Q and 0 . Similarly, the triang les each of mass of the lamina is (a, b,
c having usua l meanings) eP
le ADC 1s equi-mom
three partl~lel each
ABC and AOC, ~
¥
of mass placed at
R, S and O. Hence
ental with
the two triangles 9, U u, ~ , y be the dis
ii~(3b 2 + 3c 2 - a 2),
{ V. H. 2006
)
lt to say, the parallelo tances ~f the verti
gram ABCD Is equ l\nlght line In its plane ces of a
four partld.et each i-m omental with , then show that tri an gl e
equal to ~ placed
at P, Q, R, S and a ~ iW\gle about the moment of in fro m a
0¥ ¥) ~
+ 0
placed at O.
fifth particle of ma
5'
··,.,
thia line is
M t
er tia of
"i"ca + ~,. -+iyi+ PY. . .
,_Mdtl\Ot&itamus
+ ,u.+ <14' >,

L· -
 32 ADVANCED ANAL
YT iCAL
. 10. If ~, y and
inertia ofaa ,un h be
iform tri the dis
. DY1VAJ.r1
then prove that th tances of th
angular lamina of Cs ' I
e moment of inertia ab e vertices
1 mass m frorn ilnd the c '~
u m ( a ' + f + ,out that lin any st et\41
e is 'aj!h, ,
~
11. Sh 2
ow that a tetrahed y + 91z )
particles at the middl .
. sron
e point of ma
at the centroid of m of the d ss M is
. equi-mo
as s-2M . e ges, each of mass."'"
s .!.M''• I
10 a?ld0 1)

~
12
to f Show. that a tetrahedr
on of
our particles each of
mass ..!!!_ mass m is kin
20 at the vertices ofematically e .
th qu1va1eri
fifth particle of mass
\ 4m pla d
'-~ ~ ,
5 ce al the centre of . e leUJ>hedron "
.
ine rti a
~. . 1
a pTo
,.,..
fin..d whether a ·
.....,,.,,
..... 1 nOH<' of .
to Jim ......., a gwen
! th,_.oth · straight line is
er Imo ""'t,nal
principalsys
axetem
·
, at an
r
s. and in case the inepo15int
·
ofnci
a pri itspallenjll
a~,

{7)
y, D £
and h== My== 1 if

y
0
X
of~
(6) gives the co itio
,,, ;;n ol llt of ii>nd n I ~ be the prt
I ~-I ~
lh• ,tra1 t Un< OZ ' !hen (7J _gi~
~
ncipal a,cis
os•'1"n
gives 0,, ..- cos o o a>U5 an d (5)
f ~ axes
The . ,. 1. U • ,1raighl lin at O ' .
e pa
given ,traight lin
Fig. 1.12 bodY be • p,incip'1 axis at an ssinii tru0ugh the c,J l!J e of g,avity of a
taken
OX YZasis the qn.gm . tak
. . . Le e IS y Point of its lenglh, thf
en
t the str as the z- . "" <t all palllls of
iis'length. II W t -a> fl it is a principal
that ,•. rectangular system aight !in a,as and any Polllt O on it is '!""D= E~ ~~~ ero ds be the rind '1
, be
00 O ' X'
h , OZ be a p·n·nc · of axes. es OX and OY be such
. Let,a t some po thal f foreh= O;hence m
•~ d, if x_- Y=. 0 '. the ~ o
a .
•. \)n~
,

~t-,.. ·-
and O ' Y' an dtpa1be mt O ' on it such n h ,s~ " '

. ·. ·. ·.
at O axi. s · Let the oth er tw ' z-axis is a pnnc1pal tha.!.JQ!J:Y!'<Y value
8 o pt:incipal' axes
th e an gle be tw een QX axis pa ~
'~ - •. . .
an d O ' X ' . G.

;": ::
. ·. "':.:•.
 411. IIY11/4 H ,
,wvIINC!l/J AIIAl, 1"171
.,. , . .· 1 ~1 Ir,,,,

., ''' • ., • .
'•• lh ,n 0.. Prmn,,
r. tf It I,.. IK>dy t,, •P"",._'" l1llJ fwr, f>er/"nrl11,u1y,, tfr1t1,f;"I,,'
1& 1h,
~ - Ol .,, M>t/,1 Qt11 11. , " .. () X ¼ (j
()K.. 0 r . ""1,,,..1 "
um on liit Um tn~, D,. R,,. O
w~1ufot1t, lwJng
1
ta 2Ji . ii
, /1 • 0 and OIt l!)ver, by
1 1 - ,.. ht te, Iron, /7) 11
It ~ A
lu.
•·~ tr 1t fv e1 Uttftlp
••t"4 qi C, "-,
t, ADCwlrld, I, r/khl•, •• d 1.,. 61.\oi
Cof• ln,,,g
\Ji' I. A l~ ,. ,,., , Ptrptndkuit,, lo tj,, pla
,.,,,,,,
tk,1 tJi, f"ttlap,,I ,,. 11b
1 . r ff. '9111 o.
..,,...,,. ,,,, '"" ., •'?fl• i ,.,, .,;;r-
• ;;i .
,, n1 ... . ~
~ " t1tr ~
""'VII, a l- M 1,
al""
"l
'
'd
lld,o .
-. ,f to ~ P•nici., ,_, I
- • - c.1.,
, ,, 11,,,,. •
, pin,.n; •r,,,,,
' .,_ -• "Ill• 11,.. CZ bw P<lat'J>
""'I,14,"",.,.,, No,. ''Uk.r IJ. P.-,. 0,
dU ,
mdi,,,i.,
I• Um or,
to u,
ti,. Pla

,.....,..,_,.., 'f• I ""IWltd,.,cz.

y ..

0
CT C

~ • • • Imm O.. .
l ~ t, .. !S«.i!r'I)

J Tlw~ota
tr0t.n or,n.m
A• M.LibcuOX
PQ t~
. _ A&
d.,, .... • .--.

PtlQ.'J)•" l £>1! ·"' !'!

i (l.• J . ~ M.. • ,
.. I ai ,1n1,
•
•
0

h f ,2 (h ¢GlllitJ Pl,1.,l- .,_,ptl » ~f (\ • l,Q

:dip9,0'.l!l, "f J i9
l
•

• : , ( *+ 0• i )+•••
t
I®

....- a
~ ~-;-=,--- -
=---- '=' ~ - --: ,ft

~ ~-"tF=~ : .

IR H. 1996]

1S. U, from a rectangul_ar lamina of ~ides a, b, half the rectangle be

rem~ved so as to leave a ng~t ~ed t:iangle of sides a, b, then prove
that the value of 8 for the pnnopal axis at the right angle is given by
_1 -1 ab
8 - 2 tan a2 - b2· [K.H. 2005)
16: lf A a.t:d B be the moments of inertia of a uniform lamina about
two perpen~1~ar axes, OX and OY, lying in its plane, and F be the
~1:'-ct of mertla of the lamina about these axes, then show that the
pnnapal moments at O are equal to
½IA+ B± ✓,-(A___B_)1_+_4_F_2 l. [ K H. 2011 l
1
ID Ul~Nl!lHAI, I-0411A•
1·111Nll oir Mm111"
l \. h\h'\\thui\hm 1
\t \\\ \t\\W t lhi~ \11 \il
'tll1, 11t1:111 111 11
\ . .· l\ ~\\\\ ll \
" ti \~o 1\wf 1•11\\ltl\ 11\H\l hl ti tlntll/ l;. 11f lt\llBJ rrrt
' ~ ~ \l\~ \n ,\\wi
\:~\\\!!..~~ 1111n• \•i\Hlll(j\ 111 ut
~t\ 1\lll 111«
lh u tlliln 1111, V, ~ H•,11111 Un 1w ll1111Ill\ 11!
lQ,~. \l'l \l llq11fllhll'i A111:11,1IVE•IY, lhnt1,
l\lw~ 1\1\\'>\ llfll 11f mnlhto ttf
lh " )'Rrtlr•lo tihrnl~\
li1r

in i,l'1t\ • X I Ill tl'J

,11'1J ... y ~11111 Ill cP~
't\\:,w \\ \'1\d \\{,\\\I\~
ill ~.. 'Ii
forn w rl 11f 11\~h,rl
~111\ f\H\C\1111,u hei\w nl pnr'Ik,lt111 l,111 1111l lnv,.uthu1~
\\w \l\\!l\\i'\ I\ \Wl\l
\li\\~ •, lit\ ll\l\\ lh\ 11~11 1lltf011unL
111'
w ~ n \\w M1\v \)\ nw\111\I N>h\1\vu 11111\11111·~~ l'\lll\111 p"r1h•l1,1 " ol tho
,\'ll"1{\\',flt\\l ,,w "'n
~~\l.B\11\Ulil' !il
l~ tnrni, how l.i vu !1 vm,lt t1tgQ UV~n
~ ~~~ \\\~ ~~nw
tl\\1' ,•f" 1·111'(1 r h1ry,11, Ao, wl\11
n\\\ 1\1\1\ u,11,1 m1,11oIM\y, wo 11lmll lrnvu 1(1 t11ku 1wro11n ,
~' ff l.1 1 tw,, \ll\ rci,tt 1rnlh11t on ll, Th 1
"'"'1.~ \'lldi,11 u,, u rtH 111
t~n-,1\n(\ \lw "•'\11,Jf\t\!11!111l1\!tl 1(1 hu "c11t,11 1,tonK llu,1 ,iir~I1111 ucllon
Rh
U.\\\\W,U \(, \)t
~\11\I ill\d oppu
1w\ r~~ctlo nhiJtw
uon lwo pflrtlt1 lo11 M l llou
jl\ ~. u »l1K 1
,, ~. tf\ Wtl\h~
hi\'~ \\\rot,tl<t~r n,t1 oqrn1tl\'lnt1 of motion
\tw of a rlKl<I
t In l\ddll·l\lO to th1 body, wg 61\ttll
lW lntt-rm,I fol'<'~f
~- tl ~ i.\~ l~e \)l
~}' > ~x unmll fo1Ctlt
, ,,, t~'ttf1\tl\ •
ft)l\'\W,l\t' \11\"
,'ht \lod)l ru- \he toos tho bo
NI
lol\ of a 11trh,~1 l\re dy, for Q)(ftmplo, th(i w11l5ht of
tl ~\l\y tt! ~
Cr\ lled the lmP,re ~dJattllh, 'l'ho
,~
' " ~'
~~lied l\!l'!'l~11~
~ fA\'\~\~ p.ar
I
!£1'£ il!)r thg klneJiG.WICLic
i\\tl. t.o
~
11ctws on
m
---

~ d\l \ii th t pn,)duc ttw x~nxli. ThYt; the offecllvc fo

d\'fffliQI\. t of \ti; mas11 and rc e acllng on o
ltll I\CCCICl'l\llon
In a ptutlc:ular
~ u s th t ~ po
~1;,&lv~t \\l tt\1 ne nt of the offce tlve force& tn
•h tc rw tt h \hi= eomponent Qf the ext1;roal fori:tiJ
,r l\ given dlrc
ctlon
l'OmpMtnt o,f thti
lnt
In that directionls
\n partw.ulll.r, um11l forcc11 In that direct
~ ~nvtth lhti~the t'<OtnpoM nt of the l'ilverso ion.
" ~ tm 1l\ equllib rnpo neM of the cxtom d effective forc es
riWI\, al and Internal fo
rces form

\
 ., OF •tvtOf
·
tu'1
·
·rtdf!
qJt/;,\ _. . -5 : .
~f, ~ · .
,,; d% 1
t ~ \' •
. M !i "m ~&t
J::l
JJ
M, Vf
M dt l . f (liOt'tQ l1, '"""
,efn fl . ~t\ntt6 0
. It fhe
tM gt.·\'I P.ra
.
t eq\J
,-101"•fttl~ .. . ~, :: t X:
trrt dt l {H

B.,;, r. X . _
and M dl l (2)
d1u. ,;; y and M dt 1 r,Z ,
t-{efl'-e ~ :: ;
~ o f~
~

the ,~
-
-Mttht~t:ion.~ o[motion
The ft-rst three tqu11tion
s sh
i\r.t tore.es Qat allel
1
ofa rigid ooa;,.
ow that the sums of the
to the axes of co-ord ina com ne ts
nav M 1 =' J,,
Sim\\ar\y,we e tit ,_

~o:ed at tnt C G.
et1u-au.0£1 o-f uw • DY a
(1) 1s t1,e °"1 d acted
the equatiol'I f the bOd:Y at' of
O'C\
the e"t e
N.t
- ""'iOI" of a y - tti de
force
tna l fcrrc
1...1
X pa:ral)I:'
t e, itl tl'te
es are . ~w
Mp a l to the su.tt',oof the
1
tqua'flo.:the.sums of lhe cornPo-ne : of the t,ody .
c-0mponents of the im the a,tttt ef
'ta ~s at ne :~ - pre ssed forces p~ra~~l and e~ua oi :i-aJtis acbl'lg o1\ the partic etf(i.
directtOI'\ . ·1 rly t,e u,tetpt' ereHence it and as
'Tht \m;t thr et equations --- . (2) cal'! ,in'-1 amass of' the colJectedat . tJJltith
~fi«t~V'e forces about the show that the sums of the moments of the 1\\£ eq :; oy ~ ~ if aII ~ y ?V aJ1t! to thoSt tn
co
sum tl1the moments of the-ordinate axes are respectively eq\Jal loffie
t~aat it.irt directio1f5
'¢t ia of a fo as -were acttno pati
lmpressed forces abou \ all tht external r
~ The ,equation t the sameJxes. ~
s (l) can also be writte

4t6 ( Im bdt ) :: IX ,7dt ( I.mdy

n as theY act . .on relative
2.4. Moti -
to the ce
e co-0rdma
~~
rtia,
ce.ntre of. ir.ertia ot
tes of the mi:ougn a
J ine
int 0
-~~,
..i

dt ) = I.Y ,ddt ( I.m dtdz ) Let ( x, Y, z )t~ at~ t of fi)(-ed ~ octe of

Thwtht.;att.ofdtangt·of
t4wal to die Nm <ift#at res
ti11t.llr momentum of tht sys
= :r.z.

tem in any direction~

with reference ame set rectangu ;~ ~~ rd m a~
Referred to the s ) and of ~e s,, l , ) be the ,~ u ia h G, the
th f same :!:J3
olotd parts of the txtemal
forces in that direction . mass mbe ( x, y, z ce tolet ( x , y ' z ara}le l a)(2.S th:roug C. G.
Ap m thf ,equa.tions a system of p ,
(2) can be written in article with referenM.
the form pf the body of mass - '
0 - , and z == z + z ·
!t m
d.1 · { iz - z~) ,., I( yZ - zY
Thenx==x+x, y-- y+ y I

dt dt ) . . we get
and two othen . On differentiati on, . ~,
1- d 2y' . d Llz == d 1 f d "'l: --r
Th~&tht -l'ltt o{clwigt of
1- d1x' d1y _ 0 + -
d1x - L l + ----d ? ' ~d
i an dt1 dt
+ '-J if"
moment Qf momtntum or - t 1 - dt 1
=~
tlw SyifBll abow.f ,411:y
fwd axis is .equ
About thltt axis.
of angular momentum of
al to the sum of the mome
nts of tht
df t- df l
Therefore Ya
f
dlz Z-r.Y
?- at -
d 2y
,
dt

lu ')
d 1 z ~ ) - (z+ z ( d y ~
1
~ ·-:M ~~ ~f tht ~ tit .
of inertia. ::: (y+ y') ( dt1+ ' ) """i:ft2 + dt 2
Let ( 1, y ,.t )~theG<rQ . dt 1
of m&JS M. Thtre.forie rdina
tes of the centre of Inertia
of the body Then puttmg in the equ f of mo tion
a ion
MJia Imx,My "' t my ,M z ;,¥ ~mz .
t m \ Yift2 - -7 ddt2y1 ) = l l yZ - zY) ·
( d lz (l)
 ·i .

41 ADVANCED ANA.l:YTJCA.L DYNA•·

·"ttlc.s .
we get . Jq%
2- d2-
( ... d z z~) t- ( d2z,
tm Yiiif- dt' + ""' y•di)'- t'!¼:
1 7
1 ( - d z' , d 2z . d2 , d/1)
+ Im y-dt2 + y --.;;.df2 - z!X, dh
r dtl - ~'~)
= I { (y+ y')Z- (z+ z') y } .
' ' •, (,)
Now I IIIJI = y-co-ordinate of the centre of inertia With , fe
Im . e renee
= 0. to Gas Origin

Therefore I my ' = 0 and hence rm dt2

d2y ' = O.
Similarly, I mz ' = 0 and I mx ' = 0 ,
2
which give d z' = 0 and t m dt2
Im '""jiz d2x ' = O.

Substituting these values in (2), we get

2 2

M
(-d
JldiT- _d y) + Im ( y ,diT
z zd/2 d 2z '
- z , dt2)
d 2y '

= I ( j Z - zY + y 'Z - z 'Y) . . .. (3)

Again we have, from the equations of motion of the centre of
inertia,

diy d2z
Mdi"f= IY. ,and Md/2= IZ .
·!.fuliplying the •••:<>ad by Y and the lint by Zand subtracting,
• weha:ve
dl- d 2-
(
Ydif- z~)= .I(yZ- zY) .
M X
n--.13Jg;...z,.(y• ~'z; - z •~ )= X(y'Z- z'YJ
~ -bir.o other~can be obtained. fig. 2,S(p)

~ •~ a r e of the same tonn as (1 ) and are thus the same ~ ttw C. C. of the fJ}'Stem from Ai thm'l
t h e ~ ur
~
~ -as we Wotdd have obtained,
a& af.bedPo+nt. ," had we ·rPoard.ed
- c, the centre of ut~be- " M ix .
(M+ M ' ) i • -2 M+
 44.
. ADVANC
E D ANA
LYTlc
. · _ · ·· ·
· g twtce
wi~}fespe
~o~~
.
{ M + M , d '2 i
ct mt W'4
et ~ ·\
) - · = M. i:i 2 t
The motio
n of the ce
4t 2 ' -2.
dt2 . ~
ntre of in e
rtia of the
system~
d 2i gw
(M+ M
' ) dt 2 = ertb-t
where o: is t X = (M+
the inclina M ') gSl?I
tion of th Q,
e plane on
Therefore, w h ich the pb
using (1), nkl'tsts_
we get M Id 2::r
dt2 = ( M + M
Integratin ') g sin a .
g, we get
M' : =(
where A is M -+" M' ) f
the c.o f sin a + A
nstant of in
tegration
No w1 ,.t t= 0 .
" d x
, tlt
= 0 , ~ th
em.1.nwa
Therefore s a t rest.
A= 0 .
Hence M'
dx = ( M
tit + M ' ) gt
sin a .
Integrating
again, we
get M'x
= (M + M
where Bis
the consta
nt oi integ
' } gt 1 sin
a. + B.
j
But B= 0 ration.
; since a tt
= 0, .x = 0.
T hereforew
ehave M
'x = ( M+
When the M ' )½ gt 2
man reaches th sinu .
/? e o th e r e n d of t
, / , ~~ eru:e t -
✓ 2M .,,
he~
then X :
a.
( \ ;-,. . { M +
. · A fM M '} g s in
._ ~ ut fl :r,trt I· rod cf length 2a a .
I tt tlacribes- ia ll u is through ii sm ~ mitlt lfflfotm .
ll cant o
f serni-t1trti aJJ joint a t one a tm smgv/M TJtl«itY 1
a,1 «ngit ,m y o f tl
C l. 51toa1 tJwit tt ro4~ tilllt
<D
1
=
44 ! t1 .
{C R 1987 ; T
. H. 1991 ;
Disaass tlte:e V. H. 1992 l
le 0 2 be
rw oIVt:
.a:ses ,w
hffl 61,<
l!l' w:hh the, Yenical, b
~
a d m,> ~
~,c:,, rt. . uniform i& 4g: .
angular a~bout w h ic h the .. ~
. ..
ty to , ~ lm n rod. .
inclmed A1. ~ lenP 2ll
O
0 . OZ
a.t. an
...
c\.A.D-2.S
 AJ)VANCED ANALYrrcAL DyA,
46 · ·· · '''¼10s
~ then the factor
U.., 2 <~ . ( 1... m2 cos a .-4a · ) cannot .,.
. :111
.
\U 4a , 3'8 •fllah,Ii.. .1,.,. weha'fe ne
~~ ~~~
L ....lw,-,1•1u, ,,,
_, lutlon ts a .. Owhich is the ca,e (Jf the rod hanging v-, · ~I u..,... forces JlQJIAN''
. Jvlng ,1. ·-- = . . - - ,J-n
_, (f', tet a

!, ~-
~
- ,n 2'11'J'N,Tt.t,
If,again c.o 2 > then either sin a = O - '(sin o~-2af h i , ,
oirl ♦ )th

a.
.
JL . a= cos -12!_
or cos a = . 2 , th at 1s, A_ •
_ J!!.(1)2 J711(14m8+ X
4aO> 'IU(.O 2
- 2JJ 0
(1 }
m 2(2a!sin0+ 2a 2nn+> ·
I\ rod ef length 2a is suspended by astring, of length I, at - -co
e d. Jf tht string @d tht ;"' .~Ive about th, 1JeN_i,,il ~i~ ~ - 2JJ
v-ertically, we
. }laVe
Rngular velocity and their tndmatwns to the vertlCll/ be ~ Resolvingtheforces r~ -
respectively, then show that 8~\
31 ( 4 tan 9 - 3 tan ~ ) sin ~ tA wehaVe
of the forces abou
, ♦ swnma
. tion OVf?t all
a• (tan ♦- tan8)sln8 iv.H.
1987
,K.ff.
moment
· sm
T,i<lngmgo . ♦ -_ _
m . co 'IPN. 6% ·' " " '
2a . t>ol AB
elea'lffl
~
l.,t Ob, the fixed end of the string OA (= . The rod AB (= l,J is at;;,
1111

to the ,tring at A. Gis the centre ofgravity of the rod and Tis the
•Iring.l.,t •be the unlfonn •ngularve1oc11y with whid, the rod,...,~...
"'"'"'•i
thev.,,;"J OZ. At • ~ x from A,, small element &, is tai.,. at I.\
effective force on this detnent is ~ . ch . PN . 0> 2 along PN,
where PN = pei'pe:ndicular from P on OZ

3g.sin ♦ (3)
·
Therefore 0> 2 = · ♦ )cos ♦
( 31 sin 8 + 411 san
0
Dividing (1) by~), we s; ( I sin 8 + a sin ♦ )
9 sm8 _ .. . (4)

T
rose- g_

M ltiplying (3) and (4), we get . . ♦)

u sin8 3sin ♦ (lsm8:
um
-
cos8= ( 31 sin . ♦
. 8+ 4'1M ♦ )cos
or, I (3 sin "'.. cos ♦ tan8- 3sin8Stn ♦)
= a ( 3 sin 2♦- 4 sin ♦ cos ♦ tan 8 )
31 3 . ♦
(sin- 4 cos ♦ .tan8)sin ♦
•e
or,
-; = ( a;,s ♦ tan 8 - sm ♦ ) am
Fig. 2.S(c)
lne~forcea . . 4tan8- 3tan ♦ sin ♦ .
= tan ♦·- tan 8 · sin 8
"'""sht~"t "'th, ...,laing .. th, sy,1em.., the - r of the string ,nd
I
 19
ADVANCED ANALl'TlCAL DYNA.Mies . b
L EQUATIONS OF MOTION

-
48
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---. :.....·
,1101n c;£tvERA
~
fix. 4. A tit in lrear,y disc cnn t11rn freely about an axis in its own pl
Therefore sin 8 ( gh - <Dz cos 8 . k 2) = 0 .
tit~ axis revolves horizontally withauniformangular velocity ro abou~ne and
afl~ed
point on itself Show that the inclination 9 of the plane of the disc to the '/Jert1eai Hence either sin 8 = 0, that is, 8 = 0 •
1 gh (1)
is cos - ro~; 2 , whereIt is the distance of the centreof inertia of the disc frOfn
1
or cos 8= w'If'I'
the axis and k is the radius ofgyration of the disc about the axis. > 1 then (1) gives an impo5sible value
if m2 < gh that is', if J!!_ '
(C.H. 1989 ;'V. H. 1992; K. H. 20051 Now, k2' m2k2

for 8.
.'.f ro < ~, then show that the plane of the disc is vertical. thedisc ,
2
fn t iis case, 8= 0 is the only possible soluti911 . ln other wor.ds,
in this c.ise, is vertic.il.

