ee Note, not The vowel sounds /au/ and /p/ When you say the lerters of the alphabet, © has the long vowel sound /ay/. You hear this sound in the word ztote. But the letter O is also pronounced as the short vowel sound /o/, as in the word ot. TY 67% - Listen co the sound /ou/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel _ sound. 47% « Listen to the target sound /ov/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. boot blues cast bull 7 i @ A738 + Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound. toe oes, wast “Rose knows Joe phones Sophie, but Sophie comb code coar and Joe don’t know Rose knows,” roll fose rope IED 08 - Listen to the sound /o¥. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound (74 « Listen to the target sound /o/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. Tips rounded ‘alitle) Ss Tips forward aw down 47% » Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound. wrong rob rock gone God got = doll dog dock “John wants to watch Walter wash the dog.” important for tiétening) ED Spelling frequentiy ‘Sometimes | notes Feel) Boke Es tooe If there is an R after the letter O (and the R does OW (show), OA (com) OE (toc) jal} Oldoa A twashh not have a vowel after it), O has a different pronunciation. (See Unit 19.) 40 English Pronunciation in Use16.1 16.3 ae) av? 16.4 Section A Letters and sounds Exercises Find 14 words in the puzzle (every letter is used once) and write them in the correct part of the table. The words are written horizontally (—+) or vertically (4)- words with [ool words with Jol cs ho p rw ead os ong ok lor Ss wos ¢ a do hank t bao nm or w od wt woa eek Sine Hiss See e TY ob Read the words and circle the one with the different vowel sound. Then fisten and check. EXAMPLE soap hope sold Goup) 1 come gone long want 5 both cloth clothes road 2 what hor most salt 6 word wash boss cost 3 drove love woke hole 7 post lost coast rose 4 snow low cow show Listen. You will hear the sentences twice, once in American English (A), once in British English (B). Write the order A-B or B-A. Exampie The coffee’s hor. AB. 1 The lock’s ar the top. 2 The song's long. —__ 3 Stop the clock, ___ 4 The dog's gone. 5 He's often wrong. —_—__— Listen and circle the word you hear. If you find any of these difficult, go to Section D4 Sound pairs for further practice. 1 Cost or coast? What's the cost / coast like? (=sound pair 14) 2 Shot or shut? They shot / shut the door. (=sound pair 15) 3 Boat or boot? There's water in my boat / boot. (sound pair 16) 4 Woke or walk? 1 woke / walk the dog. (sound pair 17) 5 Phoned or found? Tim phoned / found her. (sound pair 18) Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 16.4, choosing one of the two words. Make a nate of which words you say. Then listen to Yyour recording in about two weeks. Is it clear which words you said? English Pronunciation in Use 4lArthur's mother The consonant sounds /0/ and /d/ 49% «6 Listen to the two sounds /0/ and /0/. Notice that in “0, there as) is no voice from the throat, Instead, you can feel the air from: your mouth on your hand. In the sound /a/ there is voice from the throat. It is possible to make both sounds long. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make these consonant sounds. tongue betwéen top and bottom teeth (bush air through gap) | (8% © Now listen to the sound /0/ on its own. A565 + Listen to the target sound fi in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. xarget “yy sick thick sick boat both boat free three free « Listen and repear these examples of the target sound. thank — think thought healthy birthday naths earth Jength fourth « Listen to the sound /0/ on its own. © Listen to the target sound /0f in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. "Martha Smith's an author and an athlete” xareet “ay breed breathe breed den then den van than van S18 « Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound. these though they other weather clothes “My father and mother li breathe with sunbathe together with my other broth EEEEEY Spelling always notes: Aa TH (three) Ina few names of places and people, TH is pronounced as /t/ (Thailand, Thomas). i TH (then) a2 Engish Pronunciation in Use17.1 17.3 Section A Letters and sounds Exercises Find a way from Start to Finish. You may pass a square only if the word in it has the sound /0/. You can move horizontally (+) or vertically ($) only. sTagT af Complete this rhyme using words from the box. Then listen and check ae earth Heather broker neither. == mothers. brothers enother together birth either Arthur had a brother They wanted was a .... i And he didn’t want ——. So Arthur’s mother And of the brothers, — Gor them both Wanted sisters 2 And told chem alll good - ‘The last thing on this - Should learn to share their — Follow up: Listen ta the poem again. Pause the recording after each line and repeat Ft. Think of a computer which people speak into and it writes what they say. This computer wrote these sentences down wrongly. Correct the underlined mistakes. EXAMPLE It’s free o'clock. —..__ thre 1. A hat is more relaxing than a shower. 4 You need a sick coat in winter, 2 The train went true the tunnel, 5 Idon’t know; I haven't fought about 3 Don’t walk on the ice; it’s very fin. «6 Tes a matver of life and deaf. Listen and circle the word you hear. If you find any of these difficult, go to Section D4 Sound pairs for further practice. 