MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

INTEGRATED SCIENCE
TERM 3
GRADE 8
Week: One

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Review

Answer All Questions

1. (a) Define the term force and state its SI unit (2mks).
(b) Briefly explain Newton’s first and second law of motion (4mks)
(c) The wind pushes a paper cup along the sand at a beach. The cup has a mass of 0.025 kg and
accelerates at a rate of 5 m/s2. How much force is the wind exerting on the cup? (3mks)
2. (a) Describe two ways in which friction helps you on a daily basis. (4mks)
(b) List two ways in which friction can be reduced (2mks)
3. (a) Match one item of column A to one item of column B (4mks)

Column A Column B

Lift a car so you can change a wheel A crowbar

Lift a bucket of cement to the top of a building under construction An auger

Remove a big rock from the ground A jack

Drill a hole through a board A pulley

1
(b) Label the load, fulcrum and effort on each type of lever given below and identify the levers as
1st, 2nd or 3rd class. (6mks)

(c) Identify the type of simple machine for each example given below (5mks).
- a bath tub -a knife
- an electric fan - a ramp
- an axe
4. Differentiate between the following terms
(i) atoms and molecules (2mks)
(ii) elements and compounds ((2mks)
5. List the elements and the number of each atoms present in the formula in the following
compounds. ( 2mks each )
(i) CuSO4
(ii) CuCl2
(iii) CuO
(iv) ZnS
6. State whether each of the following is a physical or chemical property
(i) the sulphur is yellow
(ii) iron reacts with sulphur to give heat and a flame
(iii) Baking soda reacts with acid to produce bubbles and a gas
(iv) Helium is less dense than air, hence a Helium balloon floats
(1mk each, 4mks )

2
 7. (a) The Kinetic Theory is based about three theories of matter. Briefly explain the three
theories. (5mks)
(b) Complete the concept map given below. (6mks)

8. Fill in the blanks

(i) In the presence of an acid, blue litmus changes to …………………
(ii) ………………. acid is found in oranges
(iii) I am used in the production of shampoos, soaps and disinfectants …………..
(iv) Water-soluble bases are called ……………
(v) When an acid reacts with a metal , …………….. and ………… are produced
(1mks each , 5mks)
9. Complete the word equations given below
(a) Hydrochloric acid and sodium (2mks)
(b) sulfuric acid and iron (ii) carbonate (2mks)
10. (a) What is a neutralization reaction (2mks)
(c) Write an example of neutralization reaction (5mks)

3
Week: One
Lesson: Two

Worksheet: Review-Matter

Part 1: Column A lists a substance. In Column B, list whether the substance is an element (E), a
compound (C), a Heterogeneous Mixture (Het), or a Homogeneous (Homo). In Column C, list
TWO physical properties of the substance.

Column A Column B Column C

1. Summer Sausage
2. Steam
3. Salt Water
4. Pencil lead (Pb)
5. Dirt
6. Pepsi
7. Silver (Ag)
8. Toothpaste (Na2HPO4)
9. A burrito
10. Italian Dressing
11. Chicken Soup
12. Lemonade

4
Part 2: Answer the questions below using your own words.

1) Define MIXTURE in your own words.

2) List two properties of mixtures.

3) Complete the table below by filling in the type of mixture: Heterogeneous

Mixture / Solution / Suspension
Example Type of Mixture

a) saltwater

b) a garden salad

c) A bag of different colored jelly beans

e) Strawberry ice cream with fruit

f) Instant coffee in water

4) Complete the VEN Diagram below by listing the similarities and differences
between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

5
 Differences Differences

Similarities

Part 3: Circle the correct response for each question below.

1. Of the four boxes shown, which one represents a model of elements only?

A. B and C
B. A and C
C. A, C and D
D. B and D
2. Which one of the following elements has the symbol C?
A. Copper
B. Calcium

C. Carbon

D. Chlorine

3. One of the following substances is not an element. Which one is it?

A. water
B. hydrogen
C. mercury

6
 D. nitrogen
4. Elements are sometimes written with two letters. Magnesium is one of these elements.
What is the symbol for magnesium?
A. M
B. Mg
C. MG
D. mg
5. Approximately how many elements are there on earth?
A. 1000 C. 10
B. 100 D. 20
6. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. Each of the
following substances in the list is a molecule. One of these is not a compound. Which one
is it?

A B

C D

7. Which one of the following statements about compounds is correct?

A. At least one of the elements in a mixture must be a gas.
B. The elements in a compound are always present in the same ratio.

7
 C. properties of a compound are the same as the properties of the elements of which it is
made up.
D. It is easy to separate a compound into the elements that it is made from.
8. How many atoms are there in a molecule of CH 4?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 5

8
 9. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Air is a mixture and carbon is a compound.
B. Carbon is a mixture and air is a compound.
C. Table salt is a mixture and carbon is a compound.
D. Air is a mixture and table salt is a compound.
10. How many different types of the atom may be present in a compound?
A. Two or more different types
B. Three or more different atom types
C. Exactly four different atom types
D. Only one type of atom

Use your chart to determine who is responsible for the following:

1. Stated that in a chemical reaction, atoms are combined, separated or rearranged

_______________
2. Discovered the nucleus of the atom
_______________
3. Stated that atoms of a particular element are all alike
_______________
4. First discovered there are particles smaller than an atom
_______________
5. Stated that atoms of different elements combine in small whole number ratios
_______________
6. Discovered that atoms of each element contain a unique + charge in nuclei
_______________
7. Discovered the charge to mass ratio of the electron
_______________
8. Stated that atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed
_______________
9. Discovered the neutral particle in the nucleus
_______________

9
10. Stated that atoms of one element are different from atoms of another element
_______________
11. Discovered the charge on an electron
_______________
12. First stated that all matter was made of indivisible atoms
_______________

10
 States of Matter
1

5 6 7

10

11 12

13 14 15

16 17

18

19

11
Across Down
2. The pressure caused by the collisions of 1. The phase change in which a substance
particles in a vapor with the walls of a container changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid
3. A reversable physical change that occurs 4. The phase change in which a substance
when a substanve changes states of matter changes from liquid to gas
6. The energy a substance must absorb into 5. The energy a substance must absorb in order
change from solid to liquid to change from solid to liquid
9. A description of change in which a system 7. The energy an object has due to it's motion
absorbs energy from it's surroundings 8. The inverse relationship between volume and
13. The process that changes a substance from gas
liquid to gas based on temperature 10. The phase change in which a gas or vapor
15. The state of matter in which ba material has changes directly into a solid without first
neither a definite shape or a definite volume changing into a liquid
16. The state of matter in which materials have a 11. A description of change in which a system
definite shape and a definite volume releases energy to it's surroundings
17. The direct proportion of the volume of a gas 12. A temperature of zero Kelvins
to it's temperature if it is constant 14. The phase change in which a substance
18. The state of matter in which a material has a changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without
definite volume but not a definite shape changing to a liquid first
19. A result of force distibuted over an area

12
Week: One
Lesson: Three

Worksheet: Review

Part 1: Complete the crossword puzzles below.

Chapter 6 - Acids, Bases, and Solutions

1 2 3

5 6

7 8

10 11 12

13

14

15 16

17

18

Across Down
4. A range of values used to indicate how acidic 1. A mixture in which particles can be seen and
or basic a substance is; expresses the easily separated by settling or filtration.
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. 2. A mixture that contains as much dissolved
8. A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, solute as is possible at a given temperature.
and turns red litmus paper blue.

13
12. An ionic compound made from the 3. A mixture that has a lot of solute dissolved in
neutralization of an acid with a base. it.
13. A mixture containing a solvent and at least 5. A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and
one solute that has the same properties hydrogen
throughout; a mixture in which one substance is 6. A reaction of an acid with a base, yielding a
dissolved in another. solution that is not as acidic or basic as the
14. A substance that tastes sour, reacts with starting solutions were.
metals and carbonates and turns blue litmus red. 7. The gradual wearing away of a metal element
15. A mixture containing small, undissolved due to a chemical reaction.
particles that do not settle out. 9. A positively charged ion formed of a
16. The part of a solution that is usually present hydrogen atom that has lost it electron.
in the largest amount and dissolves a solute. 10. The part of a solution that is dissolved by a
17. A measure of how much solute can dissolve solvent.
in a given solvent at a given temperature. 11. A compound that changes color in the
18. A mixture that has only a little solute presence of an acid or a base.
dissolved in it.

Part 2: Match the statements to the correct word or phrase on the right.

Electrolysis

1. Decomposition of aqueous or fused chemical compounds by A. Liberates ions only

passage of a direct electric current.

2. Covalent compounds which do not conduct electricity in B. Non electrolytes

fused or aqueous state.

3. Electrolytes which dissociates completely. C. Strong electrolyte

4. Ions and molecules are liberated by dissociation of these D. Electrolysis

electrolytes.

5. They allow electric current to enter or leave the electrolytic E. Anode

solution.

14
6. Negatively charged particles. F. Electrodes

7. Positively charged electrode. G. Weak

8. Lead nitrate , Sodium chloride and Nitric acid. H. Anions

Part 3: Circle the correct response to the questions

1. Which of the following descriptions explains how litmus paper can be used to test for
acids?
a. Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
b. Acids keep blue litmus paper blue.
c. Acids turn red litmus paper blue.
d. Acids turn red litmus paper purple.
e. Acids turn blue litmus paper purple.
2. Coffee has a pH of 5. Is it acidic, basic, or neutral?
a. Neutral
b. Basic
c. Acidic
3. Ocean water has a pH of 8. Is it acidic, basic, or neutral?
a. Neutral
b. Acidic
c. Basic
4. Milk of magnesia has a pOH of 3.5. Is it acidic, basic, or neutral?
a. Basic
b. Acidic
c. Neutral

5. Orange juice has a pOH of 9.8. Is it acidic, basic, or neutral?

a. Neutral

15
 b. Basic
c. Acidic
6. In which range of values would the pH of a basic solution be found?
a. >5 e. <10
b. >10
c. >7
d. <7
7. Is a solution of pH 6.9 acidic, basic, or neutral?
a. Acidic
b. Basic
c. Neutral

8. In which range of values would the pH of an acidic solution be found?

a. <7
b. >5
c. <5
d. >7
e. <10
9. Is a solution of pH 3.2 acidic, basic, or neutral?
a. Basic
b. Neutral

10. What is the pH of a neutral solution at room temperature?

11. Calcium carbonate will produce a fizz of carbon dioxide when added to lemon juice.
Based on this observation, what can be said about the pH of lemon juice?
a. <10
b. >5
c. >7

16
 d. <7
e. <5

12. Which of the following pH values would a solution of lemon juice most likely have?
a. 2.5
b. 7.5
c. 0.0
d. 10.0
e. 5.0
13. Fill in the blanks: Litmus is a mixture of dyes extracted from lichen. It can be used to
detect if solutions are acidic or basic. It is ______ in acidic solutions and
____

17
14. in basic solutions.

a. red, blue
b. colorless, pink
c. green, blue
d. pink, colorless
e. blue, red
15. Which of the following substances is likely to have the lowest pH?
a. Seawater
b. Lemon juice
c. Bleach
d. Baking soda
e. Black coffee

18
Week: Two

Lesson: One

Topic: Producing Electricity

What is electricity?

Electricity is the energy caused by the flow of electron.

If we look back at what was done last term, you will see that electricity is a form of kinetic
energy (energy due to motion). While electrons are negative particle found in all atoms or
elements. It therefore means that electrical energy results from the movement of these negatively
charged particles.

