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Formulae Differential Equation

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36 views2 pages

Formulae Differential Equation

Description

Uploaded by

misraanayschool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Amity International School, Noida

Mathematics – Class XII


Formulae for Differential Equations

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable w.r.t the


independent variable is known as a differential equation.
Order: Order of differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative
occurring in the differential equation.
Degree: Degree of differential equation is defined if it is a polynomial equation in its
derivatives. When defined it is the highest power (positive integer only) of the highest
order derivative in it.
To form a Differential Equation :
(i) We first differentiate the function successively as many times as the
number of arbitrary constants in the given function.
(ii) Then we eliminate the arbitrary constants using the given function and the
derivatives. The equation so obtained is the desired differential equation.
dy
Solving Differential Equation of the form  f ( x, y ) …..(i)
dx
I : Variables Separable Differential equations :
If f ( x, y )  p( x) q ( y ) then the differential equation (i) can be written as
dy
 p( x) q( y )
dx
dy
Or  p ( x ) dx
q( y)
dy

q( y ) 
 p( x) dx  c.

II : Homogeneous Differential equation :


dy
The equation  f ( x, y ) is said to be homogeneous differential equation if the
dx
function f ( x, y ) is homogeneous. f ( x, y ) is said to be homogeneous if the sum of
the powers of x and y or of only x or only y in each term is the same. E.g.
x 2  2 xy  y 2 is a homogeneous function.
A function f ( x, y ) is said to be homogeneous function of degree n if
f ( x,  y )   n f ( x, y ) for any non zero constant  . E.g.
f ( x, y )  x 2  2 xy
f ( x,  y )   2 x 2  2 2 xy
 f ( x,  y )   2 ( x 2  2 xy )
 f (  x,  y )   2 f ( x, y )
is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
Solving homogeneous differential equation:
dy f1 ( x, y)
(i) First write  where no. of terms of f 2 ( x, y )  no. of terms of
dx f 2 ( x, y)
f1 ( x, y ) .
Or else
dx f 2 ( x, y)
(ii)Write 
dy f1 ( x, y)
dy dv
In case (i) we substitute y = vx so that vx
dx dx
This substitution changes the equation in variable separable form in x and v. Proceed
as in type I. Replace v by y/x in the solution.
e.g. ( x2 + y2 ) dx + xy dy = 0.
dy x2  y 2

dx xy
dx dv
In case (ii) we substitute x = vy so that v y
dy dy
This substitution changes the equation in variable separable form in y and v. Proceed
as in type I. Replace v by x/y in the solution.
e.g. y2 dx - ( x2 – xy + y2 ) dy = 0.
dx x 2  xy  y 2

dy y2

III : Linear Differential equations :


dy
Form I :  P  x  y  Q  x  where P(x) and Q(x) are the functions of x or constants.
dx
First we find the integrating factor (I.F) = e 
P  x  dx

The solution of the differential equation form I is given by


y.  I .F    Q  x  I .F  dx  c
dx
Form II :  P  y  .x  Q  y  where P(y) and Q(y) are the functions of y or constants.
dy
First we find the integrating factor (I.F) = e 
P  y  dy
.
The solution of the differential equation form II is given by
x.  I .F    Q  y  I .F  dy  c

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