Chemical bonding

V
S Date
V
ii Don a covalent Omni Hydrogen bond
Ion bond bond mu
objective to achieve stable octet or du pet
electron arrangement

Ionic bond vs covalent bond

metal t non_metal t
non metal non metal
㤈叩
example
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nm.met comunt
Heonifhn
bond
non.mn
nunwutultwn.mn
mmndjǜwrnn
Ionic compound
metal nun_metal Type of bond Type of compound
1. Sodium chloride
2. Magnesium oxide Ionic bond Ionic compound
Ionic bond Ion it impound
3. Lead (II) bromide Ionic bond Ionic impound
4. Carbon monoxide tovalent bond covalent compound
5. Zinc nitrate ionic bond ionic compound
6. Copper (II) sulphate on it nd ionic compound
torment mind
7. Tetrachloromethane ovuwtcowpou cownentbondouuuntompo.nu
8. Sulphur dioxide
 Ionic bond
transferring of electron
non metal receive
通常 metal n donate ē

mg
donate receive
Formation of tve ion cation
2 Formation of ve ion union
3 Formation of ionic compound

Describe formation of magnesium ion

Proton number 12 electronarrangement
2 8 2 2e

Mg Mg2
Magnesium atom has electron arrangement 2.8.2
Magnesium atom has two valence electrons.
Magnesium atom donates two valence electron to achieve
stable octet electron arrangement.
is formed
Magnesium on
Mit
2 Dentist formation of oxide ion
Proton number i 16 electron 2e
arrangement
2 8.6
2 8 8
0 7 02
Oxygen atom has electron arrangement 2.8.6
Oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons.
Oxygen atom received two electron to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.
Oxide on 02 is formed
 one one
3 Magnesium ion and oxide ion are attracted to each
n n
other by electrostatic force of attraction to form ionic
bond.
Ionic compound MgO is formed.

M
21
02
g
L
MgO
Mg 2.8.2 7 所计
i 2.8.6
2 xX H

X
昌

Mg

焱
 Describe formation of ionic compound NaCl.
Proton number Na: 11 Cl:17
Formation of Natcation
tue l
2 Formation Of _ve ion anion

Sodium atom has electron arrangement 2.8.1

Sodium atom has one valence electron to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement.
Sodium ion is formed.

Chloride atom has electron arrangement 2.8.7

Chloride atom has 7 valence electrons.
Chloride atom receives 1 electron to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement.
Chloride ion is formed.

one
o n
Sodium ion and chloride ion are attracted to each other by
n
electrostatic force of attraction to form ionic bond.
Ionic compound NaCl is formed.

Nai 2.8.1
Cli 2.8.7
 t
i o o
o o
o

i q 1 旨
Na

XX

Describe formation of lithium oxide

3 0
Li 8
Proton number 2.1 2.6 12e
3 Lit 02
Lithium atom has electron arrangement 2.1
Lithium atom has oneLvalence electron.
Lithium duplet electron Liz O
arrangement.
Li ion, Li+ is formed.

Oxygen atom has electron arrangement 2.6

Oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons
Oxygen atom receives 2 valence electrons to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement.
Oxide ion, O2- is formed.

Two lithium ions and one oxide ion are attracted by electrostatic
force of attraction to form ionic bond.
Ionic compound Li2O is formed.
 00 2
__1 _t

Li 主 i 看

l. t t

HamBurger Rule
AN 了
Describe formation of ionic compound aluminium chloride .
Proton number Al: 13 Cl:17

Aluminium atom has electron arrangement 2.8.3

Aluminium atom has 3 valence electron.
Aluminium atom donates 3 valence electron to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement.
Al ion, Al3+ is formed.

Chloride atom has electron arrangement 2.8.7

Chloride atom has 7 valence electrons
Chloride atom receives 1 valence electrons to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement.
Chloride ion, Cl- is formed.

One aluminium ions and three chloride ion are attracted by

electrostatic force of attraction to form ionic bond.
Ionic compound AlCl3 is formed.
 XX
XX
X
in
4

炎
了
ft X
ft
ii Ii
A
X
XX XX
 Come ntbondnon metaltnvn me.tn
between non_metal and nonmetal
Sharing of electron
Sharing of electron mustbe
FAIR SQUARE

A i B A 3 A 3

singlecovalent double covalent triplecovalent

bond bond bond

Describe formation of covalent bond between H and Cl

electron arrangement 2.8.7
I H 1
protonnumber
electron arrangement 1

H 11

个
HCl
l
Hydrogen atom has electron arrangement
1 electron to achievestable dupletelectron arrangement
Hydrogen atom needs

Chlorine atom has electron arrangement 287 at electronarrangement

Chlorineatomneeds 1 electron to achieve stone

one hydrogen atom snares one valence electron with one

chlorine atom
Single covalent bond is formed
formed
torment Iompound Has
o .co

H 昏 1 88

No
uswine formation of Covalent bond in water no

it 学0
electron arrangement electron arrangement 2.6
1
H 02
L
2
HaO
Atom H haselectron arrangement l
AtomH needsonevalence electron toachieve stable dupetelectron arrangement

