Carbon and it’s

Compounds

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Introduction
👨💼
All the substances that surround us have Carbon compounds within them

Environment
All living and non
living components in the are carbon

based

🤔
Human body contains 18% of carbon and act as the basic building block
of the cells present in human body and
necessary for cellular
18% of Human Body has Carbon
respiration of Various parts

Carbon is basically an Element and is of Extensive importance and significance both in it Is Elemental

form and in its combined form for the survival on Earth

0.02%
🫠 of carbon is present in the Earth crust in the form of carbonates , hydrogen Carbonates
,
Coal : etc

0.03% Carbon is present in the Atmosphere ~

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Covalent bond in Carbon Toronto

The Elements having less than 8 Electrons in their Outermost shell always have a

to attain attain
tendency an octet in order to a nobel Gas configuration by
Gaining OR
losing Electron forming ionic Compounds

In Case of carbon with atomic no 6 there are four Electrons in its outermost
shell due to which carbon is termed as tetravalent

so the 2 Possibilities for carbon to attain Nobel Gas Electron Config

1) Gain 4 Electrons And form CU But it will be difficult to Hold 4 more for the nucleus
-

-
anions e-

2) Loose 4 Electrons -
And form cut cations But this will also be difficult due to the Requirement of
Large Energy to lose 4 e- from the outermost shell

e- e-

Therefore Carbon Shares its Valence Electrons present in its Outermost shell with the

Outermost Shell Electrons Of Other Elements

Due to this sharing of 4 electrons of carbon with the Electrons of other

elements • Carbon is said to form Covalent Bonds Example : -

Carbon shares these

Electrons with 112

Properties of Covalent Bonds

1 Compounds having covalent Bonds have bonds within the molecules
strong
But intermolecular forces are small
leading to low melting and boling
points of these compounds

2 Covalent compounds are poor conductors of Electricity

Bon
😵
ding in Hydrogen
😎
The atomic no of Hydrogen is 1 and has Only one Electron in its A shell

❤
This shell needs to Either Acquire or lose an Electron to attain Nobel Gas

😃
😇
Configuration of helium

Due to this Reason two Atom share the outermost

hydrogen Electrons leading to

the formation of a molecule of Hydrogen 112

The shared pain of Electrons between the

hydrogen atoms constitutes a single bond between them and

is also represented by a line between the two Atoms

Bonding in Oxygen F☐:÷hJ Padhai Ak Mazza

😎 ¥
The Atomic no of oxygen is 8 and has six electrons in it 's Last Shell

This Shell needs to either Aguirre or lose Electrons two electrons to attain
😃
😇noble gas configuration of Neon

So Each atom of
oxygen shares two Electrons with other atoms of Oxygen to

attain the nearest nobel Gas config .

. . .

The shared pain of electrons between the oxygen atoms Consists of A Double bond CYCD
Sharing
between them and is also represented by two = Parallel lines

Bonding in Nitrogen
The Atomic of and has Five electrons it 's Last
no
Nitrogen is 7 in Shell

This Shell needs to either Aguirre or lose Electrons 3 electrons to attain

of
noble gas configuration Neon

So Each atom of 3 Electrons with atoms of

oxygen shares other Oxygen to

attain the nearest nobel Gas config .

. . .

The shared of electrons between the Nitrogen atoms Consists of A Triple bond C 6 c)
pain Sharing
between them and is also represented by three Parallel lines

Versatile Nature of Carbon

The versatile nature of carbon is due to the presence of covalent bonds which Enables it to

form a
large no of compounds

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1- Catenation property of Carbon
Carbon due to its
property of catenation possesses a unique
to form bonds with other atoms of Carbon
ability

This Give rise to

large no of molecules and Compounds
having long chains of carbon branched chains linked ,
>

by single double Triple bond as shown in Fig

, ,

🥸
Carbon form Compounds with Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen
, , , Sulphur ,
Chlorine and
many
Other Elements Giving
Spectre Properties

§µggg;;.aToTf)
rise to compounds with '

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Allotropes of Carbon
The Element carbon occurs in different forms in nature with Varying Physical Properties

Graphite Diamond Buckminister Fullerene

🤓

In Graphite Each Carbon The hardest naturally occurring

atom is bonded to three
substance is Diamond
Newely Discovered Allotrope of C

other carbon atoms in the which have

Formed by bonding of Each
he ✗ a- 2001×1 membered Rings
same plane making carbon atom with u carbon atom
12C five] membered Rings
Gonal Array forming a
Rigid structure

