Ancient History NCERT Notes | Class 6

Team Shashank Sajwan

WHAT, WHERE, HOW AND WHEN?

● About 4700 years ago, some of the earliest cities flourished on the banks of rivers.
Later, about 2500 years ago, cities developed on the banks of the Ganga and its
tributaries, and along the sea coast.
● The word India comes from the Indus, call Sindhu in Sanskrit.
● The name Bharata was first used for a group of people who lived in the north-west.
● 2000 means 2000 years after the birth of Christ. All dates before the birth of Christ
are counted backwards and usually have the letter BC that is before Christ.
● AD stands for two Latin words “Anno Domini”, meaning in the year of the Lord. So,
2005 can also be written as AD 2005.
● Sometimes CE is used instead of AD and BCE instead of BC. The letters CE stands for
“common Era” and BCE stands for “before common Era”.
● Bhimbetka (in present-day Madhya Pradesh) and some sites known as habitation
sites are places where people lived. These include cave and rock shelters.
○ People chose these natural cases because they provided shelter from the
rain, heat, and wind.
○ Natural caves and rock shelters are found in the Vindhyas and the Deccan
Plateau.
○ These rock shelters are close to the Narmada valley.
● Stone tools were probably made using two different techniques– The first is called
stone on stone and the second pressure Flaking.
● Archaeologists call the earliest period the Paleolithic. This comes from two Greek
words “PALEO “meaning old, and “LITHAS”, meaning stone.
● The Palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago.
This long stretch of time is divided into the lower, middle and upper Palaeolithic.
This long span of time covers 99% of human history.
● The period when we find environmental changes, beginning about 12,000 years ago
till about 10,000 years ago is called the Mesolithic period (Middle Stone). Stone
tools found during this period are generally tiny and are called microliths.
● The next stage, from about 10,000 years ago is known as neolithic.
● Ostriches were found in India during the Palaeolithic period. Large quantities of
ostrich egg shells were found at Patne in Maharashtra.

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FROM HUNTING-GATHERING TO GROWING FOOD
● The first animal to be tamed was the wild ancestor of the dog.
● Domestication was a gradual process that took place in many parts of the world. It
began about 12,000 years ago.
○ Some of the earliest plants to be domesticated were wheat and barley. The
earliest domesticated animals included sheep and goats.
○ Evidence of early farmers and herders– some of the most important ones are
in the north-west, in present-day Kashmir, and in east and south India.
● Archaeologists have found traces of hearts or houses at some sites for instance in
BURZAHOM, Kashmir people built pit houses, which were dug into the ground, with
steps leading to them. these may have provided shelter in cold weather.
● Many of the farmers and herders lived in group called tribes.
○ Members of tribes follow occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming,
herding and fishing.
○ Some men are regarded as leaders.
○ Old women are respected for their wisdom and experience.
○ Tribes have rich and unique culture and traditions, including their own
language, music, stories and paintings.
○ Land, forest, grasslands and water are regarded as the wealth of the entire
tribe. There is no sharp difference between the rich and the poor.
● Mehargarh in Pakistan, this site is located in fertile plains, near the badan pass,
which is one of the most important routes in Iran.
○ Mehargarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to
grow barley and wheat, and reared sheep and goats for the first time in this
area.
○ It is one of the earliest villages. Other finds at Mehargarh include remains of
square or rectangular houses.

IN THE EARLIEST CITIES

● Harappan cities developed about 4700 years ago.
● In Mohenjo Daro, a very special tank, the great bath was built. This tank was lined
with bricks, coated with plaster and made watertight with a layer of natural tar.
There were rooms on all the sides.
● Other cities, such as Kalibangan and Lothal had fire altars, where sacrifices may have
been performed.
● Generally, houses were one or two storeys high, with rooms built around a
courtyard. Most houses had a separate bathing area, and some had wells to supply
water.
● Many of these cities had covered drains. Each drain had a gentle slope so that water
could flow through it.

