PRODUCT AUTHENTICATION USING

BLOCKCHAIN
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF
DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

Submitted by
ABHISHEK SINGH YADAV (2000290120011)

ADITI BATRA (2000290120012)

ANURAG TRIPATHI (2000290120036)

KSHITIJ PAL (2000290310092)

.

Supervised by
PROF. SHIVANI

Session 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GHAZIABAD

(Affiliated to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, U.P., India)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………. i
CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………………………… ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………… iii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… iv
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………… v
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………. vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………. vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Project 1

1.2 Project Category 2

1.3 Objectives 2

1.4 Structure of Report 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review 5

2.2 Research Gaps 11

2.3 Problem Formulation 11

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 Proposed System 12

3.2 Unique Features of The System (Difference from Existing System) 14

CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

4.1 Feasibility Study (Technical, Economical, Operational) 15

4.2 Software Requirement Specification Document 17

4.3 SDLC Model Used 28

4.4 System Design 28

4.4.1 Data Flow Diagram

4.4.2 ER Diagram

CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Introduction to Languages, Tools, and Technologies Used for Implementation 31

CHAPTER 6 TESTING, AND MAINTENANCE

6.1 Testing Techniques and Test Cases Used 33

CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

7.1 User Interface Representation 37

7.2 Brief Description of Various Modules of The System 41

7.3 Snapshots of System with Brief Detail of Each 42

7.4 Back Ends Representation (Database to Be Used) 46

7.5 Snapshots of Database Tables with Brief Description 47

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 48

REFERENCES 49

Acceptance of Research Paper 52

Research Paper 53

Proof of patent publication 59

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our work and that, to the best of our
knowledgeand belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another
person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any
other degreeor diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

DATE:

NAME:

ROLL NUMBER:

SIGNATURE:

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Product Authentication using
Blockchain” which is submitted by Abhishek Singh Yadav, Aditi Batra, Anurag
Tripathi, and Kshitij Pal in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree B. Tech. in the Department of Computer Science of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow is a record of the candidates own work carried out by
them under my supervision. The matter embodied in this report is original and has not
been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: Prof. Shivani

Assistant Professor

Supervisor Signature

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the project report of the B.Tech. Major
Project was undertaken during B.Tech. Fourth Year. We owe a special gratitude to Prof.
Shivani, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, KIET Group of
Institutions, Delhi- NCR, Ghaziabad, for her constant support and guidance throughout
our work. Her sincerity, thoroughness, and perseverance have beena constant source of
inspiration for us. It is only his/her cognizant efforts that ourendeavors have seen the
light of day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Ajay Kumar
Shrivastava, Head of the Department of Computer Science, KIET Group of Institutions,
Delhi- NCR, Ghaziabad, for his full support and assistance during the development of
theproject. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution
of allthe department's faculty members for their kind assistance and cooperation during
thedevelopment of our project.
Last but not least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution to the completion
of the project.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Counterfeit products pose a significant problem in the global market, affecting

industries from medicine to consumer electronics. To address this, our proposal aims
to leverage blockchain technology for product authentication, offering a robust
solution to ensure product genuineness. At the heart of this initiative are smart
contracts, which play a crucial role in securely recording product information on the
blockchain's immutable ledger. This setup creates a reliable environment where
consumers can easily verify product authenticity, thereby deterring fraudulent
activities.

Throughout the project, blockchain technology serves as a guiding force, acting as

both the foundation for trust and the mechanism for ensuring security. This
technology's unique characteristics are leveraged in various sectors, including finance,
medicine, manufacturing, and education, each benefiting from blockchain's robust
security and transparency. This approach builds a solid foundation for consumer trust
while combating the pervasive issue of counterfeit products.

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

4.2.1 Proposed Methodology-Flowchart 19

4.4.1 Level – 0 DFD 28

4.4.2 Level – 1 DFD 29

4.4.3 Entity Relationship Diagram 30

7.1.1 User Registration Page 37

7.1.2 User Login Page 38

7.1.3 After login Landing Page 38

7.1.4 Product Registration Page 39

7.1.5 QR Code Generation 39

7.1.6 Scanner 40

7.4.1 Ganache-Ethereum Account Information 46

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.

2.1.1 Literature Review 6

3.2.1 Comparative Analysis 14

6.1.1 Test Case 1 33

6.1.2 Test Case 2 34

6.1.3 Test Case 3 34

6.1.4 Test Case 4 35

vi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

dApp: Decentralized App

BT: Blockchain Technology

QR: Quick Response

API: Application Programming Interface

AI: Artificial Intelligence

IoT: Internet of Things

IP: Internet Protocol

SSL: Secure Socket Layer

SDLC: Software Development Life Cycle

DFD: Data Flow Diagram

ER: Entity Relationship

vii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Project

Product certification can reflect product quality, maintain product reputation, and protect the legitimate
rights and interests of consumers, however, with the continuous increase in the number and types of
products sold by online platforms, the possibility of consumers buying fake and shoddy products has
gradually increased. This violates the consumers’ legitimate rights and interests and leads consumers
to question product brand reputation, therefore, the market demand for product certification is
constantly increasing. Blockchains are distributed and decentralized databases. On a blockchain, both
parties do not need to reach a consensus or rely on third-party agencies to conduct transactions.

The transactions on the chain are traceable, undeniable, and nonmodifiable, which can well ensure the
credibility of transactions. Currently, blockchains are widely used in different application scenarios,
such as product certification, the Internet of Things, supply chain, and smart cities to ensure data
security and traceability. Therefore, in this project, we came up with the idea of using unbreachable
blockchain technology to verify or authenticate the credibility of a product. We will store the product's
information, based on blockchain technology, and let the consumer see whether the product they are
about to use is legitimate or not.

1
1.2 Project Category

1.2.1 Applications of Technology and Blockchain

This project is in the technology category, with a particular emphasis on blockchain applications. With
its reputation for being decentralized and unchangeable, blockchain technology is being investigated
more and more for uses outside of cryptocurrencies. Blockchain technology is used in this project to
improve the processes involved in product certification and verification. Utilizing the transparency,
security, and tamper-proof characteristics of blockchain technology, the initiative seeks to mitigate the
issues associated with low-quality and counterfeit products on online marketplaces. This creative
method demonstrates how blockchain technology can transform conventional systems and promote
confidence in digital ecosystems, which is in line with the rapidly changing landscape of blockchain
applications.

