a v<\

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AI M VJO INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL J k
IS
V*
Wtvch diagram oorroctfy nlniwri ttw Ions present In Itwi
V 7 «, !
'
tfiririo?
compound potassium ftuohdo
, .* •

F 7,1
K
o o F
key

“» r O = nucleus
(D = electron

BIB

K
o o F*

0 K' F-

m mym
J
+

N
§
D K- §
x F*
r
I

J
.
4 =

52
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*•• 1 0
H
*
>
\
^
'
f
Tne electronic structures of two atoms X and Y are shown
, , .
*

V ,. °tJf
\ '

X and Y combine together to

>> @
form a compound.
C\
J^
)
fY
)

What is the type of bonding in the compound and what is the formula of the compound?

type of bonding formula

-
\

& covalent X2Y

covalent XY 2
c tonic XY 3
D tonic X2Y
 AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

© /i
Compound X melts at 801 "C and is a good electrical conductor when dissolved
in water .

electricity.
Compound V boils at 77 X , Is Insoluble In water and Is a non -
conductor of

Which type of bonding is present In X and In Y7

r X Y
%
A covalent covalent
B covalent ionic
Ionic covalent
V
'

1
V
D Ionic ionic
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^
•
L
Which nubstanc la iin Ionic compound?
* }j
^[ l Cuvw
^ ^ ^^'
l! Cif M \J

volatility

A hlQh good J soluble >/

B high poor insoluble
b
S
c low good v/ soluble '
-
b low poor insoluble
35
Which statement about a neutron Is not correct?
A tt can be present In different numbers in atoms of the same
element.
B It has no electrical charge.
C It Is always found in the nucleus of an atom.
O tt weighs much less than a proton.

36

Element X X , farms a compound with element Y ,

” Y. r
• - -

Which statement describes the bonding in the compound formed?

A X and Y share electrons.

B X gives away one electron to Y.
C Y gives away one electron to X.
D Y gives away two electrons to X
37

Which statement about bonding is not correct?

A Carbon can form four single covalent bonds. W'
^ ^
B Chlorine atoms react to gain a noble gas electronic structure .
Covalent bonding involves losing and gaining electrons.
D Hydrogen molecules have the formula H2.
 AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
38
£ M
Lithium is in Group I of tho Periodic Table Nitro
, gen is In Group V of the Periodic Table
Lithium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound
lithium nitride.
What happens to the electrons when lithium
atoms and nitrogen atoms form ions?

At , A/
lithium atoms nitrogen atoms
2 2 I
7
0 each lithium atom loses one
electron to form a Li* ion
each nitrogen atom gains three
electrons to form an N3 ion
^

B each lithium atom loses one each nitrogen atom gains/ive u

electron to form a Li* ion electrons to form an Nyron
C each lithium atom gains one each nitrogen atom loses three
electron to form a Lf ion electrons to form an N3* ion Li m i
D each lithium atom gains one each nitrogen atom loses five
electron to form a LT ion electrons to form an ion

&
Which structure represents the sodium chloride lattice?
.
3

A
Na ct Na Ct

Cl Na Cl NJ J
N,j Cl Na C .J

Cl Na C .r Na

o 3_ =
T v
G
©
OeOO„ <
0*
O
•
>
O30DB
SG©3ay
0 O^(5SO
r e 0 9 ~\

GaOeO ©e ®
 40
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D
Wh rh lw«i nfoment meet (
* * ogolhnr to form an Ionic compound? I
nlnmnnt oleciionli structure

R 2,4

w
T
X -. '
2.8
2.8 1 >
z .
2.8 7/
R and T T and X (c ) X and Z D Zand R
41

Whicfi row describes the type of

bonding present In substances 1 and 2?

substance t substance 2
> methane has ionic bonding graphite has covalent bonding
V
o graphite has ionic bonding potassiurf thloride has covalent bonding V- 0
^
73
(
potassium chloride has Ionic bonding ^
methane has covalent bonding
o potassium chloride has ionic bonding
graphite has ionic bonding

0
 r AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
0 , which row
In do the proper ties described match the
type of bonding?
ycCi
m

melting point electrical conductivity

when liquid type of bonding
A high does not conduct ionic
B low conducts covale nt
C low conducts ionic
D low does not conduct covalent
44

Which diagram does not show the

outer shell electrons in the molecule correctly
?
A B C
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y\ o ^ '

Element X forms an acidic, covalent oxide *

.AhUs^ -v-
. S C

Which row shows how many electrons there could be in the outer
shell of an atom of X?

1 2 6 7 nur rtdlcU &M '

A
B x x

G)
D

46 ?

Which dot-and-cross diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of
nitrogen? .
A c
. •*
v y
*« M X X X XX
;NJN: 5 NJN: :N;N; :N:NS
S

59
 Al' MA, ,n IN'l'IOK> NATI ( ) NAL
SCHOOL
0
n s 10vvs
carbon dioxide? *° * * outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of

A
f
0
/
'
JOU i±t )
$ C
i
“ M o
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 AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL 3
trapped in a cave . The drill
Rescuers are drilling through fallen rock In order to rescue some men
needs lubricating from time to time.

for the drill tip and the lubricant

The following statements were made about the materials used
and the reasons for their use.