1 Youth or use? ‘There's no youth / use talking about that. (sound pair 33) 2 Thought or taught? I don't know what she thought taught. (sound pair 35) 3 Free or three? Free / Three refills with each packet! (sound pair 39) 4 Closed or clothed? They weren’s fully closed / clothed. (sound pair 33) 5 Breeding or breathing? They've stopped breeding / breathing. (sound pair 35) 6 These are or visa? ‘These are/ Visa problems we can deal with later. (sound pair 39) Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 17.4, choosing ane Cf the two words. Make a note of which words you say. Then listen to ‘your recording in about two weeks. fs it clear which words you said? Engitsh Pronunciation in Use 43Sun, full, June The vowel sounds /a/, /u/ and /u:/ | ‘When you say the letters of the alphabet, U has the long vowel sound /u:/ (we say it with the consonant /j/ in front of it). You hear the /u;/ sound in the word June. But the letter U is also pronounced as the short vowel sounds /s/ or /uf, as in the words sn and full. MRE 68 ~ Listen to the sound /9/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this shore vowel sound. Asi « Listen to the target sound /a/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. 45% © Then listen and repeat the examples of the target sound. careet iy enh tps and shoot ar siz] come Blood at ptr match much = March | YOUNE GOSS must look luck Jock | “My mother's brothers my unde: my uncle's son’s my cousi to the sound /o/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound. Sb © Listen to the target sound /u/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. ASS « Then listen and repeat the examples of the targer sound. Examples carBet Muy full good for esr Tuck Took THE] ee oe jaw up (atte: ool pull Paul | “That cok coud’ cook fhe dit tok 488 « Listen to the sound /u:/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound. ASe) « Listen to the targer sound /u:/ in the words below and compate it with the words on each side. ASS 6 Then listen and repeat the examples of the target sound. ips rounded Examples shoe shoes shoot new — lose soup “Sue knew too few new tunes on the flute.” cc, RTE staraegmen neta EE) —_ Noes on spetting: If there is an R after the letter U (and the R does not have a vowel after it), U has a different pronunciation. (See Unit 19.) 44 English Pronunciation in UseSection A Letters and sounds Exercises Listen to this student. Do the underlined words have an /a/ oF /us/ sound? Write them in the correct part of the table. 1 studied English at 2 schoo) in London last ish ful summer. I was there for hwo nionths: May studied ‘School and June. England is famous for bad food and weather, but I thought the food was good. ‘The pub lunches were very nice. But it’s tue about the weather. Too much tain for me! Follow up: Listen again and repeat sentence by sentence. 18.2 Complete these sentences with words from the box. The vowel sound is given. Listen, check and repeat. brother wood moon juice won month June would full beer, = Cup, pt = son good EXAMPLE ‘Two things you can _...t__. /o/ on a foot are a shoe and a —-boot.... furl. 1 The Ja after — Jarl is July. 2 My mother's other /a is my Jal. 3 Brazil Inf the World 4 Fruit Afi 5S There is a —... fui! once a month. 6 You pronounce ......_ /uf exactly the same as bel. 18.3 Circle the word with the different vowel sound. You can use a dictionary if you are not sure. Exampte foot look (blood) push 4 pull full put rule 1 soon book boot room 5 group could would should 2 rude luck run bue 6 done move love son 3 shoes does true blue 7 south young couple won 18.4 Listen and circle the word you hear. If you find any of these difficult, go to Section D4 Sound pairs 89) for further practice. 1 Curoreat? There's a cut / cat on the arm of the sofa. (sound pair 2) 2 Come or calm? You should try to come { calm down. {sound pair 9} 3 Gun or gone? He’s taken his dog and gun / gone. (sound pair 15) 4 Shoes or shows? I've never seen her shoes / shows on TV. (sound pair 16) 5 Pool or pull? Ir said ‘pool’ / “pull” on the door. (sound pair 19) 6 Luck or look? It’s jusr her luck / look! (sound pair 20) The hairdcesser’s shirt / shut. (sound pair 21) 2 He shor a gun / again. {sound pair 22} Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 18.4, choosing one of the two words. Make a note of which word you say. Then listen to ‘your recording in about two weeks. Is it clear which words you said? TE English Pronunciation in Use 45Shirt, short The vowel sounds /3:(r)/ and /s:(r)/ Tn many accents in England, the letter R is not pronounced after a vowel, In other places, the R is pronounced, for example in North America. But in both cases, the letter R changes the vowel sound before it. Ifthe vowel letter is E, I, O or U, we often get the vowel sounds in shirt or short. GERD 6 Listen to the sound /a:/. Look at the mouth diagram to sce how to make this long vowel sound. 49% « Listen to the targer sound tips, tongue and jaw in relaxed position in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. a8 fa: short shirt where were born burn hard heard 9% «© Listen and repeat these examples of the target language. were w worst burn bird birth ber heard burt 1 « Listen to the sound “The girt heard the nurse work” Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound. 49%} « Listen to the target sound /o:/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. ‘ips very. = & soar watBt oy, ‘shot short work walk far four boil ‘ball | 478 + Listen and repeat the examples of the target sound. bore bored bought call camse caught “Laura's daughter bought 2 war wall walk horse and called it Laura” a q important " ED seating T7E/O/U+R other spellings /a:d_| IR (gir, ER (her), UR (hurd) OR (word), EAR (heard) Toil | OR (Form) A (calf, AR (war), AU (cause), AW (saw), | AL (walk), AUGH (taught), OUGH (thoughd), OUR (four) English Pronunciation in UseSection A Letters and sounds Exercises 19.1 Write these numbers out in full. Which of the two vowel sounds do they contain? Write /si/ or/ox/. 19.2 Find 14 words in the puzzle (every letter is used once) and write them in the correct part of the table, The words are written horizontally (—+) or vertically (j). words with /s1/ words with Ja: bird bob t © o ur se joa uhwswar soawrdtrre toawdadtliide Listen to these sentences. Is the accent from Britain or America? Write B or A. Exampte The girl's first birthday. A 1 It’s hard work, of course. —. 6 He was born on Thursday the thirry-first. 2 Are you sure? 7 She taught German. 