1.3 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to authenticate a product. Other specific objectives
are as follows:

• This will reduce the number of false products in the market

• The image of the company will not be tarnished.
• Producer-consumer relations will be better.
• Consumer will have the complete information about the product

2
1.3 Structure of Report
Chapter 1
The report outlines the development of a blockchain-based product authentication system. It begins
with an introduction highlighting the need for product certification amidst rising online sales and
counterfeit products. Emphasizing blockchain's potential, it delves into project categories, particularly
focusing on technology and blockchain applications. Objectives include reducing counterfeit products,
enhancing the company's reputation, and improving consumer-producer relations. The report's
structure entails a comprehensive exploration of project implementation, including methodologies,
results, and conclusions, with a focus on achieving transparent and credible product authentication.
Chapter 2
This chapter deep dives into a comprehensive literature review on blockchain technology and its
applications, focusing on product authentication and traceability. Various scholarly papers are
summarized, highlighting key insights into blockchain architecture, smart contracts, and frameworks
for combating counterfeiting. Research gaps include interoperability challenges, scalability issues, and
security concerns. The chapter formulates the problem statement, addressing the urgent need for
innovative solutions to ensure product authenticity and quality in online markets. The project aims to
establish a decentralized and tamper-proof system for product certification through blockchain
technology, enhancing consumer trust and market integrity.
Chapter 3
This chapter outlines the proposed system for combating counterfeit goods using blockchain
technology. It emphasizes features such as blockchain integration, smart contract implementation,
user-friendly interface, MetaMask integration, real-time tracking, QR code generation, enhanced
transparency, and scalability. The system's unique approach ensures decentralized, tamper-resistant
product authentication, distinguishing it from existing methods.
Chapter 4
This chapter delves into the requirement analysis and system specifications for implementing a
blockchain-based product authentication system. It conducts a feasibility study encompassing
technical, economic, and operational aspects. The software requirement specification outlines the
system's introduction, overall description, assumptions, and dependencies. It details the proposed
methodology, operating environment, constraints, external interface requirements, and non-functional
requirements. Additionally, it discusses the software quality attributes, business rules, and other
technical requirements, concluding with the choice of the Agile SDLC model for development.
Diagrams, including DFDs and an ER diagram, further elucidate the system's design and functionality.

3
Chapter 5
This chapter introduces the implementation phase, outlining the languages, tools, and technologies
employed in developing the blockchain-based product authentication system. It highlights the
utilization of Solidity, JavaScript, HTML/CSS, Truffle Suite, Ganache, MetaMask, Node.js, Web3.js,
and QR Code Generator. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure robustness and security in
product authentication, enhancing confidence and transparency for consumers and stakeholders.
Chapter 6
This chapter focuses on testing and maintenance, detailing various testing techniques and test cases
employed. Test cases cover user registration, login, product registration, and product verification
scenarios, ensuring the system's functionality, reliability, and security. This meticulous testing process
aims to deliver a high-quality and dependable product authentication system.
Chapter 7
This chapter showcases the results and discussions of the implemented system, presenting user
interface representations, module descriptions, snapshots, back-end representations, and database
tables. It provides insights into the various functionalities and components of the system, illustrating
how manufacturers register products, users authenticate them, and smart contracts ensure transaction
integrity. The snapshots offer a visual understanding of the system's interface and backend processes,
enhancing comprehension.
Chapter 8
This chapter concludes the report by summarizing the research's significance in utilizing blockchain
for product authentication, emphasizing consumer protection and market trust. It outlines future scope,
suggesting avenues for improvement like IoT integration and smart contract automation, to enhance
product quality assurance and brand reputation.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

PAPER TITLE AUTHORS PUBLISH SUMMARY

YEAR

An Overview of Z. Zheng, S. Xie, 2017 Provides a comprehensive

Blockchain Technology: H. Dai, X. Chen, overview of blockchain
Architecture, Consensus, and H. Wang technology, covering
and Future Trends architecture, consensus
mechanisms, and future trends

Blockchain-Enabled Smart S. Wang, L. 2019 Explores the architecture,

Contracts: Architecture, Ouyang, Y. Yuan, applications, and future trends of
Applications, and Future X. Ni, X. Han, F.- blockchain-enabled smart
Trends Y. Wang contracts, highlighting their
significance in various
industries.

Hyperledger, Ethereum A.H. Mohammed, 2021 Offers a brief overview of

and Blockchain A. A. Abdulateef, Hyperledger, Ethereum, and
Technology: A Short I. A. Abdulateef blockchain technology,
Overview providing insights into their
features and potential
applications.

Framework for Product P. William, D. 2022 Presents a framework for

Anti-Counterfeiting Using Jadhav, P. combating product
Blockchain Technology Cholke, M. A. counterfeiting using blockchain

5
 Jawale, A. B. technology, offering strategies to
Pawar enhance product authentication.

Product traceability using R. S. Bhatnagar, 2020 Discusses the implementation of

blockchain S. M. Jha, S. S. blockchain for product
Singh, R. Shende traceability, focusing on its role
in improving transparency and
accountability in supply chains.

A Journey of WEB and AG. Khan, A. H. 2019 Explores the integration of web
Blockchain Towards Zahid, M. and blockchain technologies
Industry 4.0: An Overview Hussain, M. towards Industry 4.0,
Farooq, U. Riaz, highlighting their combined
T. M. Alam impact on various industrial
sectors

Table 2.1.1 Literature Review

6
With its roots in Bitcoin, blockchain technology has gained a lot of interest lately because of its
potential to revolutionize several industries. Blockchain serves as an immutable record that enables
decentralized transaction processing while providing security and transparency. Applications for it
have proliferated in fields such as the Internet of Things (IoT), finance, and reputation management.
However, blockchain still has problems, including issues with scalability and security. This paper
presents a thorough analysis of blockchain technology [1], beginning with a summary of its
architecture. We explore the complexities of standard consensus methods used on various blockchains
and explain their advantages and disadvantages. We also provide our perspectives on the technological
obstacles and recent advancements that blockchain faces. These obstacles, which range from security
flaws to scalability problems, necessitate coordinated efforts to overcome them.
Nevertheless, we are still positive about blockchain's future despite these difficulties. We envisage
improvements in layer-two protocols and sharding as scalability solutions to increase transaction
throughput. Furthermore, advances in security mechanisms—such as strong encryption methods and
consensus algorithms—will strengthen blockchain's resistance to malevolent attacks. Furthermore,
there is a great deal of promise for expanding the use cases and promoting the widespread use of
blockchain technology through its integration with cutting-edge fields like artificial intelligence (AI)
and the Internet of Things (IoT). We expect blockchain to spread throughout industries and become
woven into the very fabric of our digital economy as it continues to develop. Blockchain is positioned
to realize its disruptive potential with collaboration from industry partners and continued research and
development activities.
The rise of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in recent years has given new life to Szabo's
initial concept of smart contracts. Computer protocols known as "smart contracts" are made to
automatically enable, validate, and uphold digital contracts in place of middlemen. Their possible uses
include the Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, management, finance, and other domains. These
weaknesses were highlighted by the infamous "The DAO Attack" in June 2016, which resulted in the
loss of nearly $50 million worth of Ether.

This paper aims to provide a thorough and organized overview of blockchain-enabled smart contracts
[2] to encourage additional study in this rapidly developing topic. The paper first presents the general
platforms and workings of blockchain-enabled smart contracts. It suggests a six-layer architecture
research framework that offers an organized method for researching smart contracts. The presentation
then outlines the legal and technological difficulties related to smart contracts as well as the latest
developments in resolving these problems.