Examp les II
1. A weight less rod OAB can tum freely in a vertica
l plane about
M.a~d tr'f'
a smooth fixed hinge at 0 . Two heavy particle s of masses
d to the rod at A and 8 and oscillat e with it. If OA =a
are attache
the vertica l at
and OB = b and 0 be the angle that the rod makes w ith
n show that the equatio n dete rminin g the motion is
time t, the

( Ma 2 + M 'b 2) 9+ ( Ma+ M 'b) g sin 9 = 0 . ( B. H. 2010

Fig. 2.S(d}
·1 2. A weightless rod OAB revolves round a vertical OZ as
a conical
d' I
~t OX be the horizontal axis in the plane of the disc Th pendul um with uniform angu lar velocit y Ct>, being incline d to the
about th~ ·ve:ti~:~ r;:o;:: and M ' are
vertical at a constan t aQgle 0. Two heavy masses M
~nmennthtally _wOithX a uniform a~gular velocity Ol
. ·
e aXJs revolves honzontally b t X th b . Show
slightly tilted and let,in tl)is tilted sitio~ ~~ th' _e P(ane_on of the plane of
of the disc will be attached to the rod at A and B. such that OA = a and OB=
the disc to the vertical. po ' e e mchnati that
Let p be a point on the plane of th d. ro 2 = (Ma+ M :b )g [K. H. 2003]
icular from
Pon OX. PN and PL are drawn pe e disc td PO be the perpend ( Ma 2 + M 'b ) cos 9
O. rpen 1cu arson the verticals through X and
a
~ h uniform board of mass M and length 21, rests on
Consider a mass 6m of the disc t p it from one
element is CJl 2 • NP . 6m <lctin alo a . The ~eversed effective
force on this smooth horizontal plane, and a man of mass m walks on
the board
and LP, the components bJig 6 ng Ni' ~lus fore~ is resolved
along NL end to rl;\e other. Show that the distance throug h which
: LP respectively.
Now the force 6m . CJl 2 NL alom . CJl • L and 6m . c.o 2 moves is
momentaboutOX isze~. ng NL acts parallel to OX and hence its 2ml [ K. H. 2006
T kin gmome ntofthe forcesa boutOX w h
a
m+ M '
Mh . 8 · , e ave
g sin = r 6m . c.o 2 • LP . OL ttie end
4. A rod AB revolving on a smooth horizon tal plane about
is fixed, breaks into two parts AC aQd CB. Show that in the
= co 2 Um ( OP sin 8 ) ( OP cos 8) A, which
A with th£
subseq uent motion the part AC win continu e to rotate about
= (I) sin 9 cos 8 r 6m :op 2
2
angula r velocity while the part CB will continu e to rotate aboul
same
= co sin 9 cos e }
2
its centre of inertia with the same angula r velocit
y.
. ' k being the radius of gyration .
 L__::,YT.:.'l:..:C::.::AL~D~YN~Al,,ffcs . 53
_52_ _ _ _ _AD_v'._'AN,_C_E_D_Ml_:A . Ji/% Jt(OfJON ABOUT AN AXIS

---
.
e a bein .
As the body rotates about OZ, the angl change of the angular
are fixed . ghth~angfe be1-.. Th equation (1) states that the rate of
the plane GOZ. and ZOQ, which in t e body r 'IVee~ of equal to the sum of the
constant. Thus we have en,ai ~~· of the body abou t the axis rotation is
g on the body.
I

.E_ d8 d 2 2 l\s m~ents about the same axis of all forces actin
dt (8 + a) = dt and dt i (8 + a) c:: ~
. ,nom
N te. On the assumption that the sum of
the moments about the axis of the
t.he body vanishes, the
t tu:l action al!long the different particles of ents about the axis of aUthe
As this result is independent of a, we rnu ession ( r fr) represents the sum of the mom
any ~: ~ayh that the <lllgtiJa
ve~ocity and the angular acceleration ' at e, s t e same fo revel}'r. :::m al forces acting on the body.
point of the body .
ting abo ut an axis.
the ax · ~ t i c ene rgy of the bod y r~ta
Now, let r = PN be the distance from
mfassd'!' situated at P. Then, as the body
rotates p';sozo~a particle of
. ,
mov ing in. a Circle The ve)Ofity of the particle m at P is r 8.
,
o ra rus r..about Nascent re. Hence the acc;eleratio f p
2
° Its ~inetic energy is therefore½ m (r 8)
•
PN d n are r 8 I
2
an r 8 perpendicular to PN Th us rhe effective forces alon; ~j is
perp endi cu!.~r to PN are . Hen u the total kineuc energy of the body

mr 82 and mr 8 respectively . i; ½mr

2 82 = ½92 x I; mr 2, 8 being same for all the.. particles
h .
The effective force mr 92 is alon g PN and - 2I Mk202 ,
-
ent is zero abou t OZ ence ,t cuts 02 at N.
.Therefore its mom
is its radius of gyration .
lf F be the sum of the reso lved
. where Mis the mass of the body and k
to PN, then we have parts of the fof'C'eS acting on P,
perpendicular 3.4, Illustrative Examples.
,./ turn about its axis which is
mre = F. Ex. 1. A heavy wheel and axle is free to
I mass m is suspended at the end of a string which is
horizontal and fixed . A n of the wheel and tension
1 Therefore mr 28 = Fr. coiled round the axle. Find the angular accel
eratio
t/ . Summing up for all the . of the string.
body and ~rv ing that 9
l ,~ the same for all particles, : ~~~: of the
1f
'i 8Im r2 .::: tFr
.l or, Mk 2 8 = I.fr
or, dtd (lLl, 2 '

I ,vu; 8) ::: I Fr,

where k is the radius of .

(1)

!/' . Now the mom entum gyra tt~n of ~he ~y abou t OZ. Fig. 3.4(a)
•'
1111 s mr 8, , 8 be· = Mic 2 be the moment of inertia of
du·l'Ction . of
mg the ~elocity of m in a Let T be the tension of the string and I
Hence the~nrpend icular to the straight line the wheel and the axle of mass M.
m about 0i-r pen d1c';"ar to the axis. t and 8 be the angle turned by the
angular momgular momentum of r x mr 8. Therefore t.he Let x be the distance moved by m in time
entun, of the whole body abo ut JS OZ is axle durin g this time. Then
I 2 • = 8tm r2 ==- Mk~a. =a8, that is, .x :: ae and X =a9,
· (1)
mr 8 (2) X

wher e a is the radius of the axle.

1.4-_ __..,::.AD:.V.~'AN~CE;;;.;.D_AN._'AL_YT_1c_'AL_D_Y._N._Ali_I;,;CS:..:...
~
,i tion of'" ls given by mi = mg- T.
: lUorl\
~ ()'l'JON
· our .AN
AB
.AXJS
.
-
55

MO ~ · of motion JS
Motton of the wheel and axle is given by Mk 2·•6 = Ttl. (2) 4 ~ - hencetheequatton
(3)
"2 ;3
flloW ' -- -'1 ,
Multiply (2) by a and add to (3) and write a8 dl 8 3g . 8 .
for x. Then we get -
dt-1-- - 4a SUl
(ma 2+Mk 2 )8 = amg, by{l).
d8 nd integrating, we get
Therefore a= :mg , which is the angular acceleration. . this equation by 2 dt a
""'+Mk 2 t.tultipl}'lllS

Hence
.. a2mg 2
_ £!!! L. j
( ~8 i = ~ cos 8 +C, C being a . tan t.
cons
x =i ma 2+Mk 2 ... I+ma 2 ldt} ~,.,.. from the position
. when the rod staru:u
the angular velocity
Sub•titutlng for 8in (3), we get NoW, if CD be d8 - CS) when 8 ::: 0.
coin(idinS w1
.th OZ then we have
'
dt - ,
T = L, ~ = ...!EL.
a 1+"'4 1 l+ma 2 3g
. A uniform rod, of mass mand length la, can tum
Therefore co i :: 'i + C .
fixe end. Show that the least angular vdocity with frtlly about a 2 (1)
which it must bt starttd d8) ,,.z_ 3g {t -
from the lowest posttion,,o that it mav ju.st retlth tht
1s-..f!I ·
a
.
upward vertical positum
[ C. H. 1990, 1996 I
Hence
l -
dt
_
-

"'"n vives the angular v

Thi& equa..... c,·
w 2a
c0t 6)-

etocity of the rod at any jnSta nl

Prove further that with this startln~ .a u~r velocity . d8 0 when 8::: ,;, then,from (1)'
the rod will dtscrlbt
anangle8(<1t) In tirne1iogi.nl~+!)· lf co be ,uch that dt :::
3g
Ltt the rod OA of length 7.4 tum freely About 0 .
OZ, tht vertical through 0 '°2 : : -;
l• a fixed ijne In epace . l.Mt ~ rod make an angle
8 with OZ et time t. Let"' bt
!ht mut of tht rod,14> that mg ii tlw ~ten\41
force at G, the middle point of ti\4! or <0 c:
a
-{i ·then putbng u - v·alue· . ~. of<D
, ith ttm angular velocity,
0 lf the rod ttarU w '
\n(l) ,weh aVe
~co s2! .
481,:: ~-~ (1 -COI 8) ~ (1 + COf.8) ::r a 2
w
t dt a 2A
that the anguw veloc
ity f
r::

•
. ern,uu potitive at 8 ~ &om Oto a;
~the potttive value, we ha'Ve
10

A "" z ,e
7i SJ
$co-!2 ·
/J

Ag.3.A(b) , .. _....iw cranan~e,theniwehaV•

rod. If t ~ the tune of apu ..,inu .

, • ~ { oec\edO •
.
Tht41q~~ o1rnonon 1.1
,,,. z.q;1og1anlH)
mt 7;t • - "'14 q\ ., MnCe CH • 41 llbl &.
r
56 :AL~YT~1C'.;,:AL~9.!!t.
_ _ _ _ _A_D_V_'AN_C_;E;,:D_:AN..:, DYNJlMJcs 57
- : llto
lb !rfOTION ABOUT AN AXIS
Ex. 3. A unifom1 rod AB is free/ mo hvab/e on a rough incr
whose inclination to the horizon is i /nd w ose coeffici 0
abo t h .
~. a ~moot pm fixed through the
end A The
pos,hon m the plane and is allowed to fallfi
sho
1nec1
.ent 1lrict;0 ~~h1
. . rod.~ held in h ~ IS k
w:: this pos1t1on.1f abe :;:on/a/
---
The
rod will come to rest, whe
Therefore
n 0 = 0.
. . . 8 2 "u . cos 1.
O = 2ag sm , . sm - µag
through which itfa/ls from rest, then sin 9 = µco t,..
~ - -
~ne or, 8
8 = µ cot i . [ V. H. 1993 · C
fix. 4. A uniform vertical circular plate, of radius a, is capable of revolving
' . H. 1994 j centre. A rough perfectly flexible
Let 2a be the length of the rod .
.
bout a smooth horizontal axis through its
OA be its initial horiz.ont.al . and whose length is equal to its
any time t,the rod falls throu h anc. 8 described about th .position.A a1,ain whose mass is equal to that of the plate
.~ an an~Je librium. If one end be sligh tly
~ircu~ference, hangs over its rim in equichain whpi the other end re.aches
and AB is its pres ent . e f1xec1 pa· t
LBAO = 8 position. G ts the middl e poin t of th lllt,1
• e l'Od aJld displaced, then show that the velocity of the
. J
the plateis ~ - [C.H. 1989; T. H. 1991; N. B. H. 2004
plate
length of the chain resting on the
rA~o The radius of the plate being a, the
initia lly. A, the
js ltll and the lengths ; are
hanging on either side of the plate
~1ini!
/9Lmgs gh the centre through an an!SJe
8 in
plate rotates about the axis throu plate, so that after time t
n pass over the
tim~ t, let a lenj th x of the chai
Fig. 3.4(c) a length (; - X = BL hang s on one w
side and a length ( + X) = AM hang
s

