DSE

New Senior Secondary

BIO MASTERING BIOLOGY
Mock Exam VII
(Second Edition)
PAPER 1A

BIOLOGY PAPER 1
HKDSE MOCK EXAM VII

Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes

This paper must be answered in English

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 There are TWO sections, A and B, in this Paper. You are advised to finish Section A in about 35 minutes.

2 Section A consists of multiple-choice questions in this question paper. Section B contains conventional
questions printed separately in Question-Answer Book B.

3 Answers to Section A should be marked on the Multiple-choice Answer Sheet while answers to Section B
should be written in the spaces provided in Question-Answer Book B. The Answer Sheet for Section A and
the Question-Answer Book B for Section B will be collected separately at the end of the examination.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION A (MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS)

1 Read carefully the instructions on the Answer Sheet. After the announcement of the start of the examination,
you should first stick a barcode label and insert the information required in the spaces provided. No extra time
will be given for sticking on the barcode label after the ‘Time is up’ announcement.

2 When told to open this book, you should check that all the questions are there. Look for the words ‘END OF
SECTION A’ after the last question.

3 All questions carry equal marks.

4 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. You are advised to use an HB pencil to mark all the answers on the Answer
Sheet, so that wrong marks can be completely erased with a clean rubber. You must mark the answers clearly;
otherwise you will lose marks if the answers cannot be captured.

5 You should mark only ONE answer for each question. If you mark more than one answer, you will receive
NO MARKS for that question.

6 No marks will be deducted for wrong answers.

Not to be taken away before

the end of the examination
session
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -1-
 Oxford University Press 2016
There are 36 questions in this section.

The diagrams in this section are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.

1 Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is/are correct?

(1) Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms only.
(2) RNA is involved in the synthesis of insulin, haemoglobin and pancreatic lipase.
(3) A DNA molecule containing 20% guanine (G) will contain 30% adenine (A).

A (3) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

2 A light microscope was used to observe some cells. It was observed that the cells had a cell wall
but no chloroplasts. The cells may be

(1) root hair cells.

(2) liver cells.
(3) guard cells.

A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (1) and (3) only

3 In an experiment, a dialysis tubing containing a liquid was immersed in a beaker of another

liquid. The graph below shows the changes in water potential inside the dialysis tubing over
time.

Which of the following liquids did the dialysis tubing and the beaker contain at the beginning of
the experiment?

Dialysis tubing Beaker

A distilled water 5% sucrose solution
B distilled water 10% sucrose solution
C 5% sucrose solution 10% sucrose solution

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -2-
 Oxford University Press 2016
 D 10% sucrose solution distilled water

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -3-
 Oxford University Press 2016
Directions: Questions 4 and 5 refer to the experiment described below. Two test tubes
containing
1 cm3 of catalase solution and 5 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution respectively
were maintained at 25 oC. After 15 minutes the contents of the two test tubes were
mixed and maintained at the same temperature. The volume of oxygen released
from the mixture was measured at intervals for 10 minutes. Then the above
procedure was repeated but the catalase solution and hydrogen peroxide solution
were maintained at 35 oC. The graph below shows the results.

4 Which of the following statements about the graph is correct?

A Curves P and Q represent the results of the experiment carried out at 25 oC and 35 oC
respectively.
B The volume of oxygen released shown by curves P and Q levelled off as the reaction rate had
reached the maximum.
C The reaction rate shown by curve Q was always lower than that of curve P in the first 7
minutes.
D At the end of the experiment, the volume of oxygen released at 25 oC and 35 oC was the same.

5 After the release of oxygen from the mixture had stopped, a scientist added more hydrogen
peroxide solution to the mixture. Oxygen was released again. This result suggests that enzymes are

A specific in action.
B needed in small amounts.
C reusable.
D proteins.

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -4-
 Oxford University Press 2016
6 In an experiment, a piece of tissue was placed in an oxygenated solution containing substance M.
After 10 minutes, a respiratory inhibitor was added to this solution. The graph below shows how
the mean absorption rate of substance M into the cells changes during the experiment.

Which of the following statements about substance M is/are correct?

(1) Active transport of substance M only occurred in the first 10 minutes.

(2) The absorption of substance M involved diffusion.
(3) Substance M was a polar substance.

A (1) only
B (2) only
C (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

7 The graph below shows how the amounts of three food substances (P, Q and R) stored inside the
body change when a person is under starvation.

Which of the following combinations of foods are rich in food substances P, Q and R?

P Q R
A meat bread peanut oil
B peanut oil bread meat
C meat peanut oil bread
D bread peanut oil meat

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -5-
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8 A piece of food contains lipids and proteins only. Which of the following secretions is/are involved
directly in the chemical digestion of this piece of food in the alimentary canal?

(1) bile
(2) gastric juice
(3) pancreatic juice

A (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

9 If blood accumulates in veins near the surface of human legs, the veins may become swollen and
these are called varicose veins. Stretching the legs regularly during prolonged standing can help
prevent varicose veins because stretching

A makes the heart stronger.

B increases the heart rate.
C squeezes the veins.
D keeps the valves in the veins open.

10 Stomata are present in the lower epidermis but not the upper epidermis of the leaves of plant X. In
an experiment, four leafy shoots of plant X treated differently with vaseline were fitted into a
bubble potometer for studying water loss. The table below shows the different treatment of the
leafy shoots and the distance of the air bubble travelled in the bubble potometer in 10 minutes.

Distance travelled
Treatment of leafy shoot
by air bubble (mm)

Both upper and lower epidermis of leaves smeared with vaseline 9

Only upper epidermis of leaves smeared with vaseline 86

Only lower epidermis of leaves smeared with vaseline 27

Not smeared with vaseline 113

Which of the following can be concluded from the results?

(1) Water was lost mainly through the stomata of the leaves of plant X.
(2) Some water was lost through the cuticle of the leaves of plant X.
(3) Some water was lost through the stem of plant X.

A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -6-
 Oxford University Press 2016
11 The graph below shows the changes in the air pressure in the lungs of a healthy person.