3 Lawandorder 8 Llearned to surf in Brazil. 4 Twalk to work. 9 ‘Caught’ and ‘court’ sound the § Tsaw the bied fall, same in my accent, 19.4 Listen and circle the word you hear. If you find any of these difficult, go to Section D4 Sound pairs (9%) for further practice. 1 Four or far? Ie isn’t four / far. (sound pair 7) 2. Worst or west? Irs on the worst / west coast. (sound pair 12) 3 Walk or woke? I walk / woke the dog. (-sound pair 17) 4 Shut or shirt? The butcher's shut / shirt. (sound pair 21) 5 Port or pot? There's coffee in the port / pot. (sound pair 23) 6 Bird or beard? He has a black bird / beard. (sound pair 24) 7 Her or hair? Is that her / hair? (sound pair 25) 8 Worked or walked? We worked / walked all day. (sound pair 26) Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 18.4, choosing one of the two words. Make a note of which words you say. Then listen to ‘your recording in about two weeks. Is it clear which words you said? Serer English Pronunciation in Use 4720 Toy, town The vowel sounds /o1/ and /au/ GRID © ~ Listen to the sound /o¥/, Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel _ sound. 49% « Listen to the target sound />i/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side. stBet y buy boy bay pint point paint all oil, mw A © Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound. voy noise voice boil coin choice employ enjoyed “Roy enjoys noisy toys.” GID) % - Listen to the sound /av/. Look at the mouth diageam to see how ro make this long vowel sound, Ae » Listen to the target sound /av/ in the words below and compare it with the words on each side, 49 « Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound. how houses house pow sound sourly “Mrs Brown counted cows town — grownd count coming down the mountain _— Spelling frequently notes foil_| O¥{boy, 01 (cain) Tau] [OW (cov), OU (loud) Various different vowel sounds are spelt OW or OU. 48 English Pronunciation in UseSection A Letters and sounds Exercises Put one of the letters y, i, u or win each gap to make a word. The word must contain the sound /o1/ or /au/. Write /o1/ or /au/ after each word. EXAMPLE to_n tow /au/. lbos — 2 nose 3 fond - 4 pont 7 hoe Sho. — 8 flo_er 6bol — 9 enjo_ Listen to this text. Find words from it which have an />1/ or /au/ sound and write them in the correct part of the table. T enjoy living down town. Well, it’s very bail (4 words) fan] (6 words) noisy, of course. The traffic is loud, and the enjou young people often shout when they come out of the clubs. But there are lots of good points too. There’s a big choice of shops, and it’s easy to get around. Follow up: Listen again and repeat, sentence by sentence. Find a way from Start to Finish. You may pass a square only if the word in it has the sound /av/. You can move horizontally (==) or vertically ($) only. ‘START y— —- — + + hose some rou about moot ca I \ + £ ' ‘Soup oot brown mouse. bought South + 1 + - + could couple. grow tow would cloud ' t | + + know Snow touch ought down count + t + + + thought should ‘slow ‘blow pound young + 5 ‘soul coumtry though Fheow Ke ee ANISH Listen and circle the words you hear. 1 Tie or toy? He gor a tie / toy for his birthday. 2 Goodbye or Good boy? ‘Goodbye!’ / ‘Good boy? she said. 3 Phoned or found? She phoned / found a friend. 4 Tone of town? What an ugly tone / town! Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 20.4, choosing one of the two words. Make a hote of which words you say. Then listen to your recording in about two weeks is it clear which words you said?ei Eye, my, mine Introducing syllables We can divide a word into one or more syllables. For example mum has one syllable, mother bas two syllables and grandmother has three syllables. A syllable is a group of one or more sounds. The essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound (V). Some syllables are just one vowel sound. For example, these words have one syllable, and the syllable is just one vowel sounds eye fav, owe /avl, Assyllable can have consonant sounds (C) before the V, after the V or before and after the V. Here are some more examples (they are all words of one syllable). cv ve eve 90/00! iF Lif] ten fien) my [marl egg feat nose Mnovzf know /naof ice fats! mouth {man weigh fweif eight ent) knife fart) Note: There may be more than one C before or after the V. (See Units 24, 25) Remember that letters are not the same as sounds. For example, the consonant letters W and Y are not consonant sounds if they come after the vowel sound in the syllable eg. sato, say. They are part of the vowel sound. In some accents, for example South East English, the same is true for the consonant letter R, Here are some more examples. They are words of one syllable and they all have the pattern CV. how shaw’ law Jo? pay /ped why /wa) car kaif hair fheas Some people use the word syllable to talk about the parts of a written word. But in this book, the word syllable is used to talk about the pronunciation of words, not the writing. For example, in writing we can divide ‘chocolate’ into three parts like this: cho-co-late. But when we say the word, we pronounce only two syllables, like this: chocolate /t/ok-lat/. (The dot shows where the two syllables are divided.) A number of other words may be pronounced with fewer syllables than in writing, Listen to these examples. chocolate /tfok.lo/ different /dif-rant/ interesting /‘mn.tras.tin/ general /dsen.raV/ comfortable ’kamf.to.bol secretary /'sek.r9.trif “The first syllable in these words has the same three sounds, bur in the opposite order: kitehen /'kit anf = chicken /' fuk. inf. Ifa sentence has similar-sounding syllables like this in it, it may be difficult to say. ‘These sentences are called ‘tongue-twisters’. Listen to this example. Richard checked the chicken in the kitchen. AX Note: You can find more about sylabes ip Units 24 to 27. English Pronunciation in Use20.1 21.2 21.3 214 3 _N Din Section B Syllables, words and semences Exercises Write these words in the correct column. 