C;\ The external oforces actin g we have X = at . so ~t

f on the rod are (" normal reaction R on the otner side of the plate. Thus
u, mg cos i comp
Th nent o the Weight mg Th i, . and chain . (1 )
to the plan~
. us · ese two forces act pe .i= a9 = velocity of each point of the
l'pend1cular
)I R_
The external 'or - mg cos·I •
,, ces on th e rod acting I .. · (l)
component of th .
~~~on at A an;
. ow, by (1),
;~1~
;'Jc:cting ;it Galo n; ::~i n~: ran
0 1
na force F = µR acting afce
e are
atest
(1)
slo~
mg sin
, (it) the
i,
0
' f>el'pendicuJar to
F:z: µR-
W
e take moment abo - mg µ cos i . L
utA and get
e
nzk 2 ~ .. "-
mg SU\I . a cos 8 - ,-,1g .
M
Fig. 3.4(d)
k 2 .. cos r . a
or,
qcsm
8:.r··o · r· . cos 9-
Let m = mass of the plate = mass of the total length 21ta of the chain.
µ cos 1).
Multiplying both
2.
. .
stdes by 29 and in . Therefore the line.density of the chai
n is i£; •
. tegrating , we get'
k 9 2 :: 2a .

~w , initia
gsm i . sme -2µi , 8
llY,8 ::: 8 "' 0 In th g .
.
eos, + C, Where C is a constant Hence the weight of the portion AM
is ( T+ .x) 2':a and it acts at a depth
.
~ + .x), below the horizontal line AB. Weight of the porti
C ., 0. e position OA of the rod. on BL is
erefore ½AM = (
Thu, We have k2 82
(T-.x) 2':a and it acts at a depth ½BL = ( ; - .x} below the horizontal line
I .··
,:· .· ·. . •· ..
..
' "' 2ag Sin ' . •in 9 - 211~ .
,...g 8. cos; .
AB.
r
59
IS
J,lO'flO'fv ABOUT AN AX
sem.i-drc
Again the Weight of the ular chain I • Examples lll(A)
,,, m
v AB Ying •bo\'e ile
u ii; = 2 and it acts a hei gh t~ abo tless string
ollt e . l shaft of radius a. A weigh
It I A flywheel has a horizonta m han gin g vertically.
1 and supports a mass
of gnt Vity of the . · und round the shaft wh eel about the
Hence the depth of the centre of the shaft tog eth er wit h the
Wo oment of inertia
15
S}'stein below AB on of the wheel,
l ii,, angular accelerati
~ ~ revolution is I. Show thad t the
( lf4 ) lf4
) .l( !!! attii
y- x ·2 (y -x )+ (!! +x ~2 ~+ ~.r ) + JlQ . ( ~ I ose by a constant friction al cou ple of
--- -= -!: .-: --; ;;-l ~2)L~ 12 Jf ) : ~ its motion is opp
(lfl x +( y+ .r) +ir a ~
l(Q
y- momentG, is
!!!!!£..:.f .
= .l..(
21f4 +.- .
.r2-2,o2 Jt202J
. f th ecentreof.,.._ '
·. . (),
I</ 2. The mass of a flywhee
2
ma +I
l is 3-19 pounds and a ma
d round the axle, wh ich is
ss of 9 pounds
hor izontal. This
Togetthed.an>1 ~,-- hangs by a string wrappe t in 8 seconds.
• · --yw, O d O".v11yofthesystem-mw d through 5 feet from res
pos1tion,weput.r .. 0in(2) an get ,.(9 1.., 1._
....... Ulitiii mass is observed to descen hee l of radius
":>f gyration of the
flyw
Show that the radius
~(~02 -2.oj. 4 inches is 1 inch.
s itself from a reel, the upp
er end of the
. .ty moves .... __ gh·
The centre of grav1 • 1 3. A vertical thread unwind acc eler atio n of the reel is
"uu "' • duta:nc:e
1 that the downward kl
~X fn ~l thread being fixe u. _ . v ve '
--k2 • Mg, where Mis
~-~ ergy of the chain is fm
.r z. +-k
a +
2
2 g and tha t the tension of the thread is --r a +
radius and k is its radius of
gyration about
~ etic energy 0 f the plate is _1 IP!k : 1p = J .; J .r 2 the mass of the reel, a is its
2 2" '2 ·:-r = -aul• 1
that axis. ; -: ontal axis
• 4 Mi s -free to tum about a h0r
1 Th . l , . A unifonn disc of mass A par .tide of mass m is
e work done by the S}'Stem IS 1t!g . _ X 1 ular to its plane.
through its centre perpendic sta from the
rts
:{ 2x.i . e of the disc . The motion
• ne axis being s
T1.. attached to a point in the edg ma kes an angle 2a with
ius to the particle
moo tt,, we have the tqu ation of energy position in which the rad mis in its lowest
l t the angular velocity when
-1n rl l . 2 .. 2 . upward vertical. Show tha
2 +4ll'lX=111g . .l _Iv
I
2ll0 X position is 2 'IQ. cos a .
·I a
or, j-2 = ~ - gh planes and the
II 31(Q - square of the Veloei l)'ofthec:hainat t
.
(3) 5. Two unequal masses
planes are inclined at angles
M and M' rest on two rou
a and P to the horizo n.
ss
The
m
y are connected
and radius a. The
When the end L rea r a small pulley, of ma
I ches the plate' We have x - -
.. A •
bya fine string passing ove n vertex of the two planes . Show that the
·I - 2 . . pulley is placed at the com mo
ff .
V be the Velocity of the ch am at that liin acceleration of either mass
is
e,we have, &om (3} 2

y::: : lt .(!!)1 -6
3JfQ 2 -
Jl'a..
,
g {M (sin a - µ cos a ) - M' (sin ~ + µ' cos~ )} + ( M + M' + m a2 ,
k )

ius of gyration
~ of friction and k is the rad which moves
or , whereµ, µ' are the coef~cien axis, and M is the ma ss
V :::~
6 . of the pulley about its [ C. H. 1982 J
downward s.
 1
IHI
p() fl{} N AJj( Jl/1 lu~ A,Ym
~ ·~~l hpl' 1!i HJ(A )
tJ1
(t of rr1dlt111 cl . A Wt>I J,fhtlt.!!JIJ 9ti'll'
A flywhet!I hn~ a lw rt~m-Hal 1tha 11 ~ rrHum m hat1J',Jrtg V'!rlh!al ly,
port
_1· und ruu t\d thg ril'!Mt ~n d ~1Jp lHH.iJ obtJo t dw
tiho (t t:ogeth~r w ith thtj w
I~ ~om .en t <>f lner th,, of th" ttt'i:~ lcrl'.ltlon of the, wh~tt
l,
.1!: ol NVOIUtkm !ti /, Sho
~M il tt, mot ion Is uppotJu
w lhM lht
d by
ttng
»
u lor
t'OIH •hrn l fr l~tlo nol t'oupl~ o t

motrumt C, ltt

.2it,1;' ( ,..1· _24,,...tt.,,

I ;) ' ., o mMa of fJ pouru.w
,2. The mruis o( a fl.ywlum l 19 319 pvWldo and h ls horl:wn tul . 'fht11
· ~ wra pped rou nd the nxle , whk
I\MlSf by a strin g In 8 nc:!Co ndr, .
•,Yllt(>m ha.Jow AB tn fhf ~
. vf . .
Top t thltd «pth ofth e ainu -.of d thro ugh !5 foot from rei;t
J)Qlsi tton, w•
put x .. 0 in (2) and ,:; ' ty of the ma. a 18 ob~ rv'1 d to d'1Bcen Jtlo n o f th~ flyw hee l of radl uo
rod h.m :.>I KYl"
Sho w that the
(J1t2•' r)
i; 4 - 2A 'f
J -4 tnc.h:t'll Is l inc h . r und of the
u a ltft<llf from a rt!el, the u pp0
, . A varttcol thr<tod un wln nwa rd acce l~ro tJon of th~ r~o l lo
The ~tn t of gr• vi ty mov " thro ugh • d••hlnc.t J , t the dow
. mx tn tbne , f.hr ~d ooln g fi iwu • ., ve tho k2
of the thrt.iud l.u - r -k-1 · Mx, w h,ue M ii)
.
tn•oc ener gy of the chain ,, j
I< 2, w, x !JR , 2
~ R and th0t the tetw ion a ~
R +A
it!J radi us and k I& Its radl ut
aw ,,f gyra tio n abo ut
ttM ma,H of the reel,
J<ine tic ener gy of the p late
is ! mk 291 l . ., t ,rt J
' - --4 "1..t' ),
""'1 "' -,;,- · "' tha:t .a ,d~ . · m1ta J ivdti
M Is ./r,u: to turn abo ut a h<•r' matJ ti m Is
' t . A Ul\i form dibc of mlli j,s itN plan e . A part icle o f
leu lar to
l'he work done bY th e ayst@m t• "'K . 1 :
}i';X .
t.hroug,h Ju, cen tre perp end disc.n,e mot kJn 1Har tij from thct
tt of the
atta che d to a poif lt In th~ edg the part icle mak eti an ang le '21.1.
with
Th., being srno ott l , we have the whi ch the radi us to
aicl,
- po, ttion In ular vel. odty whe n m Ju in ltt> Jowe &t
· eq uauo n ofen ttrgy the ang
.!."'-l'i+ 1 . 1 upw ard vert icat . Sho w th.at
-1.. _W
2 i "U' .. "'' ' 2JICR X
1 •
pO!S ition is
2 -V£ C06 a .
a tht!
or, i 1 ;;; ~ -
. and M' rest on two m ugh plat1e8 and
31f4J .. lkJ'-'ore of the ve1oc1tv
of •
U la\ chill l\ At f S. Two une qua l rna: ;utS M wri . The y a re con~ cwd
•,r
. (3)
plan.es are incl ined at ang les a &ma and f3 to th4! hmi
u. The
Wh a ll p uHey,of mau m and radiut> tru~
en the end L re.ch 81 ...._ -
&nep la,-. , W(tt \ove ~
· bya tine stri ngp a.Hi.ngo ver vftl" te'-" of the two plan 1:~. Sru, w that
pulley is p ~ at the com mon
;t,,;
If V t,.- 2
f .
~ the velocf,..,
•., Q th, cha.in at th•t
, acce l,mm on of ~tth er mru,a iB
V z ,lt ( Jtun~.we h.tve, from (3).
g {M (t>m a - µ 006 CJ. ) - M'
(:sin f3 + µ' ~ )J ➔• ( M + M'
kl
.+ m -:;;r ),
a
t. ,,io . f ~~
of friction a.n d k i.s the ,,MJ iut of gyra tion
w;e re JJ., µ' ar.e tflli! coefficients , and M J,s tm: maists wh i(:h mc:w.ee
or, v ?;A vii6 :. ?. the pull ey abo ut it5 ax1:i1 { c, ff, 1982 J
dow nwa rds,

.1:.:;:~·:.:
. . ._ _
. . .. ,. •. ~l!!lflJllllil4'41111Jll.......__~li\lllli![II
;,,., ..,,.
 ALl"ffl:,u ~
DYNAJocs : !11,,,. 63

~ ADVAN(:ED AH AN AXIS
.
I th and
dic liln-.e as a ~ nimum eng
ha vi ng lh e. .., . !Je_rio # t,B OU T . pendulum is of mi
pe nd ulu m ,._ /1flld"" JJOT10 ntion is least, when
A simple a, the Simple,,,, alelat
p<ndulum is li,m..,, - - -,unple eqwv I oscil

We bto w lllat the pe riodic tim e of • 911nple !Jendulun,

of ler,8111 Ii,
.
11le ·ts timeO
t11erelo<e ,
~ l fk'J
(ih+ = o
'be{g[
0, giving h = .ti .
OSl'ilfatlon of a ~ or, 1- .tiz
h2 ::a

n ual lo
the time of one
thim,
11ulu theeq
s be ative po sit ive .)
pend makes the second deriv
k2 I lt1'+.lr' = zt, .
( h::, I. (f M va lu ! dulum.
this case, = ii . le equ1v.ie,,1 pen
tz Is called u,, i..,,. n,us, ·rn pension
ndulum,11,e quantity i" ~
the axi s ol sus
pow,d J>O length of Ithe
inimum ini
suininp
inf te. tllainf "'·tance fro,. the
t lrr.ini.te YD ,

Thus, for a romt PfflduJum. _, _ is th e m beinf tll,u1 eri io .

. alent pend ulum u
ofsintp/t tqUTDa/m 11u .,
otyllw
thril
of pa orolm 1· "'fUW
ruplo
N.... Uh tlu O od
• ou gb tho """""""'8ii o inftnite.
h ~,
&+ , c.w ,e~ edo n .ab
y. [n dueo
h - pu M Svitlhe tim los dll a
Now we can Write -kl adwr1n ol pa
~G
cm
i111Bniaemd90
t Ille. ,.,. mass m
rad iu,
theax 'l'ation of the body abou
of 8J amples. i I ar rfl 8 llt .,,flz
m 4 spherethof
, aL 11Fin,J , time aJ
ereeJk,toIsthe
Whall
P'1 is through 0. ttve Ex
M and lmglltht
17 . llh ut ra of rod be ing
oa OC p ~ tha
1 Bx. t.A rod of nm ,othtt'· md
Now let us tab a point O' . _ ._ 10 tha t BO #
, IIJII ,& ,nn,t,r h. t ~ -
pmdulum
O be ~c et tN m ~~
~~ 4

I
00 '
::a
I
a:--r·
k12+hz ascilJlltiD of w cm n,~
LetAB ( = l}b e the
rod an d

f pe nd ulu m_
i/ ofOS dlJ,,t;q,, O( ti,, a,,,,poun<
Thfs O' is <alfed the ctn• tr,
= hO -h ) .. OC.GQ:
111-. k, '" Al -h
. 1I
. ii
•f lh lo "8 ul t" -s 11 11 tiectten11
T he ~ lid$ throug/1 O', O Would be th.,, .._ ,., .~hl
eb od y. _~
tof
l'lius
~~
1 /
front a Pillaliel lo ti a, i.. .., ... ..,
I/
th au ,1 ,- .., of o« il
ibJe.
two centres are conl'ert

ot OOc11J.a11oo, o1
a ~ d
3.6111
Pend 11.1n1n,...., lla ,e
. 111M Fig.17(•)
an
tem consisting of the rod

le t I be
lldl~ o f ~
- . . . of
the length of the
about an axia ~
simple "lllivalent .Pe
!he""""°""" Jlei+ndiiuJum. lhuo .
,-
ndulum and ,t, beisIlle
c a ., to 11,e ll< of the..... ·· ·
~,
I.etc be the cm ete olg
ra vit y of the wh ole sys

u . J +a .C -+
~ JM••
I)
,.. .,.
•l& -1 ,·
(X ; ~ It.
l ~ --r:=-" " " -
A AG=
 Hence L =Jengd1 of the equivalent pendu
lum
M12 241
k2 T +m {-O +a )1 +1 "1
• =,;= l

_______
M -rm (l+ ,) Fig. 3.1(11)
~ to the plane
Therefore ihe tune of olc
illation = 21' ~, lf
AL be tn eo it ~ A of the triangle ABC,
P " ' ~ strip PQ
thd l i b e ~t of ine rtia of the abo ut AL is
~ t of inertia of . PQ al, ou t a straigh . ~ •..m N paraile!
the ff11P t }i:ne UU V"' f'I'' . .
Mll to AL+ ( ma '-' of the l

3 +m(O u) 7 +2.o2
~ strip ). AN

\M .2l + m(1 +4}}g

Es. 2. A unlfonn trlang
ulllr ~n a ABC of mas
tM n pltmt Rbout tht
vtrtt:X A. Show that M am osciIJlltt in it,
pendulum is thl length of th.t sin qu
tquioaltnt -·2!!!. (a 2+ 1242) 6%.
- 121 3
.
Therefore the moment of inertia of the WI
__..... ....1 . --:4 ....i.A
.._ UIA &-& -'
BC aboUtAL is
I
tohert a, b, c, are, aa u,w
thl
,l,
axis through A is Mri1.011ta ltngths of tht sido of tht triangk ABC and tht
~
2
+ 1241.e!.
12 13 0
Ix b 3

l. {K. H. 2001; N. 8. H.
Let u• 6n t find the 2004} 3til+ 3cl - 112 1 _,,.
mo
perpandku1a-r AL throug ment of inertia of the triangle A ~ ~ 1 +124~22!. .
lr •=
horizontal AE it the h the vertex A to the plane AB abo ut a G 12 f3 4 12 ·2...., .
!M iia ne d C, wtud\ la. thu
AD ii papendicular fro t
the «-ntre of gravity of m A to BC an d Gi t
the triang1,t ABC. Mi..i1.2+3cl-112), (1)
Let.AD • I and AE • 4. "'t r" "
tlnceM = ma tt of the . - p.
Then we !mow t:bat 4 1 -2 1~2 Z tnangle - la1
l
•
+" " -• .
•"'
and C is the a!l \tre of gra ~ ·hence
'W ea m d, we ~t Now AEiathemedian ¥ity of the ,
·wboMwidth if b. No tr tp PQ pa ra lll lto BC at ad bt an ,{i i2+ 2c 2- £ _
fS2.
BC •
AM
w w•hav•
x AN
AN
Ao' • 7 :a Ai " T
ce xn m nA h = AC ,: I 2
AE = 3 tl = 3
'*N beins th \ udd.dJe po int of PQ. Therefore 1c1 c l2 (3112 + 3c l- ,h from {1) .
 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAM1cs . ·
.:.
:_:.AlJIJU-f'::.: XI'S_ _..,:.. ._......,_ _ _ _ _6_1
_AN_A__
~
.a11Y
66
11(11'10i:_
Therefore the length of the eauivalent pendulum is ~ l::: length of the equivalent peruM mn
2
Jt2 3 (b 2 + c ) - a •
T = 4 {2b i + 2c 2 i- a
2
k2 i n (3tan 2 2
a + 2)
= cc= ln
4
. J. A 5 •lid homogeneous cone of height h and semi-vertical 2
~
'Jlates a.bout a diameter of its base.2 Sh.aw that the length of thean~, = .! h (2 + 3 tm a ) .
5
, IC. H. v H ~
equivalent pendulum is¾ h (2 + 3 tan ex) • 1990·

Let G be the centre of gravity of the cone which OSCillat

I••¾
es I .;._. /4 .eJJipticI1amintl is such whrn it 5Wisgs a'bold fhaJ Orte /,gbls

diameter AB of its base. Consider a disc PQ of thickness &

Paralle! tabout tr,
0
~ ;;~ aris the other Ul1us rertum
1
passes t!mJug11 tbE cmht
the basi cf,sdJlatio1t. p,ore that the ea:mtricity of the ellifJ?e _is ½·
AB at a distance .r from its vertex.
that the
tet the elliptic lamina swing about the lams rectmn LSL; such focus and is
conespcniing focus S is the centre of suspen sion. S' is the ode
the Q!ftbe of a;cillat ion. Now we have
A~--B
p Q SS ' : I = length of the simpe eqmva:lent pendulum
,:tl

· o
Fig. 3.7(c)
2
Mass of the disc = 7t.t
2
tan a . 6.r . p • whlft p is the mass
per ll1lil ·
volume of the cone.
Moment of inertia of the oone about AB is

J..,,..., '•(,,~, •. (I,-%), l""

•
= ltp tan 2 a !( Va
¾X ' tan 2 a+ h 2 X 2 - 3 + %')u
Now, C being the centre of the elliptic lamina. SC=
Fig. 3.7(d)
114 = h,

"' itp t.an z s a + n ·h. - - l l .4- +S-

a(!4 .hStan 2 ....>, 3 b' h s) Mk = moment ol inertia of the lamina about LSL '
2

3 2 2 2
M being the mass of lamina.
= M ( ¼a + a t ),
= ffP tan 2 a . ~ h s(3 tan 2 a+ 20 - 30 + 12)
= M. "ih2(3 tan2a+ 2), Therefore k2= ¼a 2 + a1 t 2 = ¼a 2 (1+ 4r 1 ).
where M is the of Since the centre of oscillation i., S ', we have
.mass the CXlrle = ½iq,h 3 tan 2 a .

~ Mk 2 - M. 2 SS '= 2ar = ~ = ~ · a 2 (l + 4t 1) .
- 20 h (3 tan 2 a + 2)
Therefore 8t 2 = 1 + 4t 1
or, k 2'"' -t. h 2 (3 ._- 2
• 21) ICUl Q + 2) ,
N1wcc,. ,4,,.__ _ or, t= ½.
.....,\41\a ! of G frorn "8.
 :._----==-------------~-
68 9s . 69
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNJ\¾1 f
lt10,o AN AXIS
P is the centre o

~
Examples III (B) ' oUT d at 0, and p then show
o/1 JJJ end e . idly attac hed at •
equivalent l'enduJ""1 d is susp
!. Show that the length_ of _a simple \ n al weight be ng ed
~•&e,,iof,I
1 """ 1,. pen ulUIJd·tio unalter ·
. lar
circu a .d" , radius a• oscillating about a honzon1a
ISC o,, ains "ght h and verticalwang 2a,
leth
it, isl )). J\ If an ad '. lion remne of he1 ·sho that e
le equivalent P!'ndu1.,,,
_,..natiotl· .
"1•1 tI,e hODlOl!';"eousc o ,
ta! axis through~ I• v x. '-= =
2. Show that the length of the simp
citcular wire of radius a, oscillating abou t a honzon1a1 aJ/is,_ ,
%;;,f _ ¢V"
zon t pen du lum
·,bout a hon · alen
is . "
. \J. ,

pomt of its arc, is 2a. i

,pendicuJar to the plane of the wire at any
~es a~
]
. ~':'lwv ' a) ., [v. H. 1987; C.H. 2005
le equivalent Pend•lUllt 0/, • • h tan
pe 3. Show that the length of the simp
IS 2a and Which OsciIJai., 5 (4 + a and b, the angle
hemisphere, whose ~e r- of the - ~
~ 7 'Q
~
15 is• · [ K //. 2QJ,s ~. plane about
•bout a diameter which is honzonta1, s are
se armall
of len. m its own ding simple
le equivale nt Pend uhon 0/ , lever, mak es smwhl) thenscorrepson
oscillatio f
4. Show that the length of the simp l lang ent at u,,1
,,t .
\/""een them bemg athat the length
b2
o
s a• .which oscillates abou t a honz onta Show .
f
~ ✓ ,+
sphe re
est of radiu
poin t is
t....o.tw
f.ll l~· a2+
high v-;
fixed
s. Show that the length of the simple equivalent
pendulwn of, lhe dii)iiimTu
~ 2a ' b ' cos a+ b •
fine wire from a
~d
penj 3 a
ontal edge as axis, is ffi.,. a the
w that e of a small
cube of side 'la, oscillating •bout an horiz " .J-".ere, of radius a,the
. scent
JS Shoby
nded
uspere. mn·

6. Show that the length of the simp

le equivalent pendulwn of an • tat a JStanceb
l from
g about a hoiizontaJ axis, )
equilateral triangle of side a, OStillatin pom . · given Y
which is JJerpendi<uJar lo the triangle throu
gh its vertex, is f a/ ,fi I 'a

✓
'
oscillation IS 2
2 ,
51 + 2a 1+ - sin
?. A ,.cighlJess rod AB of length 2a
has two l"'rticles of equal .,... 4
lo a point ctistant
one •ltached lo the end B and the other n about the horizontal axi,
l• from 8. 2n S ig (e of vibtatio . n. H I9B9; K. H. 2002
[V. .
]
ed
' 1 Oscillatio iitud mass M susp end
Show that the 1period of stna1
I
./ resents the amp ul1 5. formed of a m very
through A is 2Jt ~- where a rep , nt a
'ghtlurn
lar pend ess wire of len int sdista
gth I · lf a mas
simple circu th wire at a po E
. t by a we1 the lime of sma a
mova1,1e about the end A mal a fixed porn M be knotted on to e
'>&-Aught Sb-aight rod ABC, of le.,gtt, 21,isthe sam e mass, one fastened
front
,
l compared tof suspe . n then show .th.u d. i.nished by
which is fixed. It <arries two l'Orticles of
of the lOd. H the rod sfr the point o ns10 , . approxuna tely 1m
lo the tttiddie J>Oin t B and the other lo the end C IN. 8. H. 2006 J
be held in horizontal !'Osition llnd then
Jet go, then show that its .:br:.tton
of the pendulum .IS
m ~ ( 1 _ ~) of itself.
)

":'lgula,-
sunp city, Wher
Veloalent
ie equiv
,IF
ulUin.aJ. is 5l and that!!3
J>end, Vertic
!_ is the length of the
)(1 -1!!!Ml!!.+ .. ····
2M. l I __ __ -2
1111r + .... ..
-g (1 + 2MP
. -2 = 2x ~
MP ++TTUT
le equ iv~ ! pend ulum of "'
..ma) 2
. 9. _Show_ thai the le,,gth of the•simp
and ecx-.nlricity , When the axis of
[Here t = 2x g(Ml
elliptic lamina of senu-niaio, ax;,
... is. latu s-.. . is ~
(I + 2, '> . a)+ ..... ·}-I • t

~
- ma (
· - 2Ml T bo t a horizontal ax15 a
rectangular plate sw; ._ · 1-
board swm· gs a u ne focus. If the
COnier. If the period of Oscilla~ : ;.,"r
licaI ~lane •bout one of i~ orm ellip
· ·
tu: and pass ing lh,os,ugh "...itrove that the]
""'-"'<mi , then sh°" ' that the t the other focu then . .C H 2000
. the dia&
length of onaJ is ¾ g •' .
1..:....
------ right .ang' es to ~e boaberd. • I · ·
"'1Ure ol oscil lation
i ty of the ellip se . V12 ·
ecce ntnc 15 5
 c n
1o_ _ _ _ _ AD_V._'ANi~CED::..;AN..::,:U~Y'JZ~:4.lDYJ..l
- ¾ ic e JtJi AfJOUT AN AXIS
. :
3.8. Reactions of the ax
is of rotation . % ~ -
n integrate (3) to
. d (3), we get Q. We the
vity of the
Let G be the centre of gra t boat body of Inass A1 . ~ng ~ from (2) an
e Elirl"tr1a~,.. dt'
a fixed axis. We assum
tha r~
the forces
~ h.. ~~ integration from the ini
tiaJ
S}'Dlmetrical with
fixed axis. This P: :: :th to ~ -plane throu
the
gh G peand
tpenoi ..-.. ~ ,
~ II) ~
J2 after detennining the constant of
4ft 2
suspens·ion where the axis of rotation . J>al>er and O;--~
e P.14lle of •
is tiie ~ '
fllld (dt (1 ), we get P.
. inters ect s the 1
~~,~ Then substituting this value of (ddet] in
Let 0G = h . The onlyact
ern
ext P ane of f{le . .
ion al force JS gra vit y. ~ cond1tton.
inclined at an angle
. By S}'mmetry, the the bo d 2
is ✓P + Q , which is
2
. s of the axis on
stn gle fo ~ acting at O
res:!~ Le~;
reduetbfe fo The resultant reaction
( resolNoved parts of this
w we know tha
the mass of the bodY~ co
f~~e oflo the paper.
.'"e
t the centre of
a
gra
ng an
trif
·
v
d
of
pe
a
rpe
bo
nd
dy
and Q be a
ieuJ.ar to tlie
Go tan - • w)to
GO.
.
ontally and vertically,
we get ,
.
lle cte cf at rt an d as if II rnOl'es . . . Cor. Resolving horiz
··J
wereactin g at it in directi -. ~_..:as;.. ifu aa
a.i = P sin 8 - Q co; 8
ons parallel to ...__ in Wh a th e
~:.= the horirontal reaction
ich the y on = P cos 8 + Q sin 8.
and the vertical reacti
W"'-'be
act.
P, .~Q
3.9. Illustrative Examples.
hinge rmd is
' ,
tllin uniform rod has orre md attached to a smooth strain on
Ex. 1. A t the horizontJJJ

ko
0
izonttll position. Shaw tha
allowed to fall from a hor iHe d ilt an angle 45 • to the uertical
en the rod is ind
tltL hinge is greattSt wh rod. l B. H. 2007 J
and the vtrlical snain is the
n f ~ the weight of the

'.j
ll~
I
i
th let the line 0G .
rough 0, Wh ich is, .~ in
Fig
the bod
fucecJ in space,
. 3.8

at:,
be
.
tnc/ ~ to the .
I As the bod angle 8.
Ye rtQ J
~t es about the .is, G desc..a.... _ .
centre and of ~<fiu
I Thus the BJc de
to GO a~ s h. aceeterations •'ut.'S aaOJn d ~ 0111 •
along
d8 ~2 ·
42
·
..--,·••:uu1CU4a,
h- Fig,3.9(a)
,,__
·•~ th eM . ns of ltlotio
-"fuatio
0
dt and hdt -!
z •
the rod OA of mass M.
Let it make an q1 e 8 le
Let 2a be the length of centre ol gravity of dw lod G is d ~ a circs
with

MJ, (.de_ )2 n along ilnd J>el'pen(j · the Vertical at any tim

e t.·The
o1 the cen tN of gravity are
thu
IcuJar to G o~ e equations of motion
ldtJ : : e,
p - A(\> COs of radius a abo ut 0 . Th
(1)

~
d29
Mn--. - Q
Mg Sin 8.
-
. - . (1) Ma(~:1 = P- Mg a> 18

"' ~ DlOJnen dt-Z - - · · · (2) d2e 8,

(2)
tabouio'lVeJiave 1.n. 1 4°tfJ. _ M" dt 2 = Q- Mg sin
""'""- .
··· ~k ist tte l&dius
and
ng an4
---
force ol reaction alo
o18Yla . ~ ~ 8, ... (3}
'"U °
compom!flb uf the
":"'>,.
lion of the 'body~" - - ~ ~ and Q are. the
ll ~il>CO
\\•
l
. _IJ1VANC~ ANALYTICAL DYNAJ4JCs , n.
.. . . . "'0 7U
Taking moMmt about Ot Wfil git ~
ui•,•e
IYJ - • ... u -..1- 9
lffl ........,,, I

lJ\whleh

ThmfoN1

Y1
H1mee A • o. X ._ .
Thtntfott 1 M,11 ~ •&.
( ~&
,'iJ.
P~,m (1) 1md (t1 Wt h•v• p ~ \ Mi c,oa
; 8
'• and fl'Ob\ (2.) IJ\d () ~ Wt ht v, Q ., lMr t\Jl t
NQw X " horilCt.l1tl ~~t of JtRm
Pig. 3.9(b)
~ Punt -- Qtal l
fhl ~Md etf«ttve fOKe I &.l 18 M, 6¥ , (01 o hHl
IN! • IQ11\e'n
• tMi••~•. . ¼Mt tin t u.t' fM.t•tt. Of\ 2'
. ._HP. Thi. u .•1\11 fotc:eri aalng on the ~-·"' are ttt wtlght Mg At G, ttw
~ ,.,. .. . . .
_,,,,., .,, __
X1, 11\IXlJ\\\\ffl Wh4i.\ ..i... "'· C,. (!, af lbt rod •Ni the rea(tiotl at tht jolnt O.
, .... . l.. 11 · • 0
l4t XInd y be the hortwn r,nnanta of reaction at ·
tal and tht vertlc.a1corn,.-. .-
T h u t · ~ - \ ~ t ofh
lMl~ tt ln. U' withh . \• . _._ h ~ wbM
ht roct lJ
'- Thm wt hav:e
Y• Ml
•~~ ~ t ~ f htt.Rt nt, •nd x•· !! ax a, l :x sin a. , lnttgrtt td ttom oto 2'
.P~h Q il!\I 1.

• P•t ma••,. P.ti• ••

a\\MJ, ~ '• f·
 - l
74 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL -
DYNMfrc AN AXIS 75
If the direction of reaction makes an angle . S : lt101
1'(jfS()1' AB-:...0:.-UT-------- - - - -- -
tan X 3 q> with the vert' 0 ~square lamina of weigh_t W can turn freely about a horizontal
cp ~ y ., 4tan a, which gives Cl)= tan - 1 ( 3 tan a )
4 . teal, then \Veha ~ • ~ one c(]111e1' 0 perpendicular to its plane. If motion commences
Ex. 3. A unifonn semi-circular arc of ~, ,td ':'dfo~I through O is vertically above O, then find the reaction of
ends to two points in the same verti , '!1ass m and radius a . """"· it OwJten tht diagonal has turned through an angle 8 .
lltlgular velocity ro. Show that the ho ~al line and is rotating ' ,~ fixed QI . tJte k111S6 · I c. H. 1988 l
nzontal thrust on the . tvzth cons its
i upper end . IQ~,
m·. ~ IS \,et 2' be ~ length of the side of the square lamina. Lei P and Q be the
~ qf reaction along and perpendicular to OG, G being the centre of
°I.et O be the centre f the
so that o
. . Jt
senu-c1rcular arc and G be . I V. H. 2(~)8 l inas5 of '11e la!Jlina·