If a toxic gas leak occurred, during which of the following time periods would the person inhale the
toxic gas?

(1) Q to R
(2) R to S
(3) S to T

A (1) only B (3) only

C (1) and (2) only D (2) and (3) only

Directions: Questions 12 and 13 refer to the diagram below, which shows a cell at a certain
stage of cell division (only two pairs of homologous chromosomes are shown).

12 The cell shown is at

A prophase of mitotic cell division.

B metaphase of mitotic cell division.
C metaphase I of meiotic cell division.
D metaphase II of meiotic cell division.

13 Which of the following statements about the type of cell division shown in the diagram is correct?

A The daughter cells formed cannot undergo further cell divisions.

B Four daughter cells will be produced after the cell division is completed.
C The number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is equal to that in the parent cell.
D The daughter nuclei are not identical.

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -7-
 Oxford University Press 2016
14 The diagram below shows a bacterium undergoing reproduction.

The type of reproduction shown above has the advantage(s) of

(1) retaining the desirable characters in the offspring.

(2) producing variations among the offspring to allow adaptations to changing environments.
(3) producing offspring relatively fast.

A (1) only B (3) only

C (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only

15 Which of the following graphs correctly shows the changes in the fresh mass of a part of a seed
during seed germination?

A B

C D

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -8-
 Oxford University Press 2016
16 Which of the following substances is/are not passed from maternal blood to foetal blood through
the placenta?

(1) haemoglobin
(2) enzymes
(3) antibodies

A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only

Directions: Questions 17 and 18 refer to the graph below, which shows the changes in the curvature
of the lens of a boy during a period of time.

17 Which of the following statements correctly describes the activities of the boy during the time
period shown above?

A He had been observing a leaving car, which then stopped moving and finally moved
backwards.
B He had been observing an approaching fly, which then remained stationary and finally flew
away from him.
C He had been observing a stationary car, which then moved away from him and finally became
stationary again.
D He had been observing a stationary fly, which then flew towards him and finally became
stationary again.

18 Which of the following correctly shows the changes in the tension of the suspensory ligament
during P, Q and R?

P Q R
A no change decreases no change
B no change increases no change
C decreases no change decreases
D increases no change increases

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A -9-
 Oxford University Press 2016
19 The table below shows the average time required for nerve impulses to travel through the nerve
fibres of neurones (1)–(4). The nerve fibres are of different length but they have the same diameter.

Neurone Length (m) Time (ms)

(1) 1.2 1.18

(2) 1.3 1.23

(3) 0.6 1.2

(4) 0.2 0.22

Which of the neurones belongs to a person suffering from the breakdown of myelin sheath?

A (1)
B (2)
C (3)
D (4)

20 The model below shows the structure of a human brain.

Which of the following correctly matches the brain structures with their roles?

X Y
A controls breathing interprets visual information
B coordinates movements of muscles controls contraction of muscles
C interprets visual information controls breathing
D controls contraction of muscles coordinates movements of muscles

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 10 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
21 The diagram below shows a synapse between two neurones, X and Y. Over-excitation of neurone Y
leads to a mental disorder.

Which of the following treatments can help people who have this mental disorder?

(1) increasing the production of neurotransmitter in neurone X

(2) increasing the activity of the enzyme which removes the neurotransmitter
(3) blocking the receptors on neurone Y

A (1) only B (2) only

C (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only

22 The photograph shows a boy and the diagram shows some muscles of his right leg.

Which of the following correctly shows the conditions of the muscles of his right leg when the boy
maintains the posture shown in the photograph?

Muscle P Muscle Q Muscle R Muscle S

A contracts relaxes contracts relaxes
B contracts relaxes relaxes contracts
C relaxes contracts relaxes contracts
D relaxes contracts contracts relaxes

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 11 -
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Directions: Questions 23 and 24 refer to the dichotomous key below, which is used to identify four
species of animals.

1 (a) has an outgrowth on its back -------------------------------------- Species W

1 (b) no outgrowth on its back ------------------------------------------- 2
2 (a) body has colour patches -------------------------------------------- Species X
2 (b) body does not have colour patches ------------------------------- 3
3 (a) has fluffy fur on the skin -------------------------------------------- Species Y
3 (b) no fluffy fur on the skin -------------------------------------------- Species Z

23 The photographs below show three animals which belong to the same order.

According to the dichotomous key, the animals are

Animal (1) Animal (2) Animal (3)

A species W species X species Y
B species W species Y species X
C species Y species Z species W
D species Z species Y species W

24 Which of the following statements about the three animals shown in the photographs is/are
incorrect?

(1) They are homoiotherms.

(2) They do not belong to the same class.
(3) They have lungs for gas exchange.

A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 12 -
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25 Which of the following events enable(s) the Calvin cycle to repeat itself?

(1) formation of ATP in the Calvin cycle

(2) regeneration of the 5-C carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin cycle
(3) formation of NADP in photochemical reactions

A (2) only B (1) and (2) only

C (1) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3)

26 Yeast cells can carry out aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration as follows, depending on the
availability of oxygen.

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Glucose carbon dioxide + water Glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide

Alcohol carbon dioxide + water

In an experiment, yeast cells were added to an oxygen-free solution of glucose to form a

suspension. After 6 hours, oxygen was supplied to the suspension. The graph below shows the
changes in the rate of carbon dioxide production by the yeast cells.

At which time the concentration of alcohol in the suspension is the highest?

A time 0 B 3rd hour

C 6th hour D 9th hour

27 The following paragraph is about a fungal infection occurred in a local hospital.

There have been cases of infection acquired in a local hospital due to the fungus Murorales. The
fungal spores can be found everywhere in the environment and normally do not affect healthy
people. However, people with a relatively weak immune system may become infected and die.

What is the relationship between the infected people and Murorales?

A mutualism B competition
C parasitism D commensalism

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 13 -
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28 The diagrams below show two agar plates with colonies of the same bacterial species. The agar
plate on the left was contaminated with a fungus and the agar plate on the right was not.

Which of the following statements correctly explains the difference in the distribution of bacterial
colonies on the agar plates?

