Course name :-Introduction to power system

Course code:-ECEG-4166

Batch :- 4th year electrical engineering

Instructor name:- Mr.Adama.O

November,2022

Introduction to power systems 1

 CHAPTER TWO
2. Representation of power system components

Contents
2.1 Review of basic concepts in AC circuit analysis
2.2 Single-phase solution of balanced three-phase networks
2.3 One-line diagram and impedance or reactance diagram
2.4 Per unit (PU) system

Introduction to power system 2

2.1 Review of basic concepts in AC circuit analysis

Basic components of power system

• Alternator
• Power transformer
• Transmission lines
• Substation transformer
• Distribution transformer
• Loads

Introduction to power system 3

 AC circuit analysis

• A complete path through which alternate current flows is known as AC

circuit.

• There are two types of systems available in electrical circuits, single phase
and three phase.

• In single phase circuits, there will be only one phase, i.e the current will
flow through only one wire and there will be one return path called neutral
line to complete the circuit.

• So in single phase minimum amount of system

Introduction to power power can be transported. 4
….cont’d

• Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send

together from generator to the load.

• Each phase are having a phase difference of 1200 , i.e 1200 angle

electrically.

• So from the total of 3600 , three phase are equally divided into 1200 each.

Introduction to power systems

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 ….cont’d
• The power in three phase system is continuous as all the three phases
are involved in generating the total power.

• The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system is shown below .

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Advantages of three phase over single phase

• The three phase can be used as single phase each.

• So if the load is single phase, then one phase can be taken from the three
phase circuit and the neutral can be used as ground to complete the
circuit.

• The three phase system can be used as three single phase line so it can
act as three single phase system.

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…. Cont’d

• The three phase generation and single phase generation is same in the generator
except the arrangement of coil in the generator to get 1200 phase difference.

• The conductor needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in
single phase circuit.

• The instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to zero as in single
phase we can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase system the net
power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load.

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…. Cont’d

• Now of we consider the transformer, it will be almost same size from

both single phase and three phase because transformer will make only the
linkage of flux.

• So the three phase system will have higher efficiency compared to single
phase for the same or little difference in mass of transformer, three phase
line will be out whereas in single phase will be only one.

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….cont’d
• And losses will be minimum in three phase circuit.

• So overall in conclusion the three phase system will have better and higher
efficiency compared to the single phase system.

• For a given frame size of a machine a 3-phase machine will have large
capacity than a single phase machine.

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….cont’d
• The torque produced in a 3-phase motor will be more uniform where as in
a 1-phase motor it is pulsating.

• The amount of copper required in a certain amount of power over a

particular distance, is less compared to a single phase system.

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 Balanced three phase networks

• A balanced polyphase system is one in which there are two or more equal voltages of the
same frequency displaced equally in time phase, which supply power to loads connected
to the lines.

• In general, in a n-phase balanced polyphase system, there are n-equal voltages displaced
360 2π
in time phase by or .
𝑛 𝑛

• A balanced three phase circuit or network from source to load can be connected either in
delta or wye connection methods.

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 ….cont’d

There are four different types of connections source with load. See the
following table

Source Load
Wye Wye
Wye Delta (reading assignment)
Delta Delta (reading assignment)
Delta Wye (reading assignment)

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 Balanced Wye-Wye Connection

• A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced

Y-connected source and a balanced Y-connected load

• Consider the balanced four-wire Y-Y system of Figure.(1), where a Y-

connected load is connected to a Y-connected source.

• We assume a balanced load so that load impedances are equal.

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….cont’d

• Although the impedance ZY is the total load impedance per phase, it may
also be regarded as the sum of

✓ the source impedance ZS,

✓ line impedance Zl, and

✓ load impedance ZL for each phase, since these impedances are in

series.

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….cont’d
• As illustrated in Figure.(1),

✓ ZS denotes the internal impedance of the phase winding of the

generator;

✓Zl is the impedance of the line joining a phase of the source with a
phase of the load;

✓ZL is the impedance of each phase of the load, and

✓Zn is the impedance of the neutral line.

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 …. Cont’d
• Thus, in general ,

• ZS and Zl are often very small compared with ZL, so one can assume
that ZY = ZL if no source or line impedance is given.

• In any event, by lumping the impedances together, the Y-Y system in

Figure.(1) can be simplified to that shown in Figure.(2).

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Figure (1) A balanced Y-Y system, showing the source,
line, and load impedances

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Figure 2. Balanced Y-Y connections

19
 ….cont’d

• Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltages (or line-to-neutral

voltages) are

• The line-to-line voltages or simply line voltages Vab, Vbc, and Vca are
related to the phase voltages. For example,

20
Similarly, we can obtain

21
….cont’d

• Thus, the magnitude of the line voltages VL is √3 times the magnitude of

the phase voltages Vp, or

• Where

• And
Introduction to power systems
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Applying KVL to each phase in Figure.(2), we obtain the
line currents as

We can readily infer that the line currents add up to zero,

so that,
or

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….cont’d

• That is, the voltage across the neutral wire is zero.