1 syllable 2 syllables 3 syllabies. ata Look at these one-syllable words, Write C where there is a consonant sound. There may be one before \V, after V or in both places. Exametes high €.¥ nee je We 1 bought 2 eyes Bikey 4 day The spelling changes if you change the order of sounds in these one-syllable words from CV to VC Write the missing words. cv vc EXAMPLE flor! = fo = all 1 idev = — Jerdl = aid 2 Ino = foonl = own, Jerp! = ape fit = Jem = deis/ = ace Read the text aloud. Record your voice if you can. Then listen to the recording. Did you say the same number of syllables in the underlined words as on the recording? Twent to an interesting restaurant on Weduesday. First had chicken with a lot of diffcrent vegetables. Then I had a piece of chocolate cake. In general, I don’t like chocolate, but the cake was fovely. Listen to these tonque-twisters. How many syllables are there in each? Write the number. Then listen again and repeat. EXAMPLE She sells sea shells on the sea shore. 1 Walter walked towards the waicer = 2 Betty bought a better bit of burer. = 3 The fat cat sat on the ver's wet hat. = English Pronunciavon in Use stcs 52 Saturday September 13th Introducing word stress Ifa word has more than one syllable, you give stress to one of the syllables, To give it stress, do one or more of these to the syllable: * Make it longer. SS —=m t-urday © Make it louder 5 Sat < urday + Make ie higher. ‘We can show stress with circles: each circle is a syllable and the bigger circle shows which syllable has the stress. For example, Saturday is Ooo. Listen to the conversation and listett to the stress patterns of the words in bold type. A: When do you begin your holiday? °° Ooo B: On the thirtieth of August. O00 Oo A: That's next Saturday! Ooo B: We've leaving in the afternoon, 000 ‘As And when are you coming back? Bs Saturday September the thirteenth, °00 00 A: Thirtieth? Doo B: No, thirteenth! 00 Different words have different stress patterns (patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables). Listen to these two- and three-syllable words. 00 April, thir), morning, Sunday oo. September, comorrow, eleventh 00 midday, thirteen, today, thirteenth 000 afternoon, seventeen, twenty-one 000 « thirticth, yesterday, holiday, seventy Note: The stress pattern of numbers with -tcen is sometimes different when the word is in a sentence. For example, the normal stress pattern of nineteen is 00, but when it is followed by a noun, e.g. the nineteen nineties, nineteen people, the patter is Oo. Note: January and February may be pronounced with the stress patterns Ooo or Oooo. Stress patterns can help you hear the difference between similar words, for example, numbers ending in -teen or -ty. Listen to these examples. 00 Oo thirteen thirty fourteen forty eighteen ighty nineteen ninety ZX Note: You ean find more about word stress in Units 28 to 31. English Pronunciation ia Use22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Be Section B Splables, words and sentences Exercises Write the full words in the correct column, according to their stress pattern. Mon Tues Thu Sar today tomorrow Apr Jul Aug Sepr Oct Nov holiday 2nd dr 13 30 [3th 30th 17 70 afternoon 00 Ooo 000 000 00 Monae Write one word from 22.1 in each sentence below. The word miust fave the stress pattern shown, Then say the sentences. 1 I'm going to have a party on —- (O00). 2 My grandfather is (Goo) years old. 3 Toften sleep for an hour in the —-—- (000). 4 My birthday is on the (000) of March. 5 In Europe, the weather is warm in... (00). 6 Heft school when I was —— -—.. (000). 7 Goodnight. See you {000}. 8 How long is your summer - (Ovo)? Find a way from Start to Finish. You may pass a square only if the word has the stress pattern Ooo. You can move horizontally (+) or vertically ($) only. svarr cighticth twentieth \ thivtiath Beptember —+— Fuenty-one — +houSand yesterday October November" sietiewHe seventy eleventh eee second Forties thickeen Seventeen a ae holiday Fomerron | aSternoon ninetiot Saturdag NSH Listen and circle the number you hear, 1 100 dollars! It only cost 17 / 70 last year! 4 She was born in 1916 / 1960. 2 He was the 14th / 40th President of my country. § He was 13 / 30 on his last birthday. 3 The maximum number of people is 15 / 50. 6 She'll be 18 / 80 in March. Engish Pronunciation in Use 5323 Remember, he told her 54 Introducing sentence stress (P) Individual words have a stress pattern, that is a pattern of strong and weak syllables. Sentences also have a stress pattern, and this is sevttence stress. Sometimes a word and a sentence have the same stress pattern. Listen to these examples, O00 000 000 word sentence word sentence word sentence photograph Answer me! _| September Excuse me | aftemoon Do you smoke?) Canada Doesn't he? | tomorrow I'think so. | Japanese One of these? cabbages Copy it! remember He told her. _| Portuguese He's arrived. (810) Short sentences and phrases in English have some typical stress patterns. Listen to the examples. QocO — What's the time? Yes, of course! Thanks a lot! Qo00o See you later! Pleased to meet you! Can't you hear me? 0000 A piece of cake. The shop was closed. It’s time to go. Oo000 What do you do? Where do you live? Give me a call. 00060 — Are you coming? Do you like it? Is he happy? ZA Note: For more examples, see Section DS: Sentence stress phrasebook. There is normally a space between stressed syllables in a sentence. Unstressed syllables can be put in that space. The space stays more or less the same length whether one or more unstressed syllables are pushed into it. So for example, these three sentences take abour the same length of time to say. Listen. i) 000 Don't tell Mike. 00000 Go and speak to Mary. Oo0Q000000 Hurry and give it to Jonathan. Stress patterns can help you hear the difference between similar sentences. For example, verbs with the negative ending -n't are always stressed. This helps us to hear the difference between can and can’t in the following two sentences, because the two sentences have different stress patterns. 