A The fungus preys on the bacteria.

B The fungus kills the bacteria by producing antibodies.
C The fungus produces antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the bacteria.
D The fungus lives mutually with the bacteria.

29 Rejection can occur when the immune system of the recipient in an organ transplant recognizes the
cells of the donated organ as infected cells. This results in destruction of the cells of the donated
organ.

Which of the following components of the immune system are directly responsible for destroying
the cells of the donated organ?

A killer T cells
B lymphokines
C plasma cells
D memory B cells

30 All individuals of a certain species of birds can turn their heads within a wide range of angles.
There existed individuals that could only turn their heads within a limited range of angles a long
time ago. According to the theory of natural selection proposed by Darwin, which of the following
statements is the correct explanation for this phenomenon?

A Individuals unable to turn their heads within a wide range of angles learnt from individuals
able to turn their heads within a wide range of angles.
B Individuals unable to turn their heads within a wide range of angles tried hard to turn their
heads, survived, reproduced and passed this character on to the offspring.
C Individuals able to turn their heads within a wide range of angles had a higher chance to
survive and reproduce.
D Only individuals able to turn their heads within a wide range of angles were produced from
the breeding of the individuals with different abilities.

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 14 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
31 The mRNA produced from a template strand of DNA binds to a tRNA with an anticodon UAC. The
corresponding base sequence on the template strand of DNA is

A ATG.
B AUG.
C TAC.
D UAC.

32 The base sequences of a segment of a normal allele and some mutated forms of the allele are
shown below.

Which of the mutated alleles will most likely have the greatest effect on the organism?

A mutated allele (1)

B mutated allele (2)
C mutated allele (3)
D mutated allele (4)

33 The diagram below shows the evolutionary tree of species W, X, Y and Z.

Which of the following statements cannot be deduced from the above diagram?

(1) Species Y is more closely related to species Z than to species W.

(2) Species W is extinct.
(3) Species W, X, Y and Z have a common ancestor.

A (2) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 15 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
34 The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a certain trait in a family. Whether an individual has
phenotype M or N is controlled by a pair of alleles.

Which of the following information can be used to deduce whether phenotype M or N is dominant?

A Individual (5) shows the phenotype of his mother but not his father’s.
B Individual (7) shows phenotype M but both his parents show phenotype N.
C Like her parents, individual (8) shows phenotype N.
D There are more individuals who show phenotype N than individuals who show phenotype M.

35 The diagram below shows the DNA fingerprints of the parents and three children in a family.

Which of the individuals are the children in the family?

A individuals (1), (2) and (3) only

B individuals (1), (2) and (4) only
C individuals (1), (3) and (4) only
D individuals (2), (3) and (4) only

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 16 -
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36 The diagram below shows a food web made up of a few species.

Which of the following statements about the species shown are correct?

(1) There is no quaternary consumer in the food web above.

(2) Species P does not feed on any other species found in the food web above.
(3) There is competition for food between species R and S.

A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

– END OF SECTION A –

Go on to Question-Answer Book B for questions on Section B

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 17 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section A - 18 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
 DSE
BIO
Mock Exam VII
B Please stick the barcode label here.
Candidate Number

PAPER 1B

New Senior Secondary

MASTERING BIOLOGY
(Second Edition)

BIOLOGY PAPER 1
HKDSE MOCK EXAM VII

SECTION B: Question-Answer Book B

This paper must be answered in English

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION B

1 After the announcement of the start of the examination, you

should first write your Candidate Number in the space
provided on Page 18 and stick barcode labels in the spaces
provided on Pages 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 and 38.

2 Refer to the general instructions on the cover of the Question

Paper for Section A.

3 Answer ALL questions.

4 Write your answers in the spaces provided in this Question-

Answer Book. Do not write in the margins. Answers written in
the margins will not be marked.

5 Supplementary answer sheets will be supplied on request.

Write your Candidate Number, mark the question number box
and stick a barcode label on each sheet, and fasten them with
string INSIDE this Question-Answer Book.

6 Present your answers in paragraphs wherever appropriate.

7 The diagrams in this section are NOT necessarily drawn to

scale.

8 No extra time will be given to candidates for sticking on the

barcode labels or filling in the question number boxes after the

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section B - 19 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
 Answers written in the margins will not be marked.
Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

SECTION B
Answer ALL questions. Put your answers in the spaces provided.

1 For each type of microscope listed in column 1, select from column 2 one statement that
matches it. Put the appropriate letter in the space provided. (3 marks)

Column 1 Column 2

Scanning ________ A Electrons pass through the specimen to form an image.

electron
microscope B It is used to observe living specimens only.

Light ________ C It produces colour images with the highest

microscope magnifications.
D It produces three-dimensional and black and white
images.
Transmission ________ E Preparation of the specimens for observation is the
electron easiest.
microscope

2 a The diagram below shows the changes in the appearance of a cell of a piece of tissue
when the tissue is immersed in distilled water.

Based on the diagram, state the term used to describe the distilled water in relation
to the water potential of the cell.
(1 mark)

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 1 Section B - 20 -
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Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

b Unlike the cell shown in a, red blood cells will be affected differently if they are put into
distilled water. Describe and explain how the red blood cells will be affected.
(4 marks)

c What will happen to red blood cells if they are mixed with detergent solution?
(1
mark)

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3 In an experiment, the roots of a young dicotyledonous plant were immersed in a red solution
for 30 minutes. Then the plant was removed and transverse sections of the main root and the
stem were prepared at 1 cm intervals. The presence or absence of red colour in each section
was recorded in the table below. (‘+’ and ‘–’ indicate the presence and absence of red colour
respectively.)

Distance from
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
root tip (cm)
Presence of
+ + + + + + – – – – – –
red colour

a Calculate the rate of water transport in the dicotyledonous plant. Express your
answer in cm h–1.
(1 mark)

b The diagram below shows the transverse section of the stem which is 5 cm from the root
tip.