its centre of
0G = ~ . &ra~ity,
lt

T • A

~s

11
ot---i:---
n ts·
I
mg
i T•~--
·Ii B Fig. 3.9{d)

I Let h=OG=-.fia .
Let T and T, Fig. 3.9 (c)
and eo,_the semi-circul
be the horizon ta! thrusts at tL_ . ~uations of motion of Galong and perpendicular to GO are
The ar arc rotating about AB- ~uoper .and the lower ends
A
c:entre of gravity G . ' Vertical line. Mh8 2 = Mgcos8- P, (1)
centre with 15
· constant describing a orcle
. of rad . 2a
The onl . angular velocity co . ius x
about O as the
Mhe· = Mgsin8- Q. (2)
y effective force on G is Taking moment about 0, we get
2a
Taking m . "i <O 1 along GO. Mk 2 if = Mgh sine ,
where k · · · · · (3)
moment about the I through\SOthe radius of gyration of the square l . .
2a ower end B, we get perpendicular to the lamina. aroma about the honzontal axis
ltl . -Q)l
It )C G::a T . 2a - mg . -2a .
'Therefore •.1Ll
'"" 2 •
= i.Ma"'+ M.2a2,., !Mal
Therefore T= !Ug+ (1)2~ 1t
3
It .
 ______ AD_v_ AM_ce._v_A N.:_;J'lL.;:::,;YT.:..:.:,1',::C::A.L~D~Y,:! 77
-
76 NA.Mies .
~ '(J'/'JOIV AJJOUT AN AXIS
Pt.rttmg this value in (3), we get !;- -- Exa mpl es III (0

~=
eh= ffa .
M . faz- (f=M g . .ffas in8, sinc
is turn ing abou t its
. ·rod, of leng th 1JZ and weig ht W,
3 ,ff was yert icall y abov e 0.
from the posi tion in whic h it
TI.--L .. _ •.
.. ~ 8 = &g sin 8. l, A the hori zont al and
an angl e 9, show that
eJld O ~ 6-o•""ed thro ugh - el
Integrating, we get 1t has ....... ·
..n.enettic
...,,. al reac tions at Oar e resp ectivWY
· 1 3,ff ~eV 2
(I - 3 cos 8) • [ C. H . 1999
J
9 = - ~ g cos 8 + A , A being a cons tant. 3W sin 8 (2 - 3 cos 8) and 4
( Now we have iJ= Owh en 8= 0 ,
in th .
e verti cal posi tion of OC Z. Ah!vy hom ogen eous cube , of weig ht
al. It start s from rest
W, can swin g abou t an
bein g disp lace d from its
3,ff
. ed whic h is hori zont perp endi cula r from the
Whe n the
~ l e posi tion of equi libri um.
TL.-L ._
••tera 0re A= ~ g,
turn ed thro ugh an angl e 8 , show
tre of grav ity upo n the edge hasthe hing e alon g and at righ t angl es
- 2 3 ,ff actio n at
so that 6 = ~ g(l - ros8 ). :1t its com pone nts of the
W (3 - 5 cos 8) and W sin 8 .
(SJ
to. this . _perpe!t_dicu lar are respect i veIy 4
Then. from (1) and (5), we have
2
ht W, can tum freel y abou t a
3. A circu lar area, of weig mfe renc e
P= Mg ~B- M--f f11 · 3-.ff thro ugh a poin t O of its circu
4a g (1 - cos 8) horiz onta l axis whic h pass es the
e. If mot ion com men ces whe n
and is perp endi cula r to its plan
= w{cose- 2~(1- ros 9)
} 1
= 2 W (5 ens 8 - 3)
diam eter thro ugh O is verti cally abov e 0, then show that, whe n the
the
angl e 0, the com pon ents of
diam eter has turn ed thro ugh an
·
Again. from (2) and (4), we have to this d iame ter are resp ectiv ely
cula r
strai n at O alon g and perp endi
Q= Mgs in6- M .1:. 3./2
a;- gsme . [ K. H. 2009 J
• Y~ 0 - W (7co s 9 - 4) and W sin0 3
3
= w sin 8( 1- 1)= 1wsin 6. 2
[Here m(ll + ~) 0 = mga sin 0,
2
2
Pa:n dQar e _
~ of reaction at O ,.,,_ _,,'6 a n d ~
to 0G .. g ·2
=-
4g
(l - cos 0).
If R be the . so that 0 = f - sin 0 and 8 3a
resul.tant Mactian at>O, theri a
ma0 = f mg sin 0
grav ity. mg sin 0 - X =
Also, for the motion of the centre of
R=- iP 2 + Q2
and mgco s0 - Y = ma8 2 = f mg(] - cos0 ) .]
zont al
W can turn freely abo ut a hori
= i WY4(5a,s9_ 3) l+ sin 29 4. A cireu lar disc of weig ht
e whi ch pass es thro ugh a poin t O on
its
axis perp end i&.la r to its plan the . diam eter vert icall y
-= i w -/9') en, z8 - 1iO CQ!8+37
.
drcumlere,nce. H it start s from
abov e 0, then show that the resu
rest with
ltan t pressure on the axis whe n
that
Il;b ethe _ y tHtlo w Oar e resp ectiv ely
tbei angl e that the resu ltant •
OG,
diam eter is 'hori zont al and vert icall
reaction malces With the direction ' .and llW . '
Mw
12,. _ sine 3
tan ♦ = 3
able to bear at leas t .!! time s the
g_}ving f= tan sin 8 her prov e that the axis mus t be
p · 2 (S cos 8- 3)' 3
-1
Furt
1000 59_ 6 .
weig ht of the disc.

A.A.D-28 I

ns- n ct:"t,·1 . ib?&

 ~- I\ rig ht · ·•~·~T ic
thr oug h th con e, of - AL I.>y-,N
- · ang ~ l
!u:1 rts ft-o mec ~t ~o
res t Wi: f·_its ha ~ o.,c an1n-..... ..<\¼1-0.s · •. .
ts Ver tica l, the r tiot and "':' ~ free ly abo -··~ v
con e is
h lts axi s ho ~~ nd .ic
:ul ar t _llt an a~
·_ -~<Jiu 1t
a of the thr ust 01'\~ ~e ,

.
6. A uni fott 'l\ .
( 1 + .! 2
2 cos tt) : ( 1 -
1
n sh o: ~s aXis. lf):i,~
fuc ed axi s at, w\.._ ~~ ~ ,t
ilnd th ~~~ ~
s~

e 'Vei cn.. ~ ~~1'¾

\©\~·~-M....;' ; 1
·_· OTI_o_N_
. _IN_Tw_
·_o_D_IM
_E_
N_si_o_N_s
revo1ut:~:u1:
2
. 3 cos o. ) <><U-ll.f~C
=p let e ~
disc:, o_f tna ss M 4.1. 1nt rod udi on.
ugh a poi nt o .
a Ver tica l pl . U<. li.~i~~-
Van ish es wh e n tts <=ircumt and rad itts
the ane abo ut vi When the p0S iuon of the
. n the bod y or the mat eria l sys
ang ula -r vel 0ci tycenhtre 15
. ere nce . If the a, is
a ho ~ lbw \he valu es of ~ num ber
of ind epe nde nt var iabl
tem is dete rmi ned
w en the"er c
tica Uy abo Pre
ve the a ssu re
L. ~

t\taJ. a...~
-
~- ro f deg rees of free
dom . The se ind epe nde
es, it has the sam e
·
ent re is vert i<:a
_ r;-:; ll b xis, the <m ~ ~ co-« dina tes, c.an be var ftt var iabl es, call ed the
"\/~
--- Y elo w th
n sh
_ . °'w
~
'that
ied arb itra rily
"'°'8:ting the con stra ints of and ind epe nde ntly wit
hou t
the sys tem . lf the c.on
Pro ve tha t ecll( .is'is ,yst ern be suc. h that a\l stra \nts of a mat eria l
pos sibi litie s of rela tive
the pre ssu re on a.L.3a
-
. partides are elim inat ed then
w~ hav e the case of a ng1
mot ~o~ betw een the
• •
u le axis IS the n specific, a rig\ d bod y is d bod y. To be
one in whi ch the dist an~
of part ides rem ains con e betw een eve ry p~ir
~M g. stan t and the bod y reta
whe n it is in mot ion. ins its sha pe and size
In any syst em of orth
ogo nal co- ord ina~es,t
ordi nate s are nee ded to wo ind epe nde nt co,-
des crib e the pos itio t\ of
part icle in spac e nee ds thre a poi nt on a plan e.
e for its spec ific atio n whi A
are R~d ed for the spec ific le six co-o rdin ates
atio n of'a rigi d bod y, of
a poin t fixe d in the bod whi ch thre e spec ify
y and the rem aini ng thre
of a set of rect ang ular e give the orie ntat ion
axes fixe d in tbe-bod<y.-,.i
of orth ogo nal axe s fixe t\ rela tion to the syst em
d in spa ce.
A rigi d bod y is said to mov
of the bod y mov es para e in o/{O 4,im en~ ons
llel to a plan e' fixe d in whe n eve ry par ticle
mov ing in two dim ens spa ce. A rigi d bod y
ions has thre e deg rees
requ ires thre e co-<>t'di of free dom and hen ce
nates to spec ify its pos
gen eral ly the co-o rdin at.e itio n . Tw o of thes e are
refe rred to two rect ang ular( x , jl) of the cen tre of grav ity of the body
s
the ang \e8w hich a stra ight axes_in the plan e of mot ion and the othe r is
line fixe d in spac e. line fixe d in ,t he bod y mak
es wit h a stra ight
42. Equ atio ns of mo
tion .
Let ( x, Y) be
bo_dy and 8 be thethe co-o rdin ates of the cent
ang le that a stra ight line r~ of iner tia G of the rigid
wtth ano ther stra ight line GA fixe d in the bod y
GB fixe d in spac e. mak es
ibe ~qu atio ns of ~t, on
Ma re give n by of the cen tre of iner tia
of the bod y o f mas.
9
d1x
M dfl-=o LX ,
.•. (1 )
 --.. rJ~~- 81
(
,.:--
80 O pJMEflSJONS
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYN.-atic
S . r, dcp d9
------ - - - - - - -- --- ----~.:'..1%
d2- JI
M ~= IY, ~
~"'' ,;nee t ,iGP ;s a fiXed angle, ift"' ift ·
dt' ... I~
n ~
. .,et-""" of the particle of mas& mat P reJative to G iS r cl
.
where Ix and I Y are the sum of the components of the exter
the ~1foltes M'"', .,.,., 2
acting on the mass particles of the rigid body, parallel to ect Set
of axes. u,,,eto"' ii> ""'°""'t a1,out G is ,-fr, x r"' r' -fr,= r f ·
- -----
y. ~ p
A Y•-¥,)=suroofthemoments of the
flelcetni (, •-f- velocities of all the mass
particles about G ,
2
= tmr 1 ~= ~ Imr
dt dt
0 .?
::Mk 1 9,
Fig.4.2 . through G
where k is the
perpendicu radiu
lar to of gyrat
thesplane of ion the body aboUI an axis
ofn,
motio
of the ri~d
Let ( x.; ,y · ) be U,e co-ordinates of a mass parti cle mat P
thrti gh the centr e of inertia. Then the
body rel~v ~ to the parallel axes
by the ~ uation Hence (4) can be put as
motion about G, the centre of gravity/is expressed
2 .
' ' ( ~- d x') == I ( x ' Y 1,Y' x ) , . . . (3) dt
d(mk 1 8· ) = :t ( x 'Y - Y'X) = L (say)
t/ rm x ' dt 2 y' dt2
' or, Jrik 2 0= moment about Gof all the external forces
{ dy' -y , -d ( .:·-dx ' ) - -dx' . -dy ' } g on the body
·/ qy' )~+ -dx' . ----
or Im x , -d ( "'- dt dt actin
I dt dt dt dt dtfi ' dt
. . .•· (5)
.i = I ( X 'Y - y 'X) = L.
of motion of
-1 dx') Y- y'X) Equations (1), (2) and (5) are the dynamical equations
or tmf
Idt (x' &:
dt _y' dt = I(x'
I the rigid body in two dimensions.
other directions than
or,; trm (x ' !')= -I(x 'Y- y'X ). Note. It becomes 80ll\8times canvenient to resolve in
!r-y• . . . (4) any other point . Let ( a , P) be the
the <X>-<>rdinate axes to take moment about Now, from the
ul whic;h mom ents are required.
~rdin ates of the point about t it and that
forces abou
- y' l!: ) gives the moment principle of equality of the moment of the effective
Now the expre.ssion ( x' .!1.:
dt dt about it of the impressed forces, aay L ', we have
~
about G of the.velocity of mrelative to G. dly d1- d2
M {(x- ex) - (y- ~1
p)--.~1..!}+ Mk 2 ___! = L' '
ht line fixed in ~1
Let GP= r and L fGB == q, , where GB is the straig in the body.
space and L AGB = 8 , wher e GA is a straight line fixed of the
:\\ ~:v::::·.ia that, by a proper choice of this point,, we can get rid
Thus q>= 8+ LAGP.
~
 82
AD VA f'!C ED AN AL

4..3. Re a.d i.o n an d

&i dio n.
YT ICA L DY NA J.4 1cs
.

~
,
.
. l"'. .,.-,J}o DJ?Yf,E
..Jifr()lf ·i,-. ,.
CJ'(; ;-
~sJ ON S
·· '
.. \..
~"d ies pur e s \'1d \n~~0 to ...es p\a ct! and
ss
\
Wh ile inte gra ting the
var iab le x, y, 8, con sid dyn am ica l equ ati ons ~ ~~~:,.:....-. ette et\Y s11 \':r th vv ' occ urs
...... d f ex\sti!
•· 11 .
era tio n mu st be ma de of mo t' ••· : .1.1-s-, fot' P t\y roush fa.c ei, pure ro\ \\t\ g \\m takes p \a.ce
•

of any ~o n to find f ~
equ atio n con nec ting
Co nsi der , for exa mp
x, y and 6 for the con cer
le, a bod y mo ves suc
0
ned pro ble :_g eot tl.e trtc
"'
~
'\1-'-lf ot' perfeC .
f"' o. rfeCUY ro \:l.... h . sur fac ~,
~~ mt
l!-ot iJ1lpe\oeltY of tl\e po of con tac t . .
f,;:,
.
and
,s
ro . g
zer o- \t w1\ \ be. s \,d ing so
a fixe d sur fac e. Du e to h tha t it is in i..'..e.~ ,\le ...,e \<)City of _ t doe s not val\1sh-
thi s con tac t the re wil col\lac.
the bod ies . Th is _act l be mu tua l act ~on tatt ~ l \, , the '1e •
com pon ent R, act ing
ion acr oss the ele me
nts are equ i~ ~
With. \oi\, _~ U\g U\ twO di1J\~nsi ons.
nor ma lly to the com ~ . : }(ine.ti.C e.n.et."/3
of a bo dJ tnO V . ert
cal led the reaction. Th mo n tan gent pl ent . of the centre o f 1n ia G of a bod y
the tan gen t pla ne. In
the couple of rolling fric
cou ple N, cal led the
e oth er com pon ent
add itio n to the se two
F, cal led the fric ::;- e,
, the
tion, wh ose axi s lies on re is a cou p}n,Lacts 0 n
the
to a
at\d is

tan gen t p l:n ' called

'4,~ - be the ~r dU \at
• o\ ( i , y) c: ed a,ce
..,... \¥JO 1\Jtl ,
reter<ed to) at\d (. :x: , y \""
.
s. Let \h
e: co- ord ma tes of any
, \:,e the co-<>t din ate s of the sar n
..
e:
\ n'\e n t of mass
ma ss ref err ed
couple of twi stin g friction J11 be (i, y es thto u.g h cen tre of ine rt1a-
com mo n ngn na\ and , wh ose axi s lies a~ and u,e
is cau sed by the rel a~~ a \O~ \\e\ a)t l
be any . Th e two cou e an_gul ar veloci ty, ~~ .
ple s L and N are neg ~e
hgi ble in mo st o f the
So lon g t~e rea ctio n cas es.~ 1"hel\ we hav e
wil l be the re, the vel - , and y = y + y, .
of the mo vm g bod y oci ty of the poi n t of con :,c::: x+ X
res o\': 'ed alo n~ the tact •
mu st be zer o. Th e geo no ~a l to ~h e fixe d . ·th res pec t
t, we get
surf \0
be tak en into acc oun me tric al rela tion exp res sin g thi s con dition ace
t wh ile sol vin g suc h mu t
t)if;{etet\tiatU\% ~ - dx , ~=~+ ~
-
a p rob lem . dx - dx + -
Sim ilar ly, in the cas e s . dt - dt and dt dt dt
of two mo vin g bod dt
con tac t, the re wil l be ies w hic h are alw ays is
a nor ma l rea ctio n Ra in the e\e me nt of m ass
t,
geo me tric al rela tion
, in suc h a cas e , wil
t the poi nt of con tac t
and the Toe \u};\e,,c en e~ 0 t
...
·o~
nt
vel oci ties _at the poi nt l exp res s the fac t l dy ) 1\
that the
dir ect ion of R are equ
of con tac t of the two
al.
bod ies res olv ed alo ng
the
\m \ (~ ) +( Tt l· .
In gen era l,th ere wil l . ot the wh o\e bod y ,s
be as ma ny \-\el\c.e \he k inet\C ene
as the re are num ber of num ber of rgy
rea ctio ns in the sys tem geo metric al equ ati~ ns dx ) l
Fri ctio n is a sel f-a dju . {~ )l \
stin g for ce . It ten ds to \ Lm \ ( dt + \. dt 1
of the poi nt wh ere it sto p the rela tive mo tion
act s. If R be the rea ctio .
the coe ffic ien t of fric n of the sur fac e and dy -
tion , the n the fric tion µ be {d i dx ') +( ~+ - ' )
1 l\
qua nti ty µR , wh ich is
its lim itin g val ue. Fri
al for ce can not .ex cee
d the = 1
' L m \ \. - + cit dt dt
I
of con tac t at rela tive ctio n trie s to kee p the poi dt . _
the n suf fici ent fric tion
res t. To be spe cifi c, if
i
the rati o be less tha
n µ,
nt
\ \ ( di ) 1 -. \ ~ y- J+ f I. nt \ ( dt )
dx, 1+ ( ~ )1 l
can be cal led int o pla =- - l". m \. dt dt
and the bod y roll s. Bu y to kee p the poi nt P at rest dt
t, if ~ be gre ate r tha
-i
di d ,
rem ain s in con tac t and n µ , the n the sam e poi + I. m dt .
dx'
dt + dy ~ · ··· (1)
the poi nt of con tac t slid nt dt I. m
. Tt .
Th e bod y wil l slid e at es. . 15 . -~ yes ect to wh tch
the poi No w smce the cen tte . the ori gin w iu, 9
lon g as the vel oci ty of nt of con tac t and con the co- o~\ J\at 25 are (. ot iN:f rtta
the tinu e slid ing 50 x, , y, ) , we hav e
cas e of pur e roll ing wh poi nt of con tac t doe s not van ish . It _w ill .
en the vel oci ty of _the be
eve ry ins tan t. poi nt of contac t 1s zer a T.m x'= o aod J. m
dx '
dt = O.
o at
 86

ADVANCED ANALYTICAL, DYN<Uffcs .

r1s10NS . •· . and
84 ------ - --- ' it,~
Similil~IY, we have Em .!!l..'= f)JME of inertia_ h it
o11.of'I Jf'/ 'J'l'IO oJabOdy of,nassMP mass M taced at t he ,,ntre . g ....
dt 0. movin
. · _, dx dx ' _ !!X.r.m .!k..: = 0 J,I ,.,;r. enerKY article of of inertia- f two
Also 1:.mdi . di - dt dt 1Jt"•- of•P h,antre sun> o .
e,ot·...,,..,,rgy e/ativ< tot body is the to rotation,
and dy . .!!i.:
Xmdi dt = 5ir.m
dt dy' = 0 .
dt .,ki,,.. iftht t,ody r, rgy of thethe other due
· ,gyo
. ,,;, ,ne . t kfnet'C
· ene
,Jation a
nd
, In tw
o
In to
equal ..,w of th.,. ,.,.,; 00
,, we have, Imm Cl), the "½et;, "'"l> h 'J+'hUS'
"1' the .es,esulton
on to tran Y mo,,_

1{(&.)2+
2 dt (f!i)z}xm+ft!"{
dt ( t'J2+ ( -!!K)1]
tit s.
,
.,..d,.,,.,g,ontent en
ofthe origin.
about .
m-
of , y, x , ,
, I
- y.
,Jv x, and y' as in
. the last

= fMvz+ ftm { ( -;p

dx') z+ ( dt
dy') z} , siol\S definitions , bout the
d
With
,rune
:;:,., - i + x, and
-y+
y- f
y ·
th• body of mass
Ma
in which
O
2'= square of the veloeity of the centre of inertia ' •• (2J article, w x- menturn o
the momentofmo
= cir+ C1) 2 Hence
1
.

and Mis the mass.of the body. dx')J

origin ' dy_ dx) di
Em(xdt y dt!I, ~)-<Y+ y')(dt+ dt
~
A&ilin the second term of (2) is
Em{(i+ x')(dt + di ,dx')
fxm{( ;:)2+ ( 1f ) 2}
a

~
!I, ydi)~ (x' dt - Y dt _ )
= kinetic energy of the body relative to the centre of inertia. a Em { ( i dt -
(
!' , ,!I, - Ji dx , - y, X ) J, " • (1

Now ..iocijy.o l the part;,,/em n!/ati.. to G Is r-!Jf-= r ff?-. +

i L + x dt
dt the centre of inertia, as on
dt ·gin, the
.
G is the mass to
But, sin<!e freferred G, ( x , , y , ) , hence
m are ,
Then.m,. ~ene,gyo1 thebo<fy..i,o.. to the <enheo/ m,.,. co-ordinates o is l: m ~ = 0 .
:t mx ' = O, that , . dt

(3} Similarly, ~ ~-o

""'m dt - . _.
lience the - ltinetic ene,8Y i, f Mo'+ f MJ:' fi '. Furthermore,.l: tnX dt - dt l:mx'= 0
I~-~

In the abo,,, dedUcti"'l,k;, the radfu. of BY>ation of the body abou1

a ofralgllt /fne tluuug11 G ~icuJar to the Plane of motton and 8 I,
line fixed in space_
the ang1etltat any •b-aigllt 1Jne fi"'<l;,, the body mak,s With a<m1ght and dt dx
l:my ,dx::::, dt Erny'=_ o,

since the v~l_ocity C9mponents ddtx and· ~

dt are independent of
summation.
• 86
~~---..:A D~V:~"A NN,CED ~ 87
'.ALYT1cAL D
v1JJEfl'.so;:1,~o~ti:s-.-___ ___ ___
- dx • - - - ·· · 'rJv-4At1c
Also Im.v-- - tb' .S : fJ '{lfO -__: .
dt - Y I m _ === O . lt1%
,,{}'1'JOJI 1_ ofa ri,..,, body of mass M
ofinerlia
Hence we ha'Ve fro dt · and ? 111 _ dy , . '" u1 momerttum .is-
M lac.ea at the centre
about the origin is ~ ~ (1 ), the rnoDl~At'· x ~"" 0 ~qtf• W,e
ttave ang ar
,net1tum of the rf1llSS p . centre of inertia•
~ ,ngrJlaf ,,,,o o' the ~ relatwe to the
( x!!1 - : xt)o of Illotneni'lln) of th~ . .
... 1111g"
lllf ~hlrrt 1
. . of energy. M
dt Viit tm+.tm(x•!!Jl:. . body
t.ft, Jlqllatton . f motion of a rigid body of mass are
- dt -y•cb:') .'d aroical equations o (1)
== M ( x!!.1.c -ax) ·-· - - Jt 1'be yn du X ···
cit ,· -~ di -f- l: 11J ( !!1C. .X , Mi:: M7t== :t '
M ( x!!l_ y-a~~✓ \;, . dt ,.. Y' ~-): . (2)
, But
dt ~ }:: mo , ,,;
-M~=:r, Y,
My.. - dt
dt rnent of moll'tentun
(3)
origin of a . about the Mk2d8 L
2 .. dt= ·
I Partide of Mk 8=·
Paced at the lllass M
- M centre of . ve e uations,u and v are the components of the velocity
~ lJ 1$ the v 1 . - vp , . Inertia G
Jn the .abo f . ~rtia in the directions of x- and y- axes respeetlvefy.
~,.,.,..1_ e ocrty of tl\e of the \l!f'ltre o in
Dol'tfte.'"~r~anc e hom · ~ s M placed at
. G and p is• the Now we tewrite the equations as
mass at G. · ~QJ'igm to the d"lrect1on
~X= M~~= Mt .:= Mui,
of th (4)
,a._,._ '1 e Veloc·ty
,, t,
. ~ ,E,n\' %,1t:_ ,fb.')
dt y T
I

dv dv~ Mdv (5)

I :E y = M dt = M dy . dt = V dy I

.. == rnomeht of mo . . . of the bod

11\entwn (6)
= Mk 2 de . d8 = Mk i (\ d0 .
,/ = E m( ,. f!!l )
dl x r== Em(rft),.
Y about G L _ Mk 2 d8
·- dt de dt ae
t Integtating equations (4), (5) and (6) with respect to x, 1J a'nd 8
- t!
I
=·1:rn(r2d8) respecti\rely and adding, we get ,.
8 dt ' 2
' and cp. having the ·' . . thd~+ tJYdy+ JLde+ C= ½M(,P * v 2 )+ ½Mk ~b-
same definitions as b f
I Th f { d ,
ere ore E m x , .JL - y , dx , )
e ore.
I dt dt I
or, ½MV. 2 ~ ½Mk 2 e2 = :E X dx + L y dy + Ld8 + C , I I .. . (7)

ii\ which we have assumed u 2 + v = V and C is the initial value of

1 2
_ d8 ~
- dt ~ mr 2 = Mk 2 8 , the~£ en':l'gy. ~nee, ft?m (7), we have the increase in kinetic energ'f
1/ . of~ rigid body many mteroal ts equal to the work done by the external forCIS,
~being the radius of gyratio f
.I
P;pendicu lar to the plan; if ~:;1 about a straight line through ~ generalizeq result may be stated as given below :
ence the total moment of mo ·_ , .·I f~ rlgjd bodies be attached together such tfrat (he reactions 1Jtttoeen
merttum about t1..-
,
· ~- •
'"'-' 0 · •c,ln IS ~ do n.o ~k, then the sum of their kinetic energies is equal to.Jhe roork
'f::,°"tf: =tmralfor.ces in any interoal oftime together wilh thdT
·
Mvp+ Mkie. .
 uu
. ~

Yl

;,'fr-#1/'#!
,, ·.1,_,f#./11. ftl}'M.fMN•'ljlf M fl..t ~7fl!W?1 lf;wth ~
. Y## J ,.9i,l/,/}¥,, M#-Y/~
IJWflW'"ijt,/1{
I. tf;'1li. ii~!( ½/4/i~tJi >;/ ' /f irj/J NI;"' '1#-♦if,Q#»J,M l_ ~f'~ Jq A,\#
flt 11fjl/t'1 /n4Mlflr tly,/Jl~!f;1.NJ,t,3/.ofJ' ~'fll f'Nl"/~ , , -,! !f~f '¥hW
1,.,
' I 1b/. 1'1fl" ~, ,!/ I I I ,:.,A,4I 1, .-µ ,1, #f ~I, ♦ /1-'N -t ' li-/#/f Wl/:f/1:U,t,:;t
,., ;;-,1 t< 1ln1i 1111,, ,,, efdfYI Y,"14
I!'_ f J(!! fi 1t, W/Jl l;f /!(Ntiilfi #M f fflf lf'!#/;f/Jf.l,~ ~ I A ;).#¥4~~,(ji.</J
~. ~'11-t 'R fr # t.ltAll#!I fl#'/#,/ I ;J tf.#~-4f,(.fl,rH~ ~~~ :y,.,
~ ,,,(t111~i V ,,t ti, J
ill
fikfl/11./ii#

/:,1~;1 l'/Jj ~i#lf- f ~y

,~tf,,,Iml , 'fH
t:

v'.ill~. } I IMI fl :~ Mf, lflft l! i I

10;
tm/Jfb/1 t, f;Jf fl-flih'M• ffiltf!~ itt~l/ltW./¥
I/J i, t A:4Afa # 1fl J J~ lti/'IIJ;J#~ iftl/~ ~>tl!ki;,tj.f .f- / Wit l.,M
fH/it,l
tuntu itttt f~J tHt i tt mtJH1l~I
\tntfaij ff1-JtillUttt1t, t!tfoo; l1tt4 ;µtrtlH# fl/})'lf w /" 1! 1
rrt,11,f# b 1#'.lffff i~f41r/!f#t·rh
 90_ _ _ __!}_AD~V·ANCED 91
. ANAL rr1c '{'WO DIMENSIONS
Stnce th.....,, , '..4l. D",.,,
.f •Y'4A{
~,., IS no tiidfn ,,,0r1ot1 1" ·· ·
3(
that is, x:: o8 wt.i-L
8, !hi an; AB ==
• the distan
IC!J .
· · ~llh.
~,:
f
t,ody be a hotloW spheN!, then k 2 = a 2 ; fhe a ~fi'mr
will
•tfQ'I gives .t - . ce Bo,
Now (3 - aa and x_ . cor,lfctie .
) becomes, by (4), M ~ d 2 x - a8 ~be }g&tna .
Putting for F in · a· dt2 == F . a. 2
• _,. be circular disc, then Jc = ½" 2 ; ~ acceleration wilt then be
(1), we have, fro rn (5), )/ther;JIJUY a
fg sin tt .

(
f-,~ ( 1+ ~ )- .
a 2 - g sin a 2 2
Uthe body be a circular rtn~ !:hen k = a ; the acceleration
will then be
or, d 2,: Ka 2 sin,.. 1 .
g s1na .
iiT "'~
a +k 2 ·
2
From (6)
, we see tha ex.1. Two equal cylinders of radius a✓ ead, of mass m, are bound together
ltteleration ga 2 sm t tl.1e C'l'll tre O f the s :h ·
by a11 elaslic string whose tension is T and roU with their axes harizan.tal duwn
· a d (6)
~ OWntthe plan~. p ere moves With .,

a~
rough plant of i,u:lination a . Show that their acce~tion is
In llegrating ((>), We get t 4
lg sin a ( 1 - ~ ),
3 mg sm a.
~== a 2g sin ti rs.
dt -;---;-: =t
11 + k 2 • wilt.rtµ is tht coeffici"""' "ffric tion between the cylindeH.
Th [C. H."1989; V. 1993; K. H. 2000)
e constant of .
lntegratin,, tntegration vanish es as .i- a d
--& aglin, · h togefher.
n tvan IS
weget

.>:::: l al sin a 0
Here al,o the 2 ;t:;;i ti
constantof '
Now . • tntegratian vanish
, ma sphere i..2 -24 z b esasxan d tv .
"" :: 5 ' 4 eing the arushsim u1taneously.
Ji ,
ence (6) gives the radius of the spher
acceJerati _ s e. mg
a
Putting for rl 2x on - 7g sin a .
~from (6)inO ), We get Fig. U(b)
,..
.
F::Afg Sina-
Reaction
respectiv F ) due to \he plane for the upper and lower cylinde rs are
R friction
ely (and
~A( . . 1, 1 and (R 2 ,f 2 ) .
7 Kstna,s ince k2- 2a2
'
:: 1Af . p IS th pomt · . the normal reaction
- 5 '--'-
'-Ween- the e cylinder . the two c:y1·inders. S 1s
of s·contact of
Again . 7 ~.-nu. acting away from the
R == ..,_ plane for the upper c:yt~t P. Jl.5 is the force of friction at P
(2} ~ves . mder a nd towards the plane for the lower cylinder
.
Therero ··4&<.'0sa Let0 be th
re f__ 2 In ti me t,su~ · · · 11Y when the upper cylinder was at rest
the of conta ct imtia
e pomt
· c ~f the upper cylinde r moves through·
for?ure R-7ta na. aI distance xrr---parallel to th of gravity
centre
the ph1ne at that
rolling, f_ < n&1antbeing8. 5'q,pose e p~ane,_the point of contact with
R l.t' of contact O turns th tat m this time t the radius drawn to,the initial point
that is, fur
PI.Ue rolling, 'fh... roug an angle 6 about C such that L BCA - 8 ·-
-
µ >Jtana . ..... arc BA-- d'tSlance OB, since there is 'no sliding.
 \
\
I

I~ ~ ~, U \\\
~ ;:., j\) \l\ .\
t ::: a\ ,
\ ~~ -- ~~ \) ,\ \~
'\\ .~'!(, ti 1M \\
~ e~ \I\Q~r ara
,- ii. ~i\t\U, ♦
~\~ -~ ~
:f f - f , .. $
~~ T\i \h t"
"" '\) " l)f \\le itrm&
t)-.. ~ \ = ft\,t .
t'l) IU). * l'S
~~~ ~
\\\\\U<m ~ d k
\l\~v tt::1 tht 1)\\t
\\\
~i ~ l \\ .. t f', .., \)S
)a ,
~·~"q~ 91 ftitht, ii ~l µ\
~\ l'
"'I l'
1