000 He can talk. 000 He can’t talk. AA Nate: You can find more about sentence stress in Units 32 to 40. English Pronunciation in Use23.1 ca ve 23.2 a? 23.3 ea) ? 23.4 Exercises Section B Syllables, words and sentences Listen and underline the sentence which does not have the same stress pattern as the word at the beginning of the line. EXAMOLE Ooo cinema ‘Wasn't it? 1000 tomato Close the door. 200 afternoon Does he drive? 3 000 December It’s open. Hasn't she? Don't you? He told me. Tike ie. Were you cold? ‘Whar happened? They arrived. They listened. Write these sentences in the correct catumn. Then fisten, check and repeat. ht ‘Come and look. ‘Close the window. ‘Whar do you want? ‘The water's cold, Give me a call. ‘What did she say? Phone and tell me. Nice to see you. ‘Where's the car? Irs cold and wet, Whar’s the time? 000 2000 ‘900 0000 The. bus was late. Combine phrases from the boxes A, B and C to make three sentences or phrases with these patterns: 000 00000 Oo0G00000. Then listen, check and repeat. EXAMPLE A B c Half a bottle of beer 900. One glass of orange juice O00000 = Saar. Give mea cold water QocQoeOoo Give me a bottle of orange. juice... poe A B Doesn't Jennifer listen 000 = Can't you make} Pete talk to you | GoOoOo — Can't Oscar drive Qo00000000 —4 weal a Listen and tick the sentence you hear, A or B. A B 1} | can swim. J can't swim. 2 | Are you coming? Aren't you coming? 3 | We were tired. We weren't tired, 4.| She can help you. ‘She can't help you. S| Can you see? Can't you see? 6 | They were talking. They weren't talking. Cerrar English Pronunciation in Use 55ye 8 am Oh, no snow! Consonants at the start of syllables Some one-syllable words are just a single vowel sound (V), for example ob and eye. If we add ‘one of more consonant sounds (C) to the beginnings of these words, they are still only one syllable. Look at these examples. —— v ov ccv on oof [no fnouf | snow = oh fof [tow flavf | slow o eye feat fie flaif fly air leaf where Jweaf —) swear or bot faw foif When there are two Cs at the start of a syllable: if the first C is //, the second C can be any of these: //, /k/, Mh, Jul, Jpl, It, fh, fi. ifthe first Cis any sound other than (:kt/ so it has the pattern CVC. Similarly with ~es endings, likes is pronounced flarks/ {evec). HED Some learners of English add a vowel after words ending in two Cs to make it easier to say. But be careful: if you add an extra V after the last C, you may get a different word 822) Listen to these examples. help helper sent centre cook cooker past pasta 58 English Pronunciation in Use25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Section B Syllables, words ond sentences Exercises Remove a consonant sound from the end of ¢ach word to make a new word. Be careful: think of sounds, not spelling! Look at the exampie. If you remove the last sound from went fwent/, you get when |wen/. EXAMPLE went ._.4hen DRAM tecccccmees: ils bald, os 2 change Sigh et de Sut oe, 6 wealth) Read the conversation and underline the words which end with two consonant sounds. A: OK, first question, What's the eighth month in the year? By Ics August. A; Correct! Second question. Whar’s che highest mountain on Earth? B: Mount Everese. A: Correct again! Mount Everest! Next question. Which city is furthest east in Europe: Athens, Brussels or Budapest? B: Is it Budapest, or perhaps Brussels? A: No, it isn’t. It's Athens. OK, last question. Whar’s the biggest land animal in the world? ‘The elephant. A: Very good! Three out of four correct, that’s seventy-five perceat! Now read the conversation aloud. Pronounce the underlined words carefully. Think of a computer which people speak into and it writes what they say. This computer wrote these sentences down wrongly. The mistakes are underlined and one of the correct words is given at the end in (brackets). Write the correct sentences. Examrte She dozen turn much. (earn) 1 I thing cold cars are better. (think) 2 The bang caught to be open by now. oaks 3 I thing call the time. (al) 4 These big cars whole date people. (hold) 5 Did he fill mother kinds of movies too? (other) 6 Three people have sick size. (eyes) 7 If you took aspirins, your head wooden take. (ache) listen and circle the word you hear. 1 They took their cook / cooker with them, 5 Is that your guess / guest? 2 She was a great help / helper! 6 They burr | burn tive food. 3 He did an / didn’t exercise. 7 It’s all in the past / pasta now. 4 They learn / learnt quickly. 8 That mix / mixer wasn't very good. English Pronunciation in Use 59v1) Paul's calls, Max's faxes Syllables: plural and other -s endings eae The noun call /k>:V is one syllable and the plural calls /ko:1z/ is also only one syllable. Usnally the +s ending is just a consonant sound (C), not another syllable. It is pronounced /9 or /2. ‘When we add -s to make the third person singular present, itis the same. For example, the verb | now In201 is one syllable and the third person form knows /n202/ is also only one syllable. When we add ~'s to make che possessive itis also the same. For example Paul and Paul's are both just one syllable. (823) Listen to the examples of -s endings in these rhymes. Claire's chairs, Bob's jobs. \ Bae Rose knows. Pat's hars. Sometimes, plural, chird person and possessive endings are another spllable. Far example, fax lisehs/ is one syllable, but faxes Mack. siz/ is two syllables, ®2) The plural and other endings are another syllable when the original word ends in one of the sounds below. Listen to the examples and rhymes. ds} Chris's kisses, the nurse's purses, { ar wishes ut roses IS The witch's warches { kisi George's fridges Note: When the -s ending is another syllable, itis pronounced (iz. She never sends birthday cards. (sounds like: She never /senz/ birthday cards) The lift's broken. (sounds like: The (lis broken) It tastes funny: {sounds like: it fters/ funny) That's what he expects. (sound like: That's what he fik'speks/) BRED to make sure you pronounce the -s ending. It is very important to the meaning, Listen ro the examples and notice how the -s ending changes the meaning noun verb i! #28) Jane's nose Jane knows { Nick’s weights Nick waits singular plural My friend spends a lor. My friends spend a lot. ur guest came late, ur guests came late. | 60 Engish Pronunciation in Use26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 29, Section B Syllables, words and sentences Exercises Match the beginnings and ends of these phrases so that they rhyme. Then listen and repeat. 