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 ● Most things that have been found by archaeologist in the Harappan cities are made
of stone, shell and metal, including copper, bronze, gold and silver.
● Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago.
● FAIENCE: unlike stone or shell, that were found naturally, faience is a material that is
artificially produced. The colours of the glaze were usually blue or sea green. It was
used to make beads, bangles, earrings and tiny vessels.
● Seals: seals have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were
sent from one place to another. After the bag was closed or tight, a layer of wet clay
was applied on the knot, and the seal was pressed on it. The impression of the seal is
known as a sealing. If the sealing was intact, one could be sure that the goods had
arrived safely.
● Around 3900 years ago we found the beginning of a major change. People stopped
living in many of the cities. Writings, seals and weights were no longer used. Raw
materials brought from long distances became rare.

WHAT BOOKS AND BURIALS TELLS US

● The Vedas (Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, Atharveda).
● The oldest Veda is the Rigveda, composed about 3500 years ago.
○ The Rigveda includes more than 1000 hymns called “Suktas” or well said.
○ These hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses.
○ Three gods are especially important – Agni, the God of fire; Indra, a warrior
God; Soma, a plant from which a special drink was prepared.
○ These hymns were composed by sages.
○ The Rigveda is in old or vedic Sanskrit.
○ Sanskrit is a part of a family of language is known as Indo-European.
○ There are many prayers in the Rigveda for cattle, children especially sons, and
horses. Horses were yoked to chariots that were used in battles, which were
fought to capture cattle.
○ The words used to describe people found in the Rigveda: there are two
groups were described in terms of their work – the priest, sometimes called
Brahmins, who perform various rituals and the Rajas.
○ Two words were used to describe the people or the community as a whole –
one was the word “JANA” and the other was “VISH”. The word VAISHYA
comes from VISH.
○ Sometimes, the people who compose the Hymns describe themselves as
Aaryas and call their opponent Dasas or DASYUS. The term Dasa (feminine
dasi) came to mean slave.
● Megaliths, literally big stones, were carefully arranged by people and were used to
make burial sites.

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 ○ The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago and was
prevalent throughout the Deccan, south India, in the Northeast and Kashmir.
● Inamgaon is a site on the river Ghod tributary of Bhima. It was occupied between
3620-2700 years ago. Here adults were generally buried in the ground.
● About 2000 years ago, there was a famous physician named Charaka, who wrote a
book on medicine known as “Charaka Samhita “.
○ There he states that the human body has 360 bones. Charan arrived at this
figure by counting the teeth, joints and cartilage.

KINGDOMS, KINGS AND AN EARLY REPUBLIC

● The priest divided people into four groups, called Varnas.
○ According to them, each Varna had a different set of functions.
○ The first Varna was that of the Brahmin. Brahmins were expected to study
and teach the Vedas, perform sacrifices and receive gifts.
○ In the second phase there were rulers, also known as Kshatriyas. They were
expected to fight battles and protect people.
○ Third were Vaishyas. They were expected to be farmers, herders and traders.
○ Last were the Shudras, who had to serve the other three groups and could
not perform any rituals. Often women were also grouped with the shudras.
● The Rajas who performed big sacrifices were recognised as Rajas of Janapada rather
than Janas. The word Janapada literally means the land where the Jana set its foot
and settled down.
● About 2500 years ago, some janpads became more important than others and were
known as Mahajanapadas. Most Mahajanpads had a capital city, many of these
were fortified.
● Taxes – usually tax was fixed at 1/6 of what was produced. This was known as Bhaga
or a share. There were taxes on crafts persons as well.
○ There were also taxes on goods that were bought and sold, through trade.
○ Herders were also expected to pay taxes.
● Magadh became the most important Mahajanapada in about 200 years. Many rivers
such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha.
○ Magadh had two very powerful rulers – Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, who
used all possible means to conquer other Janapadas.
○ Maha Padma Nanda was another important ruler. He extended his control
up to the north-west part of the subcontinent. Rajagriha (of present-day
Rajgir) in Bihar was the capital of Magadh for several years.
○ Later the capital was shifted to Pataliputra (Patna).
● While Magadh became a powerful kingdom, VAJJI with its capital at Vaishali, Bihar,
was under a different form of government, known as GANA or SANGHA.