Graphite is used in making It is used in

making Jewellery
Pencil Leads and
Engine 011
and in
cutting things like Glass

Saturated Carbon Compounds

🤠

CompoundsformcdbythclmHngofCanbonbySingkbond
in between them are called saturated compounds

Example : -

Alkanes are saturated compounds in fact it is

a series of saturated compounds

Methane with the formula City is one of the simplest

compounds formed by the carbon

~
The Vacancy of hydrogen is 1 and that of carbon is 4

So Carbon Atom Share 4 electrons in it 's outermost shell with individual hydrogen Atoms by single bond
-

Methane is Extensively Used as a fuel and is one of the constituent of bio -

Gas and Compressed Natural Gas

( CNG)
 Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
Compounds
🤠
formed by the
linking of carbon
by Double

Triple Bonds In between them are Called Unsaturated

Compounds

Example : -

Alkenes , Alkynes are series of Unsaturated

🥵
Compounds
Etheric
😳 Clang) is an alkene in which one carbon atom gets
bonded to another carbon atom by a double bond

And the Remaining Valancies of Each carbon arc

satisfied
by two Hz Atoms as shown in Fig : →

Ethyne ( Gtk) is an alkyne in which one carbon

🤔
atom is bonded to another atom by triple bond
and of Each carbon is satisfied
remaining Vacancy
by One
Hydrogen Atom

These Compounds are more Reactive than the saturated compounds

Isomers
compounds having same molecular formula but different

🫠molecular strictures
😇 are known as Isomers

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Hydrocarbon
All Carbon Compounds having Carbon and hydrogen are known as Hydrocarbons

1- Alkanes
🤠
The Saturated hydrocarbons having single bonds are Called Alkanes Example : -

Methane Ethane etc

,

The General formula for alkanes can be written as Cntkn -12

Where m= 1,213,4

2- Alkenes
The Unsaturated hydrocarbons having one OR More Double bonds are Called

Alkenes For Example Ethene Propene ,

Butene etc

The General formula for alkanes can be written as Cntkn

Where m= 2,34

Note : -
Methane is a Unstable compound
3- Alkynes
The unsaturated hydrocarbons having one or more triple bonds are called Alkynes For Example : -

etc
Ethyne Pnopync
,

The General formula for alkanes can be written as Cm Han -1

Where n= 2,34

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

Identify the number of carbon atoms in the compound

Number of carbon atoms Term to be used

1 Meth

2 Eth

3 Prop

😇
4 But

5 Pent

6 Hex

7 Hept

8 Oct

9 Non

10 Dec

If the
compound contains a functional Group it is indicated in the name of the compound withe Either

a
prefix OR suffix

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 The functional Group present in the
compound is indicated as suffix by removing the e at the

End and
adding the
Apnopniatc suffix as discussed in the table

Functional Group Prefix (R-) /suffix (-R) Example

 -chloro or – bromo
😃 Cholorethane/
Halogen Depending upon the Bromoethane
functional group added.
🤓
Alcohol  -ol Ethanol

Aldehyde -al Ethanal

Ketone -one Ethanone

🤔

Carboxylic acid -oic acid Ethanoic acid

In case of Unsaturated Carbon Chain the final ' '

carbon chain is substituted
😎 name Ane in
by
enc for Double bond on the for triple bond

Functional Group Prefix (R-) /suffix (-R) Example

😃
Alkane (Single bond) -ane Ethane

Alkene (Double bond) -ene Ethene

Alkyne (Triple bond) -yne Ethyne

For example
Here number of carbon atoms =3 So the term used as Prop

The functional Group added is chlorine so the Prefix used is Chloro

Only Single bonds Present so the suffix used is Ane

Position of chloro is second in the Carbon Chain So The IUPAC

J Y &
name of the Gwen compound is 2- Chloro propane Root Word Suffix

Prefix

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 🤠

Homologous Series
😎
A
😃 series of carbon Compound in which same functional Group and differ by CH2 Are known as

🫠
Homologous Series

These compounds have similar chemical properties due to the addition of same kind of functional
Group throughout the Chain

I- Alkanes
The Series of Alkanes ie Methane ,
Ethane , propane ,

butane and so on is a Homologous Series

2- Alkenes
🤠
The Homologous Series of Alkenes starts with Ethene because

Methcnc Does not Exist

🥸
so the series is -
Ethene
,
Propene ,
Butene , Pentenc - ^ . . - So On

3-Alkynes
The series of
Homolog us A- lyrics are as follows

Ethyne Pnopyne
, ,
Butyric , Pentyne Hexync Heptyne
, ,
and so on .
. _ _

Functional groups
The series like methanol
,
Ethanol , propanol ,
butanol

and so on is also a
homologous series The functional

Group attached to these compounds is alcohol

with the increase in molecular mass in a homologous series the physical properties like
melting points boling points
,

and in solvent
Soubility a increases

But the Chemical properties of a

homologous series determined by the functional Group Remain Same .