7
All things considered, this research makes a significant contribution to our understanding of
blockchain-enabled smart contracts by shedding light on their working processes, difficulties, potential
uses, and future possibilities. The study seeks to direct and inspire future research efforts in this
dynamic and quickly expanding topic by offering a thorough overview and research strategy.
An overview of Hyperledger, Ethereum, and blockchain technology [3] that is both brief and
educational may be found in the paper "Hyperledger, Ethereum, and Blockchain Technology: A Short
Overview". It seeks to provide an understanding of these platforms and the technology that powers
them, illuminating their features, capabilities and uses in a range of industries.
The writers start by outlining blockchain, Ethereum, and Hyperledger technologies and emphasizing
their importance in the digital world. The Linux Foundation is the home of Hyperledger, an open-
source collaborative project aimed at promoting blockchain technologies across industries. It provides
an adaptable framework with several tools and modules designed for enterprise use cases, including
identity management, supply chain management, and healthcare.
Ethereum, on the other hand, is described as a decentralized platform that facilitates the development
and operation of decentralized apps (dApps) and smart contracts. It is based on blockchain technology
and comes with Solidity, a Turing-complete programming language that lets programmers write
sophisticated smart contracts with a wide range of capabilities.
This article explores the architectural distinctions between Ethereum and Hyperledger, clarifying the
design principles and consensus techniques of each platform. Hyperledger is suited for enterprise-
grade applications that need privacy and scalability because it emphasizes permissioned blockchains,
where participants are recognized and vetted. Conversely, Ethereum functions as a permissionless
blockchain, enabling anyone to join the network and carry out smart contracts without a permit.
The paper "Framework for Product Anti-Counterfeiting using Blockchain Technology" [4] offers a
thorough framework for using blockchain technology to prevent product counterfeiting. In many
different industries, counterfeiting seriously jeopardizes consumer safety, brand integrity, and market
integrity. Conventional anti-counterfeiting methods frequently fail to adequately handle this
widespread problem. Innovative technologies that can guarantee product authenticity and traceability
along the supply chain are therefore desperately needed.

Moreover, the architecture includes a data analytics component that uses the abundance of data kept
on the blockchain to extract useful insights. Algorithms for data analytics examine transaction data,
spot trends, and look for abnormalities that could be signs of fraud. This module improves anti-
counterfeiting efforts and makes it possible to take pre-emptive steps against counterfeiters by utilizing
big data and machine learning.

8
Using blockchain technology, the article concludes with a strong foundation for product anti-
counterfeiting, providing a viable answer to an enduring and complicated issue. The architecture
improves supply chain transparency, consumer confidence, and product authenticity by utilizing
blockchain's special qualities. In addition, the report emphasizes how crucial it is to keep innovating
and working together to advance blockchain-based anti-counterfeiting initiatives that safeguard
customers and maintain market integrity.
R. S. Bhatnagar, S. M. Jha, S. S. Singh, and R. Shende's study "Product Traceability Using Blockchain"
[5] examines the use of blockchain technology in product traceability. Robust traceability solutions
are in greater demand as global supply chains expand and worries about product safety and authenticity
develop. Conventional traceability techniques frequently include drawbacks including data silos, a
lack of openness, and a vulnerability to manipulation. Blockchain technology provides a decentralized,
transparent, and unchangeable ledger for product transactions, which presents a viable solution to these
problems.

In-depth descriptions of the main elements and features of blockchain-based product traceability
systems' architecture are provided in this article. The blockchain, which acts as a distributed ledger to
record all product-related transactions, lies at the heart of this system. The writers go over the use of
smart contracts in automating and enforcing traceability regulations in addition to the blockchain. Self-
executing contracts, or smart contracts, are designed to carry out predetermined tasks in response to
specific events.
The study concludes by highlighting how blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize
product traceability. Blockchain offers a potent way to improve supply chain accountability and
visibility by offering a decentralized, transparent, and unchangeable ledger. However, resolving
organizational, technical, and regulatory issues is necessary for a successful deployment. Blockchain-
based product traceability has the potential to transform supply chain management and guarantee the
integrity and authenticity of products throughout their lifecycle through more study, cooperation, and
innovation.
The paper "A Journey of WEB and Blockchain towards Industry 4.0: An Overview" [6] offers a
thorough analysis of how blockchain technology and web technologies are merging within the
framework of Industry 4.0. Explaining how the integration of these technologies is changing industrial
processes and propelling the shift toward the fourth industrial revolution is the goal of Writers AG.
Khan, A. H. Zahid, M. Hussain, M. Farooq, U. Riaz, and T. M. Alam.
The first section of the paper introduces the idea of Industry 4.0, which is the introduction of digital
technology into industrial processes and manufacturing to create "smart factories." To support

9
autonomous, networked, and data-driven operations, these smart factories make use of technologies
like the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics.
The writers stress how important it is for web technologies to support data sharing, teamwork, and
communication in Industry 4.0 settings. In smart factories, web-based platforms and protocols—like
WebSocket and RESTful APIs—are the foundation for facilitating smooth integration and
interoperability across diverse systems and devices.
The report concludes by highlighting how combining blockchain and web technologies can
revolutionize the way we move toward Industry 4.0. Through the utilization of these technologies
advantages, businesses can develop production systems that are more intelligent, effective, and
durable. But to make this vision a reality, more research, creativity, and cooperation are needed to
address organizational, technical, and regulatory obstacles. All things considered, the study offers
insightful information on how Industry 4.0 is developing and how web and blockchain technologies
will affect its direction.

10
2.2 Research Gaps

Interoperability Challenges:

• Diverse blockchain platforms lack standardized interoperability.

• Research needed for seamless data exchange across different blockchain ecosystems.

Scalability and Performance:

• Blockchain systems face limitations in handling large-scale authentication requests.

• Research focuses on optimizing throughput, reducing latency, and enhancing network
scalability.

Security and Privacy Concerns:

• Blockchain systems require stronger security against attacks and privacy breaches.
• Explore innovative cryptographic methods and privacy-enhancing technologies for enhanced
data protection.

2.3 Problem Formulation

The ease of use and wide range of options provided by internet platforms have completely changed
how consumers obtain goods. Nonetheless, there are a lot of difficulties in this online market,
especially when it comes to ensuring the authenticity and quality of the products. The quantity and
variety of products that are offered online are expanding, putting consumers in greater danger of
purchasing phony or inferior goods. In addition to belittling customer confidence, this also presents
health and safety hazards.
Furthermore, the increased popularity of Internet shopping makes these problems worse since buyers
do not have the tools necessary to confirm a product's legitimacy before making a purchase. This makes
individuals susceptible to dishonest tactics and scams, which eventually erodes trust in internet-based
businesses.
Thus, creative solutions that make use of cutting-edge technologies are desperately needed to improve
the processes involved in product certification and verification. The goal of this project is to create a
decentralized, tamper-proof system for product authenticity certification by utilizing blockchain
technology. In addition to enabling customers to make knowledgeable judgments about what to buy,
this kind of technology would increase integrity and trust in online markets.

11
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 Proposed System

The research introduces a groundbreaking method to combat counterfeit goods using blockchain
technology for product authentication. Through blockchain's immutability, it safeguards product data,
fostering trust among producers and consumers globally. Smart contracts play a vital role in validating
product information and deterring counterfeiters. Future focus includes integrating the solution into
supply chains, exploring real-time tracking, and automating supply chain operations. Leveraging
public blockchains enhances accessibility and trust, with ongoing efforts to reinforce authenticity and
confidence in product authentication. Through continuous innovation, the project aims to protect
market integrity for the benefit of consumers and legitimate producers.