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 ○ In a GANA (used for a group that has many members) or a SANGHA (means
organisation or association) there were not one but many rulers.
○ Both the Buddha and Mahavira belonged to GANAS or SANGHAS.
○ There is an account of VAJJIS from the DIGHA NIKAYA, a famous Buddhist
book, which contains some of the speeches of the Buddha. These were
written down about 2300 years ago.
○ Rajas of the powerful kingdoms tried to conquer the Sangh. Nevertheless,
these lasted for a very long time, till about 1500 years ago, when the last of
the GANAS or SANGHAS were conquered by the Gupta rulers.
● More than 2300 Years ago, a ruler named Alexander, who lived in Macedonia in
Europe, wanted to become a World conqueror. Of course, he didn’t conquer the
world, but he did Conquer parts of Egypt and West Asia.
● Elsewhere – around 2500 years ago, the people of Athens set up a form of
government, which was called a democracy which lasted for about 200 years.

NEW QUESTIONS AND IDEAS

● Siddhartha, aka Gautama, the founder of Buddhism was born about 2500 years ago.
○ Belong to a small Gana known as Sakya Gana, and was a Kshatriya.
○ Meditated for days under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, where he
attained enlightenment.
○ After that he was known as the Buddha or the Wise One.
○ He then went to Sarnath, near Varanasi, where he taught for the first time.
He passed away at Kushinagar.
○ The Buddha taught that life is full of suffering and unhappiness. This is
caused because we have cravings and desires.
○ He believed that the results of our actions called karma, whether good or
bad, affect us both in this life and the next. The Buddha taught in the
language of ordinary people “Prakrit”, so that everybody could understand
his message.
● Upanishad literally means ‘approaching and sitting near’ and the texts contain
conversations between teachers and students.
○ Upanishads were a part of the later vedic texts.
○ Most of the upanishadic thinkers were men, especially Brahmins and Rajas.
○ Many of the ideas of the Upanishadas were later developed by the famous
thinker Shankaracharya.
● Jainism – the most famous thinker of the Jains, Vardhman Mahavir, also spread his
message around this time, 2500 years ago. He was of Kshatriya Prince of Lichhavis, A
group that was part of the Vajji sangha.
○ At the age of 30, he left home and went to live in a forest. For 12 years he
had a hard and lonely life, at the end of which he attained enlightenment.

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 ○ He taught a simple doctrine: men in women who wish to know the truth
must leave their homes. They must follow very strictly the rules of Ahimsa.
○ They used Prakrit.
○ The word Jain comes from the term Jina meaning the conqueror.
● The Mahavira and Buddha felt that only those who left their homes could gain
knowledge. They arranged for them to stay together in the Sangha, an association of
those who left their homes.
● Many supporters of the monks and nuns, and they themselves, felt the need for
more permanent shelters and so monasteries were built. These were known as
Viharas.
● The system of Ashramas: around the time when Jainism and Buddhism were
becoming popular, Bramhins developed the system of Ashramas.
○ Ashram here is used for a stage of life.
○ Four Ashramas were recognised – Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha,
Samnyasa.
○ Brahman, Kshatriya,Vaishya men were expected to lead simple lives and
study the Vedas during the early years of their lives (Bramhacharya). Then,
they had to marry and live as householders (Grihastha), then they had to live
in the forest and meditate (Vanaprastha). Finally, they had to give up
everything and become Sannyasins.
● For more than a thousand years, Zoroastrianism was a major religion in Iran, later
some Zoroastrians migrated from Iran and settled down in the coastal towns of
Gujarat in Maharashtra. They were the ancestors of today’s Parsis.

ASHOKA, THE EMPEROR WHO GAVE UP THE WAR

● Ashoka was one of the greatest rulers in history and on his instructions, inscriptions
were carved on pillars, as well as rock surfaces.
○ The empire that Ashoka ruled was founded by his grandfather, Chandragupta
Maurya, more than 2300 years ago.
○ Chandragupta was supported by a wise man named Chanakya or Kautilya.
Many of Chanakya’s ideas were written down in a book called the
Arthashastra.
○ Capital was Pataliputra.
○ Taxila was a gateway to the north west, including Central Asia, while Ujjain
lay on the route from north to south India.
○ Merchants, officials and crafts persons probably lived in the cities.
○ The area around Patliputra was under the direct control of the emperor.
○ Most of the Asoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in the
Brahmi script.
○ Dhamma is the Prakrit word for the Sanskrit term Dharma.