3 The witch's © pieces 4 Mr Bridge’s phones 5 Mr Jones kisses 6 Chris's f plans 7 Anne's switches Write the third person forms of the verbs from the box in the correct part of the table below. Then listen, check and repeat. wereh sing go ger dance kiss come wash see close push pull 1 syllable oO Zsyliables Oo sings watches These speakers are not pronouncing all the consonants at the ends of some words. What are they saying? Write the sentence. cri) (sounds like: There are many different Jkainz! of whale) (sounds like: The /winz/ very strong today) Listen and circle the word you hear. 1 I saw the bird I birds fly away. 2. What time did the guest / guests leave? 3 He broke his arm / arms in the accident. 4 She sang the song / songs her father wrote. 5 Where does she park her car / cars at night? 6 Iread the book / books very quickly. 7 The bag / bags fell on the floor. 8 The shop / shops will be closed. 9 When wil the class / classes begin? 10 The box / boxes won't be big enough. Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 26.4, choosing singular or plural. Make-a note of which one you said. Then listen to ‘your recording in about two weeks. Is it clear which words you said? English Pronunciation in Use 61yay 1530 | wr A A 62 Pete played, Rita rested Syllables: adding past tense endings The verb play fplei/ has one syllable and the past tense played /ples/ also has only one syllable. Usually the -ed ending is just a consonant sound (C), not another syllable; the letter E is silent. So, for example, smiled /smaild/ rhymes with child /i[aild/, even though child does not have a letter E before the D. Listen to the rhymes. Notice that -ed rhymes with either /t/ or /i/. He looked round first, And then reversed. The car that passed Was going fast. It hit the side. The driver cried, He never guessed. He'd pass the test. If the infinitive of the verb ends with the sounds /i/ or /i/, -ed or -d is a new syllable; the letter E is pronounced as a vowel sound. For example: hate /eit/ = one syllable hated /hettid/ = wo syllables Listen and compare the sentences on the left and right below. 00 Q000 (-ed = extra syllable) Pete played. Rita rested. Dan danced. Colin counted. Will watched Wendy waited. Liz laughed. Sheila shouted Clare cleaned. Myra mended. Steve stopped. Stacey started. Past tense endings tell you if the sentence is present or past. Listen to the difference. Present Past You never cook a meal, You never cooked a meal. I sometimes watch a movie. I sometimes watched a movie. We often phone our parents, We often phoned our parents, Note: If it is difficult to say the -ed ending in words like cooked, imagine that the -edis joined to the ‘word after. For example say cooked ail the food like this: cook tall the food. Note: If the word after the past tense verb begins with @ consonant, you may not hear the -ed, 4g, cooked dinner, walked through. English Pronunciation in Use27.1 2 S 2 &) 27.3 Exercises Match the beginnings and ends of these rhymes. 1 The people queued 2 The thing you missed 3 The man controlled 4 She saw the child 5 The boat that crossed 6 The man who drowned 7 The snow we rolled 8 Her voice was soft 9 The points we scored 10 We never planned Section B Syllables, words and sentences a was never found. b are on the board. ¢ and then she smiled. d to build on sand. © was on the list. £ until she coughed. g the nation’s gold. hh co buy the food. i was nearly lost. j_ was hard and cold. Write the past tense of the verbs from the box in the correct part of the table. Then listen, check and repeat. hare waik need wash wait waste help taste phone dance end ask 1 syllable ° saliced ~ed = extra syllable Oo hated Complete each sentence with the past tense of a of the verb is the same as the first sound in the person's name! Then listen, check and repeat. verb from the box. In each sentence, the first sound phy watch add phone count mix cook start shout paint 000 Q00000 Ced = extra syllable) Paul played. games. Peter .._painted pictures. Ken _. luneh. Karen _. _.-. money. Fred friends. Marge will __. Now listen, check ard repeat Listen and circle the verb form you hear, past or present. 1 Talways walk / walked away from fights. 2 Uthink they seant / wanted to talk. 3 Me and my friends laugh / laughed a lot. 4 On Saturdays, we dance / danced all night. 5 Lalways hate / hated Sundays. 6 You never help / helped Alice. 7 They need / needed more time. 8 They paint / painted the walls every few years. Follow up: Record yourself saying the sentences in 27-4, choosing the present or past tense. Make a note of which tense you say. Them listen {0 your recording in about two weeks. Is it clear which tense you said? eee English Pronunciation in Use 6328 REcord, reCORD Stress in two-syllable words Many two-syllable words come from a one-syllable word. For example, the word artist comes | from the word art, and the word remove comes from the word move. In these two-syllable words, the stress is on the syllable of the original word: artist = Qo (stress on the first syllable) remove = 00 (sétess on the second syllable) Here are some more examples, / fame ~ famous roy nouns and adjectives Oo verbs 00 art ~ artist ‘move ~ remove drive = driver like ~ dislike friend ~ friendly build ~ rebuild come ~ become | Most two-syllable nouns and adjectives have stress on the first syllable, even if they don’t come from an original one-sy\lable