ij
fJ

,Mi
(} l/, lj)

tt~"i \f\t \M \ "-)\\~\ I

~m\\.\tl\\ '"" d\.)\\

\l\f\ \)4l00'" "'
i
1M £1 ;:a f I -
I'~
\,

A
,,
- 7· -
~
Alioo~ of "'"''\i) rn;, -41#!
l\ qf 1he "'WI}\" cy
"' ~"" mJ ihHt - l\n,.,ttr I\N
~T-. s- r , ,
\).:. ~-, .,. ~ ~ ,u - ,\~ , , (4)
.1 ~\'\i\ i'™ ' ::.ft "' l'S- (S)
\,-\,," ,l ) ~nrt (f \\
~'"""'"f\\t,at~) m:w" n t ws P,-. P•
\~ i \\1\1. th)

m
""'' o) ~''" ,a}K'"' P,.. .. h1w" ~ .. n \~)
t\\\\ t~l lN'l (\\
'-t 11ij l\" n
\1 Wil \\ lVQ
~ 1tt x. ,, ('I)

",~ 1 ltlit ~ , l\ff

~tr, ~~ \1;;; ii J
"' \ ill ~ I
m~\\w~~"'• t\Ql tl\\m~h I I' (10)
w i a•1
1\
\fl ~ i> lli j •I\\ 0. - M 1

..I
lf4 ~ - 'l
a"'ti &\lH\ \ ··
il 11 Jj-.ff )
(
-:.
tflJ·!ilf\ fl
 fa .

-
~,~ ,~\ . \\'\\ ~w lt~M ~.,. \I whvt\ "1\li n~ } 11\o Ri hip~ 1\111 1•h1u1~t1 "IK11,
~~~~~""'w,\t~~~~ fP~-~ 'l *\\W\1~ , I lc»W~ lh1rnnd ,• \ iln1c11, lllllj p,w~
~~\~
\\•~'-~ "~ ' ~lf ,~\\~'Hl~I'\ ~~ 0 f,\'1~~ lh"n~h 1h11 v11 l11t1 ~\i• 11
1'
-~~ ~ ,1\t~~"~' 1$ N\'yf"-..,_,t l~\t N"' t) wh~, 1.'t\:I O- J,
i\ t thl~poMltlo,~
f ~,~ ~\hl\\~ Tl,\1-.., ,mh,\~-t l¾w ~'1\\H\l l:i lnflnlt\!l) l'liu~h.
1 thil1-v w111 b@
~~~'t~~ \\\hW\'-tt3 ,
~ i~~~"\\ ~ t't"i ,.\ ,".f lh\11\,t b¢~il\ll tQ ~1}1 oofi:IN 1..'t.)i! 0 ~ l·
It \Viii ~lip
~~-x-.\N\t ,\t' ~~Ws\!'1\ ~'\\\'\\:ttl\~ ,1~ th~ ~Hpptns !.'l(.'e\11'!1 hofuN or lifter thy
~ ~ ~~\.,'C ~ t,,J~ ~ - 1 { .
,,
E-~-i, .-\ ~N~t~~ re-iish~d ttt im i,tditultitm a ro tlw lwriw11tt1/ with ow•
- tU\"4»tt ~ ~ ~'ltwt1hd titbit wlrosr 1.~qicim t offrirtio11 is ~• . if it
~ ~ ~~~, ~ ~~' tfrtt iJ tt)ill comm,mce to slidti, if

µ < S sin tH'OHt ( V. H. 1988; C.H. 1994, 1996 I

l + hin'a '
y

F X
Fig, U(a')
Let.~ rod AB(= 22) of mus M be held at Ill inclination a to the horizon
'l'l"tln ~ end A resting an~ ~ t a l rough plane. Let R and.f be the nonn•1
reec:tim ~ the friction ~t A and let at tillU! t, after release, the co-ordinates of
lh . F !4 Mg cos a sin a. 3 sm <1 cos ca
thi?-~ot &ravft}' G be (r. ..y) referred to A as origin and let the inclination of
erefore,at 8= a, _.. = l ·+ 3p 1 a
~ rod !?I> the horizon at this time be 9
R }MIO+ hin 1 u}
 / s (2)
et1s1ofl.
·- ·O p!1' . 'lie get
96 AlJVANC ED ANALYTI CAL ,o t' is
ffJ ({( ~tot , - d j t eCU
uflo"'1
D'f"NAu
'"l.i'tfJcs ·tJ, r ve(t1·cal
Then.·i~m:' ttwend A will commence to slide when ::: Cl
. %h ~ . 1$1'&(1) ~ 3i s8 . .v G it' ttle
F 8 " ,,.dl'ti' ;,it- cO ,v1t1
,If
Ji >µ, 0~ 8:::: .,. 4P 11e of gr •'
i:ne cefl . ~ - IV•g ·
•of\ of 0 0) :=:
f 111ot1
that is, µ< 3sin a cos2 a . ti~ sift 8 0
. 2 +- c0s
1 + 3 sin ex
Ex. s. A rmiform rod, of length 211, is placed witIt one end .
..;q~; 0

~:::: Nf11 (- we get

P~ Mdt 2 d (Z) in (3), 3g as 0 ) f
n ltorizoutol labJt, ami is then al an inclination a to the ho, ·.,,... in contnct ~ .. frOf1' (1) a!'
to fall. When it becomes horizontal, shuw that the ang
1....,nand · 111 . d 8 + cos 0 ( - -4a C,
'5a//01r~ . for8 art _ siJ' G)
✓
.~ - sin a , whether the plane is perfectly smooth or perfectly
01
u 1
a, Ve/or h,
,.,, SU
b,titutlflg

R'" Mi+ MP -
l ~ ( sifl CJ.
sif18 • za
·;• rough. SJ¾- . 28 - 3 cos 2 0 )
thnt tile end of the rod will not leave the plane in either case. . 0 + 6 stJ'\
M 6 sin tt slfl 6 sin 2 0
(C. H. 1999; V. H. 200JJ _l.(4- 2u+ 2 8)}
'" 4 . .... 9 sin 2 0 sin
y 8 .,..
_ ~ (1 _ 6 slf\
. CL sll\ 2 . 2 (1. + 3(1- COS
_ sin 0 stn
B - 4 9
R . z 0 ( 1 - sin 2 a ) }
. siJ.1 0 ) 2+ 9 SU'
- ~ \ (1- 3slf\O.
- 4 2
. 2+9 si.112 0 cos a) .
.
A X = Mg l ( 1 - 3 sin a. stn e ) - . e is a po-sitiVe quantit y.
Fig. 4.B(e)
4 e 'the right nand sid end A of the rod never
For all values of a and ~itive and hef\CE! the
With the same notations as in the previous sum, we have Therefore R rernainS always
X = a COS 8 , y = a sin 8 . \eaves the plane-
Cue I. When tlit plane is perfectly rough. . --'ectly smooth- ~
The equation of energy of the system is
Cae n. When tkepumt IS y<-')' •
ill benoforceUt L...-'9'-- .
the n u1 u,o..,• •taldir« tion .
•
When the plane is smooth, tbefeW,_t-.r . the venical direction- In
thi~ ca-se,
! M (x 2 + y· 2) + .! Mk 2
2 2
e= 2
work done by gravity The centre of gravity will then move ,.,. lJ\ u'
= Mga(sin a- sin8),
the only velocity component is y= a cos 0 0 .
as in the initial position Y= 11 sin a· Toe energy equation,in this case,becomes
2 2
Therefore lM,
2
2
9 2 + lM~
2 3
e = Mgo(sina- sin8)
2 ½M y2 + ½M a
3
8 2 = M.ga (m a - sin 9 )
.. . (I)
or. 6 2 = ~(sin a- sin8) . or, 9· 2( COS 29 + J1 ) = -2g ( . .
SUl Cl- sm 8 ) .
. .. (4)
When the rod becomes horizontal, then 8 = 0 and 8 = W, (say). "
When the rod is horizontal, we have 8=
that time be co . o and· ,--. a.1.. _
~ u~
°".,..,,..
• ai
anb~ Ve3ocity
Hence <.o 2 = ~ sin a
2a
Therefore 2 3g
co = -sin(l
or,
O>= ✓~ sina . 2a .
 JI)()
4

~ f
f1H4fjft1!111hf Ml( fl l~ltl , W'fi Hti1

f
t .. ie, 11111 11 "· wHt 1 , '
rtw f.(ltull nt Viffl l,6 h~ ,Ur ,:;.
ft 4r. I 1r; (1
' Nf'W lhi:l v~lftd ty (,t IJw pt,in t of (.bf1W
t
"" vtsl()C li}' of(.', thfo' <MtrP (l,f th~ optrk'
fl rtr,wrv ftil< pfilM
ff-: ,,, vt.fu iY1/ rA ft r"-' ,
dr d(J . f,
,.M f; l fc ft 1
::: -- - fl - .,. r.rl ( lltn (I.-· , ~ a ,1> ,
di . dt ,s (I, J - ;;
1,
jJut rr,.-, fl. 1 frr , (&
r; 11
' t 1?,1\ fJ lf.,,

= i,q(2 liff1 Ct - 7JH06 (t ) , I 7 µ 11,,i

o, ,1
2
C~e 1, Let iln ri - f
µ co~ a !'- 0, v-; 1hat /L .r tirfi '" i
fn thiti C'.4~ tht: veloc lly o( th,i: palntaf r.artta
The body w1U 1w ver n,11, the po,nt of cont.i ~t It if> por. rtfv,: M itl ri.C.-✓"'f' t;,r,,
ct will tu v1: a e/idm~ V(: lt,rity
Cue U. Let !iln <i - 7 µ cp, .
rt Qi O, Ml that µ ~ 7 tan ,,.
2 7
In this cai1e,the velocity of the point <>f cot1ta
ct fl van i11h1!1 at trii MJtt aM
re.main/I zc.ro always. Th(l motion will be
pure rolling, Thi;; ma,dmum frir;,tt(,n
µR will be acting always.
Case m. Let sin c1 - ~ µ cO!l(X < D, so thatµ
> ~ tan a
ln this case,the velocity o( the point of conta
ct 8 appears to be negative, that
is, if ml\Ximum friction be allowed to act,
the point of cont.'lct will slide up the
plane which is not possible, since friction
acts as a force in i~ maximum value
just to keep the point at rest.
In this case,the equations of motion will
be
2
M -d x2 = Mg sin ex - F (8)
dt '
0= R- Mg cos a (9)
and Mk i d 29 = F
dt 2
. a. (10)
The point of contact is at rest..
Hence !!!_ a d8 = 0 (11 )
dt dt .
f rom (8) and (10), we have
d 2x 211 d2e .
itf + sitf = gsm d .
r wau
------~AD·:
102 103
- AN CE D AN AL ~'l 'lc
~V
.
t.
:.-\L, 0 DIM EN SIO NS
The equ a tio•n s of rno

~
10na re
R F = ~ tan a .
30 M :6_ -- roll ing com me nce s,
- Mg sin a. _ µR, ti pur e rol ling .
dt 2 fha twh en
_ l tan a ; hen
ce we can not hav e
yle'lfl0 "' b t.
== R. - Mg cos a. resent case, µ - 7 . .
doe s not r~m am zer
o; u 1t
pl 2
M 2a d°"
:
w it.1 the •p e oin t of con tac t ( x _ a 9)
nw ard
and r,Jo , to mo ve m the dow
p ·5 dt2 == µR. . a .
ttte -vetocity of
th ~ int of con tac t beg ins
ect ion and act s up the pla ne.
nge s its dir f 9
Elifllinatin
· . . (2)
rJlUS....s 5jan. The
reforthe e fenP°ctt'on , cha x and cp or )
w
g R. fror n (1) and (2), ege t c1tani;- . o·. ·h eoce F: •n be (wr itin g X for
d2 ·. (3) .. ,...;o n and
dire,-- tions of mo tion
Q Wt
M ~- . J1
n,eequa
( 2 - ,...
dt ivig Sin tt - l
7 tan 0.-MKc osa .
/.L:::: I
M X = F - Mg sin a , ... (8)
8 , slllc e O= R- Mg cos a
::: .- 7 Mg sin a. 7~ci - F .a .
M :za2d2cp=
or, d2x . S dt 2
. a. .
-= =- 87 g sm and
F dt2
a <i> = 0 ·
ror n (3), We hav e Furthermore, her e X -
.. . (4)
Solving the equ atio ns, we get F = i Mg sin a . ,

i tan a . Mg cos a = t Mg sin a .

a~ ::: l S
dt
2 2 · 1 g tan a cos a.
Now µ:R =
or,
"~ - 5
2 - 14 g
dt sin a . Therefore F > µR .
pos sib le .
Integratin ... (SJ thu s pur e roll ing is not tac t at res t eve n
wh en the
g (4) and (5) , w e get p the poi nt of con c-e
d.x The friction can not kee
upw ard dir ect ion alo ng the pla ne. Hen
lied in the
di== V - 1gt sin a maximum friction is app nin g.
the sph ere slid es wh ile
tur

./ and
a!# !.::: a.Q
dt
s
+ 14 gls ina ,
. . . (6)
'Thus the equ atio ns of
mo tion are

I
J
since ~-
dt - V an d~ -
dt - .Q at t::: O
. .. (7)
M X = µR - Mg sin a
0= R- Mg oos a
,
.. . t9)

When ron .,.._ 2a2 ..

._.. '!S commences, the Slicfing VeJ . and M scp == - µR a .
becornes
/
i
zero, tha t is, . Oc:ity of the PD int O COntad
f
½tan a . Mg cos a= - f Mg sin a
tf.x Therefore M X == - Mg sin a +

' l-{
enc e, from (6) and (7), V- Bgt .
Ji.~
s
llddt9·:. 0
or~ X= - ;gs in a .
(1-0)

7 SU \a:: : 11!1+ 14 gt sin a . ln~ tin g (10), we get

Lett1 be this t:inte Th X= V at t = O
-s . . en ti == ~
3g sin a .
X= - Jgt &in a + \I , , as I
of the mo tio n) .
( at the beg inn ing
ubs titu tmg this vaJue oft in ( )
6 ,W ege t
v e, the n
dx lt Will cea se to ri se, lf A = 0 . If t 2 be this tim
(V - llO ) b sv +
-== V- 21 16 l&r n .
dt V
-i t= 1 (say). ti = ...!!1-.:::
6g sin a
sv, + 16a n
18g sin a , put ting
for V' .
 104

105
30 Thus the totaJ time:::: +
11 12
tvSf01'1S
===2~+~1~ pf!,/£
3gsina (S)
p 18g ~ /ti ,rtV_O )
5
F ::::~ if/ cosO .
18g sin Q · µof!" ..,• .,,get .. ~• p ,- 0 .
5
i· tiEx. 8. A sotul circuJnr cyt;11der , rad;.._ . ,adflH ti$"' gt (- !!!.-::: O at -
a Kt'11 Y Wtt· h tis
· axrs· horizom a/ 07 ,,,re6 di shes as dt
...., a rotatrno abo
011 a rough la " ' tis°" • . ' ·on vani wards,
horizo, , is o. . lmiiaftY, the frictio11 acts "P {;, "'; Whose O iOteSrab
( fticfio11 isµ - &horu that the cylinde r Will "1ove :pp ane i11c1;,,.::"'P1,._ nstant of tinder IJ\ oves up
and tlze coe.J: t~ file'° that tM cy tan <l.
Also show I/rat. the time that elapses before roll·Wards, ifl-l::.,, "" • · 10 tJ1 (5), we see
,,~ 0 that is, ifµ>
t 1~,o/ fro ~:> '
dt
g~
tng cornrnences is if we have
( 3µ. cos Q - sin Q ) '
Where n is I/re i11it,Q/ a11gWar Velocity oftlte cyl,flde r (3) and (4), 29 2 Jig cos a .
from L= - ve.
a dt2 - 0 weha

--
f C. If. 11as I . that8= Oatt- '
d notictng . . . (6)
fntegra ting an
then
d9 - an - 2 µg t cos a . Uing com mences ,
F a--
dt . h at t=
. vanis es t, , when ro
a If the sli'd'IJl8 velocity

wehavo dx - . ~ . 0 b (5) and (6) .