Production of Electricity

Electricity can be produced in several ways. Outlined below is a list of ways in which electricity
is produced.

1. Friction
2. Chemical Action
3. Magnetic Induction
4. Alternative Sources
 Wind (Windmills)
 Water (Hydroelectric generators)
 Solar
 Nuclear energy converted to electrical energy

Friction

In a previous lesson we did last term we looked at how friction can produce electricity. Can you
remember?

Electricity produced as a result of friction is called static electricity. Static electricity is the
buildup of an electrical charge on the surface of an object. It's called "static" because the charges
remain in one area rather than moving or "flowing" to another area.

19
 Diagrams showing the production and effects of static electricity.

Uses of Static Electricity

Static electricity has several uses in the real world. Examples of these uses are in:

1. printers and photocopiers

2. paint sprayers.
3. air filters and dust removers.

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction is the use of the movement of magnets around a coil of wire to create
an electrical current (to create electricity) through the wire. This is the opposite of using
electricity to create movement. This is usually done by rotating magnets between north and south
poles of the magnets while a coil of wire moves between the rotating magnets.

20
Diagram showing Electromagnetic Induction

Uses of Electromagnetic Induction

This principle is used in:

1. AC generator (electric generator) works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

This device uses mechanical energy to generate electricity.

21
 2. Electrical Transformers.
Electric transformers use electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric
current. Some transformers increase voltage and others decrease voltage.
Diagram showing an Electrical Transformer

3. The magnetic flow meter is also based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

References

Physical Sciences K-8: Electricity and Electrical Energy (compadre.org)

https://www.ducksters.com/science/static_electricity.php

Electromagnetic Induction Lesson for Kids - Educational Videos for Kids | Study.com

22
Week: Two

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Electricity

Answer All Questions

1. Static electricity is
A. Charges built up on an object at rest.
B. Elcectrical charge at rest; generlly produced by friction or induction.
C. The accumulation of excess electrical charge on an object.
D. None of the above.
2. When do objects become charges?
A. When they gain electrons.
B. When they lose electons.
C. When they gain or lose electrons.
D. When electrons move onto them or off of them.
3. What is induction?
A. A charged object will exert its field on another object causing it to become charged
just by putting the object near each other.
B. A charged object will exert its field on another object.
C. Direct contact and transfer of electrons to a conducting material.
D. The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
4. Example of AC (alternating current) is __________.
A. home outlets
B. extension cords
C. batteries
D. none of the above
5. An object becomes charged when the atoms in the object gain or lose
A. protons.
B. electrons.
C. neutrons.
D. All of the above
23
6. If you rub a glass rod with a piece of silk, the rod becomes positively charged. This means
that
A. friction destroyed electrons in the rod.
B. the silk has become negatively charged.
C. protons have moved to the rod.
D. glass attracts more protons
7. Objects can become charged by
A. friction.
B. convection
C. conduction.
D. All of the above
8. When you rub a balloon on your hair, the balloon becomes charged by
A. friction.
B. induction.
C. conduction.
D. reduction.

9. Static electricity is an imbalance between

A. electrons and protons
B. protons and neutrons
C. electron and neutrons
D. protons, neutrons and electrons
10. Friction always works in the ……….. direction
A. same
B. opposite
C. perpendicular
D. downwards

24
11. A device consisting of a coil that is mechanically rotated in a stationary magnetic field is
called a ___________.
A. transformer
B. generator
C. motor
D. dipole
12. A generator is used to light a bulb. Energy for lighting the bulb actually comes from a
__________.
A. coil or wire
B. magnet in the genertor
C. mechanical input to the generator
D. plug where the generator is connected to the wall
13. Name the device that uses two coils around an iron core to change the voltage across a
circuit.
A. Voltmeter
B. Transformer
C. Motor
D. Generator
14. The primary coil of a transformer has 80 turns on it, and the secondary coil has 40 turns
on it. This is most likely a _________.
A. a step-up transformer
B. either of the above depending on the relative input and output currents.
C. a step-down transformer
D. neither step-up nor step-down transformer.
15. If a transformer increases AC voltage, it will also increase the ___________.
A. Power
B. Magnetic field strength
C. Current
D. None of the above

25
Week: Two

Lesson: Two

Topic/Activity: Electromagnetic Induction Experiment

Title: Making electricity

Aim: To make electricity using the method of electromagnetic induction.

Materials

 Thin copper wire

 Long metal nail
 12-V lantern battery
 9-V battery
 Wire cutters
 Toggle switch
 Electrical tape
 Paper clips

Diagram

26
Procedure

1. Cut a long length of wire and attached one end to the positive output of the toggle switch.
2. Twist the wire at least 50 times around the nail.
3. Once the wire has covered the nail, tape the wire to the negative terminal of the 12V
battery.
4. Cut a short piece of wire to connect the positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal of the toggle switch.
5. Turn on the switch.
6. Bring paper clips close to the nail.
7. Repeat the experiment with the 9V battery.
8. Construct a table and record your observations.

Instructions

1. Write a laboratory report. Remember that you must use reported speech since the activity
was done.
2. In your report, draw a diagram of the apparatus.
3. In the discussion answer the following questions.

Questions

 On the diagram of the apparatus drawn, use arrows to show how the electrons are flowing
in the circuit.
 What happens to the nail as the current flows through the circuit?
 How were you able to detect the phenomena above?
 Which electromagnet would have the greatest magnetic induction, the 9V or 12V battery.
State 2 reasons for your answer.

27
Week: Two

Lesson: Three

Topic: Making Electricity – Chemical Action

In the previous lesson we learned that electricity can be made by friction and magnetic induction.
In this lesson we will look at making electricity using chemical reaction.

The chemical action between chemicals causes particles to move and produce a type of
electricity called current electricity or an electric current.

Simple Voltaic Cell

1. A voltaic cell is a device which converts chemical energy to electrical energy.

2. The chemical reactions that take place inside the cell cause the flow of electrons and
hence, electricity is produced.
3. A simple voltaic cell is made by placing two different metals in contact with
an electrolyte. The metals act as the electrodes for the voltaic cell. The electrodes are
connected to a voltmeter, a galvanometer or an electric bulb using connecting wires.
4. The production of electricity in the cell will cause the bulb to light up, and make the
needle of voltmeter or galvanometer to deflect.
5. A voltaic cell is also called a galvanic cell.

28
The electricity produced in a voltaic or galvanic cell can be stored in a dry cell or battery.

Internal Structure of a Dry Cell

References

Batteries | Chemistry, Class 12, Electro Chemistry (classnotes.org.in)

Batteries (gsu.edu)

29
Week: Two

Lesson: Three

Worksheet: Experiment – Voltaic Cell

Title: Making Electricity

Aim: To show the production of electricity from chemical reactions in a simple voltaic cell.
Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Collect the materials and setup the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. The two pieces of metals are connected using connecting wires as shown in the diagram.
3. Repeat the experiment by replacing the nail with aluminum foil and a clean piece of
copper plate.
4. Then again with both electrodes being copper.
5. Record all observations in the table below. Also record the changes that occur at the
electrodes.

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Observations:

Observations
Type of Metal
At electrodes Does bulb light

Iron nail / Copper

Aluminum foil/Copper

Copper / Copper

Instructions: Answer the following questions in your discussion.

1. What is an electrolyte?
2. What is the common name of sodium chloride?
3. Why did the bulb light or did not light in each case.
4. What conclusion can be drawn from conducting this experiment.

31
Week: Three

Lesson: One

Topic: Simple Circuits

A simple electrical circuit is a complete path along which electricity flows. A simple electrical
circuit consists of three main elements: a current source, wiring, and an electrical load.
Electricity flows in a continuous loop from source to load and back again.

Source - The source of electricity may be a battery, a direct current (DC) power supply, or
alternating current (AC) from the power grid. In a simple circuit, the source has two connections,
a current source and a return path.

Wiring - Wiring conducts electricity from the source to the load and back again. Wiring is made
of copper or aluminum, and is usually insulated to prevent shocks and short-circuits.

Load - An electrical load consumes electrical energy and does something useful. A load can be a
motor, a light bulb, a television or a toaster, for example. The load might not use all the energy
the source can provide, but it cannot use more energy than the source provides.

Simple Electrical Circuit

32
Remember that electricity will only travel around a circuit that is complete. That means it has
no gaps.

Incomplete circuit
Complete circuit

Circuit Symbols

Symbols are used when drawing circuits instead of drawing pictures. Below are some symbols
used when drawing circuits. Can you name at least five more symbols used when constructing
circuits?

33
A Simple Circuit Diagram using Symbols

Switches - When a switch is open (off), there is a gap in the circuit. Electricity cannot travel
around the circuit. When a switch is closed (on), it makes the circuit complete. Electricity can
travel around the circuit.
Switch open (off) - Bulb doesn't light. Switch closed (on) - Bulb lights.

34
Changing circuits

1. Adding more batteries to a simple circuit will increase the electrical energy, which will
make a bulb brighter.

2. More bulbs
Adding more bulbs to a
simple circuit will make the
bulbs dimmer.

3. Longer wires Lengthening the wires in a simple

circuit will make

References

The Definition of a Simple Circuit | Hunker

Drawing circuits for Kids | Physics Lessons for kids | Primary Science (k8schoollessons.com)

35
Week: Three

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Simple Circuits

Answer All Questions

1. What is a terminal of a cell?

2. How many terminals are there in a cell?
3. How does electricity flow between these two terminals?
4. Imagine a circuit with a 1.5V battery and one bulb. Imagine a similar circuit with a 3V
battery and two bulbs. Which has the brightest bulbs?
A. The circuit with a 1.5V battery and one bulb.
B. The circuit with a 3V battery and two bulbs.
C. The bulbs in both circuits are of similar brightness levels.
D. None of the above.
5. What is the effect of changing the wire in a circuit from a straight thick wire to a straight
thin wire?
A. The bulbs become dimmer.
B. The bulbs become brighter.
C. The bulbs stay at the same level of brightness.
D. None of the above
6. What is the effect of changing the wire in a circuit from a straight thick wire to a
longer (coiled) thick wire?
A. The bulbs become dimmer.
B. The bulbs become brighter.
C. The bulbs stay at the same level of brightness.
D. None of the above
7. In a circuit diagram, what does a circle with a cross inside it represent?
A. A light bulb
B. A motor
C. A battery
D. None of the above

36
8. How is a battery represented in a circuit diagram?
A. A circle with a cross inside it.
B. A circle with an M inside it.
C. A long line and a short line
D. None of the above
9. Ruby has connected two bulbs across two batteries in a simple circuit. How can she make
the bulbs dimmer?
A. Replace one of the batteries with a section of wire.
B. Replace one of the batteries with a cork.
C. Replace one of the bulbs with a section of wire
D. None of the above
10. Ruby makes a complete simple circuit with one bulb and three batteries. The bulb lights
for an instant and then goes out. Why?
A. Not enough electricity flows around the circuit.
B. Too much electricity flows through the bulb's filament.
C. The batteries are flat.
D. None of the above.

37
Complete the table below.

38
Week: Three

Lesson: Two

Topic: Electrical Conductors and Insulators

In order for electricity to flow around a circuit it must be connected to special materials. Some
materials allow electric current to flow more freely than others. These materials are called
conductors. Other materials are resistant to the flow of electric current. These materials are
called insulators. Conductors and insulators are both important in the field of electronics.
Electrical Conductors

These materials allow electric current to flow easily because of the make-up of their atoms. In a
conductor, the outer electrons of the atom are loosely bound and can freely move through the
material when an electric charge is applied. The best conductive materials are metals. Metals
tend to have electrons in the outer layer of their atoms that are freely shared. The most
conductive of all the elements is silver. Unfortunately, silver is too rare and expensive to use in
most electrical equipment. Today, the most commonly used electrical conductor is copper.
Copper is used in electrical wiring and electrical circuits throughout the world.