FEATURES:
• Blockchain Integration: The project leverages blockchain technology to ensure the security and
immutability of product authentication data, providing a reliable foundation for verifying
product authenticity.
• Smart Contract Implementation: Smart contracts are employed to automate and validate
product registration processes, ensuring accuracy and efficiency while minimizing the need for
manual intervention.
• User-Friendly Interface: The project features an intuitive and user-friendly interface for
manufacturers to register products and for consumers to verify product authenticity easily using
QR code scanning or uploading.
• MetaMask Integration: MetaMask integration adds an extra layer of security by requiring
blockchain validation for product registration, enhancing trust and reliability in the
authentication process.
• Real-Time Tracking: The system offers real-time tracking capabilities, allowing stakeholders
to monitor product movements continuously, providing comprehensive insights, and enhancing
supply chain transparency.

12
• QR Code Generation: Upon successful product registration, the system generates a unique QR
code that can be affixed to the product, facilitating easy verification by consumers using
smartphones or web browsers.
• Enhanced Transparency: By utilizing blockchain technology, the project promotes
transparency in product authentication, fostering trust between consumers and manufacturers
and deterring counterfeit activities effectively.
• Scalability: The architecture of the project is designed to be scalable, allowing for seamless
integration with existing supply chain management systems and accommodating future
expansion and growth.

13
3.2 Unique Features of The System (Difference from Existing System)

Our project utilizes blockchain technology and smart contracts to revolutionize product authentication,
offering a decentralized, tamper-resistant solution. By ensuring the openness and immutability of
product data, we combat counterfeit goods and build trust between producers and consumers. Through
transparency and automation, our project significantly impacts the market by deterring counterfeiters
and protecting consumers and legitimate producers. Overall, our unique approach combines
blockchain technology, smart contracts, and transparency to provide a reliable and secure solution to
the pervasive issue of fake goods.

Aspect File-based Blockchain-based

Authentication Authentication

Data Storage Data is stored in centralized Decentralized data and stored across
files or databases. a distributed ledger.

Security Vulnerable to single points of Enhanced security through

failure and unauthorized access cryptographic hashing,
if the centralized system is decentralization, and immutability of
compromised. records.

Transparency Limited transparency; users Provides transparency with

rely on the integrity of the immutable records visible to all
central system. participants, enhancing
accountability.

Trust Model Relies on trust in centralized Based on trust in cryptographic

authorities managing the algorithms and consensus
authentication system. mechanisms ensuring data integrity.

Scalability Challenging, with increasing Offers scalability with distributed

data volume and user base. nodes processing transactions
concurrently.

Table 3.2.1 Comparative Analysis

14
 CHAPTER 4

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

4.1 Feasibility Study

4.1.1 Technical Feasibility

• Blockchain Integration: Ethereum and Hyperledger are two blockchain protocols that must
be thoroughly understood to implement blockchain for product authentication.
• Smart Contracts Development: Writing secure and effective contracts requires familiarity
with programming languages such as Solidity, which is necessary for developing smart
contracts.
• Database management: The system's effectiveness depends on the effective storage, retrieval,
and indexing of product data on the blockchain.

4.1.2 Economic Feasibility

• Resource Allocation: Estimating how much money will be needed to pay for maintaining the
system, employing qualified developers, and purchasing the required hardware and software.
• Return on Investment: Calculating the difference between the initial investment and ongoing
operating expenses and the possible cost savings from fewer instances of counterfeit products.
• Market Demand: Examining the need for product authentication solutions in the market as
well as prospective sources of income like subscription or license fees.

15
4.1.3 Operational Feasibility

• User Training: Educating consumers and manufacturers on the steps involved in product
verification and registration.

• Supply Chain Integration: To reduce disturbance, make sure that current supply chain
management systems and procedures integrate seamlessly.
• Regulatory Compliance: Regulatory compliance is the process of abiding by legal and
regulatory obligations, such as industry-specific standards and data privacy laws, in order to
stay out of trouble with the law and avoid penalties.

16
4.2 Software Requirement Specification Document

4.2.1 Introduction

Several businesses have struggled for years with the problem of fake goods being marketed to unwary
customers. Customers now find it more challenging to distinguish between real and phony goods due
to the growth of e-commerce and online marketplaces. The selling of counterfeit goods is still a major
issue, costing consumers and legitimate businesses money, despite the efforts of brands and regulatory
organizations. Yet, there may be a solution to this problem with the development of blockchain
technology. A secure and trustworthy method for product authentication can be developed by utilizing
the transparency and immutability of blockchain, ensuring that customers can buy authentic products
with confidence.

This software system's purpose is to offer a solution for product authentication that makes use of
blockchain technology to guarantee the authenticity of products. Using blockchain technology, the
system will let product makers give each product a digital identity that users can access via a
smartphone application. Customers can scan a product's QR code with the mobile application to verify
its authenticity. The system will also allow product makers to monitor the flow of goods via the supply
chain, preventing the introduction of fake goods.

17
4.2.2 Overall Description

4.2.2.1 Product Perspective

Blockchain technology will be included in the software system to offer a reliable and secure
mechanism for product authentication. Using blockchain technology, the system will let product
makers give each product a digital identity that users can access via a smartphone application.
Customers can scan a product's QR code with the mobile application to verify its authenticity. The
system will also allow product makers to monitor the flow of goods via the supply chain, preventing
the introduction of fake goods.

The software system will be compatible with existing systems and will provide an API for
integration. The system will use secure cryptographic algorithms to protect the digital identities of
products and will be compliant with relevant data protection regulations.

4.2.2.2 Product Functions

The software system will have the following functions:

• Product Identity Creation: The system will allow product producers to build a digital identity
for each product using blockchain technology.
• Product Movement Tracking: The system will enable product manufacturers to track the
movement of products through the supply chain.
• Mobile Application: Customers will be able to scan a product's barcode to confirm its
authenticity using the system's mobile application. The mobile application will be available for
both Android and iOS platforms.
• Real-Time Authentication: The system will be able to authenticate products in real-time,
allowing customers to quickly and easily verify the authenticity of a product.
• API Integration: The system will provide an API for integration with existing systems.
• Data Protection: The system will use secure cryptographic algorithms to protect the digital
identities of products and will be compliant with relevant data protection regulations.

18
4.2.2.3 User Characteristics

• Customers: Customers will be the primary users of the system. They should have basic
experience in utilizing a mobile application and the ability to scan barcodes.
• Product manufacturers will use the system to give their goods digital identities and follow
their progress through the supply chain. They ought to be familiar with supply chain
management and blockchain technology on a fundamental level.
• System Administrators: System administrators will be responsible for managing the software
system. They should be highly skilled in database management, blockchain technologies, and
software development

Fig. 4.2.1 Proposed Methodology-Flowchart

19
STEPS:

1. The manufacturer initiates the registration process by providing a unique ID and password.

2. Clicking the register button triggers a MetaMask confirmation prompt for blockchain validation.

3. The manufacturer logs in with the same credentials and proceeds to register a product.

4. The manufacturer inputs a unique product ID and name during product registration.

5. Addition to blockchain confirmed by clicking the “add” button, triggering MetaMask confirmation.

6. Upon successful registration, a corresponding QR code is generated for download.

7. QR code affixed to product for authentication.

8. Users or customers scan/upload QR code on the website.

9. System verifies product authenticity, displaying relevant information.

10. Confirm whether the product is genuine or counterfeit.

4.2.2.4 Operating Environment

The software system will operate in the following environment:

• Hardware: The system will require a server to host the blockchain network and the database
for product authentication and supply chain tracking. To process large numbers of transactions,
the server needs to have enough processing power and memory.
• Software: The system will require blockchain software, database management software, and a
mobile application for customers. The database management software should be able to handle
large amounts of data, and the blockchain software should be compatible with the server's
operating system.
• Network: The system will require a secure network connection to ensure the privacy and
integrity of data. The network should be protected with firewalls and other security measures
to prevent unauthorized access.
• Operating system: The blockchain software and database management software should work
together with the server's operating system. Both the Android and iOS operating systems
should be supported by the customer's mobile application.