Atom 0 has electron arrangement 26

Homo needs a menu electrons to cnievestanuoc.tt electron
arrangement
one oxygen atom snares two electrons with two
w uyuwgenatom. ione oxygen
manga atoms share one electron with
are formed
atom
Two single covalent bonds
formed
covalent compound Ha OD
2 6
i
H
H o Y
xx

as wise formation of covalent bond in carbon dioxide molecule

Domed
ic
electron arrangements 4
electron arrangement2.6
4
02
02
年 专
c Atom cannon has electron arrangement 2.4
Atom carbon needs 4 valence electrons to achieve stable octet
electron amusement

Atom oxygen has electronarrangement t.co

a valence electrons to achieve stable
Atom oxygen needs out
electron arrangement
Twooxygen atoms share two electrons with one carbon
atom
Tuodouble covalent bonds are formed
comlent compound is formed

XX
f X
Y
O x C x O
0 X 0

aol.ly
a doumeduauutnond
ormatron of covalent bond in nitrogen gas Ha

HN
7
electron arrangement
2 5
N M3
Nitrogen atom has electron arrangement
L 2.5
Hs HS Nitrogen atom needs 3 valence electro ne
N Hi to achievestable octet electron
帖 arrangement
one nitrogen atom snares 3
electrons with anothernitrogen
atom
one triple covalent bond is formed
covalentcompound Na B formed
xx No
ㄨ d
ㄨ

N
X
o
U
Describe formation of count bond in oxygen gas

O Oxygen 2 6

02 07

1
02 02

0
atom has electron awungemeut2 co
oxygen 2 menu electron to achieve
needs
Oxygen atom
arrangement
stone octet electron
snares 2 electron man a mower
one oxygen atom
oxygen atom
covalent B found
One dmnu
formed
covalent compound 的
is

XX 00
x
艾 o o 番

x
By drawing suitable diagrams, explain the formation of the
chemical bonds formed between the atoms of elements (13M)
I. P and Q II. Q and R

eumnamnqemmiij_Q
2 to

Group1 13 metal

Group14 18Nummetu
determined by number of
Gwnpn electron
whence

I P and Q

XX
x X
X x
E Q I P Y Q X
艾
x
XX
c Atom P has electron arrangement 2.4
Atom P needs x valence electrons to achieve stable octet
electron amusement

Atom Q has electronarrangement 2.6

needs a valence electrons to achieve stable out
Atom Q
electron arrangement
Two Q atoms share two electrons with one P
atom
Two domedcovalent bonds are formed
curulent compound Ph is formed

II Q and R
Qi 2 6 Ri 2.8.2

XX
计 2
x

E R E 毒
É
111

xx
R atom has electron arrangement 2.8.2
R atom has 2 valence electron.
R atom donates 2 valence electron to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement.
R ion, R2+ is formed.

Q atom has electron arrangement 2.6

Q atom has 6 valence electrons
Chloride atom receives 2 valence electrons to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement.
Q ion, Q2- is formed.

Two R ions and two Q ion are attracted by electrostatic force of

attraction to form ionic bond.
Ionic compound RQ is formed.
 Companion between inn bond and owned bona

IONIC COMPOUND vs COVALENT COMPOUND

Metal nun_metal nun metal non meta

transfer of electrons sharing of electron

donate
receive
SOLUBILITY Mbk in water
soluble in water somme in organic solvent
insoluble in organ sunt
BOILING POINT
MELTING POINT AND • Covalent
• Ionic compound compound has low
has high melting melting point.
point and boiling • Molecules in
point. covalent compound
• Ions in ionic are attracted by
compound are weak intermolecular
attracted by strong force of attraction /
electrostatic force Van Der Walls force
of attraction. of attraction.
• A lot of heat is • Only little heat is
needed to needed to
overcome the force overcome the force
of attraction. of attraction

Miles Mn molecules
tnn ans.ms
L electrostatic force L intermolecular one
Of attraction
of attraction
Electrical conductivity treeionsmoving 要导电 定要有
go
Ioniccompound can
conduct electricity in In molten or
molten melted and aqueous state,
ions are able to
aqueous
move freely
States but cannot
conduct electricity in
solid state
t
In solid state, ions are
attracted by strong
electrostatic force of
attraction. Ions cannot
move freely

covalent compound
CANNOT conduct
electricity in
any
state
Covalent compound consists of
neutral molecules.
No free moving ions.
 a Lead II bromine is ionic
compound while naphthalene
is covalent compound
In solid state ions in ionic
compound are attracted Sho by
electrostaticforceOf attraction
Thus no free moving ions to conduct
electricity
In molten state ions mw
freely I freemoving ions are
present to conduct electricity
covalent compounddoes notconch
electricity in both solid and
molten state
Covalentcompound are made of
neutral molecules No free
moving states

Lead 红 bromide D Nui compound while naphthalene

n covalent compound
a head 红
bromide has high melting points
In Iounwm pound ions are attracted mystrong
electrostatic force of attraction
i needed to overcome the
tone
A lot of heat
of attraction
Naphthalene ua
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compound molecules are attracted by wen
van Du Waals internet ulau tone of attraction
only little heat needed to wemowe.mn force
is
of attraction
 Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond is force of
attraction exists when a
hydrogen atom of
molecule is boned to a
highly electronegative
atom such as nitrogen,
oxygen or uorine of
another molecule.