Chemical properties of Carbon Compounds

1-Combustion
All the Allotropic forms of carbon burn in the presence of to Release
oxygen
Carbon Dioxide along with Heat and light

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 The Chemical Equation for the Carbon Compounds Undergoing Combustion are as follows

(i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light

(ii) C2H5 (Ethane) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light

(iii) C5H 12 OH (Pentanol) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light

🤓saturated hydrocarbons Undergo Combustion Giving a clean flame Like LPG

But in the
presence of limited of air hydrocarbons produces sooty flame Result of
supply a as a

incomplete Combustion

2-Oxidation
Carbon Compounds Gets Radially Oxidised On Combustion The following Equation will Explain You the

conversion of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acid Which is a Oxidation Reaction

3-Addition Reaction
During addition reaction an Unsaturated Hydrocarbon adds Hydrogen to the reaction in the presence

of catalysts
🦁
Catalyst such as palladium OR nickel proceed a reaction to a different rate without Affecting the reaction to

give saturated hydrocarbon

This reaction is used in the

hydrogenation of Vegetable oils
containing long Unsaturated chains using

nickel
catalyst

Animal fats on the other hand have saturated carbon chains

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4-Subsi
😇 titution Reaction
A reaction in which one functional Group OR Atom is replaced by another Group 012 Atom is called

substitution Reaction

🤠
In the presence of
sunlight addition of chlorine to
hydrocarbon is a fast reaction that results in -

Replacement of the Hydrogen atoms _

This is an Example

Properties of Ethanol
🫠

Ethanol Exists in liquid state at room temperature

Mixture of Alcohol to Ethane result in the formation of Ethanol and it is the Active mgnedent of
all Alcoholic drinks

Being a Good solvent ,

it is also used in medicines like tincture of iodine , cough syrups and many
more other tonics

Reaction with Sodium ( Na)

Reaction of ethanol with excess concentrated sulphuric acid act as dehydrating agent at 443° K results in
dehydration of ethanol leading to the formation of ethene

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 Properties of Ethanoic acid
• Ethanoic acid commonly known as acetic acid belongs to a group of carboxylic acids.
• Vinegar used in our day to day life is a 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water. It is extensively used as a preservative in
pickles
😇
Pure ethanoic acid has a melting point of 290 K due to which it often freezes in cold climates giving rise to its name as
glacial acetic acid.
🥸

Esterification reaction:
Esters are produced as a result of the reaction of an acid such as ethanoic acid and an alcohol such as ethanol in the
presence of an acid catalyst.

Esters are sweet-smelling substances and used for various purposes like in perfumes and also used as flavouring agents.

Reaction of ester with sodium hydroxide, results in the conversion of ester to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid.

The above reaction is known as saponification and is extensively used in the preparation of soap.

Reaction with a base

Ethanoic acid reacts with base leading to the production of salt and water. For example, it reacts with sodium
hydroxide to give salt of sodium ethanoate or commercially known as sodium acetate and water. The reaction is as
follows:

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Soaps
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• 🤠
Dirt is oily in nature and hence does not dissolve in water.
• 🤔To removes these dirt we often use soaps that contains sodium or potassium
😇
salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
• In soap the ionic-end is hydrophilic and hence dissolves in water.
• The end containing carbon chain is hydrophobic and hence dissolves in oil
leading to the formation of structures called micelles that dissolves the dirt in
water thereby making it easier to clean the clothes
• This leads to the creation of emulsion in water.
• But in case of hard water it becomes difficult to form foam and the forms scum
with the salts of hard water. In that case another kind of cleansing agent used
is known as detergents.

Detergents
• Detergents are cleansing agents possessing ammonium or sulphonate salts of long
😃 carboxylic acids that are used to clean clothes in hard water.
chain
• Hard water is the water containing calcium and magnesium carbonates. Soap forms
lather with these carbonate salts thereby making it difficult to clean the clothes.
• Detergents are cleansing agents possessing ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain
carboxylic acids that are used to clean clothes in hard water.
• Hard water is the water containing calcium and magnesium carbonates. Soap forms lather
with these carbonate salts thereby making it difficult to clean the clothes
🤠
• The charged ends of detergent do not form scum or precipitates with the calcium and
magnesium ions present in hard water.
• Therefore they remain effective in cleaning dirt in hard water as compared to soap.
• They are also used for manufacturing shampoos and various cleansing products

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