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AN ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS (PM2.5, PM10, CO2, SO2, NO2

AND CO) CONCENTRATIONS ON AIR QUALITY USING AIR QUALITY INDEX IN
EASTERN NIGERIA

Article in Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria · August 2023

DOI: 10.46602/jcsn.v48i4.908

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

AN ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS (PM2.5, PM10, CO2, SO2, NO2

AND CO) CONCENTRATIONS ON AIR QUALITY USING AIR QUALITY INDEX IN
EASTERN NIGERIA

E. S. Nicholas and P. O. Ukoha

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences,

University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: pius.ukoha@unn.edu.ng, EnoobongNicholas@yahoo.com, eno-
obong.nicholas.pg78610@unn.edu.ng +2348037171322, +2348062316565

ABSTRACT

The rate at which atmospheric pollution is increasing in the world as a whole is quite alarming,
having a negative effect on the health of humans and the environment. The alarming rate of
pollutants in the atmosphere led to this study which was carried out in Douglas Road, Owerri
Municipal Council (urban) and Ezihe village, Uzii, Ideato North Local Government Area (rural)
in Imo State, Nigeria with the aim to investigate and assess the effect of industrial activity on the
air quality of the survey areas, to ascertain its impact on the environment and to compare the
overall results of the air quality assessment with the Air Quality Index (AQI) ratings. The air
quality status of the sampled areas was analyzed using Gasman Air Monitoring Meter (Models
1200-19831) and Air Ae Steward Meter (Haz-Dust Tm; PM2.5 and PM10, Model: HD1000). The
results of the air quality assessment in the urban and rural areas of the state analyzed were in the
ranges of 99.30-124.70 µg/m3 for PM2.5, PM10 (138.70-168.00 µg/m3), relative humidity (62.67-
68.33 %), pressure (1008.70-1011.70 hpa), temperature (28.33-35.67 oC), elevation (18.70-82.67
m), cloud (55.67-99.33 %) and wind speed (1.28-1.57 m/s). Other results in (ppm) were: SO2
(0.63-0.70), NO2 (0.27-0.37), CO (33.00-38.67), CO2 (6,500.00-10,166.27). The air quality
Index (AQI) ratings of the obtained results showed that, in the rural area, it was rated from poor
(D) to very poor (E) while in the urban area, it was rated very poor (E) to hazardous (F). There is
need for a routine monitoring of the air quality in Eastern part of Nigeria and in Nigeria as a
whole to ensure safety, and a few helpful recommendations were suggested in this study for
positive impacts on the environment.

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric pollution, Air quality, Industrial activity, Air Quality Index (AQI), Policy

INTRODUCTION
The increasing rate of pollutants in the of the air; hence, human exposure to air
atmosphere has changed the nature of the pollutants is believed to have constituted
atmosphere thus making it harmful to severe health problems, especially in urban
humans and other living things [1]. The areas where pollution levels are on the
pollutants constitute various kinds of gases, increase [2, 3]. An air pollutant is a
droplets and particles that reduce the quality chemical, physical (for example, particulate

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

matter), or biological agent that modifies the The quality of air is said to be good when it
natural characteristics of the atmosphere. appertain to the degree to which the
Particulate matter which is mentioned as an atmosphere is clean, clear, and free from
example of an air pollutant is the primary gaseous pollutants such as smoke, dust, and
factor which is having a negative effect on smog including other gaseous impurities in
the health of humans due to its degree of the atmosphere. The air quality index (AQI)
toxicity [4]. Air pollution causes some gases rating is a number used by government
in the atmosphere to exist at higher-than- agencies to communicate to the public how
normal conditions and can be seriously the air currently is or how the air is
harmful to human health. Examples of these forecasted to become polluted and as the air
include nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, quality index increases due to an increase of
carbon monoxide, particulate matter, air pollutants (for example, during working
photochemical oxidants (for example; or rush hour's traffic or when there is an
ozone) and lead, along with a variety of upwind forest fire), an increasingly large
airborne heavy metals and volatile organic percentage of the population is likely to
compounds which are as a result of experience rapidly severe adverse health
industrialization and traffic emissions which effects [3]. The United States Environmental
pollute the atmosphere thereby having a Protection Agency [13-15, 22] has classified
negative effect on the air quality [4]. Air these air pollutants into six principal
quality is defined as the condition of the air category and the classifications of these air
within our surrounding environment and it pollutants for the air quality index (AQI)
can be affected in many ways by the ratings are shown in Table 1 below.
pollution emitted from these sources [3].