Examples of Electrical Conductors

Metal is used in plugs to allow electricity to transfer from the wall socket, through the plug,
and into a device such as a radio or TV.
In a light bulb, the metal filament conducts electricity and causes the light bulb to light up.

39
Electrical Insulators

The opposite of a conductor is an insulator. An insulator opposes the flow of electricity.

Insulators are important to keep us safe from electricity. The wire that carries electricity to your
computer or television is covered with a rubber-like insulator that protects you from getting
electrocuted. Good insulators include glass, the air, and paper.

Example of Insulator

Semiconductors - Some materials behave in between a conductor and an insulator. These

materials are called semiconductors. Examples of semiconductors include gallium arsenide,
germanium, and silicon are some of the most commonly used semiconductors. Silicon is used
in electronic circuit fabrication and gallium arsenide is used in solar cells, laser diodes.

References

https://www.ducksters.com/science/physics/electrical_conductors_and_insulators.php.

The Definition of a Simple Circuit | Hunker

Drawing circuits for Kids | Physics Lessons for kids | Primary Science (k8schoollessons.com)
Semiconductors - Types, Examples, Properties, Application, Uses (byjus.com)

40
Week: Three

Lesson: Two

Topic: Electrical Conductors and Insulators

1. A material that allows electricity to pass through it is called ___________.

A. An electrical insulator.
B. An electrical appliance.
C. An electrical inductor.
D. An electrical conductor.
2. Which of the following material is not an electrical conductor?
A. Phosphorous
B. Copper
C. Gold
D. Carbon
3. Which of the following is an electrical insulator?
A. Rubber
B. Aluminum
C. Lead
D. Brass
4. Why is electrical wiring usually made from copper?
A. Because copper is shiny.
B. Because copper conducts electricity.
C. Because copper is not magnetic.
D. Because copper is shiny and magnetic.
5. Why is electrical wiring usually covered with a layer of plastic?
A. To make it look pretty.
B. To help electricity flow along the wire.
C. To make it safe
D. To make it safe and pretty.

41
Complete the table below by predicting wheather the following materials can be classified as
conductors or insulators.

Object Prediction Give a reason for your

answer

42
Week: Three

Lesson: Three

Topic: Experiment- Conductors and Insulators

Aim: To determine the conductivity of materials in and around the home.

Procedure:

1. Create a simple closed circuit by connecting two wires to the battery and light bulb. See
diagram for example.

If not using a bulb holder or battery holder, you can connect the wires by clipping the
alligator clip of one wire to the positive post of the battery and the other end to the metal
contact (bottom tip) of the bulb. Attach the alligator clip of a second wire to the bottom or
negative side of the battery by using masking tape or simply holding the clip in
place. (USE CAUTION if holding clip. Heat can be generated.) Attach the other end of the
wire to the metal threaded cap of the bulb. If your circuit is correctly closed and a
complete path is created, the bulb will light.

43
 2. Next you will test your items to see if they are conductors or insulators. Gather at least
10-14 household items to test. Include items made of different materials such as metal,
plastic, and wood.
3. Incorporate one item at a time into your circuit to test if it is a conductor or
insulator. Start by disconnecting one alligator clip from the bulb and attaching the clip to
the test item. Connect another wire to the test item and then back to the bulb. If the bulb
lights, the test item is a conductor. If the bulb does not light, the test item is an insulator.
4. The following chart is an example of a chart that could be used to record your
observations and data.

Household Item Conductor Insulator

1. Paperclip X

2. Wooden spoon X

3. Penny

4. Rubber spatula

Instructions: Write a laboratory report discussing the observation/results of the experiment.

44
Week: Four

Lesson: One

Topic: Types of Circuit

There are three types of circuit – series, parallel and series-parallel.

The components in a circuit are joined by wires. if there are no branches then it's a series circuit
if there are branches it's a parallel circuit
Series Circuit

In a television series, you get several episodes, one after the other. A series circuit is similar. You
get several components one after the other. If you follow the circuit diagram from one side of the
cell to the other, you should pass through all the different components, one after the other,
without any branches.

If you put more lamps into a series circuit, the lamps will be dimmer than before.
In a series circuit, if a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected, the circuit is broken and all the
components stop working.

Series circuits are useful if you want a warning that one

of the components in the circuit has failed. They also
use less wiring than parallel circuits.

45
Parallel circuits
In parallel circuits different components are
connected on different branches of the wire. If
you follow the circuit diagram from one side of
the cell to the other, you can only pass through all
the different components if you follow all the
branches.

In a parallel circuit, if a lamp breaks or a

component is disconnected from one parallel wire,
the components on different branches keep
working. And, unlike a series circuit, the lamps
stay bright if you add more lamps in parallel.

Parallel circuits are useful if you want everything to work, even if one component has failed.
This is why our homes are wired in parallel.

Series – Parallel Circuits

Not all circuits are simple series or parallel arrangements. Many are combinations of parallel
resistors connected in series with other resistors or combined with other parallel groups. These
can be described as a series-parallel circuit.

The circuit shown at the right is an example of the use of

both series and parallel connections within the same
circuit. In this case, light bulbs A and B are connected by
parallel connections and light bulbs C and D are connected
by series connections. This is an example of
a combination (series-parallel) circuit.

46
Week: Four

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Types of Circuit

Complete the table below by indicating whether the bulbs will light or not based on the circuit.

47
State Wheather the following circuits are series or paralell.

48
Explain why the bulbs do not light in each case.
1. Explain why the light bulbs won't light in the circuit
pictured on the right.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2. Explain why the light bulb isn't lighting up in the circuit

pictured on the right.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3. Explain why the light bulb isn't lighting up in the circuit

pictured on the right.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Super Teacher Worksheets -www.superteacherworksheets.co

m

49
Week: Four

Lesson: Two

Topic: Experiment – Types of Circuits

Experiment 1: Series Circuits

Aim: To construct a series circuit and examine the effect of serial connection on the distribution
of electricity.
Materials and Equipment:

Materials you need for this project include:

2 Batteries (1.5-volt or 6-volt)

2 Wood boards (One for parallel and one for series circuit)

10 lamps/ Light Bulbs (1.5-volt or 6-volt, depending on your battery)

10 miniature bases or lamp supports

Copper Wire

2 Switches or Knife switches (optional: If you use a switch, you must install it between the
battery and your circuit.)

Wires with alligator clips

Procedure:
1. Mount 5 miniature bases and a battery on a wooden board.
2. Connect all miniature bases together in a chain using copper wires.
3. Connect a copper wire from the positive (+) pole of the battery to the open connection of
the miniature base in one end of the chain.

50
 4. Label other connections from A to E as shown in the diagram.
5. Connect another copper wire to the negative end of the battery. The other end of this
wire will remain open.
6. Mount or screw one lamp in each screw base.
7. Use the open wire and touch the connection screws in positions A, B, C, D and E.
Observe how does the amount of light change when you increase the number of lamps in
the circuit.
8. Record your observations in a suitable table.
9. Permanently connect the open wire to the last connection screw labeled E. (If you are
getting no light, switch to connection D or C until you see some light).
10. Unscrew one of the lamps in circuit. How does this affect other lamps in the series
circuit?

Experiment 2: Parallel Circuits

Aim: To construct a parallel circuit and examine the effect of parallel connection on the
distribution of electricity.
Procedure:

1. Mount 5 miniature bases and a battery on a wooden board.

2. Connect one contact screw of each miniature base to a copper wire that is connected to
the positive pole of the battery.
3. Connect the remaining contact screw of each miniature base to a copper wire that is
connected to the negative pole of the battery.
4. Mount or screw one lamp in each of the miniature bases.
5. As you add the lamps, compare the amount of light on each lamp. Do you see any
noticeable change?

51
6. Unscrew one of the lamps in circuit. How does this affect other lights in the parallel
circuit?
7. Record the observations in a table

Instruction

Write two laboratory reports and explain your observations for each experiment. Submit your
reports along with both circuits to your class teacher.

References

Bulbs in Series and Parallel – Science Projects

Circuit Workbench: Physics & Electricity Science Activity | Exploratorium Teacher Institute
Project

The Simple Circuit (nissantechnicianinfo.mobi)

52
Week: Four

Lesson: Three

Topic: Safety Devices

Circuit Protection Devices

Circuit protection devices are used to protect wires and connectors from being damaged by
excess current flow caused by either an over current (high voltage) or short-circuit. Excess
current causes excess heat, which can cause damage. Fuses and circuit breakers are used as
circuit protection devices. Circuit protection devices are available in a variety of types, shapes,
and specific current ratings.

Example of a safety device in a circuit.

Fuses

A fuse is the most common type of overcurrent protection device. A fuse is placed in an
electrical circuit and receives the same electric supply as the protected circuit. A short or ground
condition allows current to flow to ground before it reaches the load. So when too much current
flow is supplied exceeding the rating of the fuse, it “blows” or “blows out”. This is because the
metal wire or fuse element in the fuse melts. This opens or interrupts the circuit and prevents
wires and connectors and electronic components of the circuit from being damaged by the over
current.

53
Remember, excessive current causes excess heat, and it’s the heat and not the current that causes
the circuit protector to open. Once a fuse “blows” it must be replaced with a new one.

Circuit Breakers

Circuit breakers are used in place of fuses for the protection of complicated power circuits such
as the power windows, sunroofs and heater circuits. Three types of circuit breakers exist: The
manual reset, the automatic resetting, and the automatically reset solid state type. Circuit
breakers are usually located in relay/fuse boxes.

CONTROL DEVICES

Control devices are used to “turn on” or “turn off” current flow in an electrical circuit. Control
devices include a variety of switches, relays, and solenoids. Electronic control devices include
capacitors, diodes, and switching transistors. Switching transistors act as an electronically-
controlled switch or relay. The advantage of a transistor is its speed in opening and closing a
circuit.

Control devices are needed to start, stop, or redirect current flow in an electrical circuit. A
control device or switch allows the electricity in a circuit to be turned ON or OFF.

Reference

The Simple Circuit (nissantechnicianinfo.mobi)

54
Week: Four

Lesson: Three

Worksheet: Safety Devices

1. What is it that causes you to be electrocuted?

A. The fast-moving electrons interfering with your body's internal electric circuits
B. High voltages hitting you
C. Your body's electricity flowing into a circuit and leaving you
D. None of the other answers are correct.
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic electrical safety rules?
A. Avoid frayed or damaged cords.
B. Don't mix electricity and water.
C. Be extra careful around high-voltage devices.
D. Don't use waterproof mp3 players.
3. Which of the following is the only protective device whose sole purpose is to protect
people?
A. Transformer
B. Circuit breaker
C. Fuse
D. Ground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI)
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding extension cords?
A. Extension cords can be used as a substitute for fixed wiring as long as the cord is
attached to the building so it is not a tripping hazard.
B. Extension cords can run through holes in walls, ceiling, and/or floors.
C. Extension cords may only be used temporarily to permit use of the appliance or tool
in its intended manner.
D. It is acceptable to splice an extension cord.

55
Indicate whether the following statements are True or False

1. When replacing a bulb on a lighting device, the power should

be turned off first.