Using the letters in the diagram, indicate the part that has been stained red. (1 mark)

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c Sketch in the space below the transverse section of the main root which is 2 cm from the
root tip. Label the vascular tissues and indicate the part that has been stained red.
(3 marks)

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4 The appearance of flowers of plant species X is similar to that of female bees. Plant species Y
produces flowers that appear like having nectar but actually not. These are examples of
strategies of plants for attracting insect pollinators.

a Describe the texture of the pollen grains produced by plant species X and Y. State one
advantage of producing pollen grains having the texture you answered. (2 marks)

b Suggest one advantage of using flowers that appear like having nectar but actually not to
attract insect pollinators. (1 mark)

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c Flowers of plant species X can only attract males of one species of insect pollinators
while flowers of plant species Y can attract different species of insect pollinators.
Suggest which plant species is more likely to survive in an environment which changes
constantly. Explain why. (2 marks)

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5 The diagram below shows the nervous pathway in the withdrawal reflex of the hand.

a Explain why the reflex action shown is involuntary. (1 mark)

b Along which motor neurone, X or Y, do nerve impulses travel during the withdrawal
reflex? Explain your answer. (3 marks)

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c The table below shows the time taken for nerve impulses to travel along the sensory
neurone, interneurone and motor neurone in the nervous pathway.

Neurone Time (ms)

Sensory neurone 0.5

Interneurone 0.01

Motor neurone 0.3

The time interval between the stimulus and the response is longer than the sum of the
time shown in the table. Suggest one reason for this. (2 marks)

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6 Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on human skin. The bacterium is usually harmless
but can cause death if it invades open wounds on the skin and goes into the bloodstream. Over
the past 60 years, more and more S. aureus became resistant to the antibiotic methicillin,
making the infection more difficult to treat.

a Using the theory of natural selection, explain how more and more S. aureus became
resistant to methicillin. (3 marks)

b You are provided with the following materials and apparatus:

 a liquid culture of S.  a spreader
aureus  a pipette
 a solution of methicillin  a pair of forceps
 an agar plate  an incubator
 some filter paper discs
Describe how you would use the above materials and apparatus to test whether
the
S. aureus provided is resistant to methicillin. (4
marks)

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7 The diagram below shows the human digestive system.

a In some people the secretion of organ X flows back to the oesophagus, damaging
the oesophageal lining. Which component of the secretion causes this damage?
Explain your answer.
(2 marks)

b Why is the wall of organ X not damaged by the component answered in a? (1

mark)

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c Lipids are emulsified and broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during
the digestion process. Fatty acids and glycerol then diffuse into the villi of
organ Y. Explain why fine lipid droplets are present in the lymph.
(1 mark)

d Some people suffer from coeliac disease. It affects organ Y, causing a

breakdown of the microvilli. Explain why the amino acid concentration in
the blood of the patients is low even they can digest proteins.
(2 marks)

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8 Rainbow trout in the wild are diploid (2n). The graph below shows the changes in the
mass of DNA in one of their cells undergoing meiotic cell division.

a Give one piece of evidence from the graph to show that the cell is undergoing
meiotic cell division.
(1 mark)

b Why does the mass of DNA increase towards the end of P1? (1
mark)

c Why does the mass of DNA decrease at the end of P2? (1

mark)

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Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

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Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

The diagram below shows a pair of homologous chromosomes taken from the cell.
The letters show the positions of the alleles of four genes on the chromosomes.
Crossing over occurs as indicated.

d At this time, what is the mass of DNA present in the cell? (1

mark)

e List all the new combinations of alleles resulted from the crossing over. (2
marks)

f Unlike rainbow trout in the wild, some rainbow trout used in fish farming are
triploid (3n). Explain why rainbow trout which are triploid are infertile.
(3 marks)

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Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

9 The table below shows the changes in the populations of species P and Q in a habitat
from 2006 to 2015. The individuals of one of these species prey on the individuals of
the other.

Year Number of species P Number of species Q

2006 70 600

2007 60 1000

2008 110 1200

2009 130 600

2010 40 800

2011 90 550

2012 60 700

2013 80 600

2014 60 950

2015 110 1000

a Plot a graph to show the changes in the populations of species P and Q on the
graph paper below.
(4 marks)

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Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

b Describe and explain how the changes in the populations of species P and Q are
related to each other.
(4 marks)

c In addition to the reason answered in b, suggest one other reason for the decrease
in the number of species Q.
(1 mark)

d If other factors remain unchanged, suggest how the population of species Q will
change in the following years if all the individuals of species P are removed from
the habitat.
(1 mark)

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Answers written in the margins will not be marked.

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10 The electron micrograph below shows two mitochondria in a mammalian cell.

a Name the part labelled X. (1

mark)

b An experiment was carried out to study ATP production in mitochondria.

Phosphate, ADP and pyruvate were added to a preparation of mitochondria
isolated from mammalian cells. Then the mixture was bubbled with oxygen and
maintained at 37 oC for 30 minutes.
i Explain why pyruvate but not glucose was used as the respiratory substrate
in the experiment.
(2 marks)

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ii Explain why there would be a significant reduction in the amount of ATP
produced if oxygen were not bubbled through the mixture.
(3 marks)

c In certain diseases, some mitochondria in cells cannot function normally. People

with these diseases are unable to exercise for a long period of time. Explain why.

(2 marks)

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11 a Blood transfusion is now commonly used to save lives in hospitals. However,
blood transfusion was rarely done in the past because it was dangerous and
impractical. The table below shows some events in the history of blood
transfusion.

Year Historical event

John Henry Leacock did experiments on animals. He concluded that blood

1816 transfusion was successful only when the donor and recipient were of the
same species.
James Blundell extended Leacock’s experiments to humans. Some of the
1818
human-to-human blood transfusion he did was successful.