Table 1: Classifications of the air pollutants for the air quality index (AQI) value ratings

S/N Classifications Indicator Air Quality Index Air Quality Index

light (AQI) Category (AQI) Value ratings
1. A Green Very Good 0-15
2. B Green Good 16-31
3. C Yellow Moderate 32-49
4. D Yellow Poor 50-99
5. E Red and Very Poor 100
Purple
6. F Maroon Hazardous > 100
USEPA, [13, 14, 15, 22]

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

Several studies have been conducted to MATERIALS AND METHODS

monitor the quality of the air in the
Study area
environment within the Niger Delta region
The study area is Imo State and the sampling
and the result obtained has always shown
areas were two local government areas from
high levels of toxic substances in the air
the State, that is, Douglas Road, Owerri
quality [5-9]. Air quality assessments have
Municipal Council Area (urban) and Ezihe
been carried out by various researchers in
village, Uzii, Ideato North Local
Okpanam and Warri in Delta State, Enugu
Government Area (rural) as shown in Figure
urban in Enugu State, Uyo Metropolis,
1 below. Douglas Road, Owerri Municipal
Akwa Ibom State [1-4, 10, 11] and in
Council is populated by government offices,
Owerri Municipal council, Imo State,
Owerri main market and other shopping
Nigeria by Umunnakwe and Aharanwa [18].
malls and commercial motor parks. Ezihe
The study is to evaluate and assess the effect
village, Uzii, Ideato North does not boast of
of atmospheric pollution and industrial
any industries which can produce effluent
activity on the air quality and to ascertain its
bearing acidic gases into the atmosphere
impact in these survey areas.
except for palm oil milling plants, exhausts
of vehicles and power generating sets.

Figure 1: Map of the study area

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

The assessment of the study area Owerri Municipal Council (urban) and in
The air quality assessment of the study area Ezihe village, Uzii, Ideato North Local
was determined using Gasman Air Government Area (village square area)
Monitoring Meter (Models 1200-19831) and (rural) in Imo State, Nigeria. After
Tm
Air Ae Steward Meter (Haz-Dust ; PM2.5 calibrating the instrument according to the
and PM10, Model: HD1000) as shown in manufacturer’s specifications and
Table 2 below. The air quality assessment guidelines, at each designated position, the
was carried out on an hourly basis for 3 h instrument for the air pollutant assessment
per sampling station in triplicate, the periods was held at arm’s length in an open space.
of taking measurement of data from selected The knob was adjusted to TEST/GAS
sites were as follows for four working days position and allowed to stand for some
(morning; peak hours, afternoon; off peak minutes and reading were taken when the
period and Evening; peak hours) in Douglas display on LCD was stable.
Road, Market area and Taxis loading Bay,
Table 2: Names of Equipment and their manufacturers

Equipment Manufacturer
SO2 gas monitor Model: 19648H, Range; 0-10 ppm, Alarm levels;
2.0 ppm
Handheld GasMan NO2 gas monitor Model: 19831N, Range; 0-10 ppm, Alarm levels;
3.0 ppm
CO gas monitor Model: 19252H, Range; 0-500 ppm, Alarm levels;
50 ppm
Cl2 gas monitor Model: 19812H, Range; 0-5 ppm, Alarm levels; 0.5
ppm
CO2 Land Duo Multi Model: PDR1200, Range; 0-50,000 ppm
Model: HD1000, Haz-Dust Tm, Air Quality Monitor
Air Ae Steward for
PM 2.5 and PM 10
Max-min thermometer Handheld HYGROMETER MODEL: KTJTA318
Digital Anemometer Handheld MASTECH MS6252A
Sun Road Digital Compass (Altimeter) Handheld Altimeter Model: CR2032

Air Quality Index (AQI) Ratings

The air quality index (AQI) ratings were

done using the set standards by WHO and
USEPA [12-17, 21, 22].

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the field meteorology, air

sampling/assessed locations are shown in
quality and noise level record of the various
Table 2 and Figures 2-5 below.
.
Table 3: Meteorology Record, Air Quality and Noise Level in Douglas Road, Market area (Taxis
loading Bay), Owerri Municipal Council (urban) and in Ezihe village (village square area),
Uzii, Ideato North Local Government Area (rural), Imo State, Nigeria