2. If a tool you are working with does not seem to be working, you

should take it apart and check the wiring.

3. A worker has been asked to cut down some tree limbs located near some overhead power
lines. The only ladder available is a metal ladder, but it is OK to use that as long as the
ladder remains three feet from the power lines.
4. A worker needs to use an electric tool that has a three-prong plug, but the outlet has only
two prongs. In cases like this, it is acceptable to remove the third prong.

Structured Questions

1. Name 3 types (categories) of electrical emergencies.

2. State 5 things that you should do if an electrical emergency occurs.
3. The hands of your friend John is wet and he attempts to turn-on the television. What
would you say to John? State 2 reasons why you would give him this advice.
4. Name 3 primary hazards associated with electricity and its use. Explain why these are
considered primary hazards.
5. Why might Worker A be injured more than Worker B if they were both shocked by the
same amount of electrical current? Give 2 reasons for your answer.

A B
6. What are some examples of personnel protective equipment that protects from electrical
hazards?

56
Week: Five

Lesson: One

Topic: Electrical Safety – Wiring and Plugs

Electricity can be hazardous. Insulation, earthing, fuses and circuit breakers help to protect us
from electrical injury. Electrical energy is current multiplied by voltage and time.

Plugs - The cable

A mains electricity cable contains two or three inner wires. Each has a core of copper, because
copper is a good conductor of electricity. The outer layers are flexible plastic, because plastic is a
good electrical insulator. The inner wires are colour coded and have different functions:

Colour Wire Function

Brown Live Is held at a voltage of 230 V and provides the current

Blue Neutral Completes the circuit

Green and yellow stripes Earth A safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live

An earthed conductor cannot become live.

The wires

In a plug, the blue neutral wire goes to the left, the brown live wire to the right and the green and
yellow striped earth wire to the top. The fuse fits next to the live wire.

57
 The diagram shows the key features of a three-pin mains plug:

Where does each wire go?

There is an easy way to remember where to connect each wire. Take the second letters of the
words blue, brown and striped. This reminds you that when you look into a plug from above:

 blue goes left

 brown goes right

 striped goes to the top

Electrical hazards

Electricity is a useful form of energy but it can also be very dangerous. There are lots of ways in
which we can be electrocuted including:

1. touching frayed electrical cables

2. long or overheating cables
3. damaged or incorrectly wired plugs
4. allowing water or wet objects to enter plug sockets or touch frayed cables
5. pushing metal objects into plug sockets.

References

The plug - Electrical safety - GCSE Physics (Single Science) Revision - Other - BBC Bitesize

58
Week: Five

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Electrical Safety – Wiring and Plugs

59
 Electricity

circuit glass insulators conductors

electric rubber series parallel

resistor copper battery silver

Chose the best word(s) from the word box to complete each

1 The flow of electricity is an __________________________________________.

2 A path that an electric current follows is a ____________________________.

3 A ____________________________ supplies energy to move electricity through

4. __________________________ are materials that electrical current cannot pass

5 __________________________ are materials that electrical current can easily pass

6 ____________________________ and ____________________________ are

materials that are

7 ____________________________ and ____________________________ are

materials that are

8 A ____________________________ is a material that cuts down the flow of

does not stop

9 A ____________________________ circuit is a circuit in which electrical current

only one

A ____________________________ circuit is a circuit in which electrical current has more

10
than one path to follow.

Super Teacher Worksheets m

60
Week: Five

Lesson: Two

Topic: Electricity - Review

61
 6.

Using the terms below complete the sentences.

atom battery current dam Thomas Edison Michael Faraday

Benjamin Franklin magnet negative neutron shock static

switch volt wire Albert Einstein Alessandro Volta

1. Motors work because electricity in a coil makes one of these. ________________

2. All matter is made up of one of these. ___________________________
3. A “metal” string that brings electricity to your house. _________________
4. The charge an electron has spinning around a nucleus. ___________________
5. The part of a nucleus with neither a positive nor a negative charge. __________________
6. Being careless with electricity can cause this! _____________________
7. What turns electricity “on” and “off”. _________________________
8. The kind of electrical energy that stays in one place. __________________
9. A measure of the electric force that “pushes” electrons. ____________________
10. Electrical energy can be stored in a ____________________. (also known as DC
current)
11. A big structure that holds back water. ________________________________
12. Scientist responsible for the invention and a new way of producing light.
_____________________

62
13. American scientist that used a kite to demonstrate static electricity.
_______________________
14. Italian Physicist who invented the first battery.
15. British Scientist who discovered that if an electric conductor, like a copper wire, is
moved through a magnetic field, electric current will flow (or "be induced") in the
conductor. So the mechanical energy of the moving wire is converted into the
electric energy of the current that flows in the wire.

63
Week: Five

Lesson: Two

Topic: Electricity - Review

1. Complete the word search on conductors and insulators.

V F N O I S I V E L E T E K R T E S O Y I J A T
E E K R A Y M G G F L V Q E R P R V E O V U S E
K Q G E G G V F E T E R R V L E C A U R Q C X E
X T X A B N X Y N L C S S O O E S I N I I F A L
C Z S D T J P D E O T L X J T L C I T S D E X P
C M D W R L K R R V R R A Z I A T T S S F N S N
Q I F A A X O A A H O O O R E I L M R T A E P E
T I R Y N N G V T D N T M P T Z L U E I A L R L
Q X I T U G V W O Z S A N M K U M L S T C N P M
S W I T C H E R R N L I J R S N E U E N E T C N
A W T A M E E R C H V D E O S Y M N E V I R Y E
J X V S M K L V O I Z A V A Y F P A R A L L E L
C N B X O P L E G U X R I Z Y S L O B M Y S O G
H O L O Z M S B B U S N T O H G B Y H Y N N H V
G I C R O T C U D N O C I C J I R M R M B X E N
B T F E V I T A G E N T S V B P R E A A G Z L V
T C E T O R P N S S A F O V W U T G N I H W B D
E E Z K J R S D E E W H P M E T L D P E N E A M
V N A C Q G V T H R R M O S A C U B O A V S C J
Z N M O N D X O V A R I T B C P P G N I W O L F
X O W H M K A Y I D Z U W Q E Z W O Z J R C L U
B C I S N B W E A P T F C E L G A E W T W H Z M
G Q U J F Y G T I U C R I C L U O N L E I P V U
Z C F U S E O O H V D Z E K S E C P C Y R R P Z

Amps Battery Bulb Cable Cells Circuit Conductor Connection

Cooker Current Dangerous Electric Electricty Electrons Ener
gy Flowing Fuse Generator Heat Insulator Mains Negative
Neutral Parallel Plastic Positive Power Protect Radiator Resi
stance Series Shock Switch Symbols Television Transfer Volt
Voltage Voltmeter Wires

64
 2. Complete the crossword puzzle on electricity.

1
2 3

4
5

6 7 8 9

10 11
12 13 14

15 16

17

18 19 20 21

22

Across Down
5. An electric circuit with only one path through 1. An electric current in which the flow of electric
which charge can flow charge periodically reverses direction
7. Voltage unit 2. Representation of elements using abstract symbols
12. The opposition to the flow of electric charges in instead of realistic objects
a material 3. SI unit:A and for short, "amp"
13. One turns lights on and off with this 4. A unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt of
14. ____=work/time power sustained for one hour
15. A form of energy resulting from existence of 6. Without this, a circuit would not work
charged particles 8. Conducts heat well
16. Series or Parallel 9. Positive or negative
17. Does not conduct heat well 10. V=IR
18. ___ Law states a relationship between voltage, 11. ___=IR
current, and resistance 20. Electricity flows between these
19. An electric current in which the flow of electric 21. Unit of electric charge
charge stays flowing in the same direction
22. An electric circuit with two or more paths
through which charges can flow

65
3. Determine if the bulb is glowing or not by writing ‘on’ or ‘off’ next to the bulb.

66
4. Below are some circuit diagrams. Determine the missing voltages for each type of
circuit.

67
 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

INTEGRATED SCIENCE

TERM 3

GRADE 8

Week: Six

Lesson: One

Topic: Formation and Composition of Soil

What is Soil?

Soil is a mixture that contains minerals, organic matter, and living organisms. Soils performs
many important functions such as:

1. Providing a growth medium for the plants

2. Acts a modifier of the earth’s atmosphere
3. One of the most crucial components of the biosphere
4. Provides habitat for organisms

Formation of Soil

Soil is formed by weathering of rocks. Weathering is a natural process which slowly breaks apart
or changes rock. Solid rocks can weather away in one of the three ways to form soil.

Types of Weathering

1. Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
3. Biological Weathering

Mechanical Weathering

1
This is commonly observed near the surface of the earth. Also called physical weathering, as this
process is influenced by physical forces such as wind, water and temperature.

Chemical Weathering

As the name suggests, chemical weathering occurs when rocks are broken down by chemical
reactions. Often, such types of weathering can change the chemical composition of the soil.

Biological Weathering

Though not an actual weathering process, living

organisms weaken and subsequently disintegrate
rocks, often by initiating mechanical or chemical
weathering. For instance, tree roots can grow into
cracks in the rock, prying them apart and causing mechanical fractures. Microorganisms can
secrete chemicals that can increase the rock’s susceptibility to weathering.

Composition of Soil

The soil is composed of different components: 5% organic matter, 45% minerals, 20-30%
different gases and 20-30% water. Therefore, the soil is known as a heterogeneous body.

Organic Matter

Organic substances are found in very small amounts in the soil. Plants and animals are the main
sources of organic matter. Depending on the stage of decomposition, organic matter can be
classified into three types.

 Completely decomposed organic matter

 Partially decomposed organic matter

 Undecomposed organic matter

2
Minerals

Minerals are an important element of the soil. These are solid components that are atoms. These
occur naturally and have a fixed chemical composition. Olivine and feldspar are the main
minerals present in the soil.

Gaseous Components

The air-filled pores of the soil contain the gaseous components. Nitrogen and oxygen present in
the pores is generally the atmospheric air fixed by the microorganisms. However, the
composition of carbon dioxide is higher due to the gas produced by microorganisms present in
the soil.

Water

The soil dissolves minerals and nutrients in water trapped by soil and transports these substances
to different parts of the plant. These are essential for the growth and development of plants.

Importance of Soil

Soil is an important element essential for the survival of living organisms. Lets look at the
importance of soil.

1. The fertile soil helps in the growth and development of the plants. The plants thus
produced are healthy and provide food, clothing, furniture, and medicines.
2. It supports many life forms including bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. These microbes, in turn,
maintain environmental balance by retaining the moisture and decaying the dead
organisms.
3. The topsoil supports certain life activities such as reproduction, hatching, nesting,
breeding, etc. of a few organisms.
4. The organic matter present in the soil increases the fertility of the soil which is
responsible for the growth of the plants. It also contains certain minerals and elements
that are necessary for the plants to carry out their cellular activities.
5. Soil is used for making cups, utensils, tiles, etc. The contents in the soil such as gravel,
clay and sand are used in the construction of homes, roads, buildings, etc.

3
 6. Useful mineral medicines such as calcium, iron, and other substances such as petroleum
jelly for cosmetics are extracted from the soil.
7. The soil absorbs the rainwater. This water is evaporated and released into the air during
sunny days, making the atmosphere cooler.