1901 Blood groups O, A and B were discovered by Karl Landsteiner.

Blood group AB was discovered by Alfred von Decastello and

1902
Adriano Sturli.
Richard Lewisohn first used citrates to prevent blood clotting.
1915
Richard Weil increased the shelf life of blood by refrigerating citrated blood.

i Based on the above historical events, describe how scientists built on the
work of other scientists.
(1 mark)

ii Explain how the discovery of blood groups can make blood transfusion
safer.
(1 mark)

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iii Suggest two reasons why blood transfusion was still not popular from 1902
to 1915 after the discovery of blood groups.
(2 marks)

b David can donate blood to people of any blood groups. His wife, Kelly, can
receive blood from people of any blood groups. David and Kelly are going to
have their first child soon. Kelly thinks that the child will have the same blood
group as herself or David. Use a genetic diagram to show why she is wrong.
(5 marks)

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 Please stick the barcode label here.

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12 Explain how pH affects the rate of enzymatic reactions. Describe how the stomach and the
small intestine in the human body provide suitable pH for the different digestive enzymes to
work efficiently. (10 marks)

– END OF PAPER –
DSE
BIO
Mock Exam VII

PAPER 2 New Senior Secondary

MASTERING BIOLOGY
(Second Edition)

BIOLOGY PAPER 2
HKDSE MOCK EXAM VII

Time allowed: 1 hour

This paper must be answered in English

INSTRUCTIONS

1 There are FOUR sections, A, B, C and D in this Paper. Attempt ALL questions in any TWO sections.

2 Write your answers in the Answer Book. Start each question (not part of a question) on a new page.

3 Present your answers in paragraphs wherever appropriate.

4 Illustrate your answers with diagrams wherever appropriate.

5 The diagrams in this Paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.

Not to be taken away before

the end of the examination
session

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 2 - 44 -
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SECTION A Human Physiology: Regulation and Control
Answer ALL parts of the question.

1 a Kidney failure can be caused by inflammation that damages the glomeruli or the loss of a
large volume of blood. Patients with kidney failure can be treated using haemodialysis.
During the process, the patient’s blood is passed along a long dialysis tubing immersed in
dialysing fluid. The table below shows the concentrations of certain substances in the
plasma and the dialysing fluid before and after haemodialysis.

Concentration (%)

Substance Dialysing fluid Dialysing fluid

Plasma entering
before after
the nephron
haemodialysis haemodialysis

Glucose 0.100 0.100 0.100

Protein 6.823 0.000 0.000

Sodium 0.239 0.239 0.239

Urea 0.028 0.000 0.018

Water 91.820 92.050 97.002

i Explain briefly why kidney failure can cause death. (2 marks)

ii Explain why the loss of a large volume of blood can lead to kidney failure. (2 marks)

iii Why do proteins from plasma not enter the dialysing fluid? (1 mark)

iv Why is it important to ensure that the dialysing fluid before haemodialysis contains
0.100% glucose? (2 marks)

v How does haemodialysis remove urea? Explain with reference to the data provided.
(2 marks)

vi Why must patients undergoing haemodialysis adopt a low-protein diet? (1 mark)

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1 b Alex is undergoing a long-term fitness training which involves exercise of different
intensities. The graph below shows how the oxygen concentrations in the blood in his
aorta and vena cava change as the intensity of exercise increases.

i Describe how the difference in oxygen concentrations between the blood in the aorta
and vena cava changes as the intensity of exercise increases. What is the significance
of this change in the difference? (3 marks)

ii When Alex is doing exercise, his rate and depth of breathing increase. Explain how
these changes in breathing keep the oxygen concentration in his aorta high and steady.
(2 marks)

iii When Alex is doing exercise, his cardiac output also increases. Describe how this
increase is brought about by the endocrine system. (3 marks)

The table below shows the heart rate and cardiac output of Alex at rest at the beginning of
the training and after the training has continued for 40 weeks.

Heart rate at rest Cardiac output at rest

Time of training (week)
(beat/min) (mL/min)
0 70 5040
40 48 5000

iv Explain why even though the heart rate of Alex has decreased drastically, his cardiac
output at rest has stayed about the same after the training has continued for 40 weeks.
(2 marks)

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 2 - 46 -
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SECTION B Applied Ecology
Answer ALL parts of the question.

2 a Farmers may grow different types of crop plants on the same piece of land in different
growing seasons.

i State the term used to describe this kind of agricultural practice. (1 mark)

ii Explain why this kind of agricultural practice can maintain soil fertility for a longer
period of time. (2 marks)

iii In this kind of agricultural practice, farmers often grow a grass-clover mixture on their
land. Clover is a leguminous plant. The grass-clover mixture is later ploughed into the
soil before a crop plant such as wheat is grown.

The graph below shows the effect of growing and ploughing in of different grass-
clover mixture on the yield of wheat.

Describe and explain the effect shown in the graph. (5 marks)

iv Besides maintaining soil fertility for a longer period of time, suggest two other benefits
of this kind of agricultural practice. (2 marks)

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 Oxford University Press 2016
2 b A carbon footprint is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases produced by human
activities. It is measured in units of carbon dioxide and can reflect the impact of the lifestyle
of a person on global warming. Every individual can reduce his/her own carbon footprint by
making lifestyle changes. Below are some suggestions.
 buying locally produced food instead of food imported from other countries
 consuming more vegetables and less meat
 using electrical appliances that consume less electricity

i How does the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere lead to global
warming? (2 marks)

ii Suggest two possible consequences of global warming. (2 marks)

iii Suggest how buying locally produced food instead of imported food can reduce the
production of carbon dioxide. (1 mark)

iv Suggest one economic advantage of buying locally produced food. (1 mark)

v Buying locally produced food is beneficial to the environment and the economy of a
place. Why do some people still welcome imported food? (1 mark)

vi With reference to the trophic levels of plants and animals, why may it be more cost-
effective to consume vegetables than consuming meat? (3 marks)

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 Oxford University Press 2016
SECTION C Microorganisms and Humans
Answer ALL parts of the question.