S/N Parameters Concentrations Air Quality Index (AQI) Ratings

Urban Rural Urban Rural
1. PM 2.5 (μg/m3) 124.70 ± 12.66 99.30 ± 10.40 Very poor Very Poor (E)
(E)
2. PM 10 (μg/m3) 168.00 ± 16.70 138.70 ± 10.26 Very Poor Very Poor (E)
(E)
3. CO (ppm) 38.67 ± 7.02 33.00 ± 3.61 Moderate (C) Moderate (C)
4. CO2 (ppm) 10,166.27 ± 450.93 6,500.00 ± 984.89 Hazardous Hazardous (F)
(F)
5. NO2 (ppm) 0.27 ± 0.15 0.37 ± 0.15 Poor (D) Poor (D)
6. SO2 (ppm) 0.63 ± 0.15 0.70 ± 0.20 Poor (D) Poor (D)
7. Cl2 (ppm) 1.00 ± 0.09 2.68 ± 0.63 Poor (D) Poor (D)
8. Temperature 35.67 ± 4.73 28.33 ± 1.53 Good (B) Good (B)
(oC)
9. RH (%) 62.67 ± 6.51 68.33 ± 10.69
10. WS (m/s) 1.57 ± 0.90 1.29 ± 0.71
11. Elevation (m) 82.67 ± 5.03 18.70 ± 7.02
12. Pressure (hpa) 1011.70 ± 0.57 1008.70 ± 0.50
13. Cloud cover 99.33 ± 1.15 55.67 ± 10.97
PM - Particulate Matter, RH - Relative Humidity, WS -Wind Speed

12000
Concentrations, ppm

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
NO2 NO2 SO2 SO2 CO CO CO2 CO2
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural

Parameters

Figure 2: Air quality measurement and field meteorology record in Imo State (urban/rural) areas

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

Concentrations, µg/m3
200

150

100

50

0
PM2.5 PM2.5 PM10 PM10
Urban Rural Urban Rural

Parameters

Figure 3: Particulate matter (µg/m3) Record in Imo State (urban/rural) areas

Temperature, oC

40

20

0
Temperature Temperature
Urban Rural

Parameters

Figure 4: Temperature (oC) record in Imo State (urban/rural) areas

100
Concentrations

80

60

40

20

0
Elevation(m) Elevation (m) Cloud (%) Cloud (%) RH(%) RH(%) WS(m/s) WS(m/s)
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural

Parameters

Figure 5: Air quality measurement, noise level and field meteorology record in Imo State (urban/rural)
areas
RH - Relative Humidity, WS -Wind Speed

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

The obtained results for the atmospheric Owerri municipal road, Imo State, Nigeria
pollutants assessment gave mean and that of Okunola et al. in Kano State,
concentrations (ppm) ranging from Nigeria [19] but not in accordance with the
0.33±0.15 - 0.43±0.15 for NO2, SO2 research work carried out by Antai et al.
(0.60±0.10-0.75±0.15), CO2 which gave lower values of SO2 (<0.01-0.30
(8,600.00±556.78 - 17,500.00±1228.80) and ppm) in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria [8].
Cl2 (1.85±0.21 - 2.39±0.48) in the urban and
rural areas as shown in Table 3 above which The mean concentrations of carbon

were seen to be of higher concentrations. monoxide (CO) gave values ranging from

The obtained values for NO2, SO2, CO2 and 33.00±3.61- 38.67±7.02 ppm in the urban

Cl2 were above the set standards of 0.04- and rural areas of Imo State. The obtained

0.06 ppm for NO2, SO2 (0.04-0.06 ppm), results were found to be above the

CO2 (500 ppm) and Cl2 (0.01 ppm) by permissible limit of (10) ppm by USEPA

USEPA [14, 15] and WHO [12, 16, 17]. [14, 15] for ambient air quality. The high

Comparing the obtained results with the Air concentrations of carbon monoxide observed

Quality Index (AQI) ratings, it was observed in the sampled areas were a result of

that NO2 and SO2 were rated very poor (E) incomplete combustion of fuels which was

while CO2 was rated hazardous (F) in both due to generating sets and heavy motorized

areas as shown in Figure 2 above which was traffic. When carbon monoxide is breathed

as a result of greenhouse effect in the into the human system at high levels of

environment. The results obtained were in concentrations, it can be harmful to the body

agreement with the earlier findings by because it is poisonous. Comparing the

Nicholas and Ukoha [1] who reported higher results with the AQI ratings, it was observed

values (ppm) of SO2 (0.63±0.25 - that, CO values were rated very poor (E) in

0.73±0.15), NO2 (0.40±0.10 - 0.76±0.15) both areas of Imo State. The obtained results

and CO2 (16,800.00±1760.34 - 28,900.00 ± in this study were in support with the

3207.80) in their research work carried out findings by Adelagun et al. who reported

in Okpanam and Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. high concentration of CO (30-70 ppm) in