Fig. 4.8(11) dt- dt a+ 3 µ. cos a ), Y
The x-axis is ta ken up as the line of gr..,tes t slope. Let a fixed - an+ gt,<- sin
tadius of~,
cylinde r tum throug h an angle 8 in time t . Let F, the
cylinde
initiall y.
r be
This friction, act up the pl.,,,
M .goes on tmtil the sliding velocit y Vanishe s. I.et the ma,, of~,
This gives _
t, - g ( 3 µ. COi U "° _ ma)
S

The equatio ns of motion are

M~:::
E P ies IV
dt 2 : - Mg sin a+ F, xam
h plane whose
(1) mass
A cylinder h~rizon Is M rolls do~ a smoot . oes, a fine stnn• g
acceleration "".Ith.
~ t:: t
0:::: R- mgcos a 1. a, unwrapping, : !eg
and inclination
fixed to the h1g s point of thethe
2 2 plane. Shot t~
II d 8
M . --:::: . .. (2)
which the cylinder rolls down plane is- g sin aan d that the tensio n
2 dt 2 -F11 . 3
Since there is sliding , ... (3) is 1 Mg sin a.

F:::: µR == µ/vfg cos a .

Then (1) gives, by (2) and (4),
1
(4)
of the string ;-
2, A unilonn cylinder is _placed
whose inclination to the hortzon ~ .
. •
WI~::
, horizo ntal on a plane
the least coefficient of
friction between it and the plane ,ur pure rolling will be
d
- 1x .... g(- •ma+ µ cos a J .
dt (,) i tan O , if the cylinder be • aolld one
~r (it) f tan a' ii the cylinde~ be hollow of tmaU thkkn
eu.
r

p
f

I'
t
'-

M p;! s.-m e.
M,_ ll + ti! t ': '
~~-~~
~~ ~ £~~
lW rit e4 ow n~
ie
d'dtt$dl1imle \."l.\b tesped q. ua ba ri~ nf ·~ ~ adbo~_.
tf> t.. 1
ti. A cm:war qtinde.r
of nd,..,JS -. 1 1 , , ~
~ c ~ m.aa_ cenne ai na ta ~ e:?
tana~o ~ - ,1 ~ p la n e . Ha
i ~ .~ m a ,s t. be~~
reatmn of the p.lane .t ll il le e .. ,.
·when,taocentR Qf·ma
ss is in its DP S paslilll
.
,v l
1
+ {I - c) ~+
t·
u: eb .w eig ht ..w tm eli
sth en cm so tg un an au
t»C!l!llilftd mas. ..umstt....»4fl
. . .tm lh er tll at th e.. IJ.. M. SI i
..,. ft! lr. dy is

•
 J
I
I
ii
f
-
1_os_ _ _ _
_ _AD
__ vA
_ Nc_ 'E
_D_ AN
_ AL~Y~T.:.1C:::'AL
~l
DYJv4.1.tlCs .
S-( ll . A URiform
edge an d is held beam lies on a ho riz.ontaJ ta bl e
so th at ¾- _ .
ro of its length · ltio1i
Prove th at af te is . at right ilr\gi
r it is released,
F it w ill be gin to tn contac:t ~ 1~
table w he n it lid With the 11•
ha s tu m ed th s e ov er th
I ro ug h an angl !.lb~
/: co ef fic ie nt of
friction betwee
e tan -il~ eedg
eoflhi
n the tabl e an d 2 'l,L
13. Th e fo w er en . the b
bel
an angle a to d of a un ifo rm
,the h orizon is ro d of length 2rzearn !B !\g 4~
. _ ·
n@riwntai :fum
d
Ul t: 1ll'> ........,...,~ -
~1... - e is applied to
pl ac ed on a sm
-" '- ' ,__its l ow
ooth
er en d of such
;;dined ini
H 199fn
uau,.'
.LVU I-= >
l.f,I _a !VeLU
L<>J pb:U.1e w ith onzontaJ 1.tb1i •
Show th at w ne a .co a
nstant an gwa< m.
m ag ni tu de of thn th e ro d is inclined at an a;>nu;tude th· I\,
e force is an gl e 6 to th"
veloc1~-=
mg co t - hol".zon, !fl!
m as s of th e ro.d .e - m11 w 2 cos e
w he re m is th e
.
14- A :uniform '
pl an e, its ends st ra ig ht r od of
.being in co.nta le ng th 2Jz slides do
an.d th ctwith tw ·
h . e othehenr 1 1erfical. If n -st ar te d o smooth pJ a- ri e; ::,.a vertica:
~ .n , -tl: . I. .from re st M an
an' ,_ nol'IZon tai
w nen the :incli •~W :that the -~
:SJ
en d w ill .le,m git,
nati011 fJ of :the
.rod is g i~ by : the -v.ertflicaiWl ith,inf
Piilll?
4 sin '8= fs in a .
S ho w fu rth er fh
at th e an ~ -v el
oc it y oH he m
d is :then giv£nhr
✓!Bina .
¥ ~ :lD
~ -A hom@gene
ou s :Sp.here ~ :radi
us
.
~ D.u t .a
tafi.Je:wJiose me. .rum zo.itta1 diameter. 11 is rotating w ith .an angular
ffi ci en t offrict It is .then p -J y
ion .is )l . 5h.ow IJ.laceri on "
m at therewill
at:fuepo.int-o.f ro
ntactfur:a :time;;
and-fhen :fue B
.bes.iippmf
p~ m IJ -y ,, if u
a n g u la r ~
~-
.a. (aj .A ~ J.C. B . 2f/H2;B. B.1001
i
Velo.citJ' }' anD JUl anD i. ~ Jl ;Ci& ;vJ.Dja:
gular v
.ied D J' ~ :incl
ined !¢an
# u i _mil up . lf e lo ~ !J .in :fhe.
ense w.md! wm
r wrtr,
V > t1!l and : ilii caUY.
fue~d
.-mow:th:at fu e~ m ll :c ea s. e .to ai ce
.friction > ?-ta
I n o: , :trer'
nd :a tf tl= en d .of
:a :fure>
5l '+ 2- a9
, . ~
. .
'931.ere <I tr. 'c ~ :m
ct.iruroon m=cme~' !i m ·ZX '
p-:lanf :w the rummn.
pu AilYA/Vt 1/tJ/J ~M'IM.'t I II N 1.>1
I
, . r! 1111111
/I I,
'(/1j f,, , ,1~ 1,11111 ~/fl ll w ll it,J.d w •A ,. 11,1-,J I l
f\ihwlv1 wlvr.w ,,.,,h 11:1 1!111 11, ,,,, ., 1, OH, 1,1,41,;. ,An-... , ' 1 ,, , ,, •
111111 j1All l4' 1UhH ilill ,., l,w u ~I./, Ii / 11· 11, I ;111,iJ,. ; II 1I4,, 1>"lo•l, "'. 1,, , '
1
•
I II ,,.,, °' 1
<

prn,111 11 n1 ti n , r ,;1111 l1t1 ,1111v lll¥, w1!h ,, " /,µ 11 I "'I

,

t ...... /h
1
¥ ,,,, 1;, I r.,h, ,lie,
IIIMll tti qt1 11f 11 1,I 1lii1 d 1111 wr JJ 1 l n>1 1ll,1 • ,1 1, ,,i 41'.J 4 , ., ''
1 'I ~ i1 1'Jl t,i

nl 1iw, v111 ,,1,i1 Ill 11111 w

\ l 11 I, ) ( 4, "'"-I.
,, 11111, 1,111 .: , , 1 ,
. . " J
11 llir-P, IP ll'tl flit' 1:,,11,11/lllfl,\ 11/
,, M ,, 4 ) 1 1 11 J• !.'
, /,//
I/I'll i, ,1,, '/fl - FF'
dt JI t;~ ,i 1
( ,// ~ 111 l11
II 11 111 ~, I
\1 11 /11
l!i-A 110ll11w ry11nijur, ot r1t'1l1J1> u, ,~l1rJt.rl w1tt, ~•t v~ ,1k
1
1111il lllh lfh, 11 (t' IIV"ll ii 1>11llrl t yl1111fuu1/ rn.i11 1,1~ /1, '/lfl /.11!:Q I/J I'- ;!, V Ill-,,,~
I( -1,, f
t,w r)( 'I Um f) ~ l/11,t.t( fl ,;..,.,,, /,~.f /.fV, ,11•J.1,,
·
II\ lh!J li1w11111 J'IIII IIJOl'l Ill U
llltffllllliOI Il l Jlft1Yf.! t1t i;ny t ll1Jln1:1;, thu11 pr11v11. t/ Ji,I IJ w tr,,,,~J , ,/,_:;,'I-
/ M t',6,1 ~J

Ill' f'OtiMf !hu 1,·1111#1' QtJr(rjfl!, jf O ii" ✓-:H J

hI
(I
!z f y H I~
t 11111r,t~r lh iii tlw I yll111lc:r m11 y j11 ~1 m.1111.u 11 1mfA1tw rc,v,,J,1t1t111, ;"" ,_..,4 ,,,_,..,
lhJI hi jll\llol pntnt h jll ijl ~,l,lflj . ,
l l -A 11 plum1, o( rndliJb II, wli,,:i,, l 't-fl!r1• 1d w /Jvlty <, It ~l i 1¢11".~!Uj
,· from II Ql'ftn l rt.1 ( ' l b ph1c1.td ,,n il fC IIJ V,li r ltt111• ()11 tllf-l t f 1, I ~ NifiYIIII¼
Uhnw 111111 ii wtll huu111 111 r11II l)f blJ1fo ilC<'.Ord1ng ab th.ic rJ.;t:fi>'cktY')·
11111·111,n ji. ;i, or ,,., J '·-
k 1 i II 1 I

wht1 r11 A1b flw r11 cl l1J ij of ,wrn !IOfl ttt'lllu l a horl7,,<mta l ax:l~ thrr,1r~ t,
U , A r trculM 1,yh1HJ1Jr of rtt(Jiu11 " and rndt u:, of v,yrativn f, tvl4
w1th11u11> hpr11,K lr111 idu fl f11Wl1 hollow cyll ndc:r of rad ive b. &h~Y.tt ts:?
1lw plirni; th r11ul{h thotr i!Xl•~ movu~ ll lw 11 d rc:ul11 r p1:nd 1.1 Jum CJ{~~~
( 11 • b1( 1., :: ) .
U . A eyttr11J rie1l trHHl # of 11now rolls do w n an indined plaru: wt®
Ii lrwll11t1tl !i\ 1m angl~ 30 11 with th,1 horl:r,on . Thc,i pla.ne ls covereiJ -~16'
llt'IV W ni 11n 1form thlcknu1Hi f1 Thu c;yllnd rk al bod y gathers up all b
tt1,ow Hrolli! ovor. Wh llu t1,1Jth11 rinv, c; now, the cyllnd rtca I fiectiOn a.bra,'}
l'illl'ftlnri d 1'C•ula r, If UH, lnltinl r1uJl1.1~ of thCJ ci rcular fection be a a.<\d ~

l11hl11I voloeily bu a ~ , tlrnn :ihow that ft will move wi!il ar

'ffi I! ,
11l'<'e1l1,1r11 t'lon
 115

,onces . . .,
.,i1 acrum of tiw nlow at O.
1·s no unpuls1ve . . .
r>'
fflV .,, ~ 0 ,th
et\ there
k 2 _ 08 = length of the eqwvalent si:mp~
u~
o"'' ·tul!tiv••1X .- tance
a
. ,..rt - --

I" d' 91 of the centre of percussion below the

11 the dis
.1et s
1)11" 'fl,\Jfi
w¢J\· 4"
~ef'd iS 3 · f percussion_and the centre oioscillationaie
f!P'- ·"' centre orespect to the fix .
. ed.axis,
. casere with
JS\ tfliS poitlt B . . .
,kP. ~ ,, 2 X .... o that is, the unpulsive stres.9 at Oacts m
~111·- "' then ., '
If%:,_,
a
cot• th blow.
~onas e
~ ¢1'e k1 then X < o, and the impulsive stress at O acts in the
. . t_ - I
Ux a. tlon as the blow.
opPOSite dirf' f percussio · n ·m general·.
. X centre 0 . be taken as the y-axis and the plane througµ the
5.5.
iet the fiXe~ ~ containing this axis be the ~plane. Let the
G x y o) . Let a blow be applied at a point Q of
cet'ue of graVli be (
p B- co-<>r&nateS :\ane thr~ugh Q perpendicular to thefixed axis is taken
the 1,()dy. Th ) The co-ordinates of Q are then assumed to be
to be the ~ :~ponents of the blow are X, Y,,Z along the axes of
(cx,O,Y) · · ·
A co-0rdmates with O as ongtn•
z

The moment of .
after th b · moment um
F~. S.4
·
of•the,rod · .
. · ef low is Mk.. 2 m· ~ where Af ·· th about theendO,m,,,.,
:J:0,7)~
radi ,i:_
us O .gyration · IS e mass of the~odandkis1t
of the rod oflength - ...~iecy
r~
. 2a abo to r
k2 = 4a 2 u and 18 givenby O a X·
3 .
G(i,y,O)
.The equations of motion are 1/
M ( aco - o} = p + x ... (II
Fig.55
, th bod at· a p0ittt p. Let the
and Afk2 (I) _- p • X. .
Co~ider an element of mass m 0~ ' e .· J'..-"' to the z~axis at U\
. . ... ~)
distance 6f P from.OY be r. and let tt\iS be mew•~ · ·
From (1) and (2), with the value oft t as given above, we)!ave X, (l). ; ii
. f2 angle 8 . Then the ~o-orqinates of P are , cos8 · ··~
. x-- .x = r sin_8 , y = constai\\tt z == • ·-
. Mac . · Mk20> · .-• a
X::: .
o--=
%
MJIO>
. t
 r will
•4.DVANCED e t,l<fW be
t is th . l'l'ust
Let u ANAL Y1·1c S .... 0 , tha 'fhtls it ravitY
I , l,1 l , w. b .-<\i,
""--
ui:eangui-- 1 '. .e the co= Drev""At , oflC& )(::: Y- .. a,ceS· tte of g
.t4f ve e>c1t b •qP 0 ne
Ics . 4 f thctt ... .,d 1/ us cefl
corres pondin y efore th nts of it . 5Jv s11ow e t .. tv· ta!leo .
respectively g quantities aft e applicati;" line<lt v I
. er the bi n of th e ~ity
. ~tc
to
,lI, '11'd (3) a11el to th the iJlStaf\ . the y~ ~1s
·oJlS (2) ert par t}'lrough . . that is, the polJlt
Now, fromo) . Ow be 1:610\\, '½q(Q , ~q1.1't1cocttPofl."'e plafle k,ced ~s,that is, at diculM
, We have 2.i1 '½d
1
1~
L!o, ~tl~ 0 tO'LJ'
snow we ll • jJl
that t the o!lg 'btow per .stetlce o
pefl f
' '½q ·~ ~vet' dict,11ar~_
u i == x== r cos 8 . \ ~Jle f~'<ed attd (7) f the t,odY action of the for the e,<:l cussiofl,
. 0::::: 2:(0
~d tll atiotl~ (5~p,al axis othe lil1e ~f a is necessarY ntre of ~er 1 ;,cis at
W _ l , D 1 ::::: ·

Similarly
i - - r sin e . e: : y:::: 0 sqt1 apriflo t},!O\lgh . condition ,dst the ce priflc1pa
st t,e latle .t 'fh1S ·11 not e be not a
U z = Z:(1) ' V - 0
- X(O I •
~,11 re we p ·s cuts i . 'fhere w1 moves
•lle tited ~ r<:\.lssio!\· . h the bod Y
,
'' 2 - and 11
The equations f .
o motion are
rv z:::: - xco 1 to we u-e of r vo\lt whlC
X-== Em ( ,, tile cftl ed aJ(lS alength- 2
,111lefiX. tofits ~ . . d'statlce
1ts 1
~,- U 1)
~ po.It\ e<l=== - f
== .t mz(co ~- Wi J soll'e d (6), we haV x . ... e.xists, thethn centre o
4) Afl uss10• •tance of . ken as a
e
fron' ( ...o of perc
the is
d'
d XlS ta f
= ( W i - Wi) !rru: if the ce.o~• --
we see tha~ ·s the saxne as bout the fixe a ercussion o
== { w.-c.o 1 ) M ;'- == 0 sm - "fhUSe n,xed axis 1 dilates freely ~ d the centre of P . t where
fl'oJ.l'I ~ if the body os ..... Thus,to flll
•
Y- ~ ' c-ez:::::o to find the po1Jlth fh,ed
- "-l'ft(V 2 - V )::: 0 . _. ;11:itlO(\, nenstm•• · we are · t 1l e ...,..
Z::::~L. ffl ( W:-
t • smcev -
,- o: == o, 1[ ~ tal axiS of susr- t ~ fi)(ed axis, At that poUl o . d the
W i) tio"-:OI't,ody ll\oving abo~ l axis of the body. . ing this axis an
a r1g1d . is the principa the plane contain
=- ( W z- Wi) Inu uusfiXeda,o.sdicular is drawn on . . its
~aperpet\ ·ty of the bodY· . this perpendicular,
== -<m2-Wi} Mr, centre of grav1 . ill be a polllt on
f """rcussion w k1 . th length of the
- yY = I: m ( •'I ( w ,• - u, I '1 _ z ( t' ~ - ti t ) I Thecentreo r--- . bing - which lS e

:::: L my ( - X01 1 + ml I )
d,isWlCf froDl the fixed axis e x
= - ( W i - m 1 ) Imxy . equiValent sunple peruiuhun.

But Y = 0 ; therefore Lm.xy = o .

5 6 Illustrative Examples. .
yX - al = r m { z ( u ? ·_ " t ) - X( w 1- wI ) I :·~·1 -~ m and length la, which is capable offree mo!ion about
'Si:(r~'i; ;:S vertical pasition and when it is horiwntal strikes afixed
= I m f :z 2 ( ro:- ru 1 ) + x 2 ( co 1 - w i))
= ( ro;- W1 ) t m( z 1 + x 2 )
;a.stit::ct;; distance bfrom the end ,A. Show that the impu};; of the
blow is
Mk ~ ,
:::: ( UJ 1 -
~
(I) ! )
2JJ.
where Aft 1 = moment of inertia oi the body about the y-axis- mb '\J=f
a Y = Im t .r ( v 1 - v 1 ) - y ( u 2 - u 1 ) J and that tlti impulse.of~ reaction at 4 is
= - ( mi- md l:my: , since v i = V2 = 0. - r,;::( _ 4a)
But Y = 0 ; therefore I m1JZ = 0 .
m"'-' T 1 - 3b vertically upwards. [ C H. 1983, 1997 ]
 '..
n • ....
.
.Jl! _.-
~
•
d
., ,
· .,_s

ll.& ..~VM'C'E-1) ~~\!~~

"
let AB: , be the iQitia.t \:
~ \ ~~,~ ti ~
gravity. AB is its fina l ~
strikes the ine\asti<: ~~ it'
t. » ~t u, 11l\d t . , \\~-~ .
~ ~ c\Q"-"' ~ -\\l' t)~ ·. ,
~t 0,
veoa.tyofthel\.X1 ~~ ~1 W
by ful ~t1 1-_ .~) N~ ~ ~
of energy {~" e U\ K. E..
::." ~ d\ ~} ~\~ ~~~~ " t
. .~ ~~ ~
l:tt ,.!~ 1~,!• _..,,
2 3:
a
- "-' ' ' ~
or,

B',

-1-B
{)

Fig .l$ )
Let Xbe theimpulsh,~T$.\ct\\'llU
~t io n ; hence we ha\!'\} \t A. "tM t\.xi ~ b.H \~1 \\
~~

m! a'( O - ©) • - Pf\ ,
3
Also, fot the omtre \,f gra\'ity 0.)
G, h~w ~
fff(O - ,m.,) • - P- :X ,
From (1) and (2.), \ftl'U ha ~

2A - ,;:;
Pn m,b ~;;-
Then. ftt'lffi {3), w~ M\l\1 X• M!M \) - P
i
.I ~- - '~
j • 1tt "I ~ ( ·l - -~) ,
,.l l ~
'~
\
b, t. AO is ~ n k
AE is: Ute mtdimt dMun M Br t-t} dw a ~ tf • m41\\..,,.,_ llffi1 ~BC•
C ~ twot BC is tfw pritt.cip
~ ABC at 0 , ttWff O is ,l atS ef lM
t1tt ~~ tf DE..
I/U ,
cettm,ftt trum
~ ,,guartN
._ Mbti_,,_ t o . - ~ BC. f:Mlft,tJ tJ.l~•"'