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 ○ Asoka’s Dhamma did not involve worship of a God, or performance of a
sacrifice. He felt that just as a father tries to teach his children, he had a duty
to instruct his subject. He was also inspired by the teachings of the Buddha.
○ The Mauryan Empire collapsed about 2200 years ago.
○ In its place rose several new kingdoms.
■ In the north west, and in parts of north India, kings known as the Indo
Greeks ruled for about a hundred years.
■ They were followed by Central Asian people known as the Shakas,
who set up kingdoms in the north west, north and western India.
■ Some of these kingdoms lasted for about 500 years, till the Shakas
were defeated by the Gupta Kings.
■ The Shakas in turn were followed by Kushanas about 2000 years ago.
■ In the northern parts of central India, a general of Mauryas, named
Pushyamitra Shunga, set up a kingdom. The Shungas were followed
by another Dynasty known as Kanvas.
■ The Shakas who ruled over parts of western India for several battles
with the Satavahanas, who ruled over western and parts of central
India.
■ The Satavahanas Kingdom, which was established about 2100 years
ago, lasted for about 400 years.
■ Around 1700 years ago, a new ruling family known as the Vakatakas,
became powerful in central and western India.
■ In South India, the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas ruled between 2200
and 1800 years ago.
■ About 1500 years ago, there were two large kingdoms, those of the
Pallavas and Chalukyas.
● Elsewhere – about 2400 years ago, Emperors in China began to build the great wall.
○ It was meant to protect the northern frontier of the empire from pastoral
people.
○ The wall is about 6400 km long, and is made of stone and brick, with a road
along the top.
○ There are watch towers all along, at distances of about 100 – 200 m.

VITAL VILLAGES, THRIVING TOWNS

● The use of iron began in the subcontinent around 3000 years ago.
○ Around 2500 years ago, there is evidence for the growing use of iron tools.
● There were at least three different kinds of people living in most villages in the
southern and northern parts of the subcontinent. In the Tamil region, large
landowners were known as Vellalars. Ordinary ploughmen were known as Uzhavar,
landless labourers, including slaves, were known as Kadaisiyar and Adimai.

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 ● In the northern part of the country, the village headman was known as the Gram
Bhojaka.
○ The Grama Bhojak were often the largest landowners.
○ Apart from the Gram Bhojak, there were other independent farmers, known
as Grihapatis, most of whom were small land owners. And then there were
men and women such as the Dasa Karmarkar, who did not own land.
● Some of the earliest works in Tamil, known as Sangam literature, were composed of
around 2300 years ago.
● Coins – The earliest coins which were in use for about 500 years were punch marked
coins. They have been given this name because the designs were punched on to the
metal silver or copper.
● Mathura has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years (travel and
trade).
○ Around 2000 years ago Mathura had become the second capital of the
Kushanas.
○ Mathura was also a religious centre – there were Buddhist monasteries, Jain
shrines and it was an important centre for the worship of Krishna.
● Craft – many craft persons and merchants form an association known as Shrenis.
● Arikamedu – between 2200 and 1900 years ago, Arikamedu was a coastal
settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands. A massive brick
structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at the site.
● Elsewhere: Rome is one of the oldest cities in Europe. Rome was the capital of one
of the largest empires, one that spread across Europe, North Africa and West Asia.
● Augustus, one of the most important emperors, who ruled about 2000 years ago,
said that he found Rome a city of brick, and made it into a city of marble. He and
later rulers, built temples and palaces.