3 a To reduce the impact on the environment and to ease the burden on landfill sites, organic
waste can be used to produce biogas in digesters.

i Explain why a cooling system should be included in digesters. (2 marks)

ii Explain why protection from thick walls is especially important in digesters in cold
regions. (2 marks)

The graph below shows the changes in the percentages of carbon dioxide and methane in a
digester over 18 days after organic waste was added to it.

iii Describe the changes in the percentage of methane produced in the digester over the
18 days. (2 marks)

iv Identify the day on which biogas of the best quality could be collected from the
digester. (1 mark)

v There was air in the digester when organic waste was added on day 0. Why did the
presence of air cause a high percentage of carbon dioxide in the digester during the
first four days? (3 marks)

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 2 - 49 -
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3 b With the rising trend of online purchase, there are concerns over the safety of food products
bought online. People may suffer from food-borne infection or food poisoning when the
food products are not handled properly.

i Paul suffered from abdominal pain and diarrhoea several hours after eating some
sandwiches bought online. He thought that he had food-borne infection or food
poisoning. Distinguish food-borne infection and food poisoning with respect to their
causes. (2 marks)

ii Paul went to the hospital. A stool sample was collected and sent to the laboratory for
microbial culture in MacConkey Agar (MAC). MAC is a solid culture medium which
contains lactose and neutral red. Escherichia coli can ferment lactose into lactic acid
while Salmonella and Shigella, two common types of bacteria that cause diarrhoea,
cannot. Neutral red becomes red when the pH is 6.8 or lower.

The laboratory technician put a sterile swab into the stool sample and streaked an
MAC plate with the swab using aseptic techniques. She put the MAC plate upside
down in an incubator at 37 oC. After 24 hours, she took out the MAC plate and found
red and colourless colonies on the agar surface.

(1) Describe and explain one aseptic technique used by the technician when
streaking the plate. (2 marks)

(2) What was the purpose of streaking? (1 mark)

(3) Why was the MAC plate put upside down in the incubator? (1 mark)

(4) Based on the information given above, identify the red and colourless colonies on
the agar surface as E. coli, Salmonella or Shigella. Explain your answers.
(3 marks)

(5) Why was additional testing required for identification of the pathogens in Paul’s
case? (1 mark)

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SECTION D Biotechnology
Answer ALL parts of the question.

4 a Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cannot produce the muscle protein
dystrophin and thus their muscle fibres would gradually degenerate. The disease is caused
by a recessive allele of the dystrophin gene located on the X chromosome.

i Jack is suffering from DMD. His blood sample and blood samples from the other
normal members in the same family were used to produce DNA fingerprints using
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. During the process,
restriction enzymes which cut in the region of the dystrophin gene were used. The
diagram below shows the DNA fingerprints obtained.

(1) In producing the DNA fingerprints, radioactive DNA probes were used. Explain
why. (2 marks)

(2) DNA band P is present in both Jack’s and his mother’s DNA fingerprints. Why
does his mother not suffer from DMD? (2 marks)

ii There have been investigations which explored the possibility of treating DMD using
gene therapy. In one investigation, viruses containing recombinant DNA were injected
into the muscle cells of mice with DMD. Some mice could produce dystrophin after
receiving the gene therapy and recovered.

(1) Describe how the recombinant DNA used in the gene therapy of DMD can be
produced. (2 marks)

(2) Why were viruses used in the gene therapy? (2 marks)

(3) Why could the mice recovered still give birth to offspring with DMD? (2 marks)

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4 b Sheep can be genetically modified to produce pharmaceutical products for human use. One
example of these products is human blood clotting factors. The production process starts
from modifying the gene which codes for a human blood clotting factor, so that the human
gene can be expressed in the mammary tissue of sheep. The modified gene is inserted into a
fertilized ovum of sheep and the fertilized ovum is allowed to develop into an embryo in
vitro. The embryo obtained is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate sheep. Some time
later the surrogate sheep may give birth to a genetically modified sheep.

i Explain why the above process used to produce the genetically modified sheep is
considered as a sexual process. (2 marks)

ii Embryo splitting can be carried out before the embryo is implanted into the uterus of
the surrogate sheep. How can this benefit the production of the human blood clotting
factor? (2 marks)

iii Describe how the human blood clotting factor is obtained from the genetically
modified sheep and processed. (2 marks)

iv In the past, human blood clotting factors were obtained from human blood. Give two
advantages of producing human blood clotting factors from genetically modified
sheep. (2
marks)

v The production of genetically modified organisms is controversial. Suggest two

reasons why some people object the production of genetically modified organisms.
(2 marks)

– END OF PAPER –

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Mock Exam VII Biology Paper 2 - 52 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
 Biology
HKDSE Mock Exam VII
Answers
Paper 1 Section A

*Questions which are common items.

Question no. Answer Question no. Answer Question no. Answer
*1 C *13 C 25 A
*2 A 14 C 26 C
*3 D 15 B 27 C
*4 D *16 C 28 C
*5 C *17 C 29 A
*6 B *18 B 30 C
*7 D *19 C 31 C
*8 C *20 D 32 D
*9 C *21 D 33 A
*10 D 22 D *34 B
*11 A *23 B *35 D
*12 B *24 B *36 C

Paper 1 Section B
Question 1 is a common item.
1 D 1m
E 1m
A 1m

Question 2 is a common item.

2 a Hypotonic 1m
b Water will enter the red blood cells by osmosis 1m
because the water potential of distilled water is higher than that of the cytoplasm. 1m
The red blood cells will swell and eventually burst 1m
because there is no cell wall which can resist the swelling / the cell membranes cannot withstand the
increasing pressure as the cells swell. 1m
c The cell membranes will dissolve and haemoglobin will be released from the red blood cells. 1m

Question 3 is a common item.

3 a 6 / (30 / 60) = 12 cm h–1 1m
b X 1m
c Correct drawing of structures 1m
Correct labels 1m
Indication of xylem being stained red 1m

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Mock Exam VII Biology Answers - 53 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
This is an item for Biology only.
4 a The pollen grains are rough, spiky and sticky 1m
so that they can be attached to the body of insect pollinators easily. 1m
b Resources are not spent on nectar production. 1m
c Plant species Y is more likely to survive. 1m
This is because plant species Y can still depend on other species of insect pollinators for pollination even
when some have become extinct. 1m

Question 5 (a and c) is a common item which is equivalent to CS (Biology) question 4.