References

What Is Soil? - Composition & Importance Of Soil (byjus.com)

weathering - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help

4
Week: Six

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Formation and Composition of Soil

Aim: To determine the composition of soil

Materials

 Two glass jars with lids (e.g. empty jam jars)

 Spade or trowel
 Collection bags or boxes for soil samples
 Two soil samples from different sites
 Water

Diagram

5
Procedure

1. Collect samples of soil from two different locations and mix them together.
2. Take a clean, straight-sided jam jar (plastic cup, bottle etc.) and fill it about a third of the
way up with the soil you are experimenting with. Also have ready another jar of clean
water and a stirring stick.
3. Now add the clear water until the jar of soil is almost full.

4. Now use a stirring stick to stir up the mixture really thoroughly.

5. Now leave the jar for one hour so the contents settle out and the water can start to clear.
6. Record your observations.
7. Write a laboratory report and submit it to your teacher. In the discussion answer the
following questions.

Questions

1. Draw a labeled diagram to show the composition of soil in your lab sample.
2. Why do you think that the first layer was first?
3. What is the composed of this layer?
4. Using a ruler, measure the depth of each layer and calculate its percentage.
Depth (length) of soil sample X 100%
Total depth (length) of Soil used
5. Compare your percentages with what was given in class.

6
Week: Six

Lesson: Two

Topic: Soil Profile

What is a Soil Profile?

The soil is the topmost layer of the earth’s crust mainly composed of organic minerals and rock
particles that support life. A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil, made of layers
running parallel to the surface. These layers are known as soil horizons.

Soil Horizons

Soil is made up of many layers. These layers are often called horizons. Depending on the type of
soil there may be several layers. There are three main horizons (called A, B, and C) which are
present in all soil.

1. Organic - The organic layer (also called the humus layer) is a thick layer of plant remains
such as leaves and twigs.

7
 2. Topsoil - Topsoil is considered the "A" horizon. It is a fairly thin layer (5 to 10 inches
thick) composed of organic matter and minerals. This layer is the primary layer where
plants and organisms live.
3. Subsoil - Subsoil is considered the "B" horizon. This layer is made primarily of clay,
iron, and organic matter which accumulated through a process called illuviation.
4. Parent material - The parent material layer is considered the "C" horizon. This layer is
called the parent material because the upper layers developed from this layer. It is made
up mostly of large rocks.
5. Bedrock - The bottom layer is several feet below the surface. The bedrock is made up of
a large solid mass of rock.

References

https://www.ducksters.com/science/earth_science/soil_science.php

Soil-Net.com - The jam jar soil experiment (soil-net.com)

8
Week: Six

Lesson: Two

Worksheet: Soil Profile

1. Which soil layer contains the most humas? ______________________

2. How far into the soil do plant roots extend? _____________________
3. Where in the soil profile are worms and insects breaking sown organic matter into soil?
_____________________
4. The name of the process by which water carrier materials from the upper horizons down to
the lower levels __________________.
5. In the soil profile is solid rocks are weathered at the _____________.
6. What factors in an area help determine the type of soil, the thinckness of the layers and
their composition? _____________________
7. How is soil created from rock?

A. physical weathering without chemical weathering

B. chemical weathering without physical weathering

C. erosion without weathering

D. weathering without erosion

8. Which of the following is found in the greatest % in soil?

A. Mineral matter B. Organic matter C. Water D. Air

9. Which layer of a soil profile forms first from the bedrock?
A. A horizon B. B horizon C. C horizon D. humus
10. Approximately how many years does one centimeter of topsoil take
to form?
A. 100 – 400 years C. 1000 – 4000 years
B. 10 – 40 years D. 10,000 – 40,000 years

9
Complete the word search below.

E P T X J W G O C D K O V E C D C
T E X T U R E S I C B Z Z A Y X S
H E G A R D E N G S B T P R U Y X
U J H J R I W M I K O X K T G O N
H T R J D I R T G E A R T H G D S
F Q S I L T O S E Z O R D W M T S
F E R T I L I Z E X N K Y O M S O
Z U G I Z G Q G P O I X T R D V I
C O M P O S T I A I T H O M E E L
I N A T U R E L R B C S T Q A K C
B N H E K C K O T Q M L K X C W L
G H U F S P J A I P P G A N E A A
I V M N A D Q M C X L W Q V O T Y
J T U Q N F T W L J A O E E J E G
R L S P D W N T E J N A Z D W R U
Q M G D M N N R Q A T H M I S Y W
R Z C Z J G D B R K Q C H G Z O W

water garden humus particle texture sand

dirt dig plant earth nature fertilize loam
silt clay earthworm compost soil

10
Week: Six

Lesson: Three

Topic: Soil Organisms

The organisms that live in the soil are called soil organism. Soil organisms can be classified as
micro-organisms or macro-organisms.

Micro-organisms are small living things that can only be seen under a high powered microscope.
These organisms include bacteria and fungi and they are numerous in soils (60-80%). Macro
organisms are larger and include worms, beetles and other large organisms.

Soil animals are consumers and decomposers because they feed on organic matter and
decomposition occurs in their digestive tract. Some animals feed on roots, and others feed on
each other. There are several types of worms. Earthworms are the easiest to identify. They eat
plant material and organic matter and excrete worm castings in the soil as food for other
organisms. They also leave channels that they burrow in, which increases infiltration.

Examples of soil organisms include:

11
Importance of Soil Organisms

Soil organisms are important because they:

1. decompose plant and animal remains (residues).

2. release nutrients in forms available to plants.
3. make new organic compounds.
4. humus formation helps to increase soil nutrients, soil structure and the water holding
ability of the soil.

References

Biology Life in Soil | Soils 4 Teachers

Lect. 2 (economic significance of microorganisms) (slideshare.net)

12
Week: Six

Lesson: Three

Worksheet: Soil

Complete the crossword puzzle below using the clues given.

6 7

8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

13
Across Down
1. planting along the natural contours of the land to 2. Occurs when chemical reactions dissolve the
reduce soil erosion minerals in rocks or change them into different
3. chemical weathering process that occurs when minerals
some minerals are exposed to oxygen and water over 4. mechanical or chemical surface processes that
time break rock into smaller and smaller pieces
5. farming method used to reduce erosion on steep 6. method for reducing soil erosion; plant stalks are
slopes left in the field after harvesting and the next year’s
8. each layer in a soil profile horizon A (top layer of crop is planted within the stalks without plowing
soil), horizon B (middle layer) and horizon C 7. mixture of weathered rock and mineral fragments,
(bottom layer) decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water,
11. physical processes that break rock apart without and air that can take thousands of years to develop.
changing its chemical makeup; can be caused by ice 9. twigs, leaves, and other organic matter that help
wedging, animals, and plant roots prevent erosion and hold water and may eventually
12. vertical section of soil layers, each of which is a be changed into humus by decomposing organisms
horizon 10. average weather pattern in an area over a long
13. removal of minerals that have been dissolved in period of time; can be classified by temperature,
water humidity, precipitation, and vegetation
14. mechanical weathering process that occurs when
water freezes in the cracks of rocks and expands,
causing the rock to break apart.
15. dark-colored, decayed organic matter that
supplies nutrients to plants and is found mainly in
topsoil.

14
Soil Vocabulary Crossword Puzzle

5 6

7 8

10 11

12 13

14

15

Across Down
3. Verical section of soil layers, each of which is 1. Physical processes that break rock apart
a horizon without changing its' chemical makeup; can be
6. Average weather pattern in an area over a caused by ice wedging animals and plant groups
long period of time; can be classified by 2. Method for reducing soil erosion; plant stalks
temperature, humidity, precipitation and are left in the field after harvesting and the next
vegetation year's crop is planted within the stalks without
9. Mechanical or chemical surface processes plowing
that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces

15
10. Dark colored decayed organic matter that 4. Planting along the natural contours of the
supplies nutrients to plants and is found mainly land to reduce soil erosion
in top soil 5. Mechanical weathering processes that occurs
12. Chemical weathering process that occurs when water freezes in the cracks of rocks and
when some minerals are exposed to oxygen and expands causing the rock to break apart
water over time 7. Each layer in the soil profile hoizon A (top
14. Farming method used to reduce erosion on layer of soil) horizon B (middle layer) and
steep slopes horizon C (bottom layer)
15. Occurs when chemical reactions dissolve the 8. Twigs, leaves and other organic matter that
minerals in rock or change them into different help prevent erosion and hold water and may
minerals eventually be changed into humus by
decomposing organisms
11. Mixture of weathered rock and mineral
fragments, decayed organic matter, mineral
fragments, water, and air that can take
thousands of years to develop
13. Removal of minerals that have been
dissolved in water

16
Week: Seven

Lesson: One

Topic: Types of Soil and Properties

There are many types of soil that are distributed around the world and these are generally
classified into the following:

1. Clay Soil
2. Sandy soil
3. Loamy Soil
4. Silt Soil

Sandy Soil

The first type of soil is sand. It consists of small particles of weathered rock. Sandy soils are one
of the poorest types of soil for growing plants because it has very low nutrients and poor water
holding capacity. This makes it hard for plant roots to absorb water. This type of soil is very
good for the drainage system. Sandy soil is usually formed by the breakdown or fragmentation of
rocks like granite, limestone and quartz.

Silt Soil

Silt, which is known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of
rock and other mineral particles, which are smaller than sand and larger than clay. It is the
smooth and fine quality of the soil that holds water better than sand. Silt is easily transported by
moving currents and it is mainly found near the river, lake and other water bodies. The silt soil is
more fertile compared to the other three types of soil. Therefore, it is also used in agricultural
practices to improve soil fertility.

Clay Soil

Clay is the smallest particle amongst the other two types of soil. The particles in this soil are
tightly packed together with each other with very little or no airspace. This soil has very good

17
water storage qualities and makes it hard for moisture and air to penetrate into it. It is very sticky
to the touch when wet, but smooth when dried. Clay is the densest and heaviest type of soil
which does not drain well or provide space for plant roots to flourish.

Loam Soil

Loam is the fourth type of soil. It is a combination of sand, silt and clay such that the beneficial
properties from each is included. For instance, it has the ability to retain moisture and nutrients;
hence, it is more suitable for farming. This soil is also referred to as agricultural soil as it
includes an equilibrium of all three types of soil materials being sandy, clay, and silt and it also
happens to have humus. Apart from these, it also has higher calcium and pH levels because of
its inorganic origins.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Soil Types

18
Properties of Soil

Soil is often described using several characteristics including texture, structure, density,
temperature, color, consistency, and porosity. One of the most important properties of soil is the
texture. Texture is a measure of whether the soil is more like sand, silt, or clay. The more like sand
a soil is the less water it can hold. On the other hand, the more like clay a soil is, the more water it
can hold.

Soil can be classified into three primary types based on its texture – sand, silt and clay.
However, the percentage of these can vary in any sample of soil, resulting in more compound
types of soil such as loamy sand, sandy clay, silty clay and so on.

Table showing the Properties of Soils

References

Types Of Soil - Sandy Soil, Clay Soil, Silt Soil, And Loamy Soil (byjus.com)

Different Types of Soil – Sand, Silt, Clay and Loam (madhavuniversity.edu.in)

19
Week: Seven

Lesson: One

Worksheet: Types of Soil and Properties

Select appropriate words to fill in the blanks:

Loamy Clayey Water

Rainy Particle Humus

1. Different types of soil have different types of __________.

2. Sandy soil does not retain __________ for a long time.

3. __________ soil is the best for most of the plants.

4. __________ type of soil retains more water.

Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for wrong statements:

1. Loamy soil is the mixture of sandy soil, clayey soil and humus.

2. Humus is formed due to decaying of leaves, dead animals and cow dung.

3. Sand particles float on water.

4. Clayey soil absorbs water.

5. The same crops are grown in different seasons.

20
Complete the crossword puzzle below.

1
2
3
4 5

6 7
8
9 10 11
12 13 14

15 16
17
18 19 20 21

22
23
24 25

26

27

28

Across Down
4. How much water the soil will allow through 1. Mixture of sand, silt, and clay. Best type of
6. Also know the parent material. Unweather soil for growing plants.
solid rock beneath all layers. 2. Mixture of rock, minerals, and organic matter
7. Largest particle dries quickly and texture is 3. a natural resource that can be replaced
rough and gritty. quickly enough so that we will not run out
9. Non-living particles in soil 5. slightly broken up rock. plants roots cannot
15. Depends on how many pores and the size of go through this layer. Mostly inorganic.
the pores 8. soil layers; more mature soil has more
horizons

21
18. influenced by the amount of proteins present 10. Medium sized particles, texture is smooth
in the soil and powdery when dry and slippery when wet.
19. the breakdown of rock and minerals by rain,
acid, salt, wind, and temperature into sediments 11. hydrocarbons created from the remains of
21. loose soil that is rich in organic material formerly living organisms used for energy.
needed by plants 12. the process by which the surface of the earth
22. minerals or substances that occur in nature is worn away by the action of water, glaciers,
and can be used for economic gain. winds, waves, ext.
24. the extraction of valuable minerals or 13. rich in minerals that are washed down in
geological materials from the earth. minerals that are washed down from topsoil by
25. when a mine is no longer being used, the rain
land should be restored to its former state or 14. Mostly made of decaying leaves, twigs, and
better. animal remains/waste
26. a natural resource that we need to use 16. a natural material with a high concentration
carefully because it cannot be replaced quickly of metals and valuable materials that can be
and we will run out. extracted for a profit.
27. used to identify different types of soil 17. smallest particle; smooth and hard as stone
28. What the soil is composed of air, water, when dry and sticky when wet
nutrients, and organic matter 20. Relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay
23. living particles in soil

22
Week: Seven

Lesson: One

Topic: Capillarity in Soil

Aim: To comparing capillarity in sand, clay and loam soils.

Material/Apparatus

• plastic bottle (cut to remove the bottom part and remove wrapper)

• plastic cup or bowl

• Water

• Samples of sandy, clay and loamy soils

• Cotton wool

• Stop watch

• A ruler

Method

1. Collect the three types of soil, sandy, clay and loam and ensure they are dry samples.

2. Crush the loam and clay soil samples to fine particles except the sandy soil.

3. Plug one end of each plastic bottle with cotton wool.

4. Put the samples of sand, loam and clay soils into separate bottles.

5. Stand the bottles up in the cup with the neck of the bottle pointing down in the cup.

6. Put water into the plastic cup or bowl so that it covers half way up the neck of the bottle.

7. Remove the bottles from the plastic cup after about 5 minutes and measure the height to which
the water has risen using a ruler. Do this for each bottle.

23
8. Take at least four readings every 5 minutes.

9. Record your results in the table below.

Soil Height of Water (cm) at 5 min.

intervals
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Sand

Clay

Loam

Instruction

Prepare a laboratory report for the activity conducted. In your discussion answer the following
questions:

1. Define the term capillarity in your own words.

2. In which sample did water move up the most? Give 2 reasons for your answer.
3. In which sample did water move up the least? Give 2 reasons for your answer.
4. Why did water not move up all the samples at the same speed?
5. Write a conclusion for this experiment.

24
Week: Seven

Lesson: One

Topic: Water Drainage in Soil

Aim: To comparing the drainage of water in sand, clay and loam soils.

Material/Apparatus

• 3 plastic bottle (cut to remove the bottom part and remove wrapper)

• 6 plastic cup

• Water

• Samples of sandy, clay and loamy soils

• Cloth

• A ruler

Diagram

25
Method

1. Collect the three types of soil, sandy, clay and loam and ensure they are dry samples.

2. Crush the loam and clay soil samples to fine particles except the sandy soil.

3. Tie a piece of cloth around the mouth of each plastic bottle.

4. Using a small bowl measure the soil samples and place them into separate bottles.

5. Position the bottles as shown in the diagram.

6. Fill 3 plastic cups with water (same size cups)

7. Pour the water from the cup into the soil. Be careful not to spill any of the water.

8. Once all the water from the cup is poured into the soil, record the time it takes for water
drainage to stop.

9. Measure the amount of water collected in the cups.

9. Record your results in the table below.

Soil Height of Water collected

(cm)

Sand

Clay

Loam

26
Instructions

Prepare a laboratory report for the activity conducted. In your discussion answer the following
questions:

1. Name the process by which water drains from soil.

2. In which sample was water drainage the most? Give 2 reasons for your answer.

3. In which sample was water drainage the least? Give 2 reasons for your answer.

4. Why did water not drain at the same speed for all the samples?

5. Write a conclusion for this experiment.

27
Week: Eight

Lesson: One

Topic: Soil and the Farmer

Soil is a critical part of successful agriculture and is the original source of the nutrients that we
use to grow crops. The nutrients move from the soil into plants that we eat like tomatoes.
Nutrients are also a part of the food animals (like cows) eat.

Soil Fertility

Soil fertility refers to the amount of nutrients found in the soil. Soil that have more nutrients are
called fertile soil while soil that have little nutrients are infertile soil. Plants need nutrients to
grow.

The quality of soil is known by how much crops it can successfully yield. The yield mainly
depends on how much nutrients the soil contains for the plant. The nutrients can be found
naturally in the soil or can be artificially made by humans. The natural nutrients are referred to as
manure while the artificial nutrients are known as fertilizers.

Manure

There are three types of manure:

Green manure.

Farmyard manure.

Compost manure.

1. Green Manure

When green plants that are rich in nitrogen are cut and immediately buried in the soil they decay
and form nutrients in the form of humus for plants, this is referred to as green manure.

28
2. Compost Manure

This can be made by collecting waste plant materials such as weeds and grass, animal waste and
kitchen waste. These are then made into a heap and then left to decay. This heap can be watered
and a little soil added on to it. The heap should be turned regularly for it to mix and for it to have
an adequate supply of air to allow it to decay. The decayed heap is called compost.

29
3. Farmyard Manure

Animal droppings, urine, and their bedding can be

mixed together and added into the soil.

They can also be collected, put together and left to

decay forming the farmyard manure.

Advantages of using manure

 Increases yield
 Increases soil fertility
 Restores lost nutrients
 Improves soil texture
 Increases rate of plant growth
 Cheap and easy to prepare
 Easily available
 Increase the water holding capacity of soil

Disadvantages of using manure

 Required in large quantities

 May have weeds seeds
 May spread crop diseases
 May spread pests
References

march-soils-overview.pdf
How to Improve Your Soil's Structure, Feed Your Soil and Protect Your Soil - Lyngso Garden
Materials
eLimu | Soil (e-limu.org)

30
Week: Eight

Lesson: One

Topic: Soil and the Farmer

1. A farmer planted maize during a long rainy season in well-drained soil. After the first
weeding, he observed the leaves turning yellowish, although the crops were well spaced
and there was enough rainfall. What was the maize lacking?

A. Phosphorus B. Nitrogen C. Sunshine D. Water

2. Which one of the following farm practices DOES NOT help in maintaining soil fertility?

A. Weed control B. Crop rotation

C. Manure application D. Early planting

3. Which one of the following farming activities would lower soil fertility?

A. Leaving the land under the bush

B. Ridging of land before planting
C. Ploughing land across contours
D. Burying cereal stalks in the soil during ploughing

4. A farmer noticed his crop growing slowly and the leaves showing purple coloration.
What plant nutrient was lacking in the soil?

A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Sulphur

5. Why should compost materials be turned three to four times during the preparation of
compost manure?

A. To reduce the smell of compost materials

B. To encourage uniform rotting of compost materials
C. To allow fast water penetration in the compost heap
D. To check if the compost heap is ready for use

31
Complete the crossword puzzle using the clues.

2
3
4
5
6
7 8 9

10
11 12
13

14
15

16
17

18

Across Down
4. a layer generally parallel to the soil crust, 1. the layer in a soil profile below the B horizon
whose physical characteristics differ from the and immediately above the bedrock, consisting
layers above and beneath chiefly of weathered, partially decomposed
8. the uppermost layer of soil containing humus, rock.
topsoil, and organic debris 2. the layer of a soil profile immediately below
13. the layer of unconsolidated rocky material the A horizon, containing deposits of leached
covering bedrock material
3. defined as the wearing away of topsoil

32
14. a thing, such as a row of trees or a fence, 5. occurs when the ground gets more water than
wall, or screen, that provides shelter or it can absorb and it washes away. This is bad
protection from the wind because it can contaminate water sources with
17. the action of clearing a wide area of trees undesirable algae and weeds.
18. plowing along the contours of the land in 6. process by which water-soluble salts
order to minimize soil erosion accumulate in the soil
7. Three sided figure that represents increasing
or decreasing percentages of sand, silt and clay
particles
9. the process by which fertile land becomes
desert, typically as a result of drought,
deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
10. make or form (sloping land) into a number
of level flat areas resembling a series of steps
11. the layer of loose leaves and organic debris
at the surface of soil
12. wear away or change the appearance or
texture of (something) by long exposure to the
air
15. to become saturated with water
16. a way of growing crops or pasture from year
to year without disturbing the soil through
tillage

33
Week: Eight

Lesson: Two

Topic: Soil Fertility cont’d

Soils though they are packed with nutrients. However, because of the properties of sand and clay
soil they lose their nutrients quickly and have to be improved.

Improving Sand Soil

Several things can be done to improve this type of soil.

1. Add clay particles.

These particles are smaller than sand and so they fit between the spaces to make them
smaller. This allows the soil to retain water instead of draining quickly.
2. Add compose or humus.
Humus holds onto water so that it stays in the soil. It also prevents leaching of salts.
Humus also provides the soil with minerals.
3. Add plants.
Sandy soil is easily blown away or is washed away. Plants such as seashore crabgrass can
be planted. The roots of these plants help to bind the sand particles.
4. Add artificial fertilizer.

Improving Clay Soil

1. Add sand.
The particles of sand are bigger than clay, so by mixing it into the clay it creates more air
space. This allows water to drain better.
2. Add lime. Lime is calcium oxide and it clumps the clay particles into bigger particles.
3. Add compost or humus.
This improves the texture of the soil as the clay particles stick together as larger soil. It
also absorbs water so the soil is less waterlogged. It also adds minerals to the soil for
plant growth.
4. Add artificial fertilizer.

34
Soil pH

The pH of soil tells the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Soil pH of is very important to the
survival of plants and animals living in the soil. This is because soil pH directly affects the
availability of nutrients. A farmer must therefore know the pH of the soil in order to plant crops
so that good yields acquired.

Increasing Soil pH

To make soils less acidic, the common practice is to apply a material that contains some form of
lime. The finer the limestone particles, the more rapidly it becomes effective. Different soils will
require a different amount of lime to adjust the soil pH value. The texture of the soil, organic
matter content and the plants to be grown are all factors to consider in adjusting the pH value.
For example, soils low in clay require less lime than soils high in clay.

Decreasing Soil pH

Two materials commonly used for lowering the soil pH are aluminum sulfate and sulfur.
Aluminum sulfate will change the soil pH instantly because the aluminum produces the acidity
as soon as it dissolves in the soil. Sulfur, however, takes a longer time to work into the soil.