TRADERS, KINGS AND PILGRIMS

● South India was famous for gold, spices, especially pepper and precious stones.
● Sangam poems mention the Muvendar. This is a Tamil word meaning three chiefs,
used for the heads of three ruling families, the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas who
became powerful in South India around 2300 years ago.
● Around 200 years later there was a Dynasty known as Satavahanas, it became
powerful in Western India. The most important ruler was Gautamiputra Satakarni .
● Story of Silk Route:
○ Techniques of making silk were first invented in China around 7000 years
ago.
○ About 2000 years ago, wearing silk became the fashion amongst the rulers
and rich people in Rome.

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 ○ It was very expensive as it had to be bought all the way from China, along
dangerous roads, mountains and deserts.
○ The best known of the rulers who controlled the Silk Route were known as
the Kushanas, who ruled over Central Asia and north-west India around 2000
years ago.
■ Their two major centres of power were- Peshawar & Mathura. Taxila
was also included in their kingdom.
■ The Kushanas were amongst the earliest rulers of the subcontinent to
issue gold coins. These were used by the traders along the silk Route.
● Spread of Buddhism:
○ The most famous Kushana ruler was Kanishka. He ruled around 1900 years
ago, organised a Buddhist council.
○ AshwaGhosh, a poet who composed a biography of the Buddha “The Buddha
Charitha” court, lived in his court.
○ A new form of Buddhism, known as MahaYana Buddhism, has now
developed.
■ This had two distinct features: statues of the Buddhas were made.
Second, was a belief in bodhisattvas.
■ They remained in the world to teach and help other people. The
worship of Bodhi Sattva’s became very popular and spread
throughout Central Asia, China and later to Korea and Japan.
■ But it also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of
caves were hollowed out for monks to live in.
○ The oldest form of Buddhism is known as Theravada Buddhism.
○ The quest of the pilgrims: The best known of these are the Chinese Buddhist
pilgrims, FA XIAN, who came to the subcontinent about 1600 years ago,
XUAN ZENG (1400 years ago) & I-QING (who came about 50 years after
XUAN ZANG). They came to visit places associated with the life of Buddha as
well as famous Monasteries.
● Idea of bhakti – the idea of bhakti is present in the Bhagwat Gita, a sacred book of
the Hindus, which is included in Mahabharat.
● The word Hindu, like the term India is derived from the river Indus. It was used by
Arab and Iranians to refer to people who live to the east of the river, and to their
cultural practices, including religious beliefs.
● Elsewhere– about 2000 years ago, christianity emerged in West Asia.
○ Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem, which was then part of the Roman
Empire.
○ Christ’s teachings were that he was the saviour of the world. He also taught
people to treat others with love and trust others, just as they themselves
wanted to be treated.

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 ● The Christians of Kerala, known as Syrian Christians because they probably came
from West Asia, are amongst the oldest Christian communities of the world.

NEW EMPIRES AND KINGDOMS

● Samudra Gupta, a famous ruler of a dynasty known as the Guptas.
○ We know about him from a long inscription, actually a poem in Sanskrit,
composed by his court poet Hari Sena nearly 1700 years ago.
○ This was inscribed on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad.
○ This inscription is of a special kind known as a Prashasti, a Sanskrit word
meaning in praise of.
○ Samudra Gupta led an expedition to western India, where he overcame the
last of the Shakas.
○ According to later belief, his court was full of learned people, including
Kalidas the poet and Aryabhata the astronomer.
● Harshvardhan, who ruled nearly 1400 years ago, was one such ruler. His court poet,
Bana Bhatta wrote his biography “Harshacharita“ in Sanskrit.
● The Pallavas and Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in south India
during this period.
○ The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one another’s land.
○ The best known Chalukya ruler was Pulakeshin -II. We know him from a
Prashasti, composed by his court poet Ravikirti.
● Elsewhere – around 1400 years ago, Prophet Muhammad introduced a new religion,
Islam in Arabia.
○ Like christianity, Islam was a religion that laid stress on the equality and unity
of all before Allah, the one supreme God.

BUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS

● The iron pillar at Mehrauli, Delhi is a remarkable example of the skill of an Indian
crafts person. It is made of iron, 7.2 m high, and weighs over 3 tonnes. It was made
about 1500 years ago.
● A famous Tamil epic, Silappadikaram, was composed by a poet named Ilango,
around 1800 years ago.
○ It’s the story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar, and fell in
love with a courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his wife, Kannagi.
● Another Tamil epic, the Manimekalai, was composed by Sattaner, around 1400
years ago. This describes the story of the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi.
● Purana literally means old. The Puranas contain stories about gods and goddesses.
● Sanskrit Epics – Mahabharat and Ramayan have been popular for a long time.
● Aryabhata, a mathematician and astronomer, wrote a book in Sanskrit known as the
Aryabhatiyam.

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 ● Elsewhere– paper was invented in China about 1900 years ago, by a man named Cai
Lun.
○ He beat plant fibres, cloth, rope and the bark of trees, so these in water, and
then pressed, drained and dried the pulp to create paper.

SOME IMPORTANT DATES

1. The beginning of agriculture – 8000 years ago
2. The first cities on the Indus – 4700 years ago
3. Cities in the Ganga Valley, a big kingdom in Magadha – 2500 years ago
4. The present – about 2000 AD/CE
5. The Mesolithic period – 12,000–10,000 years ago.
6. The beginning of new lithic – 10,000 years ago
7. Beginning of domestication – 12,000 years ago
8. Beginning of settlement at Mehargarh – 8000 years ago
9. Cotton cultivation at Mehargarh – about 7000 years ago
10. Beginning of cities – about 4700 years ago
11. Beginning of the end of the cities - about 3900 years ago
12. The emergence of other cities – about 2500 years ago
13. Beginning of the composition of the Vedas – about 3500 years ago
14. Beginning of the building of megaliths – about 3000 years ago
15. Settlement of INAMGAON – between 3600 and 2700 years ago
16. CHARAKA – about 2000 years ago
17. New kinds of rajahs – about 3000 years ago
18. MAHAJANAPADAS – about 2500 years ago
19. Alexander’s invasion, composition of the DIGHA NIKAYA – about 2300 years ago
20. End of the GANAS/SANGHAS – about 1500 years ago
21. Writing down of the Jaina texts – about 1500 years ago
22. UPANISHADIC Thinkers, the Jain teachers Mahavir and the Buddha – about 2500
years ago
23. Beginning of the Mauryan Empire – more than 2300 years ago
24. Beginning of the use of iron in the subcontinent – about 3000 years ago
25. Increase in the use of iron, punch marked coins – about 2500 years ago
26. Beginning of the composition of Sangam literature – about 2300 years ago
27. Settlement in ARIKAMEDU – between 2200 and 1900 years ago
28. Discovery of silk making – about 7000 years ago
29. The Cholas, CHERAS, PANDYAS- about 2300 years ago
30. Growing demand for silk in the Roman Empire – about 2000 years ago
31. KANISHA, the KUSHAN a ruler – about 1900 years ago
32. FA Xian comes to India – about 1600 years ago

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 33. XUAN ZANG comes to India, APPAR composes devotional poems in praise of Shiva –
about 1400 years ago
34. Beginning of the Gupta Dynasty – about 1700 years ago
35. The rule of Harshvardhan – about 1400 years ago
36. Beginning of Stupa building – 2300 years ago
37. Amaravati – 2000 years ago
38. Kalidas – 1600 years ago
39. Durga temple – 1400 years ago
40. Iron pillar, temple at Bhitargaon, paintings at Ajanta, Aryabhata – 1500 years ago

A QUICK LOOK AT DATES

1. The Harappan cities flourished between C. 2700 and1900 BCE.
2. The Rigveda was composed between c.1500 and 1000 BCE.
3. Alexander invaded the North West c.327–325 BCE.
4. Chandragupta Maurya became king C.321 BCE.
5. Asoka ruled between c.272/268 to231 BCE.
6. The establishment of the Gupta empire C.320 BCE. 7) The rule of Harshvardhan 606–
647 BCE 8) XUAN ZANG comes to India – 630– 643 CE.
7. New ideas associated with the Upanishad, Jainism, Buddhism emerged C.500 BCE
8. Composition of the Sangam text C.300 BCE – 300 CE

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