word. For example, ‘brother’ doesn’t come from the original word ‘broth’, but it still has che stress pattern Oo. Listen to this sentence: the nouns and adjectives all have the pattern Oo. The artist's most Famous picture shows some women and children in a lovely Fo @ purple mountain behind. Note: However, there are a number of exceptions to this general rule, for example asleep, mistake, machine, alone, which have stress on the second syllable. Most two-syllable verbs have stress on the second syllable, even if they don’t come from an original one-syllable word. For example, ‘repeat’ doesn’t come from the original word ‘pest’, but it still has the stress pattern (00). ! ren to this sentence: the verbs all have the pattern 00. Escape to Scotland, forget about work, just relax and enjoy the scenery! Note: There are a number of exceptions to this general rule, for example cancel, copy and two-syllable verbs ending in -er and -en, eg. answer, enter, offer, listen, happen, open, which all have stress on the first syllable. Some words are both nouns and verbs. For example, record is a noun if you put stress on the first syllable, and a verb if you put stress on the second syllable. Listen to these examples. You will hear each word twice, first as a noun and then as a verb. re desert object present produce protest rebe AX Nite: There is not always @ change of stress in words that ae both nouns and verbs. For example answer, picture, promise, reply, travel, visit always have stress on the same syllable. A Note: The stress stays in the same place when we make longer words from these two-syllable nouns, 64 adjectives and verbs. For example, in both happy (Qo) and unhappy (oOo), the stress is on the syllable | ‘app, and in both depart (00) and departure (000), the stress is on the syllable port. English Pronunciation in Use a28.2 Baa, 28.3 i Exercises Make the word in (brackets) into a verb beginning with 'r' and a noun ending with 'r’ and use the ‘words to fill the gaps. Then say the sentences. Take care to use the correct stress patterns for the words in the gaps: Oo for the nouns and 00 for the verbs. Listen and check. EXAMPLE (build) asked the .... builder to. _ the wall. 1 (act) How did you ........ When you saw the .... oe Coming, in? 2 (write) The __. decided to the whole book. 3 (paint) The _. tried to this part of the picture. 4 (print) We asked the = +O the whole document. 5 (view) The ... will be able to _.. this programme tomorrow. 6 (play) They had to... the match after a was hurt. Listen and circle the word with a different stress pattern from the others. EXAMPLE money (Machine) mountain message Lanswer agree allow attract 5 complete common careful crazy 2 middle minute mission mistake 6 pronounce provide promise prefer 3 compare correct copy collect 7 shampoo shoulder shower shopping 4 garden granny guitar grammar 8 reason remove receive review Read the sentences and decide what stress pattern the words in bold have. Then listen, checx and repeat. EXxaMPLe I got my first record as a present when I was eleven. record = 92 present = 02 1 You've progressed well this year, but I'd like to see even more progress. progressed =... progress = 2 We import too much petrol and the country’s export figures are going down. import = export = = 3 It started as a student protest, but now the army has rebelled against the government. provest =... rebelled = 4 hgleoegy ter em pct Beta peep ALE yan a Ths desert _. contrast 5 “This eisai preace ioaschole bcs wach Seger se rac isin _ objects = produce Cine English Pronunciation in Use 6529 aaa, Second hand, bookshop Stress in compound words Compound words are made from two smaller words put together, for example book + shop = bookshop. (They are not always written as one word, for example shoe shop.) In most compound words, the stress is on the first pare. For example, the word bookshop has two syllables and the stress is on the firs syllable, Listen to these examples. Qo bookshop, bus stop, footpath, Ovo — waffic light, bus station, sunglasses, boarding card, window seat, check-in desk Oooo travel agent, art gallery, supermarket, tape recorder, photocopy rt, shoe shop, road sign, car park, bedroom Note: If the first part of the compound word is an adjective, there may be stress on the second part too, for example 00 double room. Note: There may be stress on the second part of a compound noun when: + the object in the second part is made out of the material in the first, for example 00 giass jar, « the first part tells us where the second partis, for example 00 car door. If the compound word is not a noun, we often put stress on the second part too. Listen to these examples. OO first clasy, half price, hand made 000 _ had-rempered, old-fashioned, short-sighted Q00 overnight, second hand Sometimes a compound word looks the same as + a normal adjective and noun, * a normal noun and verb. But the pronunciation is different. Compare: 0 compound word 00 adjective and noun We keep these plants in a greenhouse during | Mr Olsen lives in a small, green house the winter months. next to the river. 00 compound word (00 noun and verb saw her bus pass. {saw her bus pass. English Promunciation in UseSection B Syllables, words ond sentences Exercises 29.1 Listen, Write the words in bold in the correct columns. bookshops anigthing, Shopping centre Follow up: Record yourself saying the text. Make sure you put the stress in the correct place. 29.2 Listen. In each sentence, one of the compound words (in bold) has stress on the first part (Oo) and the (5) other has stress on the second part too (00). Circle the word if there is stress on the second part too. Examte They did the photocopies(ove ) 1 [ got this motorbike second hand. 4 P'm short-sighted, like my grandmother. 2 Using a typewriter is so old fashioned. _5_All the sunglasses are half price. 