20
 • Maintenance: The system will require regular maintenance and updates to ensure optimal
performance and security. This includes updating software versions, keeping an eye out for
bugs and security holes, and applying patches and fixes as necessary.
• Backup and recovery: In the event of a system failure or disaster, the system should have a
backup and recovery plan in place to guarantee that data is not lost. A recovery plan should be
created to restore the system in the event of a failure, and regular backups should be made and
stored on-site.

4.2.2.4 Constraints

• Security: The software system must be designed with robust security measures to ensure the
protection of digital identities and prevent unauthorized access to the system. The system must
be compatible with current devices and systems and must offer APIs for simple integration.
• Data Privacy: The system must comply with relevant data privacy regulations, such as GDPR,
and ensure that customer data is protected.
• Performance: The system must be designed to handle high numbers of product authentication
requests in real time.
• Cost: The system must be cost-effective and provide value to both customers and product
manufacturers.
• Scalability: The system must be designed to scale as the number of products and users grows.

21
4.2.3 Assumptions and Dependencies

4.2.3.1 Assumptions

Product manufacturers will be willing to participate in the system and create digital identities for their
products. Customers will be willing to use the mobile application to authenticate products and will
have access to mobile devices and internet connectivity.

• Product barcodes will be unique and accurately depict the product's identification.
• The blockchain network and database will be secure, reliable, and capable of handling high
volumes of transactions.
• The system will comply with relevant regulations and industry standards for data privacy and
security.
• The system will be scalable and versatile to adapt to changing company needs and technology
improvements.

4.2.3.2 Dependencies

• Blockchain Technology: The system depends on the availability and reliability of blockchain
technology to provide a secure and tamper-proof method of tracking products through the
supply chain.
• QR code Scanners: The system depends on the availability of barcode scanners to scan
product barcodes and verify their authenticity.
• Mobile Devices: The system depends on the availability of mobile devices to run the mobile
application for customers.
• Internet Connectivity: The system depends on the availability and reliability of internet
connectivity to connect to the blockchain network, database, and mobile application.

22
4.2.4 EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS

4.2.4.1 User Interfaces

• Mobile Application for Customers: The mobile application will allow customers to scan the
product’s QR code and check their legitimacy. The interface will be intuitive and user-friendly,
providing clear instructions and feedback to the user.
• Web Application for Product Manufacturers: The web application will allow product
manufacturers to create digital identities for their products and track them through the supply
chain. The interface will be secure and accessible only to authorized users.

4.2.4.2 Hardware Interfaces

• QR code Scanners: To scan the product’s QR code and confirm its authenticity, the system
will interface with barcode scanners.
• Mobile Devices: To access the camera and internet connectivity features, the mobile
application will interface with mobile devices.
• Server: The system will require a server to host the blockchain network and the database for
product authentication and supply chain tracking. The system will interface with the server's
hardware components, such as processors, memory, and storage devices.

4.2.4.3 Software Interfaces

• Blockchain Software: The system will utilize blockchain software to provide a secure and
tamper-proof method of tracking products through the supply chain. The blockchain software
will interface with the database management software to store and retrieve product information.
• Database Management Software: The system will utilize database management software to
store and retrieve product information. The database management software will interface with
the blockchain software to ensure data integrity and security.

4.2.4.4 Communication Interfaces

• Mobile Data Network: The mobile application will communicate with the blockchain network
and the database management software through the mobile data network. For the system to
authenticate products in real-time, it will need a strong and dependable mobile data connection.

23
• Internet Protocol (IP) Network: Using the IP network, the web application for manufacturers
of goods will interact with the blockchain network and the database management program. The
system will require a stable and reliable IP network connection to create and track digital
identities for products.
• Application Programming Interface (API): The system will operate an API that enables
access to the database management system and the blockchain network by third-party
applications. The API will enable integration with other systems, such as e-commerce
platforms, to provide seamless product authentication and supply chain tracking.
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): The system will utilize SSL to provide secure communication
between the mobile application, the web application, and the server hosting the blockchain
network and the database management software. SSL will ensure data confidentiality and
integrity during transmission.
• Messaging Protocol: The system will utilize a messaging protocol to provide real-time
notifications to customers and product manufacturers regarding product authentication and
supply chain tracking. The messaging protocol will ensure timely and accurate communication
between the system components.

24
4.2.5 Other Non-Functional Requirements

• Performance Requirements: The system shall be able to authenticate products in less than 3
seconds. A daily minimum of 10,000 authentication requests must be handled by the system.
The system shall have a 99.9% uptime.
• Security Requirements: The system shall use secure cryptographic algorithms to protect the
digital identities of products and multi-factor authentication for user accounts. The system shall
be compliant with relevant data protection regulations.

4.2.5.1 Software Quality Attributes

• Scalability: The system will have a strong capacity for growth, allowing it to support an
increasing quantity of goods and users on the blockchain network. Also, the system will be
able to process a large number of transactions instantly.
• Usability: The system will be user-friendly, offering customers and product makers a
straightforward and intuitive interface to obtain product information and follow supply chain
data. Also, the system will give the user feedback and clear directions.
• Maintainability: With a modular and scalable design that enables simple upgrades and
improvements, the system will be simple to maintain. In the event of a problem, the system
will also be simple to troubleshoot and diagnose.
• Customers and product producers will be able to access the system from a variety of platforms
and devices because of the system's compatibility with different operating systems, browsers,
and mobile devices.

4.2.5.1 Business Rules

• Throughout the production process, a special identifying number must be assigned to each
product.
• Any transactions involving the supply chain, such as product transfers and ownership changes,
must be documented on the blockchain network.
• Access to and modification of product data on the blockchain network is restricted to
authorized parties such as product makers and distributors.

25
• To confirm a product's validity, customers must be able to scan or input its unique identification
number.
• On the blockchain network, any attempt to alter or tamper with product data must be found and
stopped.
• In the event of any suspicious activity or product fraud, the system must immediately notify
product makers and distributors.
• Product authentication and supply chain tracking laws and regulations must be adhered to by
the system.
• Every product transaction and activity on the blockchain network must have a clear and
verifiable audit trail provided by the system.
• Customers and product makers must be able to obtain product information and track supply
chain data through the system's user-friendly interface.
• All product data and transaction privacy and security on the blockchain network must be
guaranteed by the system.

26
4.2.6 Other Requirements

Blockchain: It is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and
tracking assets in a business network. An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) or intangible
(intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding). Virtually anything of value can be tracked and
traded on a blockchain network, reducing risk and cutting costs for all involved.

