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Carbon and Its Compounds

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2K views33 pages

Carbon and Its Compounds

Uploaded by

lamliamqxzz01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Carbon and its

Compounds
CLASS - 10th

ONE SHOT
1
Carbon and its
Compounds

2
About CARBON

Atomic number of CARBON is 6 (6p and 6e)

Also it has 6 neutrons.


Mass number = 12 (6p + 6n).

Electronic configuration is 2,4

Valency is 4 so it is Tetravalent.
Importance of carbon
● Main element present in all living organisms.
● Almost all fuel that we use are made of carbon.
● Other organic substance like carbohydrate, protein,
fats, alcohol, vinegar, glucose etc contain carbon.
● Plastics have carbon.

Uniqueness in carbon
● Carbon can form huge number of compounds.
● Number of carbon compounds are greater than all non-carbon
compounds.
● Carbon based organic chemistry is studied as a separate branch
of chemistry.
Why CARBON is Unique?

● Catenation

● Tetra-Covalency

● Polymerisation

● Isomerism
1. Tetra-Covalency
Valency of Carbon is 4 and it form compounds only by sharing electrons.

Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic


configuration is 2, 4. It requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas
electronic configuration.
But carbon cannot form an ionic bond because :

• It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation. But it would be difficult
for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.

• It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations. But it requires a large
amount of energy to remove four electrons.
2. Catenation
It is a property which is present in Carbon which leds to direct bonding
between atoms of same element to form long chains, branches or ring
structures.
3. Polymerisation
The chemical process that combines several monomers to form a
polymer or polymeric compound.

4. Isomerism
Compounds having same molecular formula, but different structures are
called isomers and this property is called isomerism.
Types of covalent bond
Allotropes of Carbon
Different forms of an element that has same chemical properties,
but different physical properties are known as allotropes.

There are three allotropes of carbon- diamond, graphite and


fullerene.
Diamond
It exists as a three-dimensional network
with strong carbon-carbon covalent
bonds. Diamond is hard in nature with high
melting points.

It shines in presence of light and it is a bad


conductor of electricity. The most common
use of diamond is in making jewellery. It is
also used in cutting and drilling tools.
Graphite
● In Graphite each Carbon atom is
bonded with other three carbon atoms
in order to form hexagonal rings.

● It serves as good conductor of heat


and electricity.

● It is used as dry lubricant for machines


parts as well as it is used in lead
pencils.
Fullerene

● Fullerence is the hollow cage which


exists in the form of sphere. It
resembles the structure of fullerene.

● But along with hexagonal rings,


sometimes pentagonal or heptagonal
rings are also present.
Types of compounds

Carbon Compound Compounds containing carbon.

Organic Compound Compounds containing carbon and


nitrogen.

HydroCarbon Compounds containing carbon and


hydrogen only.
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons : (Open Chain)
No. of Carbon Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Atoms

1 (Meth-)

2 (Eth-)

3 (Prop-)

4 (But-)

5 (Pent-)
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkane
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
IUPAC Nomenclature
Homologous series
Homologous series is a series of compounds with similar
chemical properties and same functional group differing
from the successive member by CH2
Lewis dot Structure

CH4
Lewis dot Structure
Electron dot Structure

Ethane Ethene
Chemical properties of carbon compounds

1. Combustion reaction

i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light


ii) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
iii) CH3CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
2. Oxidation reaction
Chemical properties of carbon compounds

3. Addition reaction
Chemical properties of carbon compounds

4. Substitution reaction
Ethanol

GROUP Alcohol Family


Molecular formula C2H5OH
Nature Neutral

2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O-Na+ + H2

CH3–CH2OH → CH2=CH2O-Na+ + H2O


Ethanoic Acid
GROUP Carboxylic Acid Family
Molecular formula CH3OOH
Nature Acidic
Distinguish between Soap and Detergent

Soap Detergent
● Soaps work well in soft water. ● Detergents work well both in soft
● Biodegradable. and hard water.
● They have relatively weak cleansing ● Non-biodegradable.
action. ● They have strong cleansing action.
● They are Na or potassium salts of ● They are sodium salts of long chain
long chain fatty acids. benzene sulphonic acids.

Cleansing action of Soap

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