• The neutral line can thus be removed without affecting the system.

• In fact, in long-distance power transmission, conductors in multiples of

three are used with the earth itself acting as the neutral conductor

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….cont’d
• Power systems designed in this way are well grounded at all critical points
to ensure safety.

• While the line current is the current in each line, the phase current is the
current in each phase of the source or load.

• In the Y-Y system, the line current is the same as the phase current.

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 ….cont’d
• We will use single subscripts for line currents because it is natural and
conventional to assume that line currents flow from the source to the load.

Figure 4. A single-phase equivalent circuit

• An alternative way of analyzing a balanced Y-Y system is to do so on a
“per phase” basis.

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….cont’d

• We look at one phase, say phase a, and analyze the single-phase

equivalent circuit in Figure.(4).

• The single-phase analysis yields the line current Ia as

• From Ia, we use the phase sequence to obtain other line currents.

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…cont’d

• Thus, as long as the system is balanced, we need only analyze one phase.

• We may do this even if the neutral line is absent, as in the three-wire

system

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Balanced Wye-Wye Connection Examples

• Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system of Figure below.

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…. Cont’d
• Solution:
The three-phase circuit in Figure.(5) is balanced; we may replace it with
its single-phase equivalent circuit such as in Figure.(4).
• We obtain Ia from the single-phase analysis as

• where ZY = (5 − j2) + (10 + j8) = 15 + j6 = 16.155/ 21.8◦. Hence,

•

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….cont’d

• Since the source voltages in Figure are in positive sequence and the line
currents are also in positive sequence

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Balanced three phase network quantities-summary

• A three phase circuit may be connected either in delta or in wye

• In a balanced three phase ckt the phase and the line values of the current,
power, voltage are related as follows(the subscript p and l representing
phase and line respectively)
• Wye connection
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑙
𝑉𝑙
𝑉𝑝 =
3
P= 3𝑉𝑙 𝐼𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝞱𝑝

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…. Delta connection

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑙
𝐼𝑙
𝐼𝑝 =
3
P= 3𝑉𝑙 𝐼𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝞱𝑝
• The delta and the wye impedances are related as
1
𝑍𝑤𝑦𝑒 = 𝑍𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎
3
• For both types of connections the apparent and reactive powers are
respectively
𝑄
VA= 3𝑉𝑙 𝐼𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝞱𝑝 and Q= 3𝑉𝑙 𝐼𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝞱𝑝 , 𝞱𝑝 =tan
𝑃

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 Assignment 1.
• Derive the line voltage, line current, phase voltage, phase current and
power of a balanced three phase network whose connections are

✓Delta(source)-delta(load)

✓Wye(source)-delta(load)

✓Delta(source)-wye(load)

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Introduction to power systems
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 Contents
• One line diagram of balanced three-phase networks

• Impedance diagram

• Reactance diagram

• Per unit system(reading assignment)

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….cont’d

• There are three different diagrams representing a power system

✓One line diagram

✓Impedance diagram

✓Reactance diagram

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One line diagram of balanced three-phase networks

• Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the

simple symbol for each component.

• The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows the
main connections and arrangement of the system components along with
their data (such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).

• The power system components symbol used in one line diagram

representation are shown below

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….One-line diagram -symbols

39
40
Introduction to power systems
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…. Cont’d
• It is not necessary to show all the components of the system on a single
line diagram,

• e.g., circuit breaker need not be shown in the load flow study but are
the must for a protection study.

• In the single line diagram, the system component is usually drawn in the
form of their symbols.

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…cont’d

• Generator and transformer connections, star, delta and neutral earthing

are indicated by symbols drawn by the side of the representation of these
elements.

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….cont’d

• Circuit breakers are represented by rectangular blocks.

• The figure shown below represents the single line diagram of a typical
block system.

• It is difficult to draw the line diagram of the few components.

• So for simplification, the impedance diagram is used for representing the

power system components.

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….Impedance diagram
• In impedance diagram, each component is represented by its equivalent
circuit,

• e.g., the synchronous generator at the generating station by a voltage

source in series with the resistance and reactance, the transformer by
a nominal ∏-equivalent circuit.

• The load is assumed to be passive and are represented by a resistive and

inductive reactance in the series.

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 ….cont’d
• Neutral earthing impedance does not appear in the diagram as the
balanced condition is assumed.

46
Example :-represent the equivalent impedance diagram
of the following one-line diagram shown below

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…. Impedance diagram

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….cont’d
• The impedance diagram can further be simplified by making certain
assumptions and reduced to simplified reactance.

• Reactance diagram is drawn by neglecting the effective resistance of

• Generator armature,

• Transformer winding resistance,

• Transmission line resistance line charging and

• The magnetizing circuit of transformers.

• Reactance diagram of the power system is shown below.

49
….Reactance diagram
• The reactance diagram gives an accurate result for many power system
studies, such as short-circuit studies, etc.