5 a It does not involve the cerebrum. 1m
b Y 1m
Nerve impulses are sent to the biceps to trigger muscle contraction. 1m
Contraction of the biceps and relaxation of the triceps allow the forearm to move upwards. 1m
c There are synapses between the neurones in the nervous pathway. 1m
It takes time for neurotransmitter to diffuse across the synaptic clefts. 1m

Question 6 (b) is a common item which is equivalent to CS (Biology) question 5.

6 a In a population of S. aureus, genetic variations existed among individuals in their resistance to methicillin.
1m
When methicillin was used, the methicillin-resistant S. aureus had a higher chance of survival and
reproduction. 1m
With the indiscriminate use of methicillin, the proportion of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus increased
in subsequent generations. 1m
b Use a pipette to transfer 1 cm3 of liquid culture of S. aureus to the surface of the agar plate. Use a spreader
to spread the bacterial culture evenly on the surface of the agar plate. 1m
Soak 3 filter paper discs in the solution of methicillin and then put the discs on the surface of the agar
plate using a pair of forceps. 1m
Incubate the agar plate in an incubator at 30 oC for 48 hours. 1m
If the S. aureus provided is resistant to methicillin, no clear zones will be formed around the filter paper
discs containing methicillin. 1m

Question 7 is a common item which is equivalent to CS (Biology) question 6.

7 a Hydrochloric acid 1m
It is a strong acid and is corrosive to the oesophageal lining. 1m
b The secretion of organ X contains mucus which protects the wall of organ X from being damaged by
hydrochloric acid. 1m
c In the epithelial cells of villi, fatty acids and glycerol recombine into fine lipid droplets, which then enter
the lymph. 1m
d The surface area for the absorption of digested food is reduced as the microvilli break down. 1m
Less amino acids are absorbed into the blood. 1m

This is an item for Biology only.

8 a The mass of DNA is halved at the end of the cell division. 1m
b DNA replicates. 1m
c The cytoplasm divides into two halves, each with a half of the 5.8 picograms of DNA. 1m
d 11.6 picograms 1m
e PqrS 1m
pQRs 1m
f There are three sets of chromosomes in each gamete-producing cell. 1m
The pairing of homologous chromosomes is impossible. 1m
Therefore the rainbow trout which are triploid cannot produce normal haploid gametes for fertilization.
1m
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Mock Exam VII Biology Answers - 54 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
Question 9 is a common item which is equivalent to CS (Biology) question 7.
9 a Correct title 1m
Correct choice of axes 1m
Axes with labels 1m
Correct plotting and joining of lines 1m

b As the number of species Q (prey) increases, the number of species P (predator) increases because more
food is available for the predator. 1m
As the number of species P increases, the number of species Q decreases because there is more predation
on species Q. 1m
As the number of species Q decreases, the number of species P decreases because there is less food for the
predator. 1m
As the number of species P decreases, the number of species Q increases because there is less predation
on species Q. 1m
c Intense competition / climate change / outbreak of a new disease (or other reasonable answers) 1m
d The number of species Q will increase followed by a decrease. 1m

This is an item for Biology only.

10 a X: mitochondrial matrix 1m
b i The breakdown of glucose / glycolysis took place in the cytoplasm. 1m
Glucose did not take part in the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production in
mitochondria. 1m
ii Oxygen acted as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. 1m
Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation could not proceed and NAD and FAD could not be
regenerated. 1m
Without NAD and FAD the Krebs cycle could not proceed and ATP could not be produced. 1m
c When a person exercises for a long period of time, ATP required for muscle contraction is mainly
obtained through aerobic respiration. 1m
If the mitochondria cannot function normally, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot be
carried out to produce ATP. 1m

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 Oxford University Press 2016
Question 11 is a common item which is equivalent to CS (Biology) question 8.
11 a i James Blundell extended Leacock’s experiments on animals to humans. 1m
ii With the discovery of blood groups, only blood of compatible blood groups is used in blood
transfusion. 1m
iii Blood started to clot soon after it left the body of the donor. / The transfusion tube was easily blocked
by clotted blood. 1m
The shelf life of blood was short until citrates and refrigeration were used. 1m
A
b Let I represent the allele responsible for the production of antigen A,
IB represent the allele responsible for the production of antigen B and
i represent the allele which produces no antigen. 1m

Question 12 is a common item which is equivalent to CS (Biology) question 9.

12 An unsuitable pH may cause conformational change in the active site of the enzyme molecule / the
denaturation of the enzyme. 1m
The substrate molecule can no longer fit into the active site of the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate
complex. 1m
Therefore the rate of the enzymatic reaction decreases. 1m
Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid which provides an acidic medium for the action of pepsin. 1m
Bile / pancreatic juice contains sodium hydrogencarbonate which neutralizes the acidic chyme 1m
and provides an alkaline medium for the action of the enzymes in the small intestine. 1m
Intestinal juice contains sodium hydrogencarbonate which provides an alkaline medium for the action of
carbohydrases and proteases. 1m
Communication 3m

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Mock Exam VII Biology Answers - 56 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
Paper 2

1 a i A person with kidney failure cannot regulate the water content of the body / remove metabolic waste
from the blood effectively. 1m
Cells cannot function properly or may even die when the water potential of blood and tissue fluid is
not stable. / The accumulation of metabolic waste is toxic to the body. 1m
ii The blood pressure decreases when a large volume of blood is lost. 1m
When the blood pressure is too low, ultrafiltration cannot take place at the glomeruli. 1m
iii Proteins are too large to pass through the pores of the dialysis tubing. 1m
iv The concentration of glucose is the same as that in the plasma entering the nephron. 1m
There will not be any net movement of glucose into or out of the dialysing fluid during haemodialysis
so the concentration of glucose in the plasma can be maintained. 1m
v There is no urea in the dialysing fluid before haemodialysis 1m
so there is a net movement of urea from the plasma to the dialysing fluid by diffusion. 1m
vi This is to minimize the amount of urea formed through deamination. 1m
b i The difference in oxygen concentrations between the blood in the aorta and vena cava increases as the
intensity of exercise increases. 1m
More oxygen is consumed by muscle cells 1m
so that more energy can be released from aerobic respiration to meet the increasing energy demand
from exercise. 1m
ii The concentration of oxygen in the air sacs increases. 1m
The concentration gradient of oxygen between the water film lining the air sacs and the blood
becomes steeper. / Oxygen diffuses into the blood at a higher rate. 1m
iii During exercise, the adrenal glands are stimulated to release more adrenaline. 1m
Adrenaline causes the cardiac muscles to contract faster 1m
and more strongly. 1m
iv The cardiac output is the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume. 1m
After the training has continued for 40 weeks, the cardiac muscles have become stronger and the
stroke volume at rest has increased. Thus the cardiac output has stayed about the same. 1m