1 Diamond was used for the drill tip as it does not conduct electricity.
2 Diamond was used for the drill tip as it is very hard.
3 Graphite was used as the lubricant as it conducts electricity.
4 Graphite was used as the lubricant as it is soft and flaky.

Which statements are correct?

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

54

The diagrams show the arrangements of the electrons of four elements.

n n
element 1 element 2 element 3 element 4

'
?© f « \ C\ °v \
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3
c Al. MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
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( a) The table below givos Information abou parti
t cles. [
Complete the tablo The first line has
been done for you .
[
particle number of number of electronic charge on

A
protons

12
electrons configuration particle
[
10 2.8 2+

B
17 18 2 ,8 , 8 1- [
C 18
H 2 ,8 ,8 0

D 8 10
>
A1 *
.
'
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14]
[
^ byGalliunn
{ is a Group III element.

Define the term element .

A

:lhLcJ
vi&Dwjxf. A LL / /y.
i? V r l
(

^ . } UUV.X

f
^.
1 £&3nJ?\
L
.
p
(c) TheTollowing are gallium atoms.
^
.... AM* F

V '
« Ga
? 31 Ga

Complete the following table .

number of number of
[
atom number of
protons neutrons electrons

31 3& J/
3i Ga
Jl 4P 3I
[3]
 I Al , MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

©
(S) Tho diagram xbowm tho Inttloo of n typical Ionic compound.

Explain mo
the term ionic mru
wmi tonic latticce
e.
n
/ ewic Cen&iixv' i in
JLw W AAL AWL
ADJ kjAt Lti Q AZOJLA-
.

*i OJ& - 6 fan in ietSte rf y M*

** ,

>
(Il In this lattice, the ratio of posllive ions to
In the lattice of a different Ionic compou ,
negative ions is 1.1.
nd the ratio of positive ions to negative ions
Is 1:2.
Suggest why this ratio varies in different ionic
compounds. A iSaA
o...ikd.
/

AVLAi
|
^
}
(iil) Give three physical properties of ionic com
pounds.
HuLLi- MM A&My Jid , b&iwA
'
.

iftut A\CuJt AteW /wteLlt*#

'

'
/ ? .. . ...
A .2-
- l iu -L Ct ' tt Ai Lib U ' tv \. stUtSlcl
\
'
[3] Oy Q
f {[bn Strontium oxide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the
charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the
negative
The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 8 + 2.
eO £ + (?
S/t 0
Use o to represent an electron from a strontium atom
x to represent an from an oxygen atom. r"1

0
- © (® ) 0

\
v
' jj
0 cj
SJL ii CU >n $0 .

SeT le [31
2 • » o
ik —?
'
^ 67
 AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Nitiogen can form ionic compounds with

reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals
(a) Nitiogen reacts with lithium to
lorm the ionic comp ound lithium nitride, LiaN
(I) Write the equation lor the reaction between
lithium and nitrogen

(il) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound

Draw a diagram which shows its formula , the charges

-'
10 ^ ' . H
on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.

Use x for an electron from a lithium atom

STJ , 5
{Use o for an electron from a nitrogen atom J ,f
*?
ti
• 3-

u
f- - ?
'i .
12]
(b) Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound.

(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency elect

rons in one molecule of the
covalent compound nitrogen trifluonde, NF . i
1
3

Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom

Use o for an electron from a fluonne atom.
^

f f> -u - r
F
F [21
(ii) Lithium mtnde has a high melting point, 813 C Nitrogen tnfluonde has a low
° melting point,
Explain why the melting points are different.

VIA W.M . JWIfW - C -H t B1/W C

* * nrf t
/ &U C ^0^
*
Grew[ 1 (V C\M
^ - fful# k( tiHO W
/

OHJ, MUL 'H **

I
-f 1
/uwr - / f /J
68
AtyC.
0 fl
{
I
e n rv H tl,
MFj.
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1 AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

(c ) 1he siruritn.il form

3 ula of carbonyl chlo ndo ts given below

Cl
\
3 C=0

1 Or »nv .i diagram showirig the arrangem

‘

molecule of this covalent compound

ent of the valency electrons around the atoms in one

1 Use o to represent an electron from an oxygen atom

Use x to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use •to represent an election from a carbon atom.
?,
<
, « t
®
g Q 1
f
£ 0 CI
I & ‘ * "
&
C tfo-
\

/
C =0
\ 0 c\ .

y
[3]

6
The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer
shell electrons.

H
x •

N x H

X
•
H

Q
^
State the type 0
°
tn

69
 AL MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL J
(li) Hydrazine, N,H« . Is nnolhor compound of nitrogen rind hydrogen.

Complete the diAgram to show the electron arrangement In a molecule of hydrazine

showing only outer shell electrons .
r J
i H H
A I®
i
* V

2»

/
M '
J
0
^ v
— v
\

vK
M
o)
2 »\l
H H
<y"n i
7 0 * *1A ‘
Complete the following table.
0^° # ' V
v
v -

type of
structure
particles present
electrical
conductivity
of solid
electrical
conductivity of
liquid
example *
od fJ <ul . .
ionic
positive and negative
ions
poor
1 °.

atoms of two different

macro
molecular
elements in a giant poor c [
covalent structure

metallic and good o 4 . copper