• The winding resistance, including the line resistance, are quite small in
comparison with leakage reactance and shunt path which includes line
charging and transformer magnetising circuit provide a very high parallel
impedance with fault

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….Reactance diagram
• Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified from impedance diagram by
omitting
✓ all static loads,
✓ all resistances,
✓the magnetizing current of each transformer, and
✓the capacitance of the transmission line.

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….example

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….cont’d

• Example: draw the equivalent reactance diagram of the above

figure of example 1

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….. Reactance diagram

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 Per unit (PU) system

• In a large interconnected power system with various voltage levels and

various capacity equipment it has been found quite convenient to work
with per unit (p.u.) system of quantities for analysis purposes rather than
in absolute values of quantities.
• The p.u. value of any quantity is defined as

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….cont’d

• In electrical engineering the three basic quantities are voltage, current and
impedance.
• If we choose any two of them as the base or reference quantity, the third
one automatically will have a base or reference value depending upon the
other two
• e.g., if V and I are the base voltage and current in a system, the base
impedance of the system is fixed and is given by

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….cont’d

• The ratings of the equipment in a power system are given in terms of

operating voltage and the capacity in kVA.

• Therefore, it is found convenient and useful to select voltage and kVA as

the base quantities.

• Let Vb be the base voltage and kVAb be the base kilovolt amperes, then

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….cont’d

58
….cont’d

• This means that the p.u. impedance is directly proportional to the base
kVA and inversely proportional to square of base voltage.
• Normally the p.u. impedance of various equipments corresponding to its
own rating voltage and kVA are given and since we choose one common
base kVA and voltage for the whole system, therefore, it is desired to find
out the p.u. impedance of the various equipments corresponding to the
common base voltage and kVA.
• If the individual quantities are Zp.u. old, kVAold and Vold and the common
base quantities are Zp.u. new, kVAnew and Vnew, then making use of the
relation above,

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….cont’d

This is a very important relation used in power system analysis. The p.u.
impedance of an equipment corresponding to its own rating is given by

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….cont’d

• Where Z is the absolute value of the impedance of the equipment.

• It is seen that the p.u. representation of the impedance of an equipment is
more meaningful than its absolute value
• e.g., saying that the impedance of a machine is 10 ohms does not give
any idea regarding the size of the machine.
• For a large size machine 10 ohms appears to be quite large, whereas for
small machines 10 ohms is very small.

Introduction to power systems 61

 ….cont’d
• Whereas for equipments of the same general type the p.u. volt drops and
losses are in the same order regardless of size.
• With p.u. system there is less chance of making mistake in phase and line
voltages, single phase or three phase quantities.
• Also the p.u. impedance of the transformer is same whether referred on
to primary or secondary side of the transformer which is not the case
when considering absolute value of these impedances.
• This is illustrated below: Let the impedance of the transformer referred to
primary side be Z p and that on the secondary side be Zs , then

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….cont’d

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….cont’d

• From this it is clear that the p.u. impedance of the transformer referred to
primary side Z p p.u. is equal to the p.u. impedance of the transformer
referred to the secondary side Zs p.u.
• This is a great advantage of p.u. system of calculation.
• The base values in a system are selected in such a way that the p.u.
voltages and currents in system are approximately unity.
• Sometimes the base kVA is chosen equal to the sum of the ratings of the
various equipment's on the system or equal to the capacity of the largest
unit.

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….cont’d
• The different voltage levels in a power system are due to the presence of
transformers.
• Therefore, the procedure for selecting base voltage is as follows: A voltage
corresponding to any part of the system could be taken as a base and the
base voltages in other parts of the circuit, separated from the original part
by transformers is related through the turns ratio of the transformers.
• This is very important. Say, if the base voltage on primary side is Vpb then
on the secondary side of the transformer the base voltage will be Vsb =
Vpb(Ns /N p), where Ns and N p are the turns of the transformer on
secondary and primary side respectively.

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….cont’d

• The following example illustrates the procedure for selecting the base
quantities in various parts of the system and their effect on the p.u. values
of the impedances of the various equipments.

• Example 1.1: A 100 MVA, 33 kV 3-phase generator has a subtransient

reactance of 15%.

• The generator is connected to the motors through a transmission line and

transformers as shown in Fig. E1.1a.

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….cont’d
• The motors have rated inputs of 30 MVA, 20 MVA and 50 MVA at 30 kV with 20%
sub transient reactance.

• The 3-phase transformers are rated at 110 MVA, 32 kV, ∆/110 kV Y with leakage
reactance 8%.

• The line has a reactance of 50 ohms.

• Selecting the generator rating as the base quantities in the generator circuit,
determine the base quantities in other parts of the system and evaluate the
corresponding p.u. values

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Fig. E1.1a

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…cont’d
• Solution:

• Assuming base values as 100 MVA and 33 kV in the generator circuit, the
p.u. reactance of generator will be 15%.

• The base value of voltage in the line will be

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….cont’d

70
….cont’d

71
References

• ttps://wiraelectrical.com/balanced-delta-wye-connection/
• Electrical power system by c.wadha

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Introduction to power systems
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