CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM AND IT'S or variables; masters: 15-25; dissertations:

BACKGROUND 25 and above)

● INTRODUCTION ● THEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW -
● THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - review of collection of paragraphs which takes
existing theories that serves as a roadmap information from various sources to
for developing arguments; developed to describe or explain ideas or results of
explain phenomena, draw connections, and similar studies
make predictions (ex: phenomenology, ● APA format
narrative psychology, discourse analysis,
grounded theory and ethnography) CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
● CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - ● RESEARCH METHOD USED
synthetization of interrelated components ○ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
and variables METHOD - inferential statistics are
○ RESEARCH PARADIGM - utilized to determine the results of
diagrammatic representation of the study
conceptual framework ○ DESCRIPTIVE-CORRELATIONAL -
● STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM describing relationships among
○ RESEARCH PROBLEM - perplexing variables, without seeking to
situation establish a causal connection
● HYPOTHESIS - tentative conclusion; ● POPULATION AND SAMPLING FRAME -
educated guess minimum sample size of 132
○ NULL HYPOTHESIS - H0; states the ● DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
exact opposite of what the ● RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
researcher expects ● DATA GATHERING METHOD AND
○ ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS - H1; PROCEDURE
statement that suggests a potential ● STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA -
result/outcome percentage; weighted mean; correlation
● SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE coefficient
STUDY
CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
● SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY -
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
statement that explains why research was
● PRESENTATION
needed
● ANALYSIS
● DEFINITION OF TERMS
● INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
LITERATURE AND STUDY
CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
● data must be recent (2019 and up)
● FINDINGS
● data must be objective and unbiased
● CONCLUSIONS
● data must be relevant
● RECOMMENDATIONS
● must be not too few but not too many
(undergraduate research: 10-15 per theme
 person; allow participants to answer
HOW TO CREATE RESEARCH DESIGN in own words; indepth ideas with
STEP 1: consider your aims and approach smaller group (focus group)
● QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS - ● OBSERVATION METHODS:
flexible and inductive; to understand (OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES - collect data
people's beliefs, experiences, attitudes, unobtrusively, observing characteristics,
behavior, and interactions behaviors or social interactions without
● QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS - relying on self-reporting)
fixed and deductive; process of collecting ○ QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION -
and analyzing numerical data systematically counting/measuring;
categories and criteria determined in
STEP 2: choose a type of research design
advance
● EXPERIMENTAL & QUASI-
○ QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION -
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - test cause and
taking detailed notes and writing rich
effect relationships
descriptions; all relevant
● DESCRIPTIVE & CORRELATIONAL
observations can be recorded
DESIGN - measure variables and describe
relationship between them STEP 5: plan your data collection procedures
● RELIABILITY - results can be consistently
STEP 3: identify your population and sampling
reproduced
method
● VALIDITY - actual measuring of concept
● PROBABILITY SAMPLING - random
sampling; used in quantitative research; STEP 6: decide on your data analysis strategies
make strong statistical inference about ● quantitative research use form of statistical
population analysis
● NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING - non- ● qualitative research is dense with
random sampling; used in both quantitative information and ideas
and qualitative research; easier to achieve
but prone to risk of research bias

STEP 4: choose your data collection methods

● SURVEY METHODS: (SURVEY - collect
opinions, behaviors, experiences, and
characteristics by asking people directly)
○ QUESTIONNAIRE - common in
quantitative research; maybe
distributed online or in person; offer
closed questions with limited
options; consistent data from many
people
○ INTERVIEWS - common in
qualitative research; conducted in