References

Improving clay soils - Gardening - College of Agriculture and Bioresources - University of

Saskatchewan (usask.ca)

Soil Improvement Methods for the Home Garden - BC Ministry of Agriculture (gov.bc.ca)

Changing the pH of Your Soil | Home & Garden Information Center (clemson.edu)

35
Week: Eight

Lesson: Two

Topic: Soil Fertility cont’d

1. Which one of the following practices would be the most suitable for improving soil
fertility on flat farmland?

A. Application of manures B. Controlling soil erosion

C. Application of much D. Draining away excess water

A farmer has noticed that every season his maize crop develops the following problems:

(i) The maize plants become shorter than normal

(ii) The lower leaves turn yellowish

2. What should the farmer do to correct the problems in the future?

A. Plant maize early in the season

B. Plant maize using phosphate fertilizer.
C. Irrigate the maize crop every morning and evening
D. Apply a nitrogenous fertilizer to the maize early in the season.

3. An ideal soil should contain ______________

A. the same amount of sand, silt, clay and organic material.

B. mostly clay

C. mostly sand

D. a good mixture of clay and sand

36
4. Soils are made up of particles, and these particles can be spaced tightly together or far
apart. What are particles?

A. Roots and stems

B. Leaves and roots

C. Tiny pieces of rock, minerals, and nutrients

D. Water

5. Some soil types are good choices for growing plants. Why is sandy soil not the best
choice?

A. The particles in sand are packed too tightly.

B. The particles in sand are packed too loosely.

C. Water cannot drain through sand and plants rot

D. Sand has zero nutrients and minerals

6. Different soil types have unique characteristics. Clay can often be what colors?

A. Gray and red B. Black and green

C. Brown and white D. Green and gray

37
 1

8 9

10

11

Across Down
2. soild layer of rock beneath the soil 1. type of weathering where the rocks are
3. the process that breaks down rocks physically broken down into smaller pieces
chemically (eg: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, 4. the material is full of tiny connected spaces
acid rain) that allow water to seep through it
5. When water expands and freezes creating 9. loose weathered material on the Earth's
cracks in rocks. Over time water continues to surface in which plants can grow
seep into rock creating bigger cracks eventually
breaking the rock into pieces
6. soil that is made up of equal parts sand, silt
and clay
7. the process that breaks down rock and other
substances at the earth's surface
8. a dark colored substance that forms as
remains of animals or plants decay
10. how well soil supports plant growth
11. the removal of rock particles by wind, water,
ice, or gravity

38
Week: Eight

Lesson: Three

Topic: Soil Conservation

Conservation is the act of saving or protecting a resource. In this case the resource we must
protect is the soil.

Soil conservation is a "combination" of practices used to protect the soil from degradation. First
of all, soil conservation involves treating the soil as a living ecosystem, and recognizing that all
the organisms that make the soil their home, play important roles in producing a fertile healthy
soil environment. The organisms are responsible for breaking down organic matter, releasing
nutrients, and opening up spaces for the circulation of air and water. Because most organisms in
the soil depend on dead plant and animal matter for their food and energy, soil conservation
requires that organic matter be returned to the soil on a continual basis.

Soil Conservation Methods

1. Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of
land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed
pressure.

For example, say a farmer has planted a field of corn. When the corn harvest is finished,
he might plant beans, since corn consumes a lot of nitrogen and beans return nitrogen to
the soil.
2. Contour Ploughing

The farmer ploughs and plants crops around a hill along contours. As water runs down
the hill, it will be stopped by the rows of plants.

Diagrams showing Contour Ploughing

39
 3. Terracing
This is a method of farming consisting of building platforms along a slope. Often stone
walls are built at the hedges of the terraces to support their weight and to ensure them to
stay in place.

Diagrams showing Terracing

References

Crop Rotations - Rodale Institute

40
Week: Eight

Lesson: Three

Topic: Soil Conservation

Complete the crossword below using the clues.

2 3

4 5

6 7
8
9
10 11

12 13 14
15
16
17 18

19

20

21

22 23 24

25

26

Across Down
2. The type of weathering in which rock is 1. Soil conservation method in which the dead
physically broken into smaller pieces. stocks from the previous years crop are left in
5. The process that breaks down rock through the ground to hold the soil in place
chemical changes.

41
8. The solid layer of rock beneath the soil. 3. Rich, fertile soil that is made up of about
10. The loose weathered material on Earth's equal parts of clay, sand, and silt.
surface in which plants can grow. 4. Anything in the environment that humans
12. Soil organism that breaks down the remains use.
of organisms and digests them. 6. The geologic principle that the same geologic
14. The grinding away of rock by other rock processes that operate today operated in the past
particles carried in water, ice, or wind. to change Earth's surface.
17. The loose layer of dead plant leaves and 7. Characteristics of a material that is full of
stems on the surface of the soil. tiny, connected airspaces that water can seep
18. The process by which water, ice, wind, or through.
gravity moves weathered rock or soil. 9. The planting of different crops in a field each
19. A measure of how well soil supports plant year to maintain the soil's fertility.
growth. 11. The chemical and physical processes that
20. The layer of soil that differs in color and break down rock at Earth's surface.
texture from the layers above or below it. 13. A chemical change in which a substance
21. Process that splits rock when water seeps combines with oxygen, as when iron oxides
into crack, then freezes and expands. foaming rust.
22. Dark- colored organic material in soil. 15. Plowing fields along the curves of a slope to
24. The area of the Great Plains where wind prevent soil loss.
erosion caused soil loss during the 1930's. 16. A thick mass of grass roots and soil.
25. Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals 23. The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that
that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of of soil. contains mostly clay and other minerals.
26. The management of soil to protect its
destruction.

42
 1

3 4
5
6 7
8
9 10
11
12
13

14 15 16

17

18 19

20

Across Down
2. The growing of one type of crop in a given 1. _____ is the process of removing trees from a
area habitat
7. Plowing along the contours of land to prevent 3. Lowest layer of all the soil horizons
erosion 4. _______ is the process of changing crops
9. When crops do no receive the nutrition yearly to maintain nutrients in the soil
12. Revolution that recently occurred that 5. Process of which water completely fill an
brought GMOS to the market area
14. Method of farming used on the sides of 6. Fences or trees strategically placed to stop the
mountains to increase amount of crops grown flow of wind are called
16. the layer of untouched rock located above 8. Chemicals used to kill any insects trying to
the bedrock eat crops
17. Very top layer of the soil horizon

43
18. _______ happens with water forces fertilizer 10. Man made crops designed to produce more
from its original position food (controversial)
20. Tool used to determine soil texture 11. _______ is parallel to the crust and is made
up of layers
13. Caused by excessive rain or over cropping
15. Second layer from the top layer of soil
19. _________ are used to stop the growth of
fungus and bacteria in crops

44
Week: Nine

Lesson: One

Topic: Review – Soils I

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_____ 1. Natural weathering is usually a very slow process.

_____ 2. Grains of sands are weathered particles of rock.

_____ 3. Agents of mechanical weathering include wind and gravity.

_____ 4. Ice wedging occurs only in extremely cold climates.

_____ 5. Pebbles in a stream are worn smooth by abrasion.

_____ 6. Burrowing animals cause mechanical weathering.

_____ 7. Only acids can dissolve rocks.

_____ 8. Carbon dioxide makes a weak acid when it combines with oxygen in the air.

_____ 9. Water is an agent of both mechanical and chemical weathering.

_____ 10. All rocks weather at the same rate.

_____ 11. Without weathering, Earth would have no soils.

_____ 12. Most soils consist only of small rock particles and minerals.

_____ 13. The average rate of soil formation is about 1 cm/year.

_____ 14. Dry conditions produce the thickest soils.

_____ 15. The majority of soils in the U.S. are transported soils.

45
_____ 16. Most topsoil consists mainly of clay-sized rock particles.

_____ 17. The B horizon contains more organic material than the C horizon.

_____ 18. Dead leaves from deciduous trees enrich laterite soils each year.

_____ 19. Adding manure to soil reduces the amount of water the soil can hold.

_____ 20. No-till farming helps to conserve topsoil.

Multiple Choice Questions

1.
1.

2.

3.

4.
.

46
 5.

6.

7.

8.

9. How does humus affect soil?

a. It prevents soil from holding water.

b. It binds together mineral particles in soil.

c. It reduces the nitrogen content of soil.

d. It makes soil less fertile for plant growth.

10. Which size of rock particles in soil causes soil to hold the most water?

a. gravel

b. clay

c. sand

d. silt

47
11. Which soil horizon is usually darkest in color?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

12. What type of soil is usually the most fertile?

a. pedalfer

b. pedocal

c. laterite

d. subsoil

13. A soil sample is red in color and contains almost no humus or soluble minerals. Which
type of soil is it most likely to be?

a. pedalfer

b. pedocal

c. laterite

d. none of the above

14. Practices that help to conserve soil include

a. cutting down trees.

b. building terraces on steep slopes.

c. planting the same crops every year.

d. two of the above

48
Week: Nine

Lesson: Two

Topic: Review – Soils II

Use the information below to answer questions 1 and 2.

Students of grade 8 placed equal amounts of different types of soil P, Q, R and S imto four
identical tin. Each tin had a hole at the bottom. They then poured equal amounts of water into
each tin. All the water that passed through the holes was collected into identical containers as
shown in the diagram below.

1. Which one pf the following statements is correct?

A. Soil Q retained more water that soil R.

B. Soil S retained the smallest amount of water.

C. Soil Q retained the smallest amount of water.

D. Soil P retained less water than soil Q.

2. From the experiment above, soil R is likely to be

A. Sand C. Loam

B. Clay D. Mixture of sand and loam

49
The table below contains some information about three types of soils X, Y and Z collected by a
group of pupils.

Soil type Particle size Feel when wet Colour

X Small Smooth and sticky Greyish-black

Y Large Rough and not sticky Light brown

Z Medium Smooth and not sticky Dark brown

3. The three types of soil are most likely to be

X Y Z

A. Clay Loam Sandy

B. Loam Sandy Clay

C. Loam Clay Sandy

D. Clay Sandy Loam

4. Which one of the following statements about air in soils is CORRECT?

A. Loam soil contains more air between its particles than sandy soil
B. Clay soil has the highest amount of air between its particles
C. Sandy soil has the highest amount of air between its particles
D. Loam soil contains less air between its particles than clay soil

50
5. Pupils investigating how fast water passes through different types of soils, set up an
experiment as shown below.

6.Which of the following is LEAST important for this experiment?

A. Using the same amount of each soil

B. Using the same size of funnel in each case
C. Pouring the same amount of water to each funnel
D. Using the same size of jars in each case

7. An experiment was set up as shown in the

diagrams. The experiment was to investigate

A. Water retention by different types of soil

B. Capillarity in different types of soil
C. Amount of air in different types of soil
D. Amount of humus in different types of soil

51
The set-ups in the diagram below were used to investigate how water moves up in different types
of soil.

8. Which one of the following need NOT be the same in both set-ups?

A. Size of containers

B. Size of glass tubes

C. Amount of cotton wool in each glass tube
D. Amount of soil in each glass tube

Grade 8A students collected different types of soils from their home areas for experiments. One
of the soil samples was found to have the following characteristics.

i) Has very fine soil particles

ii) Retains more water than all the others

iii) Makes thinner and longer ribbons than all the others

9. Which one of the following types of soil has the characteristics listed above?

A. Clay soil B. Loam soil C. Sandy soil D. Sandy loam

52
10. In which of the following types of soil does water drain FASTEST?