To form hydrogen bond

1. The molecule must have H atom

luorin xyge itwge Exampu

2. H atom on the molecule must
be bonded to Fluorine, Oxygen
or Nitrogen atom.

Ammonid.NH3
HF
Hydrogen Fluoride
Methanol CH OH
Can the following form hydrogen bond?
1. NaCl Cannot Molecule doesnot contain H
2. HNO3 cnn.mneuunntumsn.Bonueanonigny.in giii
3. CH3COOH fun
4. MgSO4 cannot
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hydrogenbond
lmokmunmneuu之间
Drawings ofhydrogen bond
H
H
covalentbond covalent bon
0 mmgnHNHOhhtb.ua
H
hydrogen
bond
bond 和
0 H

HNHglhnbondiyg.ba 前dwgenbond

Draw hydrogen bonds between miina and Ǚu

a

hydrogen bond
H
㖌
州器 dh 茁
you
504Ii hydrogen bond

Usually covalent compounds cannot dissolve in water but

ethanol can dissolve in water. Explain why. (2m) OH

Ethanol consists of hydrogen atom that can bond to oxygen

cǜǒi
atom which is highly electronegative.
The oxygen atom in the ethanol can form hydrogen bond with
hydrogen atom from the water molecule.
Therefore, ethanol is soluble in water. lian form
hydrogen bond
Physical State At 的吵

Hydrogen fluoride liquid

Hydrogen chloride Gas
Hydrogen uoride, HF exists as liquid at room temperature. But
hydrogen chloride, HCl exists as gas at room temperature.
Explain this phenomenon.
• Fluorine atom has high electronegativity.
• A hydrogen bond is formed between the hydrogen atom in
one molecule and the uorine atom in another hydrogen
uoride molecule.
• A lot of heat energy is required to overcome the Van Der
Waals force of attraction break the hydrogen bonds between
hydrogen uoride molecules.
• Hence, hydrogen uoride high boiling and melting point and
exists as liquid in room temperature.

• Hydrogen chloride molecules are attracted by weak Van Der

Waals force of attraction
• Only little heat is needed to overcome the force of attraction.

Hydrogen bond: The attraction force between hydrogen atom

bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as nitrogen,
oxygen and uorine with nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms or
uorine atoms in other molecules.

2H20
cellulose H2O
Explain why paper sticks together when wet. 3m

• Cellulose in paper has hydrogen atom that bonded to

oxygen atom which is highly electronegative.
• Hydrogen atom in water molecules will form hydrogen
bond with oxygen atom in cellulose in paper.
• Thus, paper sticks together when wet.
Methane and methanoic acid HCOOH are both covalent
compound. Which compound is soluble in water? Explain your
answer. Dm

Methanoic acid.
Methanoic acid has hydrogen atom that bonded to
oxygen atom which is electronegative.
Hydrogen atom in water molecule will form hydrogen
bond with Oxygen atom in methanoic acid.
Thus, methanoic acid is soluble in water.

Dative Dative bond/ Coordinate bond is a type of covalent

bonn bond where the electron pair that is shared comes from
one atom. HH3 i
SPECIAL
covalent 25
N
bond
Y
SDM will only ammonium on MH i
ask NH i Ht A B
i
Hi 䉜H 燕川
Hydrogen ion does not have any
electron in its electron occupied shell.
The nitrogen atom in ammonia has a
on Hi
Hydwxonmm lone pair of electrons that can be
snared with the hydrogen ion.

H one pair 品 The electron pair shared between

f rf
nitrogen atom and hydrogen ion
Ht comes from nitrogen atom only
H Dative bond is formed

Hydrogen ion H+ does not nave any electron in its

electron occupied shell.
The oxygen atom in water has lone pair of electrons that
can be shared with hydrogen ion.
The electron pair shared between oxygen atom and
hydrogen ions come from oxygen atom only
Dative bond is formed.
metallic bond

e e
win
Iii
1. The valence electron of metal can be easily donated and delocalised in solid state.

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2. Positively-charged metal ions are formed.
3. All delocalised valence electron can move freely between metal structure and form
a sea of electron
4. Electrostatic force of attraction between the sea of electron and positively charged
metal ions form metallic bond.

ē
metal
ion it
compound presence of free mumg.ms

Why metal can conduct electricity?

• Metal has valence electron that can be delocalised easily to form
sea of electron .
• The delocalised electron will move freely and carry charge from ǔ ˇ
negative terminal to positive terminal to conduct electricity.