Key elements of Blockchain:

• Distributed ledger technology: All network participants have access to the distributed ledger
and its immutable record of transactions. With this shared ledger, transactions are recorded
only once, eliminating the duplication of effort that’s typical of traditional business networks.
• Immutable records: No participant can change or tamper with a transaction after it’s been
recorded in the shared ledger. If a transaction record includes an error, a new transaction must
be added to reverse the error, and both transactions are then visible.
• Smart contracts: To speed transactions, a set of rules — called a smart contract — is stored
on the blockchain and executed automatically.
• Ethereum: Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain platform that establishes a peer-to-peer
network that securely executes and verifies application code, called smart contracts. Smart
contracts allow participants to transact with each other without a trusted central authority.
• QR code: A QR code (Quick Response code) is an array of black and white squares or pixels
set in a grid that stores data for a machine to read. A smartphone or camera can quickly process
the information contained in a QR code's specific arrangement of pixels, making it a convenient
way to store and access data.

27
4.3 SDLC Model Used

In this project, we used the Agile SDLC model so that there will remain the scope for improvement
and features can be released in regular time intervals.

4.4 System Design

4.4.1 Data Flow Diagram

Fig. 4.4.1 Level – 0 DFD

28
Fig. 4.4.2 Level – 1 DFD

29
4.4.2 ER Diagram

Fig. 4.4.3 ER Diagram

30
 CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Introduction to Languages, Tools, and Technologies Used for

Implementation.

The project builds a strong blockchain-based product authentication system by combining a variety of
languages, tools, and technologies. Here's a summary of the essential elements:

5.1.1 Languages

1. Solidity: A programming language used to create smart contracts that control the blockchain's
authentication procedure.

2. JavaScript: Used in front-end and back-end programming, it can be used to handle server-side
functionality and create interactive user interfaces.

3. HTML/CSS: Frontend developers utilize HTML and CSS to organize web pages and design user
interfaces.

5.1.2 Instruments and Technology

1. Truffle Suite: The Truffle Suite is a development framework designed to compile, test, and
implement smart contracts for Ethereum-based applications.

2. Ganache: Use Ganache, a personal blockchain for Ethereum development, to create and test
applications, deploy contracts, and manage your code. It can be downloaded as a command-line
program or as a desktop application. Without requiring a real Ethereum network, developers may
create and test smart contracts and decentralized apps (dApps) with Ganache by simulating a local
blockchain environment.

31
3. MetaMask: MetaMask is a mobile application and browser plugin that serves as an Ethereum
gateway and cryptocurrency wallet. Users may transfer and receive cryptocurrencies, manage
Ethereum and ERC-20 tokens, and see transaction histories with it. Furthermore, MetaMask introduces
Web3.js into browsers to enable communication with decentralized apps (dApps) based on Ethereum.
All things considered, MetaMask makes access to Ethereum and dApps easier, which has led to its
widespread adoption by Ethereum developers and cryptocurrency enthusiasts.

4. Node.js: A runtime environment used for server applications and backend development that allows
JavaScript code to be executed server-side.

5. Web3.js: Web3.js is a JavaScript library designed to facilitate communication between front-end

apps and Ethereum-based blockchains.

6. QR Code Generator: An application or library designed to create QR codes for goods, making
them simple to scan and validate.

The project intends to provide a comprehensive and safe product authentication system that improves
confidence and transparency for customers and stakeholders by utilizing these languages, tools, and
technologies.

32
 CHAPTER 6

TESTING AND MAINTAINANCE

6.1 Testing Techniques and Test Cases Used

6.1.1 Test Case 1: User Registration

Test Case ID Test Case Description Test Steps Expected Result Pass/Fail

TC-1 Test user registration Go to the registration Users can access the Pass
process page. registration page.
Enter a valid username Username and password Pass
and password. fields are accepted.
Click the “Register” A confirmation pop-up Pass
button. of MetaMask appears.
Confirm the registration. The user successfully Pass
registered.
TC-2 Test User registration Go to the registration Users can access the Pass
With invalid credentials page registration page.

Enter an invalid Username and password Pass

username and fields are accepted.
password.
Click the “Register” Confirmation pop-up of Pass
button. MetaMask appears.
Cancel the registration. The registration Pass
process is canceled.

33
6.1.2 Test Case 2: User Login
Test Case ID Test Case Description Test Steps Expected Result Pass/Fail

TC-3 Test user login process Go to the login Users can access the Pass
page. login page.
Enter a valid Username and Pass
username and password fields are
password. accepted.
Click the “Login” Logged in successfully. Pass
button.
TC-4 Go to the login Users can access the Pass
page. login page.
Enter an invalid Username and Pass
username and password fields are
password. accepted.
Click the “Login” Error message Pass
button. displayed.

6.1.3 Test Case 3: Product Registration

Test Case ID Test Case Description Test Steps Expected Result Pass/Fail
TC-5 Test product Log in as a manufacturer. Successful Login. Pass
registration by
manufacturer
Navigate to the product Access to the Pass
registration page. registration
page.
Enter the unique product Information Pass
ID and accepted.
Name.
Click the register product Confirmation pop- Pass
34
 button up of MetaMask
appear
Confirm the product The product is Pass
registration. successfully
registered on the
blockchain.
TC-6 Test product Log in as a manufacturer. Successful Login. Pass
registration with
invalid credentials
Navigate to the product Access to the Pass
registration page. registration
page.
Enter the unique product Information Pass
ID and Name. accepted.
Click the “Register Confirmation pop- Pass
Product” button up of
MetaMask appears.
Confirm the registration Error message Pass

6.1.4 Test case 4: Product Verification

Test Case ID Test Case Description Test Steps Expected Result Pass/Fail

TC-7 Test product Go to the product Access to the Pass

verification by verification page. verification page.
users
Upload the valid QR Product ID accepted. Pass
code.
Click the “verify” button. The product’s authenticity Pass
is verified.

35
TC-8 Test product Go to the product Access to the Pass
verification with an verification page. verification page.
invalid product ID
Upload the invalid QR Product ID accepted. Pass
code.
Click the “verify” button. Error message. Pass

36
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 User Interface Representation

Fig. 7.1.1 User Registration Page

37
 Fig. 7.1.2 User Login Page

Fig. 7.1.3 After login Landing Page

38
Fig. 7.1.4 Product Registration Page

Fig. 7.1.5 QR Code Generation

39
Fig. 7.1.6 Scanner

40
7.2 Brief Description of Various Modules of the System

▪ Manufacturer: Manufacturers may easily add and register their items on the blockchain by using
the Manufacturer module, which serves as a centralized hub. Manufacturers provide comprehensive
product details using this interface, including specs and credentials for authenticity, guaranteeing a
clean and safe procedure.

▪ Products: Users have access to an extensive catalog of all registered products under the Products
module. By acting as a repository, this module promotes customer and stakeholder confidence in the
legitimacy of the products on offer by making it simple for them to search, view, and validate product
facts.

▪ Scanner: When on the go, the Scanner module offers a convenient way to confirm the legitimacy of
products. Customers may easily access real-time information recorded on the blockchain by scanning
the QR codes linked to each product, assuring the authenticity and integrity of the goods they come
across.