A. Loam B. Clay C. Sand D. Mixture of clay and loam

11. How can water retention ability of sandy soil be improved?

A. By practicing crop rotation B. By growing cover crops

C. By constructing terraces D. By applying organic manure

The set up shown in the diagrams below was used to compare the amount of air present in
different types of soil.

12. Which one of the following need NOT be the same?

A. Size of soil particles

B. Size of a glass container

C. Amount of soil in each glass container
D. Amount of water in each glass container

13. Which type of soil is MOST difficult to cultivate when wet?

A. Sandy soil B. Clay soil C. Loam soil D. Sandy loam soil

53
A group of pupils set up an experiment in which they added equal amounts of water to soil
samples I, II and III. Their results are shown in the diagrams below.

14. From the results, soil samples I, II and III are most likely to be

I II III

A. Clay Loam Sand

B. Loam Clay Sand

C. Sand Clay Loam

D. Loam Sand Clay

Roy and Patricia wanted to find out the soil sample that retains more water. They added equal
amounts of water to clay and sand. The set up was as shown in the diagram below.

54
15. What mistake did the pupils make in setting up the experiment?

A. Using collecting jars of different sizes.

B. Adding equal amounts of soil
C. Using different amounts of soil

D. Using similar funnels

16. Which one of the following types of soil is suitable for z site for constructing a fish pond?

A. Sandy soil B. Loam soil C. Sandy loam soil D. Clay soil

The set up shown in the diagrams below was used to compare the amount of air present in
different types of soil.

17. Which one of the following need NOT be the same?

A. Size of soil particles

B. Size of a glass container

C. Amount of soil in each glass container
D. Amount of water in each glass container

18. Which type of soil MOST difficult to cultivate when wet?

A. Sandy soil B. Clay soil C. Loam soil D. Sandy loam soil

55
19. Equals amounts of clay, loam, and sand were mixed. The mixture was placed in a transparent
bottle, then water was added. The contents were shaken and allowed to settle. The MOST
LIKELY arrangement of the layers of soil sample would be

20. Which one of the following types of soil has the highest percentage of large soil particles?

A. Clay soil B. Loamy soil C. Sandy soil D. Sandy loam soil

56
Week: Nine

Lesson: Two

Topic: General Review

Questions and Answers

1. Electric current in a/an ____________________ circuit travels in more than one path.

A. Series B. Wire C. Parallel D. Connected

2. A drawing that uses symbols to show how the parts of an electric circuit are connected is
a/an _____________________________.

A. Nichrome wire B. Electric diagram C. Parallel circuit D. Circuit diagram

3. Electric current in a/an _____________________ circuit travels in ONE path.

A. Series B. Parallel C. Electric D. Wire

4. A material through which electric current CANNOT pass easily is a/an

____________________.

A. Tester B. Insulator C. Receptor D. Conductor

5. A material through which electric current CAN pass easily in a/an

______________________.

A. Tester B. Insulator C. Receptor D. Conductor

6. A fine wire that becomes hot and produces light when an electric current passes through
it is called a _________________.

A. Filament B. Nichrome wire C. Circuit D. Wire

7. In order for a circuit to work, the path must be __________________.

A. Series B. Paralled C. Open D. Closed

8. A/An _____________________ is used to turn the electricity in a current on or off.

A. Battery B. Switch C. Conductor D. Insulator

9. The flow of electric charge through something is a/an __________________________.

A. Electric current B. Circuit tester C. Battery D. Wire

57
10. A metal strand used to connect electrical devices in a circuit is a/an
________________________.

A. Battery B. Switch C. Filament D. Wire

11. A power source than can produce an electric current as a result of a chemical change in it
is a/an ______________________.

A. Circuit B. Wire C. Battery D. Filament

12. Which of the following is a good conductor?

A. Plastic B. Glass C. Iron D. Wood

13. Which of the following not a conductor of electricity?

A. Iron B. Copper C. Plastic D. Graphite

14. A circuit must have which of the following?

A. Energy source, battery, load

B. Energy source, wire, load

C. Energy source, wire, switch

D. Battery, wire, switch

15. What is resistance?

A. Opposition to current

B. Energy from battery

C. An increase in current

D. An increase in voltage

16. Which device is used to measure current?

A. Ammeter B. Voltmeter C. Resistor D. Circuit beaker

17. Which device is used to measure voltage?

A. Ammeter B. Voltmeter C. Resistor D. Circuit beaker

58
18. What is the function of a fuse?

A. Another name for a switch

B. A protective device to slow down the current

C. A wire with high resistance to prevent current from passing through

D. A protective device for breaking an electric circuit.

19. Which is the correct unit for current?

A. Ohms B. Volts C. Watts D. Amperes

20. If I charged two balloons by rubbing them against my shirt, then held them close together -
What would most likely happen?
A. pop
B. repel each other
C. attract each other
D. do nothing
21. The following diagram shows a...

A. Open Circuit
B. Series Circuit
C. Parallel Circuit
D. Incomplete Circuit

22.The following diagram shows...

A. an open circuit
B. a detonator
C. a closed circuit
D. a parallel circuit

59
23. Electricity is the flow of...
A. protons B. electricity C. neutrons D. electrons

24. If you compared the bulbs of a circuit with short wires and a bulb in a circuit with long
wires, what would you expect?

A. The bulb with the longer wires would be brighter

B. The bulbs would be the same.
C. The bulb with the shorter wires would be brighter
D. Neither bulbs will light.

25. What could I do to increase the voltage in a circuit?

A. use bigger wires

B. use longer wires
C. use smaller wires

26. Which bulb will be brighter?

A. The middle bulb

B. Neither bulb will light up
C. They will both be the same brightness
D. The bulb on the right

27. Explain why are our houses (and buildings) wired with parallel circuits?
28. State 2 advantages of a parallel circuit.
29. How are magnets used in turbines to generate electricity? Explain what the magnet does.
30. I have two batteries and one bulb and a bunch of wiring and I am stuck on a desert island
at night. Draw a diagram to show how I produce light to increase my chances of being seen
by a plane flying overhead.

60
Week: Ten

Lesson: One

Topic: Review

Part 1. We use chemical formulas to represent the number and identities of atoms in molecules.
For each of the chemical formula listed below, provide the name of the compound and the names
of the individual elements present.

Compound Formula Elements

1 CH4

2 C2H5OH

3 CO2

4 CuSO4

5 H2 O

6 H2SO4

7 HCL

8 NaCl

9 NaOH

10 NH3

61
Part 2: In the table below, classify the following materials as elements, compounds or mixtures by
writing E, C or M respectively in the empty boxes.

air
1 11 milk

2 alcohol 12 nail polish

3 blood 13 nitrogen

4 cake batter 14 oxygen

5 carbon dioxide 15 salt water

6 coffee 16 sodium

soil
7 cola 17

8 eggs 18 soup

9 ice cream 19 table salt

10 iron 20 water

62
Week: Ten
Lesson: Two

Topic: Review

Part 1: In the table below, classify the following substances or mixtures as homogeneous or
heterogeneous by placing an X in the appropriate box.

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

1 alcohol

2 aluminum foil

3 beach sand

4 black liquid coffee

5 cherry vanilla ice cream

6 dirty polluted air

7 flat soda pop

8 iron

9 paint

10 pure clean air

11 salad dressing

12 soil

13 spaghetti sauce

14 sugar

63
Part 2: Often we wish to separate mixtures into their individual components (e.g., if one is more
valuable or useful on its own) We can do this by using the differences in the physical and
chemical properties of the components. For the mixtures below, describe a method that would
allow us to separate them into their components?

1. Sugar and water

2. Oil and water

3 . Sand and gravel

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4 . A mixture of water and alcohol (ethanol)

5. A mixture of salt and iron fillings

________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

64
Part 3: Provide the chemical symbols for the elements listed below.

1 bromine 11 lead

2 calcium 12 magnesium

3 carbon 13 manganese

4 chlorine 14 neon

5 copper 15 nitrogen

6 fluorine 16phosphorus

7 Gold 17 potassium

8 helium 18 silver

9 hydrogen 19 sodium

10 iron 20 sulfur
Part 4: Provide the name for the element corresponding to the chemical symbols below.

21 Al

22 Au

23 C

24 Ca

25 Cu

26 F

27 Fe

28 H

65
Week: Ten

Lesson: Three

Topic: Review

Part 1: Unscramble the words below to solve. Clue: Tests for gases and water

1. -GETSRIHL _________________________________________
2. DAMP RED LIMTSU EPARP _____________________________
3. DAMP ULBE UTSMIL PARPE ____________________________
4. YLCY/OLMDKIU ______________________________________
5. CIROLENH __________________________________________
6. IMNAMOA ___________________________________________
7. LMLSE _____________________________________________
8. EYOXNG ____________________________________________
9. YUKESAQ PPO _______________________________________
10. NRBCOA IIOXEDD ____________________________________
11. YDNHREGO __________________________________________

66
Part 2: Complete the Venn diagram by filling in the notes in the correct places.

Complete the table below

Bases Uses in the Home/Industries

Sodium Hydroxide

Potassium Hydroxide

Calcium Hydroxide

Ammonium Hydroxide

67
Part 3: Circle the correct answer to the questions below.
1. Carbon is considered an element while carbon dioxide is considered a compound. This is
because carbon dioxide is
A. a gas at room temperature
B. given off by plants
C. a mixture of two elements
D. a mixture of two compounds
2. Which statement best describes an element?
A. made from a mixture
B. thousands are found
C. can be separated
D. pure, made of only one atom
3. Water is an example of
A. element
B. compound
C. solution
D. none of the above
4. When two or more elements chemically combined, is formed
A. element
B. compound
C. mixture
D. solution
5. Compounds are different from elements because compounds are
A. a combination of two or more elements
B. made of the same type of atoms
C. not able to be broken down into parts
D. pure substances
6. The smallest particle of any particular type of matter is known by which of the following
terms?
A. element

68
 B. atoms
C. compounds
D. substance
7. The picture below represents which of the following

A. an element
B. a compound
C. solution
D. none of the above
8. Which of the following is likely to be represented by the picture above
A. H2O
B. HCL
C. CH4
D. O2
9. A molecule is defined as the smallest part of an element or compound that can exist on its
own. Which one of the following is not a molecule?
A. Sodium (Na)
B. Water (H2O)

C. Hydrogen (H2)

D. Sodium chloride (NaCl)

10. Which one of the following four statements is correct?

A. The symbol for sodium is So.
B. Water is an element made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
C. Compounds always contain different types of atoms.
D. All gases are elements.

69
Complete the crossword puzzles below.
Particle Theory of Matter

3 4
5
6
7
8
9

10 11
12
13
14
15 16

17
18

19

Across Down
2. Anything that takes up space and has mass 1. A measure of the energy contained within a
3. The ability to do work substance.
7. How fast a solute will dissolve in a solvent. 4. A mixture where particles of each component
9. A mixture where particles of each component substance are evenly dispersed.
substance are not evenly dispersed. 5. Matter consisting of only one type of particle
10. The energy that flows from a warmer 6. Is an explanation for why things work or how
substance to a cooler substance. things happen and are based on observations of
11. The transfer of heat through special waves the world around us that are then tested.

70
13. The amount of solute that will dissolve in a 8. A mixture where individual particles can be
solvent. identified
15. The transfer of heat energy through solids. 12. A substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
16. The amount of particles in a substance 14. The substance that the solute is dissolved in.
18. A homogeneous mixture composed of two 17. Matter consisting of more than one type of
or more substances. particle
19. The transfer of heat energy in liquids and
gases

71