2 a i Crop rotation 1m
ii Different types of crop plants require different kinds of nutrients for growth. 1m
By growing different types of crop plants on the same piece of land in different growing seasons, soil
nutrients can be more evenly utilized. 1m
iii The yield of wheat increases as the percentage of clover in the grass-clover mixture increases. 1m
This is because when more clover is present, there are more nitrogen fixing bacteria that can convert
nitrogen gas in soil air to ammonium compounds. 1m
After the death of grass and clover, their dead bodies are broken down by decomposers and the
nitrogen inside is converted to ammonium compounds. 1m
More ammonium compounds are turned into nitrites, which are then changed into nitrates by
nitrifying bacteria. 1m
There are more nitrates that can be absorbed by wheat for protein synthesis. 1m
iv It reduces the pest population of host-specific pests. 1m
It helps control weeds. 1m

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Mock Exam VII Biology Answers - 57 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
 b i Carbon dioxide traps some of the infrared radiation emitted from the earth’s surface. 1m
The radiation is then re-emitted in all directions, causing the earth’s surface to gain more heat. 1m
ii Global warming speeds up the melting of icebergs. Organisms in the polar regions may lose their
habitats or suffer from food shortages. 1m
Unusual weather patterns such as frequent heat waves, droughts and hurricanes may occur. These
threaten the survival of humans and other organisms. 1m
(or other reasonable answers)
iii The transport distance of locally produced food is much shorter than that of imported food and thus
fewer air pollutants are released from vehicles for transportation. 1m
iv It reduces the amount of money spent on buying imported food. /
It supports the local farmers. /
It supports the local food industry. (or other reasonable answers) 1m
v People enjoy eating food products that are rarely produced locally. (or other reasonable answers)
1m
vi Some energy is lost when it is transferred from one trophic level to another. 1m
Plants are producers and occupy a lower trophic level in the food chain than animals, which are
consumers. 1m
If people consume vegetables instead of meat, energy can be transferred directly from plants to
humans, without being transferred to other animals. 1m

3 a i The cooling system can remove heat released in respiration in the digesters 1m
so that enzymes will not be denatured / microorganisms will not be killed by high temperatures. 1m
ii Thick walls insulate the digesters from the cold weather 1m
so as to maintain a temperature high enough for biogas production at a reasonable rate. 1m
iii The percentage of methane in the digester increased gradually from 0% on day 0 to 40% on day 12.
1m
It increased abruptly from day 12 onwards and reached 72% on day 18. 1m
iv Day 18 1m
v The air in the digester contained oxygen 1m
which was used by bacteria in aerobic respiration. 1m
A larger amount of carbon dioxide was produced in aerobic respiration. 1m
b i Food-borne infection is caused by ingested pathogens while 1m
food poisoning is caused by toxins present in food. 1m
ii (1) The lid of the agar plate was only slightly opened during streaking 1m
so as to minimize the exposure of any pathogens to the air and reduce the chance of
contamination of the agar plate. 1m
(2) It was to separate the culture of microorganisms into individual cells. 1m
(3) It was to prevent water vapour from condensing on the lid and dripping down of water onto the
agar surface during incubation. 1m
(4) The red colonies were E. coli while the colourless colonies were Salmonella or Shigella. 1m
E. coli fermented lactose in MAC into lactic acid, which was acidic and caused neutral red to
become red in colour. Their colonies therefore appeared red. 1m
Salmonella and Shigella could not ferment lactose into lactic acid and could not cause neutral
red to become red. Their natural colour was shown. 1m
(5) Salmonella and Shigella were not differentiated in MAC and additional testing was required to
identify whether Salmonella or Shigella caused abdominal pain and diarrhoea in Paul. 1m

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Mock Exam VII Biology Answers - 58 -
 Oxford University Press 2016
4 a i (1) Radioactive DNA probes were used to detect DNA fragments containing specific sequences
1m
and to make these DNA fragments visible on the photographic film. 1m
(2) Only one of the two X chromosomes in each somatic cell of Jack’s mother contains the
recessive allele. 1m
Its effect is masked by the dominant normal allele on the other X chromosome and thus she
does not suffer from DMD. 1m
ii (1) Cut the DNA fragment containing the normal allele for dystrophin and the plasmid using the
same restriction enzyme. 1m
Join the DNA fragment and the plasmid together using a DNA ligase. 1m
(2) The viruses acted as vectors 1m
to carry the recombinant DNA into the muscle cells of mice with DMD.
1m
(3)The normal allele was introduced into the somatic cells of the mice 1m
and thus the genetic modification was not inheritable. 1m
b i The genetically modified sheep is developed from a fertilized ovum 1m
which is formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction. 1m
ii This can increase the number of genetically modified sheep produced. 1m
Then more human blood clotting factors can be produced. 1m
iii The genetically modified sheep is milked. 1m
The human blood clotting factor is extracted from the milk and purified. 1m
iv The human blood clotting factors are less likely to be contaminated with pathogens. 1m
Large amounts of pure human blood clotting factors can be produced at a lower cost. 1m
v The genetically modified organisms may out-compete the wild types if they are released into the
environment. This would reduce biodiversity and upset the ecological balance. 1m
The genetically modified organisms may transfer their genes to the wild types. These genes may have
unexpected and dangerous effects. 1m
(or other reasonable answers)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Mock Exam VII Biology Answers - 59 -
 Oxford University Press 2016