.!'7!::=-J
,_
 120 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DfNA.AQ_
_
-~ -
· F>.i
Examples V(A) ~
1. A unifo rm rod OA, of mass M and
length 2a
table and is fr~ to tum abou t a ~
ooth pivot at ~ tests on as:....
with it at a d1S-tance b from O IS an
inelastic Partiend O. ln ~~
n to !he rod at a~~~
ho~ tal_blow of inl~u lse Pis give
in a duec tlon perp endicualr to the roci
Show that the . _:i: ~ ~
at O is
~~~
p { l _ 3 (Ma + mb) x } .
4Ma l+ 3mb2
2. A unifo rm beam AB of length m
can tum about its ,
in iP-<'lUilibtiu:m. Show th.at the pom1S of
-, its len<rih
6 "" -....~- end /'\ ~ ,
·~ ab~ -
be .ipph ed to it,so that the impu lses
at A may be in~ l~
'UaJJl Qse ~
that blow are
4 n • i
3· - :t,.-1 11 (,. ~tf -
fiJ(eO end- 4
3-. A rod, of auu.s nM; i.s lymg on a ~ , t,elo'-"" the
fixed . A parti cle o f mass M IS an conta
tib¾e tnd ~ S. - o,
cent- ie- . the-
ct WUh 11. "fhe rod -e-, 3 . Cl COS C1 f-rotn the -~u t whidt
horiz ontal bJcn.v at its fl"ff end . Show ~ . the side """""'
th.at. m otdu tlw tt ~ 1 1 ~ . sin et · n bjS.e dlng
. t of the med ,a
with ma.xi mwn veloc ity, the pos.lbon . S ·ddle Poro
of the puticlt, Will~ It?:- the" "
_ ,:-
9. At
__1 ..-:..a~
l! 1
• . d bod • nUJ.>7••'"""
d.istona? 2.a "~ from the fixed end. 1,~rot-ates- . f a ngt y 1.1nder un,,.-
f
In this case, show that the kinetic ~ £qu itio ns o mot ton o
rod and ttw parti cle a.re equa l
~ !o ~ s.1.. ditn e:ns ion. 5• .
( c. H. Jtr.
force s in two . the equ ano ~
of inot:i-on as
4. A strai ght rod of mass m and leng
th 21, swinging aooin coee:i: When the force s are
finite w e nav e
as a com poun d pend ulum . start s from '
rest in a hori:mnta! pastime: _. . (1)
when verti cal is struc k b)· a b!ow at
and halve s its angu lar velocity. Pro-v
its midd le point wrucn m~ M Udt 1
-:::I.X ,
e that the impulse oi the ~ is
(2)
m -/6gf . d2-
~ = I.Y,
S. Find the posit ion of the centre M
o! peru s.sio n of a w:iibr.l re<! :i: ~ 2
lengt h 2a with one end fixed. ~
6- Find the posi tion of the centr e of Mk1 0 -= ·u .x , y - y, X) , of ~ of the rigd
percu ssion of a u:nifoon cilCt!Z _
plate of radiu s a who se fixed ax.is is a horiz
omal tangent- in whic h (r , y ) are the co-o.r d. in.a
'. . teS of the cent re n.;1;raUcl to the
. . f the e x ~ 60f'C't?S r --
'1. And the- posit ion o! the centr e of percu body and X. y are the com pone
ssion of a secto! a! ,1 ~ nts 0
o1 tadiu s f.l whic h cont ains an angl e 2a a.X:es.
at the centre and wmse £,z.: .
axis is in the pl ane of the secto 1 perp •-· ,. kt -t be the shof t
inte: r,.ral of ~
endicular to its ~ \\'he n the force s are unpu pt't,l
e , -
radiu s and passing throu gh the cent dunn g whic he l,od v .
re of the circle. h th, -.·e for;-r s ad on t - .
 12/'S

;o il
cES
have
, t:fVB .
cl (8), we ( p - 2X ) '
pUli"' zX "" 3 JP
l <1) ""
p-t
(6),
1... and '" ' ' • 4m ·
1'1""'tlS, . ! p·
X• 4 9P , "2 "' 4m
-
1),il z!:.,aro, = 4m
II 1"'" 4rtt
7P
+ aro i,: :p 2m
~el"" . atA Is u i - -
e1oe1ty _ aro 1 - m
the v t B is II ,
r,10W 7
1oeity a
.,,,1ocitY at A ::: -
2.

~
dthe ve
. .n
.s 7 ·. 2. , Bwill be In a duectio
lo dt le st .
"' fOI'l veOlofcithtye two ve that the velocity at
Tl'•"'
e ,a ho
. • Indica tes
. . ted at Ba nd m l
• sig n ln is sln<ek •
t A
11i"' th tiv e freely
BC ar A blow JO
an d
Ththe ne ga
at at A ,
ods AB is ztimes what
0 PpNate•
1ifor moro th ho rizontal table . rated · . 4
osite3 to equal ur gy ge
· e kineti.c enereth ne
e or t a sm h t t/t er at B.
Bx, . ..Twhto lin
. , straig AB Show t a 199J N. B. H. 2004]
. rigidly fastened tog . T. H. '
111 dicular to we re H 1988; I jointed at B. Then, as
Md pe,ptff ,if the r ods 88 ; V. .
[ C. H. 19 rods are free y
. uld be hen the

Th, <>quai. _ of lt\oti<>n ,., u,, l\ld Be

.,. 01
,t WO
conSI
.der the case w
le we have
3P
4m .
' (2) t us first
9P - 1... and aw ,,
"1 t, l "' X m p '
Le reviousexa SP aro == -4m , u 2
- 4m
in the P -, I
U1 =4m
and . ' 0) ' 2
2+ lm k28 ·
,,,. 1
· energy =t 2 mv 2·
e ~ ••B; l,,,,a.,L 1'his gn,,, , t l , . ~ of B"def (~
•, ,
rods rod BC
rods • r
'<d
ergy of the two en
Again .'1n•• of the two ""1s <nust be <>qu Now kinetl C ' . en
kine tic ergy of the
by the ~ o .~ . this case, kine ttc
of the rod AB +

and
• i-
(3),
"
-we"ge',•-t - •, -.., , Hence, tn
gy 2 ) 1 ( +
1 !.: (I) 2 l )
Add ing (1) = kinetic ener Uz 3
+ - 0>1 2 +
2 a 2
- m
1 ( 3 ) p?
ffl (u 1 + U : .l
== P . 2.X . 3
t . .. {6) • 2m UI
.2
(4 ) frt.tin (2), we ge 1 ( 16lml +
) pl + 2m 16m-
Subtractmg
ml+
16:L
l (--1 27 2
16m
= 2m
ID i) ::. P - 2X .
.'I na (tl} 1
{r -
·• · (7) ,i ., .,U
·•1m,m, ..... ,__
pl'Oln (S), we get -t' .
7P n the ,y,iemt w u
-
- 4n , the .
fm ert iu
· B.
·
tedU,atB
t.tentre.o
.. "i~ I. _:::: J {f.0 1
- 00 2 ;.
lftherod3
f ~ 1m den
ant} leng th 4a
in
.gi'd lYJ.Ow. ith

U.D-31'
ll
 12_6 _ _ _ _ _ _~
AD _AN_c..::,E:.D..:.AN~A.~l.Y'l'ICAL
- DYN-1¾
lC.s . .. FOJlCE;:..S .. --- - - - -----..:1:_27
We assume that just after u,, of · lt101 utJf11& rods ACand AB respective!
30
u ' and ro ' are the resulting velo t'l; appl icatio n
th e illlp t~lf . t,e the centres of grav ity of the
and the angular 0 the angular velocity generat~
The equations of motion will be Vel0c · ll.lse r-h aJ'\d G2 i1near velocities Let robe
tty 1of at A is in the direction f
p. 2mu ' = P and 2m . ~ ,
3(l) ==P . 2Q
1
~e r~ ~.
~t.
1,1tG; be d\elr ii!\
~,,<I~1 ;j
AC- 1'~he
ulsive
r!:t
action on the
AB will have no angu
rod AB
lar velocity. It must have tin:,
p
the first is for motion of the centre f . . ·' (ot~ A~; h~:. g the rod,
f the rod AC, we have the equations
0
ia. inertia and the tlte..,.111 ortlY a .
the centre of inert 5econd is f rnottot\ o
OtltlOij velll"' (1)
Q 01\ijbo fot the ,nu t s p + X
~t
! a2 ro = (P - X ) a. (2)
·3
and '"
.1 tion of the rod AB, we have the equation
for the mo .. .. (3)
mu 2 = X ·
ity of the end A due to the
rods are jointed at /\. Hence the veloc
!_9ual, This gives
• fhe ~~h e rods AC and AB will be
tt¥)1ic,05° • ,,• (4)
Fig. 5.8(c) lt \ - QQ) =- U2•

In this case, kinetic energy is from (l), (2), (3) and (4), we get
tP + X ) - 3 (P - X ) = - X .
! 2"' ·",2 + --'.
1 2
2,n · ~ at ] "':.....
p2.
2· 2 3 nierefore X.= ~.
. "' .
Hen~ the kinetic energy of the previous case . 7 . (3), we get
IS - times tl\a Substituting this value of X in (1) and
t of this case,
un.iform rods AB d 4
u = 7P and u 2 = 2P .
a
at Cina diffl:
th .
ti .
on
equa)
n a tableso
tls
perpe
t be · .
o_
nd1c
at
utm,
e middle poirits of AB and AC are m
nglit
to AC
an AC aT'f' fre Jy J_ornt
angl
Sh
es. The rod e
· •
ert at A. 7'1,&.
AC ts struck i... : •icy
. . ow tlrat the rt:s1dti ng Deloci
the ratio 2 : 7.
"Y4bloru
ties of Therefore
1

- Sm
-
velocity of G =!.1
velocity of GI u I
2
Sm
= 2P + 7P
Sm Sm
=~
7·

[C.H. l 989· K H i9 97; V. R 1998] Hence the required ratio is 2: 7.

L t2abe
e the length of each rod of mass '"- , t.o4-J . Examples V(B)
t. A free uniform rod of length 2l is ftruck
~ by a blow of certain
I
cular to the rod at a distance
B impulse acting in a straight line perpendi rod was at rest just before
a from its middle poin t. Assuming
that the
the blow, show that the relation conn
ecting v, the velocity ff the cen~
the angu lar velocity just after the-blow, IS
of gravity of the rod and (I),

3av= 12(1) .
of _ma~es
2· ~o rods AB and BC of lengths '1JI and 2b and_
leng ths are freely jointed at 8 and are lymg ma
. Fig. SB{d) proportional, to their of the rod AB. Sholl.
':' blow of impulse p . d the end A
motion of A must be l.Sendi
-
aRplied at C when the rods. were. at rest Theinilial ~l in e.Ablow is communicate to
system is free is to the energy
perp cula r to AC H that the resu l~g kme tic ener gy whe n the
due to the bl
ow must be along AB. · ence the impulsive action Xat A
when the erui C is fixed as +-
( 4a 3b)( 3a + 4b) : 12 (a + b)2 ·

& FJ
r - -

j
k .,~~
~ '~ 11 r1
Ir

F (5i

-~$
·~ ~ ~ )$.~ SUA \ci: ~~~

~ ~i
~
(,~t ,.~~ "'ti ,pa l~C Q,~ X.,a,~

t~~~Mro ~ lt,o.s@-i oi ~;.,~).F~

Ii><' l<>t>I•-\l.111\ ~ ., _Ill<!
"-t.~ .>t ~ l<ft\..~ ~ d\A

~ - , tk, ~ ... .. .., t..-"' l b < ~ ~

"°"
~ tdi~

~ ,.., ... t,.,W: ~

.\-. ;1, ,t,. ,~

~ ~ .\;~
~ " ' If tili,-~- ~~..,. ~
~ iw~t ~ i t t t i l i t ~ ~ ~
~ ~
"""l ,, ..... ...
 h\\\1~\1-,\\\\~ ,h,~''- i,~,,
il

(~~Ct 1;
0)

Now, if th~seom~tri~l rol~ti-ons be expUdtly ind~pmdent of tutw,

then th~ ~~trk~ relations whk h hQld at tin\<! I will l\l\to hold
th~hout ~ intervo.l 6t . Henc-e W\' can b.k~ tl\1.1 MbitNI)'
dt~place:m~ts S.t , 6y , 6t \X1UIU to the ru::l'ual d~pld~ n,~nl$
~ ~ dI . . .
dt 6t , di & , di & respecth'cly of the pa.rtkle m time 01 .
• ~, . . .:'•P'.~·
! AlJ\'1/Wi/.'.·1.l\'. lLl ,( l '
tJ<1 - -....-•----•.....'>-- • L•\,\' t\' /
- ~- - - " ..•.1 1,1,

Nole- In tkdudng :hi: principle of tm-.·rin \\· i l1 , ' ,.

1
• , , Kh do l\O! cotni: into thr cqu,1tions vf vutual ,, <•r'
1
' · '." •• 1111 ,..,1
'ili ,, 1( . l f tl f' l • " 11I L ' ' ' th
1~urtacts c,, ••, 1'l forc:ei; 1 l•It, l,,tl 'It 1t t\,r·1
""i'-M _ "n thll tt>achorni o ~moo t 1xe<
111,,,w, ,
ru•crlin\ctkuh111o the d1rc.:.!wnofmononofthe imintcfl aPl)i w1 iCl~ ct ·, . ''()1\
r v ,.. .. ' ' ' I f~ 11· d . ' t I1rt\ 1111, I
of an. hH!xlc1
. t a so " s un er thjs group
u;1blli ~tnng . .
'~tnce itc:a~on
rl 1.i\~t,1,t •It,•
I' lengthbeing co:nstar1. . · •1oes nri lvork ~11,10.~
p 6,4. Conservation of energy. ,11,
from the p'.inciple of en_ergy, we know that the ,
energy of the system from tune t1 to time t. is change in 1
by th4! external forces acting on the body fr~rn ~u~l to the wortnet11
bo,IY at time t1 to the con.figuration at time t 2 • e conJ1guration· ofdo~
u
II !1 ( x'. y, z ) be the fom: fu1~cli~n, then we ca ll _ \f:
the potcntJ_a,] energy of .
the particle m the field 0 f force.U ( x, y' 2 ) ::: V
Ag:ln the potenli~l energy of the body in any p05 . '
4cme i)Y the force6 Ill moving from the
6fM,.diu·d position. present position
llJon is u
t: \-iork

, !,.et A, 8, C detJote the configurations of O • b solllk

In t1w bi1mdard position respectively Th ie ody at times 1 1
~y&i.em, . en we have, for a co,.,,~' i and
·=rvati
Jdlwtfc energy of the body at time ti _ki .
n.etic energy of the bod
~
ym ,.;: 0 .
m W
f
II
~~ l)lere,fQ~ -,:,mx ' .:;; l.)~s~ly,i,~~ ,,. ,..,»n ...
' f. ' I
-.;f
I
'""I

for a1,l yalu.es oj t .

Jh , ( 4VQ V" - I .I
l1j.

P~~r .
~
. ... (l) 1¢4~~c ene.1fJ! oi the body .u..

f
'• SYat tune 1 coniicni-•~-
;, f. ( Xdu Yd~ ,., zd-z )
.
:. - fdV .. V -
1(
~~A)~
jf'Pt(i r (i )· (jt i
+
2
+

~
,f : ~1,gy o.t Ur..rw 1' ( ~ B) is
v, . A 1, .. . (2)
= iXl)I{( f f )' (i+ f >' +(f-f/ ,
+ +

.a,
,,., t t x~-. .t ~ t Uz j • ... 1
d,., ' 4V V - y
•
a
' C· .. , {S)
.:tts{(~ );•(f }i+(fYf
••'fllln0l,(2}1f\d(J~ ~~ j b '' re!- ,
'\ ~ X -rf\lJi ) .
I J
~ ,. ~i~"t.. {'Qrij
. ~~-n. llt • ,l~- -~
'· .
~ .. body,
.. ½,t·ff'.,i ( /Qt ) "*
---, r:., ·~ ... 0\4'\!.;yf ~
'(I,, flf.~~ -, I l'8)' litfl
~ M l l .. ~ . , . ..-t
.,..,.,.,,,....~~ ttt, .
+ ~rti • •. -
1ft -7.~ ~a i: .~ ~
·ae .~-~f-- :Ill"
 186 ADVANCED ANALY'J'ICAJ, D}?y MOM ENTUM~:.:.::.___ _ _ __,_~- 137
AND ENERGY .
AA-tics : II
( dt
dx) 2
(!!.i.) d- 1% ,_1101'1 oF . bar of mass eq11al to i~lf tmd
30
= tX m ( + dt
2
+ ( d,z) I} .,qj11-V.
cf)f'_/' •..-1 ,n01Jes alongnstmine
a un ro~o r~nain on the circumfi_ertnce
.

p. + .!1:m((~) 1 + (!!lt.:_)2 _.,11 i1Vl'~iwhich

i- J. PT""'v,Jls o, 2llco
are If tht 1.11StCt starts from the middle pomt
2 dt dt + ( ~• 6'J, /f2d- tht ,ruliUS is~ · . l 'ty V thm show that the
p
= f X m ( square of the velocity of G ) --=---)
dt l ) 11ffll' dfClt 01""6e the l,arwith relatwe Vf! oc1
1pd ,,,aoes along h an angle
,
c
+ .! l: m ( square of the velocity of \,
/ ,,_,,,.d_. 11
.-tlflll" tur11 througVt {C.H. 1990; N. B. H. 20041
a

= .! Mv
22
+ ( kinetic energy of the body
rn reJattye to
.
C
l
.1//11
~bl p,•~ f3' tan _, a.
2 re1attye t
where vis the velocity of the centre of inertia G. 0 Gl,
A 'B , is its position after ti~,e t
Thus the total kinetic energy of the body . itial position ~~ the=~n Aa:0 Is the centre of ,the ctrcle
' .. ,AB t,e the ~le 8 with its initial p . et then CP = Vt, where C
= the kinetic energy a/ the mass M of the body suPPosed ,.,... a1cesanan . ·onoftheinsectattun ,
wtud' JI\ :z, If p be the postb rod being 2a of mass m, we have
collected at its centre o . . ofradlus~· tofA 'B' .The\engthoHhe
+ the kinetic energy of the body relative to it if inerti4 ·ddlep<>in a
istheJl\l - "( 2a ) l - a2 = 7!" .
s centre of inertia. OC= "'-' \ :f3 "3
6.6. Illustrative Examples.
Ex. 1. A heavy circular disc is revolving in a horizontal Therefore
centre which is fixed. An insect
. p1ane about its
of mass -l -th that of the disc '""/ks
centre along a radius and then flies away. Show
11
that the final angu1a,v
""' fr01/J lht
.
11
- -2 tim'es the original angular velocity of the disc.
is n+ eloei~

[ C. H. 1982 ; B. H. 199I) B'

Let co be the initial angular velocity of the disc of radius II and massM. Th
insect flies away when it reaches the edge of the disc. Let of be the angu1 e
velocity of the disc at this time. ai

The forces acting on the system are either vertical or pass through thecen1re
0 of the diso. Hence the moments of the forces acting on the system about the
vertical through O vanish. "Therefore the moment of momentum about the
vertical through O remains unaltered .throughout the motion. Hence
! a
2
o2 M Pig. 6.6(a) d the
M 2 ro= M . 2 0>'+ -;;-a 2 ro' . I ht of the ro ,
th system are the we g h Its cel\tre 0 .
The external forces.acting o~ e f the ci;le passing throug h O vanish
Therefore (J)'= _n_ro . Weight of the insect and the reaction o vertical axis \hroug about the
n+ 2 The moments of these forces about a omet,twn of the system nn lar

1 throughout the motion. Hence the ~~~b: zero, since \h@t8 was no gu
Vertical through O ls constant. Thts
momentum initially.
 i, il,l>~-},,e---,t,e-=·~--"""'
'f"l'~,.,~ '": ~"": ~~"
...~..,..,.l: -hti,,_..._....,,. Sfu;>a - -,,.._, l,sA . . . -

~ \\il'f'\~ :\'.V~"\Ul l
l ~ -~ i.

I
'\-.I ~ .JI: '. \
~ \- ~--'
. .J\

-
'
.

ll'
~~\

u "' ""' "'""".."" ·" .... ""Ii,.,_ · -~-....., ....;,-,,=•---..

\;11
\~~~"\-µ. t'\\"\~'l\W~\\l~ ~)"',~\\~ ~~ _.~~'\1---
( ~,~._, ~- ~~~" ' ~-
::,. \ TI\,'\~"-"m\ .:St ~ ~ ~lt..~ :, \ l ,'Si '\. i \
-:;,

.:,. \if '1 ~ ., ',\, ~'\.

/i\.h ~ '
"" \ \ \,'\ ~f' \la\
' '1'%il<-, , . , . ~ ~ ,,,..,.. , , ;'Sf' ~

· JP · ntrr ···,, rr: - w,

■

140 ADVANCED ANMJY'N(' IIJ I

- . . . . . . , J"r' NA/\,/ /( •f1
---...._. l/ft1
TheTefore angu lar mormmtum ab(lul the• m i11 111, .,. ,9 fl . · ---... ... 111
2 ' ' I h ' lq -...
Ma (1 + 4e i) w - Ma i <! i v, - Mu J
4 ti lt1

Hence ,mgular m<1menturn about I. ')lis t b;_,f,,,,.. th~ flx fll rtt
11
(.tng.ubt rrt01'l'teniurn about !he tnuim ,11<lS) ·f M ( - I/N o) tj,,( I ',~
Mt, z .
~ --ir 11 - 4r
1
, ,1, .
~1hieli the Jattis redtim L ' ,, fix£id, ihe ;trlf;vf!ft rrwm,, 1,111
(r1,<v111er,t t,f in,nfltt flbt,ul I. ' 1 111 , - ' " :if,, ,ui tr,,

,v1.a1 .
"" --4 (1 -~ 4,, 71 (ft

Yltien ~ ,e !~fu&
_1ecf-t1rrt I ..' 1<i f11..t<<f; !~JP ~mly ,fM r,:.J f;tt ,.6 1
,,.
~in.~ fl'>e l1rrp'1:Jkr<li'! f ".~t:lr 1 m , rf I.
1$ ffq rt,, ,tt,,.,,t "h''"' f , ~ . t? t,l\~1 1
"

M ~ rN,:,trienf a'txntt {, ' f(~ t,,.f11rp ,tt,,rl ltltfir 'f," ft,,,n,. ,,f 1 , :::'•~. N•~·,, ~{
.~, ''""'tt,, .i
~~e

/mt_1 I 1
.//jp4 l ( J -~ ,$,+ 1111 -
.. I , f

II /1,' / l.l/!-1
·t,~,t~ ,1,' ., l 4e' 'tt
l ~ ,1 ,.-1 ✓
/./
t x. ; . A ttniftrl fff fl-fd ,1 ,,,,,1,fft /fl , ,,,,~ Jr,;, , • 111rdl / (ff7 ;, !If if ~ ,,,ti,; lf/t.41'-

t.dYl 1~,z.,p.-:-"tr&;,{:f ~frtf" (hf fltitl ;m,-,r,t1, lt'Yff-lr,,1' ,'fl 11111! , ,~11,,fff ff/f l (I• 'N +,I/
">'/ f~ -1~?! >!,{t/lff tJ f ltft tut7. f,. 1 11,, IIµ,, hl'fl/ ,✓,,/ , , , ,,), ffn71!1lt1 ,,..,.•,,,, I

'"\
1 '1,cl
/'.
/If
I
I

-t-~.f _,...,r,, •¢ f;,,,m-,r•f,-r/tf1 '"/,-,, -,,,, , :.,,, , 1" 1, ,ti~,;,~,. ff1• f_ -1 , 111o'r11 1, ,1 Nlff /.,,,.,,{,
·( ':~,,.,,-
,.
1/ I tf IJ
J 1--,t 1
,d$ '.;..4l> ./..:/}! .... I th\ . . ,__ ...:., "' .,. _., ~.:. ;i t <... t.y 11 .t-"'r- A.. --~ ,· 11,;, Ji,"-~•/)· -;;i;l~ r,, 1 •
/
,.. } I> ~~ ,' /1 .-.h </ ~ , fl, f, .,,,.,....,.; j .J".i--'I ", 1,-, & .1,....., ,/' "', " .. ,, ;,,1 ,1~ ,-i.- 1 ", ,;/
 -
140 AVVA NCE/J ANAL YTIC AL DYNA.A~/
<Y{ C8
m inor axis l3CIJ, iu
Then.•foro nnguln.r momo ntum about the