3 These earrings were hand made. 6 The waiting room is for first class only. 29.3 Listen. Which thing is the speaker asking about? Put a tick () next to it and say Yes, / have or (B8No, I haven't. Give a true answer! we Examete Have you ever seen a ski jump? English Pronunciation in Use 6730 Unforgettable Stress in longer words 1 We can build longer words by adding parts to the beginning or end of shorter words. Usually, this does not change the stress: it stays on che same syllable as in the original word. Look at the example below. | for | get for | get | ful for | get | ful | ness for | gett} a | ble un | for | gett} a | ble I Here are is a list of beginnings and endings which do not change the stress of the shorter word: able (drinkable) in-fimi- (impossible) -ness (happiness) al (musical) ~ise (civilise) ship (friendship) -er (player) -ish (childish) un. (unhappy) | -fal (helpful) -less (childless) under- (underpay) hood (childhood) ly (friendly) -ing (boring) -ment (employztent} GRRE) 7 some endings do change the stress in the shorter word. Look how the ending -ion changes the stress in the word educate. ! ed u_ | cate ed] 0 [ea | tion When we add the endings -ion or -ian, the stress always moves to the syllable before these endings. Here are some more examples, e | tee | tie e | tec P™tri_| cian mu | sic co | mmu mu’[ “si | cian co | mmir A note: 48) ‘The ending ic also moves the stress to the syllable before it. Listen to chese examples. tion tion and -cian are pronounced (fon). Scientist scientific economy economic atom atomic artist artistic ZX Nite: Wen a syliable changes from unstressed to stressed, or stresed to unstressed, the vowel sound ‘often changes. Far example the letter 0 in atom is pronounced fo), but in atomic, it is pronounces fof; the A in atom is pronounced [:e/, but in eeamic it is /of. ALA Note: The ending -a/ does not change the stres ofthe word (see A above), so, for example the stress is an the same syllable in these two words: economic economical. 68 English Pronunciation in Use30.1 oP 30.3 Section B Syllables, words and sentences Exercises Use the beginnings and endings in A opposite to make longer words from the words below. Listen and check if you get the same words as on the recording. Then listen again and repeat. Write the words from the box in the correct part of the table according to the stress pattern. nation identification relation seni ae Be ‘0000 population ‘0000000, Combine each word with one of the endings from the box, and give the stress pattern of your new word. You may need to change or add other letters to the first word. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary. 7 optimist 8 celebrate 3 economy 9 diplomar —________. 4 describe 10 operate 5S romance AL explain 6 compete so ~ 12 decide English Prosuneiation in Use 6931 Public, publicity Stress in longer words 2 aes 859. There are many longer word endings where the last letter is -y. In words with these endings, the stress is placed on the syllable two front the end. Listen to these examples. pub ie na | tion | al pub | tie | i} wy naT tio Penal | i | ty pbo{ to | graph! cli_| mate pho | tog | raph | y ci [ ma [tt | o | oy as_| tro- chem| ist 3 [stton| o | my chem] i_| sty AX Note: if we add the ending ie to a word, the stress goes on the syllable before ~i. (See Unit 30) Notice the change of stress, for example: | photography photographic. AX Niote: in words for an expert in the subject, such as photographer or climatologist, the stress stays on | the same syllable as in the word ending in -y: photography photographer climatology climatologist Many words for school and university subjects have one of the -y endings in this unit or the ending ics, Listen to the names of subjects in this text. 51) Ac school, [ hated science subjects like physics, chemistry and biology, you know, and chm... T wasn’t very good at mathematics and things. I really liked! subjects like history, geography, economics. Anyway, when | went to university, | wanted to do geology, bur I couldn't “cause 1 was no good at sciences, so in the end I did philosophy! AX Note: Many English speakers do not pronounce the second syllable in history, so that it sounds ike this: [hustri/ Oo. The first part of the word geography may be pronounced as one or two syllables: Pa3nar=ti] Ooo or {Al3i:'pgr afi 0000. Many speakers do not pronounce the second syllable in mathematics, so it sounds like this: /mice()'muct ks) 000. 852, If we combine the various endings in this unit and Unit 30, we can get ‘families’ of words with moving stress patterns, Listen to these examples. photogeaphy photographic economy — cconomics economical national nationality —_nationalise —_ nationalisation civil civiliry civilise civilisation 70 English Pronunciation in Use314 31.2 31.3 m3 31.4 Bs Section B Syllables, words and sentences Exercises Make a word ending in ~ity from each of these words, and give the stress pattern. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary, EXAMPLE author __.authooity __ 1 person 2 universe 3 public 4 major Write the words from the box in the correct column according to their stress pattern. economies economy physics. chemistry geography /"dsngraft/ mathematics /mae@o'mauks/ sociology history /‘histri/ geology photography nation nationality Oo Goo 0000 00000 0000 econemicS Fill the gaps with a word from the box which has the stress pattern given. Then listen and check. biology mathematics history geography sociology chemistry My fayaunie-subjectatachcol ware satntes, especially Oop Mooaieaiy land 0000 __ I've always been good with numbers, so I was good at 000 I didn’t really like the social science subjects like 00000 and Oo _.., and that's strange because when I went to university I did Ooo... Write in the word which is missing from the family. Then listen, check and repeat. EXAMPLE society, Sociclogs (00000), sociological 1 civil, civilise, _____-_.... (00000) 2. _.. (0Qo0), biologist, biological 3 personal, (00000), personalise 4 legal, legalise, ___... 00000) S rrepnerm _. (Oo), authority, authorise English Pronunciation in Use n