▪ Contracts: The Contracts module, which is at the heart of the system, contains the smart contracts
that control the authentication procedure. Deployed on the blockchain, these contracts uphold
predetermined rules and logic, assuring transaction immutability and transparency as well as the
legitimacy of registered products.

41
7.3 Snapshots of the System with Brief Details of Each

Fig.7.3.1 Registration Page

➢ The above snapshot is the page where manufacturers can come and register themselves. The top-
right corner has the popup of the MetaMask wallet from which ether gas will be used for transactions
to the blockchain.

42
 Fig. 7.3.2 Login Page

➢ It is the login page where the registered user can login to the App.

Fig.7.3.3 Landing Page

➢ It is the landing page of our App after login, there are multiple tabs which first tab is for our scanner
of the app and second one is for adding the products and the other one is for listing added products.
43
 Fig.7.3.4 Product Registration Page

➢ On this page, manufacturers can add/register products by using the gas which is visible in the popup
on the top right corner.

44
 Fig.7.3.5 QR Generation
➢ After registering the product, a QR code is generated by our system which is made by using
QRcode.js.

Fig.7.3.6 Product Authenticated

45
7.4 Back Ends Representation (Database to Be Used)

Fig.7.4.1 Ganache-Ethereum account information

46
7.5 Snapshots of Database Tables with Brief Description

Fig.7.5.1 Database

➢ The above-given snapshot is of the transactions that have been done through the blockchain network
that has been set up locally on the system. It is the Ganache tool that gives the dummy Ethereum
Blockchain network that can be used for the transactions taking place in our app through smart
contracts

47
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

To sum up, our research has shown how blockchain technology can be used to safeguard consumer rights
in the digital era and tackle issues like counterfeit goods. We have created a strong system for product
certification and authentication that ensures the veracity of transactions and product information by
utilizing the decentralized and unchangeable nature of blockchain technology.

By introducing blockchain-based product certification, we have given customers a dependable and

transparent way to confirm the legitimacy of the goods they are buying, which has increased confidence
and trust in the market. Furthermore, we have established the groundwork for a more safe and
responsible environment for product certification by encouraging cooperation and openness throughout
the supply chain.

As Future Scope of this project, there are many chances to improve and broaden the project's scope in
the future, such as connecting it to IoT devices, automating tasks using smart contracts, and branching
out into new markets. We can fully utilize blockchain technology in the future to guarantee product
quality, uphold the brand reputation, and defend consumer rights by carrying on with innovation and
working with stakeholders.

48
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[5] R. S. Bhatnagar, S. M. Jha, S. S. Singh and R. Shende, “Product Traceability Using Blockchain,”
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[7] Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research
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[9] Lee, WM. (2023). Using the MetaMask Crypto-Wallet. In: Beginning Ethereum Smart Contracts
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[10] H. Watanabe, S. Fujimura, A. Nakadaira, Y. Miyazaki, A. Akutsu and J. Kishigami, “Blockchain

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on BlockChain Security” doi10.1088/1757- 899X/396/1/012030

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[13] D. S. V. Madala, M. P. Jhanwar, and A. Chattopadhyay, “Certificate Transparency Using

Blockchain,” 2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), Singapore,
2018, pp. 71-80, doi: 10.1109/ICDMW.2018.00018.

[14] R. S. Bhatnagar, S. M. Jha, S. S. Singh and R. Shende, “Product Traceability Using Blockchain,”
2020 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and
Networking (ICACCCN), Greater Noida, India, 2020, pp. 891-895,
doi:10.1109/ICACCCN51052.2020.9362807.

[15] P. William, D. Jadhav, P. Cholke, M. A. Jawale and A. B. Pawar, “Framework for Product Anti-
Counterfeiting using Blockchain Technology,” 2022 International Conference on Sustainable
Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS), Erode, India, 2022, pp. 1254-1258,
doi:10.1109/ICSCDS53736.2022.9760916

[16] A. Mishra, H. Khatter, G. Gupta, A. Jamshed, A. K. Srivastava, “Enabling Secure and

Transparent Crowd Funding Approach Powered by Blockchain”, Third International Conference on
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Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 23-25 February 2022, Proceedings in LNNS, vol 490. Springer, Singapore
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[17] H. Khatter, H. Chauhan, I. Trivedi, and J. Agarwal, “Secure and Transparent Crowdfunding
Using Blockchain,” 2021 International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information,
Communication Technology (RTEICT), 2021, pp. 76-80, DOI:10.1109/RTEICT52294. 2021.9573956.

[18] Amrita Jyoti, Sonam Gupta, Pradeep Gupta, Harsh Khatter, Anurag Mishra, “Inherent Insights
using systematic analytics of development tools in Ethereum-Blockchain Smart Contract”, Recent
Advances in Electrical Electronic Engineering, submitted in Feb 2023, Revision Submitted 15 April
2023, Second Revision: 26 April 2023, Accepted on 28 Sep 2023. ISSN: 2352-097

51
Acceptance of Research Paper

52
 Research Paper

Product Authentication Using Blockchain

Shivania, Aditi Batrab, Abhishek Singh Yadavc, Anurag Tripathid, Kshitij Pale
a
KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
b
KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
c
KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
d
KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
e
KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, 201206, India

Abstract: In today's globalized market, the prevalence of counterfeit products poses a significant threat to consumers and businesses alike. To combat this
issue, this study proposes leveraging blockchain technology for product authentication. Central to this innovative approach is smart contracts, which securely
record product information on the immutable ledger of the blockchain. This creates a reliable environment where consumers can easily verify product
authenticity while thwarting fraudulent activities. The paper explores the evolution of this product authentication system, delving into its planning,
implementation, and potential to mitigate counterfeiting and enhance consumer trust. Throughout this journey, blockchain technology emerges as the
cornerstone, guiding our path, serving as our currency, and fostering trust among stakeholders.

1. INTRODUCTION • Immutability: Once data is stored on the blockchain, it becomes

nearly unchangeable. Altering one block would necessitate
The counterfeit product problem is a serious issue in today’s worldwide changing every other block on the network, a nearly impossible
economy. It affects many different types of items, including medicine, task.
high-end consumer gadgets, and even food. These sneaky knockoffs not • Security: Blockchain data is highly resistant to fraud and
only put customers at risk but also damage the credibility and bottom unauthorized access due to the use of cryptographic techniques for
line of legitimate businesses. The advent of blockchain technology, a ray protection.
of hope against fake goods, is a game changer. Using the disruptive In the context of our product authentication system, blockchain serves as
power of this technology [1] builds an unbreakable wall around product the cornerstone of trust. It provides an immutable and transparent
authenticity. This study sets out on a mission to expose the genius of this
platform for recording product details and transactions, creating an
blockchain-based system by investigating its inner workings,
impenetrable trail of authenticity throughout a product’s lifecycle, from
demonstrating its promise, and analyzing the potential benefits it
contains for all parties involved. manufacturing to the hands of the customer.