2
M 2 Ma 2 <o
-Mn- ( I + 4r ) O> -
2 2
a e w == -
4 4
the fixture of L, is
Hence angula r mome ntum about L 'just before
M (- ae(J)) ae
(angular mome ntum about the minor axis)+
2
Ma 2
(1 - 4e ) w .
= - -
4
ar mome ntum about it ..
When the latus rectum L 'is fixe~, the angu! ) . w'
(mome nt of inertia about L 1s
2
= M!!_ (1 + 4e 2) (I), .
4
;. xterna l force on th .
When the latus rectum L' is fixed, the only out L ' bein e el11ptic
ive
. .
reactio n '
01 L , . I ts mome nt a b
lamina is the impuls Iii.
the fixture of L, rnusf1..~ero, lht
angular mome nt about L 'just before and after
Hence V1:equa1
2
Ma Ma 2
-4- (1 + 4e 2) w, = -4- (1 - 4e 2) w .
1- 4e 2
Therefore w' = _l + 4e 2 ~
___ , ·ty being
.. ·a1 ----•'a
Theuub Gl'tJ ....
r vl:100 •

Ex. 5. A uniform rod of length 2.a, lras hvo small

can respectively slide on thin smootlr l10rizontal
Oy. Tire rod starts at an angle <X to tire l10rizo1
rings at its ends whicl.
and vertical wires Ox artG
1 wit!, a11g11lar iielocity
-1~ (1- sinO.) ,

· ·tia\ kineti c energy

we have, from ll), \he uu
✓~'la (1 - sin <X)
=2.m ·
1 4a2 _ ~ t1-si na.)
3 '2A

moves downwards. S/row t/rat it will strikt' f/,1' horizontal wire at the end
and
of time = mga( 1- sina.) .
·ves .,
Then the equati on o.f energ y gt

2 ~ log { cot [ ~ ~ - ) tan ~ ) 1

2 . ---
-m 3
A- l
e·~ - . (1- sm._
· .,.\:
......,
. . - " ;SfX!<,e ,
l!':l•{- 4~0.

horizo n at lime I. Referred lo

Let the rod (::: 211) make an angle 8 with the ga l\ - sin 0.) ~ . a - ~;.}\
Ox and Oy as axes, let the co-ord inc1tes of the C. G. of the rod, which is G, be or, !3 II l 0l - git (gn

x == a cos 8 , y = a s in 8 .
The velocity of C is ~

::: ✓0-- II sin 0 . 9) 2 + ( a COS 0 . 0) 2

., ti() ,

L :,,,,,.
 ' ,

r;0f1S&~v1'1'10tl
of tJO""":=-------- ------ -
•"ErvrUM AND ENERGY

f an ellipse, iS rotating in its own plaI1e

144 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNMf
JI jJ\ h• fortl' oular velocity ro. '!he focus i~
2 A · J
.• , mcu ar ring, of mass M and
d . plane.
horizontal .
.
1
radius a' ies o
An insect o f mass m rest' .
!Cs
: R101
b
rt~
1
f ~ a n_g stant is fixed . Show that the ellipse now
"eoi ~ the sa~e ~
roun it with uniform velocity V l . mg on it st .n a srn
centre of the ring describes a circle :~t~hve to the ring.~:s anct ....,0~11,
• ",11,i 1oe¢ •\u,
an""~ ty
2 5e 2 .
11
t_, rr- l & .
angular velocit ,ow th,/ ks ,~e,O i,out it w ,~ -----

___m_ V y ~ rotate& a / ~ ro '

/ 2 + 3e { B. H.1989]
M + 2m . -;; . [ C. H. 1983 .
ntridty of the ellipse.
3.. A uniform square plate ABCD ' T. Ji. 1991 I I the ecceh d if ti,e ellipse rotates w1tli
·s
,f M and side
" neree • •
angular velocity 3,
Cl)

sm°?th ~orizontal plane. It is struck of mass

l
~;e ,s moving with a velocity ;t_A by a particle of '/a, lles on 01' the other an ' - _,..
(
l a ta . ed to the plate. Show tha th in the direction mass ~- 1\'
be {'f
?!'·1 ill3 .
after impact is 1 AB
t e angular veloc'ty remain•Inge
of the that its eccentricity w
systell\ thenshOW - - -
·, ,1 A cube is rotating witli angular velocity ro about a diagonal
m~ JV
__ which does
l
M+ 4m. 2a . 8 dQenly tl,e diagonal is let go and one of the edges
·
\ "11'" s~ this diagonal is fixed. Show tliat the resulting angular
not Jl\ • d . . b
4. A uniform circular board f velocity ro' about this e ge 1s give~ y ro.
smooth horizontal plane. It is, o mass M, is placed o 12ro = -.ff
?'t through the ce:\tre. /J man of free to rotate about n a perfectly
1 board whose '.tpper surface is s:ass M , walks round ; vertical axis 9. A particle, of mass ni, moves within a rough circular tube of
jjl .' ~
ha~ walked com~letely round tlch ~s to prevent his slip edge of the ass M. The circular tube lies on a horizontal plane. initially, the tube
. ,.,. ,e oard and returned pmg:
pomt, show that the board has turned When he 111
is at rest and the particle has an angular velocity round the tube. Show
! t ' through an angle to hIS start'mg
f 1J M2m of the
that, by. the time the relative motion ceases, the fraction M +
41t . M'
. M+ 2M ' . initial kinet' energy has been dissipated by friction.
5. A uniform circular w. . • An el,\iptic lamina is rotating about its centre on a smooth
wh It moves ab out a fixed
table. . ll'e,pof. radius a, lies on a smooth h . honzontal table. If ro 1 , 0) 2 , (J)l be its angular velocities when the
. ose mass is equal to th omt O on its circumf . onzontal
extremity of its major axis, its focus and the extremity of the minor axis
?~
diameter through O an at the wire starts fro~ erence. An insect
respectively become fixed, then prove that ·
V relative to the . d crawls along the wire .ththe other end of the
turned through an~geieShow that at the end::~euniform ~elocity
t the \yire has 7 6 5
-=- + - ·
(J)I (.1)2 0)3

~
\....Y"A circubr
Vt 1
3 tan-
'2a - -r.:-
1(
1 Vt
T3 tan 2a .
l its 1~· A circ~lar plate is turning in its own plane about a point A or
,ut";""ference. Sudden!)', A is fixed and a paint B, also on th•
" the um ~rence, is fixed. Show that the plate will be reduced to rest, t
Cll'cular plate
perpendicular to its rotates about an . arc 8 be one third of the circumference.
and a point plane with angul axis through its centre
. on the ci ar velocity This Aclt~;ight angl~d triangular lamina ABC is turning about the sid•
resulting angul rcumterence of th · ro. axis is set free
. ar veloci'Ey is one third th: ~l~~e is fixed. Show that the enly, AC 1s freed and BC is fixed. I( C be the right angle, the1
Hutial angular velocity.
show that the angular velocity is -1 • -BC of its fonner value.
[ B. H. 1993] 2 CA
'

-~
· i·

IM 1
·. 1• 1·1 . 11
~ Et' 1· t_ ,jlf f'
0I h J
J, 'fl 'l: i'8 g1~ 14
S, i t ?~; I
i ,1~ t,~ '!~ l'i
v•_ -
t 1l·_ :_ !-_~It_ · ,,_i n ·_ ~._ _I f f_: :~_
U .e'·i J I(
f ;·-=1..:·,_- .~I,,I,ii ~ . _. l_J_ ,~_• __, 11_-:_ ·, : (_·_ '"!~.
I l iilli
_.·. ~.
r ·4 I ' it i rH .
,,J_ Ii' . ,ij_' _t,_·: 1$ ( ~-) ~_-. ~- t.: 1·
.. ,lf'~al no; • "' ~J ' ·I , ~ ·' 11_.• ~'-' _J'.
6
~ j,i'IJ·.· ! H;:.f t
.' 'I 11,· 1 M
~ w .,
·I, ,.
• ' m
tt ,. 1 11 .:
R_ 1
11 u· ~ r [ ~
,, jt , ,\ f_t ~- . .,,j_~-
1 M ,_l • ,
A' ~ ...
i !~_~ : r~ ,f·,. · , ,·,~1· • i .t i~-
J J. ~ ~H I~
, rtJ• r , ~ M ...
~i·
i·_· ~ j I_
M ' U_·~·~lf.1 ~ b 1~1 '~t~_ i ~ i f._, t·ff
·_ H 0 .~_',,3- ~ { ~!
-

ij
I "'I' ~.ua:IJti•_. t"~ h. 'f u·~I ~1 ,. fg,w di·!. ~
;_
v, _ ,_
!m.
_ ,
-._. Jq'
~
~-_: ~· u.1_: N ~\.•J ~ M• lil .i_,. : ~-
... • · 'I
M d{
~ Nn It~ m1" rt i. 0 ~ ~ !~ t ~t. ~~- r~~ -rtia ~. I ' fl', '\l u II t;J
~ i
~ ~-rt~ 1 1 ,r ,k
l j_'. lM ~· I_ ~·_: Ii_ w,j• i , _r~ •~ .,,/4', R' a-~ r~ r
_ . .
•~It ij
._ ~_, w -~ ~- J i ' ~ ,M ,.· ,H
p . 11 1 /f ;I,11t 9'
w , -~ /} ·~ ,a w r.,I,
/{ 11 , -
1
,,._:,!•·!t, g:_
,'irH !I,.
$ I N ;, Id p-;'i
Q ~ !- ~1 (l I IHi fl t I fl
I
", ~ :· f') \""' r \' "' "' ft
W \ .
' '' ' j ' ' ; ·" ,) ' ' , , ' \11 ' t ' ' ..
-.j r 1/l
ij 11
· · __ _·_ ·_
~ ' '·I·~. . , . Ill~_.1.,_.,.',;
ij Ilil ,a,\ ,I~:
• · 1:
,\d6ll• ' _ \ _._- ·_
~ 1
I ~ , \'\·t'l~, 1
t: , ,,
't~ 16f' I! ~,.
1, fj .I. i> ih ·~ •
_\·_,f h_· ,r._ . l
ii ll . .' . a, • \14' . f "!' ?\,. .
~1. _, ·_;, ,.·' iI,,':-._".' i,, _: ..· _',~\~ -•-_i·.. . ~Jr,\Illt ~
"_ -.
• _'_· ~_· u ~"' ,i'1_ 1·~_ {."
;I j,-
, ' _· u'_\- ~\'
1
I··' • ~u- ,•.\
i "!, t w\\ \ _·\ _ ·_,_
n -ii, ·~ • · 7
1 . ..
:
• ·
1, ~_: 'i'. ,ii
l 1
t·
t' _i>}id .11.' l\II._. • , ~ " .
..
t ' II'\•11,II_ ,.. ~
•. '.ll>t•>" l!I , •. \\ ~. •
i · · .
. 1_ t, ~}
A I. •"/I"·!
, J Bil i._. I' ,._. t· QI\ t'h__. 1~_I.I'~ Q.,_o . ft,\ ~·
IT. II>~\<1\·\.'_·,._.__
I. I .' ' ', 1
Ill • ' '
' i! II l ll f II, :i. ' '
tl~ . iJl !Ii~ r~._-,_~
. _:i_-.
I . I•·
i
_
·_ ~.-
J w .·_ t·_.- .· ,. ; _\_-,..- r-_- , (
_ ·_..
f\J!i, p ' ffl I ·_ -•
-_-.;, . . .,,,. :t
I g; U' ~- t·--_\ - _·. ?··_.I --_ 11 l· ~·
\t ~ I_ ~-
-:__ ' , , , ..
_i·.ij_ - . · .
~ I~ .~
..
t!, ·. '. J) t_:!,' '"
, t
~.~•..
'P
.
l'i \' ,.It_. \'I'l ~I'I'I\ !'t. ~ \~
\!I
~~t\..~
ry
-~-_. ,~ :·._. _- .,_._ ,:i.-1"_ ,· ( . - , ,_
' '\!> ' \i
~
'f
~ ~ ~- ;r, '
~·
,,
~11\~,i'I.-·._ Ii f l'' ~ l
I\ l
iJI~· lli) . ' '\
·... •· ~ . '•
P I' ~ .ti Hf h ,,\ h \t
 J\LIV,•V\!VE,J,) ~Y1\.t.Y~'l 1,.'. \L {l\'!\'.·\ .•
1-H'l ·- ---,.,---- ~-...._.,.__,_, {\li l R
-- • ~- --,-..._:. t:~\·
,..t l,, •\,. '1 · , · . •![1
.,1 A \.mifo(~\\ roe\,, V-4. fl\~~' 44, ~ l.~.!\y l'l\l\\>c , .
• ""
"'-·, ,
"'u' . ~-~1,·ose ll;\l\SS
S\Wl nl'\S, " '
i,s &1\. Hll \o ~\ii.t o{ lh<! I\} I ~, -'l \.~\~ ''"
- '" . . '-I \ \'• ' · "Ill\ \
·ll,i , on a smO<.lth t1.0Jtwnl&\ w1.re i\f\C\ \t\it\,t\\y is <\t ~~: i\n.~ ~ f-r.,.,_u,

l"
:.. ~,c . . '"'!>l ilf\ --l '''-'I!\
' . . . '\ \\11!\\\ _ti
verli"II • ~d ~et.ow \~• ™'>I •f\d r~t~\u\j\ WIil\, •nsu la, V•l<><i\1
vettical pll\ne pass~g U\ro1,1gh th.~ Wtre. Wh~ ~\\t! 'foe\ is . a ~
i.\
an angle e~o the v~\tc(\l, show that \ts a11gtt\a.r ve.\tXity \s !ti hn.~ ~\

~ . J_±_..!£os Q_
( a 8 - 3 cosia
)i \

22. A stfa~ght U(\UQ.\11'\ ro<.i., of 1:na.ss m, is pli\ced i\• r 1-

. i:- . a w1'th one e.nd in. cox,tac-\' i-W\\.h
smPoth plane of m,-411~t\on l_g~,I an
. /tiI~ lo~
is th~n releaseq. When the tnrlinatio.n to the plar,e is • ~ \\. 'lne. ttiq
reactio.n of the plane will be · · ow Utll llle

mg . ~-(l..:.._~~uel_~ ! cos 0 - - ---► . \

. . (3 cos 1 q, + 1) 1 u
23, A sphere, of radius a Md oi radius uf gyrnuo.n , ab

i.;
through iti, ce.ntr~, rolls Wtth linear velocity 11 on a hcui o.ni il.ny axis ,
the direction of motion being perpencti.cualr to a \'i¼ftlcal
«.>etangular block of height h, where h < a Tbe &phl!J'e t . a. tlxl>;l
P~a.n~ f:::
block. The sphere and the block a.re perfectly rough ~ n1es the
'

-~
{~
lfo. , elastic. Show that the sphere will surmow,t the block, if ?e.rfectly r
·; ff (a i - ah+ k 2) av i > 2gha i (I? i + k l) . F\g. 7'.l{:i)
24. A hoop, of radius a, rolling on a hPfizontal road with vel ·
comes into collision with a rough inelastic kerb of height h
perpendicular to the plane of the hoop. Show that, if the hoop i5 1:
v, w: f\ut th~ are not independent co,.ordinates, \vhile 8 su.tllces to ~J)fCify
the position of the bab at any time I.
r½: dear U,e kerb without jumpint;i then v must he greater than We define the gc.neroli~f;d co-ordinlttti.S fo.r a given system as ~ least
number of variables required to specify the pasitions of th~elen1en~s
~ It ✓g (a - h) .
i~
J1,,
·1 f
'la~ h "ifi and les:, than 2a of the system at any given time. 1n the case of a simple penduJum, 81~
the generalised co-ordinate and not x, y. The numl,ler Pt degre~s, adt
freedom of the system is the same as that of th~ genera ise
ca-ordinates. The generalised co-ordmafes • lffl dis.•,.,.res
may L.- . \ ... , • <\fl«l.es
" or
;i ri quantities relating to them.
~ '_-
h· In the case of a double pendulum. whose motiQf\ is canfined ind th~
·I~-
: ~i ~ pane,
l
we may give the (X, y) co-ord.U\il . tes oi the. bobs •m,alan to give''i
;i J'.·· (Pig. 7.l(b)) as functions ol time, but it will be more economic
 a..;.w ~

\ .
t

•'i ·h~
\.1\l \\i~\1;}\\ \~t \\\;~\ 1\1,..~\\ H h\ i'!'t<\1'> ~~ ti l \1 ♦ ; 1 · ·, l t m t-tt't ~ j
\-)' 1\\.1'\\\it\~ \\ M\\ ~ \\,l\hh ~f',, M\i\W,\\s\ .\H \ H\ \ l ' rh \\\
t
\ \ ~'" ) ~f-1\ ,\, ;\ \)'(\\ ~} ~:, 1~\ •\\~ ~\ t'4\ h I l l ~ ijl" j.
,i \> !IW•ti11

,H @hr~ l\l l !I U
~)\ W\,\\\\~\x,,,)\.l)\i\~ \,\\1\ H \\\,t \ ¥>\\ l\<h \h \ 1-\ t\ · t
~,~ i'\~~-t~ht,H\ ),)>\\ i\\l4 \ )~ \ ~\\}\ l\lk \ A U h 11~, 1♦11 " , .,.ll,M t f

l\fr'IIM~\ i\M t\\\'i~ \\Nl~ r,\ht►-~\ ~\~ M\ th, \\ ~ • \r .rt11 ♦ n

\, ~\}\\\}\\ \.•· ~\\\\, \ " ' '' l\1>11< I• II\! '"" \""' •• " '• , "' ~. , ,
i"-l\~h\h~~ rn Hh}lt•~\~f. t,i.- t~\!M i.. ,4 11 , "1' tt~ •\ .. .,,,,_~ i~
\H•
ihti ~\{l½hH\\J~),1 Ht n,H n\lth\lt, flHtt~\ h f th.t> t "1/1 "'"\ », . . tttHh+'lhl4t

. .'.'.I \~.. '."~t\\t, \l•i\-\' \'"'U• , ~... ~J;t'ill<tt\ E \t Hh •• if~tt-,p, ,,, ft• i ~\.
wh11tt• t1 .. t ~ t. Ii\ \hti 1tt.:i*~--1 ~ . . ,. 1.. fo. " .t"1t+...,. l'lt
lfm~hmt lh~ll}-~\l'\H lt l\Ah~ t\\i> ., ~ --•'lll~n, t ..~, .., ..httM~
t!1,>nt1

lf1 , '" *\· l .i

\k,\ilt-h ~h•. b~ ~i>fl!\h-1~n 11,ttt-\;fln-d'-"tn h f't'4 tr\?~ lh~t »- ~
~,,ittem wlll ~ t~
*~.. ,~;,
t)f
,.,,.·tltdbu.tttt~ rt y, , \ nf ~ti\• r~tik" ti! t!
~1, ~1 111d mH~ , . H1t♦~
h flt . ~, , q• . rt~, . i.t e f O !f::l

~ ~ .- n. ~1 , 'h , ,, . , t.> , ., , n ,,> -

~ C"\ ~ U, th . ij, . 1h , t. \ ~ ~ H. q,).
i ~ l , ti, - .. , " n~ tum•tt~ tntty t<o11taltt t ttpltdl:ly
~
. {
J.•·!
[ ',
j,. i
:::-·,,'."
~ ~ -- -- ';~
J.d
iliZ
··_· .
_ AJJVAN()BtJ AJ_-JA.D_Y11CM/ IJ"INAM/l~~
· . - . 11t111 ,.,...,,,,, ..,,,,,,
·n_ ' h-li/ t#I,"'- _•1M_,l i!.//itlljti!J ' ' ' c.,
~
11
He,-1-(tt a d~id bpdy 113.e ~% d.r:t~t~~ ot fr"''"'i.1t/i .. f,11},
~ - · ·
· .
Cf)fl.5tramti ,my .c:~u.r.;(? th.It d.e~r-U¢j of fr~4,rn hmhL~r 1,,~_ "'½it,.,,,'f<!
a... t..-..,iy - ay b<? rnad# to rfl.Wft tm a t>vrfat·tt m rtl.iJ y hfwe . "'1-_11~,"-l_-•t.-
Ii/JI t~tHt1, , - (1 ), ,?I_ ~ VJ~
11•': vV'>' >>-> _ t..-A . 'rl. ii P,-iiJ ' , "·:r, • -9 !w. .
M ,ii,. #-i ... ~~!-i ·' ,,.,.,Ii k ~
Pi4r,
(three degTei':l'i (J~ f_r~..Acm). ~ 17',n,A:, ~hn tw,) pmm~ h:,1.~ ,
m atx,ut a, li:ne y:mung tht:m , h<ti'.~ 1t h.ai cntt dt.4i,,~~ ,,11, . ~. ,,,&1
,...'1 h✓., z;j, '4%. ?h , fl-· J.; •N,i(
,,,,
tu
~I ~ 1;,q. , -1(,l'
While selecting th.a s~:raw,o.w
1:nr,A --' ' . la.'.1t,...,J'.1 l
I
C';>--t>r,,.!f\~~!> for 4 ~y~t.c;-m w " ~ 11>);1
~ t of variable!, ,satisfying ~ foltv-1,mg tvu, f!"..tmd tU.G1tt. . ' "' ~, ~ .
-·~
(IP;
nz nz
(i) thelJ' vah.u-.::5 dewrmine tM configi,,.i r~lu.m 4! th!! t:.;t~lti-n)
(i_,_') they . .ma
' ,,A
.. y l)(! vaTJ~'
...t..' t
- an,_1 r.atµy.
violating the coru;tcaJ.nu of the syit.t:m.
-., ~--"' . .
-1ndep1.tr1t~U y .•;n
(.j;,1 li!>
· ,;,.
, /if;.\}
Uiv>1.,t1

l
-
,aqJ' ~ i
lf such variab-1.es ~ be found,tlwn we c.;aU ti~ sys~m kt4a _ ~~ (~ ' ~ ~ $() ~ -;, »~,£ w,ft I
otherwise the JJy.stem 1.6 cal.led. non...fu>tonomic, ~ .,
~
1
A dynamkal syerem it; .cal.lftd r;deramnnic, if ~ configvranon ~ ~o1~~.X g"Z
-+- -- ""1 '
,
'Ii J J ~,;
.. ~~-,
l~-r ;. l~~
t;;;:
system be given by a set of _g'--neta~ e.o--ordm.' lt~. 1~ ~'t ~ ~~ ""'fl m ~1'1 ~ i &I, ~ i
called ,IU!-Qnomte, if i.n addiJwn to lM &l'tnf:'ra.l~ co-ord~ ~
value of the ttme t is to be assi-gned. ~ fonn.e-r ~y~ hast 11'~
"" -at
0 !:!:- .'
An ~
., ~1.x
'- ~ ~
, .....' ,,i_ ,' 7fi
\
Ji!· '-"];,, ~ 1-•-·4.i.... ., / ,
constraints, wh~ the latter, syitern haJ m.ovmg constr~~ .~ , '""1rt .,.,; ,;o-"JJ ll,. ~ j )
pendulum with ftXed support lS the example of a ,der0not:n.k 'Y A
while a r-,endulum, fo_r which the po•iut o-f support 15 givm .in ~
motion, is a rheonotrue systan.
o4
- -
dJ . ·t &)·
aq, .f
• .r' .,
Let a bm.a1l increment &fI be given lo on~ <>f the 71 ~~ 0..% ""~.;:,
l1W6'i:" d
1' ~
.,.,1 llU "'°ft ,#~~f!J.
lg"' )
..~l, {,r_~•. -_{, __ . , 1 . . ~ ';' ,&j ,_ ....,
-::a.,,. J ~'Jt,,i. -;:----.:
~ ,\

~
i
•: 1!'l
~• J
co-ordinates q1 , q, , q, , . . . . . . '. q.. of n syttem WJtnou1 ~~ ti'!t
magnitudes of the others . To this change of q,. then- w i l l ~ j~
1
certain displacemen t of the system. and ~ 4ctlng thereon Wi:ll
produce th.e work 6q1· Q,, w~.re Q1 will ~ a cerwn a--pr'\?'man fro.mO' Alnnbelt'~ ~we~~ - -~~~~
containing forces actin.g on tbe system. This r e p ~ the ~ ~ are i n ~ with t h e ~ ! ~- ~ ~ ~
force corresponding to the generalised co--ordi.Mt-e q, . giving \he sy.s:tem a ~Jtwd d b ; ~ ~~ ~ - ~t-
~ co:ndt~ at time t, t h e . ~ d m~ ~);.~
7.3. Lagrange's equations for finit,e forces.
Suppose (x, Y~ z) be the co-ordm.a.tes o1. any p.a.rtide m af 1hc
I, l-< X - mi l ·h + ( Y - J.r1.y· 1~ + { Z - -.ii' H'1'! 1 = O., :$ o1
holonomic dynamical &)'Stem referred to a set of ~axes. Let whieft l!l'1 ~ tbe 'llMB af a ~~ at k fQ'tnt \.J.. J,. Z.l ~
the system be defined at the instant t hy th.e k g ~ ro,mimates (~ Y, Z) ~ the ~ o1 the ~ ~ 4 :im.T~~ m ~
qi ql I (f3
I Iq. . These co-otdia."tes ff, lJ::. 1, 2. 3.. .. ... . l )
.. ... . I
cliredious « ihrea>-o r~ .~
ddine the position of eael\ member of the system at the mstant, so \Nit
Nowwe n.'ft,,.t il~ ~ t~i~ ~ -U t ~\,
X = f (t , q\ • 11' . . . . . • 'lV . {1)
with s-tmil.ar ex~on.~ for y, t.. We ass\une that thesit hlttctiOf~- . iz· ~ ~
&;r;;i. ~ , ,♦ ~ ~ + dtl ~ T
exp:res.stni; x, y, l' together with their p.:1.rtial d~ri vati \!5 are COOhtl~
l.n a certain regim, of q's and t. .
~,~~P~i w•~~• -