The study of Umunnakwe and Aharanwa Okobaba (Ebute-Meta, Lagos), Nigeria [20]

[18] also reported higher concentrations of but not in line with that of Antai et al. who

SO2 (0.146 ppm) and NO2 (0.108 ppm) in reported lower concentrations of CO (0.30-

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

0.76 ppm) in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom [15] as shown in Figure 3 above. The PM10
State, Nigeria [8]. The obtained values were and PM2.5 results when compared with the
in line with the research work carried out by set standard of air quality index (AQI)
Nicholas and Ukoha [1] who reported higher ratings by WHO and USEPA [12-14], it was
concentrations of CO (147.30±31.56- indicated that PM10 was rated very poor (E)
266.50±7.10 ppm) in Okpanam and Warri, while PM2.5 was rated poor (D) in the urban
Delta State, Nigeria. and rural areas. Comparing the results
obtained in this study with the previous
The particulate matter for the air quality findings, it was observed that, the values
assessment gave mean concentrations of were in line with the earlier findings by
3
99.30±10.40-124.70±12.66 µg/m for PM2.5 Nicholas and Ukoha [1] who reported higher
3
and 138.70±10.26-168.00±16.70 µg/m for values of particulate matter, PM2.5
PM10 in the urban and rural areas. The (113.00±7.00-133.00±36.07 μg/m3) and
obtained results when compared with WHO PM10 (153.30±9.07 - 179.67±48.01 μg/m3)
limits, it was observed to be above the in their study carried out in Okpanam and
3
average annual set standards of 25.00 µg/m Warri, Delta State, Nigeria and Okudo et al.
3
and 50.00 µg/m for PM2.5 and PM10 who also reported higher values of
respectively by WHO and USEPA [12, 14, particulate matter; PM2.5 (23.06±1.53 -
21] in both areas as presented in Table 3 and 153.23±28.73 μg/m3) and PM10 (37.49±3.75
Figure 3 above which was due to increase - 336.49±47.05 μg/m3) in their research
industrial/commercial activities in these work in Enugu Urban, Enugu State, Nigeria
areas. These results were also compared [2].
with the USEPA limits and it was observed
that, PM10 was found to be above the The obtained results for temperature (oC) for
permissible limits of 150.00 µg/m3 by WHO the air quality assessment gave values of
and USEPA [13, 14, 15, 22] for ambient air 28.33±1.53 oC - 35.67±4.73 oC which were
quality in the urban area while it was seen to above the ambient temperature level of 25
o
be within the permissible limits in the rural C by [12-14] as shown in Figure 4 above
area. The results of PM2.5 were also of and it was rated moderate (C) in both areas
higher values in both areas and was above by the AQI ratings. Other results recorded
the set standards of 75.00 µg/m3 by USEPA for some parameters at the different

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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

monitoring points investigated in this survey The authors are grateful to the Department
areas were found to be of higher values than of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of
the recommended set standards [12-14] as Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria,
shown in Table 3 and Figure 5 above. The Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria who provided
obtained values were in accord with the all the needed support during the course of
previous findings carried out by this research work.
Umunnakwe and Aharanwa [18], Augustine
RECOMMENDATIONS
[4] and Efe [6-7] which states that vehicular
Based on the results of the study, the
emissions, heavy traffic, industrial activities,
following suggestions are recommended;
congestion, densely population, road
intersection, generator power plants, rotten
1. The federal, state and local
wastes, agricultural practices and urban run-
government should organize and
offs could be attributed to the sources of the
launch an enlightenment campaign
atmospheric pollution in Imo State which
on the importance of routine air
could be harmful to human health and the
quality assessment in our
environment.
environment and
industries/companies should not be
CONCLUSION
placed or located in residential areas.
Based on the results obtained in this study, it
2. There should be proper
was concluded that, pollutants from the
environmental monitoring in the
sources of particulate matter, vehicular
urban and rural areas of Imo State to
emissions, gas flaring due to natural
control the atmospheric pollution and
occurrences, and anthropogenic factors
anthropogenic emissions in these
affected the atmosphere causing air
areas.
pollution in the study locations and its
3. This study has created awareness on
resultants effect on human health could be
the safety level of the environment
dangerous. Further studies on the health
since there is a growing concern
status of Imo State residents in the urban and
about the rising level of air pollution,
rural areas should be assessed.
mainly from industrial and vehicular
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT emissions, oil and gas flaring from
companies, domestic use of wood

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 J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp 704 - 714 [2023]

and its compliance with the ambient Vegetation in the Niger Delta
Environment. International Journal of
set standards [12-17, 21, 22].
Environment, 11(1), 91-101.
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