2.2. Automation Rules

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
If blockchain is the trust ledger, then smart contracts are the architects of
2.1. Hyperledger Technology
automation. Smart contracts are self-executing agreements with
predefined conditions and rules. As digital counterparts to contracts, they
Imagine a digital ledger shared across a network of users, where all data,
possess the remarkable ability to enforce conditions without the need for
events, and transactions are permanently recorded in indelible ink. This
intermediaries autonomously. Smart contracts play a pivotal role in our
is the fundamental concept of blockchain technology, a revolutionary
system. Imagine the complexity of manually tracking and verifying the
force with applications in various industries that extend beyond its
authenticity of each product. Smart contracts step in as champions of
origins in cryptocurrency. At its core, blockchain operates as a
distributed, decentralized ledger [2] resembling a network of efficiency and integrity. Most importantly, they precisely validate the
interconnected blocks. Each block, like pages in a ledger, contains a authenticity of products, track changes in ownership, and record product
collection of transactions. What sets blockchain apart is its distinct information. Consider this scenario: A product arrives at a retailer’s
characteristics: door. A smart contract, upon scanning the product into the system,
• Delocalization: Unlike conventional centralized databases activates and verifies the product’s credentials against predefined
controlled by a single entity, blockchain operates as a decentralized criteria. When a product meets all the requirements, it is certified as
network. Transactions are distributed among numerous nodes or authentic, and this event is permanently recorded on the blockchain.
computers instead of being stored in a single location. Smart contracts are ingenious because they automate these processes,
• Open and Transparent: Blockchain’s ledger is open and eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing the potential for
transparent. With access to the complete transaction history, human error. They epitomize technological innovation, offering
accountability, and trust are fostered since everyone on the network efficiency, security, and trust in a world riddled with counterfeit goods.
can verify the information.

53
3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE its creation to its verification. It serves as the bedrock of trust upon which
both producers and consumers can rely.
3.1. Smart Contracts These smart contracts are the dancers in the intricate ballet of
blockchain-based product authentication [6], ensuring that every step is
Smart contracts [3] are the digital architects at the core of the product executed gracefully and precisely. They exemplify how blockchain
authentication system, orchestrating every aspect of the entire process technology can revolutionize an industry by offering an immutable and
with precision and consistency. These smart contracts control the transparent ledger of authenticity in a world inundated with counterfeit
registration, verification, and management of products on the goods.
blockchain, making them a vital component of the system.
3.2 Ethereum
It is a decentralized blockchain network that employs a proof-of-work
a) Contract for Migrations: Think of the migrations contract as the”
consensus mechanism. This consensus mechanism involves adding
invisible hand” of the blockchain, simplifying the deployment and
blocks to the blockchain by solving mathematical expressions. The
administration of other contracts. This contract plays a crucial role in process of solving these puzzles serves as proof that nodes within the
ensuring the smooth operation of interactions between smart contracts network have expended computational resources to perform the required
[18]; “work”. Once a node successfully solves the puzzle, the block is
confirmed and recorded in the blockchain. This process is commonly
referred to as mining. While mining often involves brute force trial and
error, successfully adding a block in Ethereum is rewarded with the
cryptocurrency Ether (ETH).

Fig. 1 – System architecture.

it is more than just a bureaucratic tool. It serves as the bridge between
the blockchain realm and the real world.
Fig. 2 – Ethereum account information.
In simple terms, the migrations contract simplifies the often-complex
process of implementing smart contracts [4], making it more
comprehensible and efficient. It ensures that the interactions between 4. USER MANAGEMENT
smart contracts are well-planned and deployed in the correct order.
While it may not steal the spotlight, it is the unsung hero that keeps the User management is an integral part of the blockchain-based product
system running seamlessly and coherently. authentication system, ensuring a smooth experience for all users. This
b) Contract for Product: Now, let’s focus on the product contract, the section delves deeper into user management, emphasizing its importance
cornerstone of the system. This smart contract acts as the guardian of and security measures.
each registered product’s integrity and authenticity.
Think of it as the custodian of a historical treasure vault. When a product 4.1. Registration Of Users
is registered, all relevant details, including its unique identification
number and owner’s identity, are documented. This data is permanently The user registration process is one of the initial interactions individuals
etched into the blockchain [5], ensuring that it cannot be tampered with have with the system. It offers a user-friendly experience, requiring each
or counterfeited. But the product contract doesn’t stop there; it continues user to select a unique login and password. These credentials serve as
to play an active role in product authentication. When a customer seeks the keys to the system, ensuring that only authorized individuals can
to confirm a product’s legitimacy, this contract comes into action. It access its features.
performs real-time checks on the product’s status, comparing it to
predefined standards. If the product meets these criteria, its authenticity 4.2. Security Measures
is confirmed, and the status is updated on the blockchain. If it falls short,
it remains labeled as “Available,” providing a reliable indicator. Data security stands as the paramount concern in any online system. In
In essence, in a world filled with imitations, the product contract stands this product registration system, blockchain technology is employed to
as the guardian of authenticity. It guarantees that the journey of every store user data, encompassing usernames and passwords securely.
product is publicly and verifiably documented on the blockchain, from Blockchain utilizes robust security protocols to safeguard private data.
Even in the event of unauthorized access to the blockchain, malicious

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entities would face significant challenges in deciphering or altering user digital identity, setting it apart from other entities within the system and
data. rendering it tamper-resistant.
b) Ownership Details: In this digital ledger, ownership is a critical
4.3. Immutable User Records component. Registration allows manufacturers or suppliers to assert
ownership of the product, reinforcing their stake in its journey.
Once a user completes registration, their information is permanently After meticulously inputting these critical details, the system
logged into the blockchain. This immutability ensures that user identities orchestrates secure blockchain data recording [7]. This process extends
and passwords remain unaltered and resistant to tampering by beyond simple data entry, it involves creating a digital birth certificate
unauthorized parties. It establishes a reliable record of all individuals for the product. The blockchain’s immutability and transparency ensure
who have utilized the system. that once recorded, the product’s identity remains unalterable.
Registering each product fosters trust and eliminates ambiguity
4.4. Mitigating Data Breaches surrounding counterfeit goods. Consumers can now place their trust in
products within this system, knowing they possess a permanent marker
In today’s digital age, concerns about data breaches and unauthorized of authenticity, certified by trusted institutions.
access to user information are pervasive. The use of blockchain for
storing user data mitigates the likelihood of data breaches. Unlike 4.6. Product Verification
traditional centralized systems, blockchain’s decentralized nature
substantially reduces the risks associated with security breaches. Users Now, let’s journey into the consumer realm [8], where trust is
can trust that their personal information remains secure when utilizing paramount, and authenticity is non-negotiable. When consumers
the system, instilling a sense of “Enhanced Trust”. Blockchain’s encounter a product within the system, they have access to a
reputation for openness and security extends to user management, straightforward yet powerful tool—the Product Verification process.
fostering trust between the company and its users. Imagine a scenario where a consumer stands before a product,
contemplating its authenticity. Users can easily access the system by
inputting the product’s unique identification number, often embedded
within a QR code. The blockchain’s smart contract springs to life
instantly, acting as a vigilant sentry to verify the product’s authenticity.
Here’s how the magic unfolds:
a) Entering the QR Code: The consumer deftly scans or enters the QR
code—a digital sigil that serves as the gateway to the product’s history.
This QR code encapsulates the product’s identity, a digital Rosetta Stone
for decoding its journey.
b) Smart Contract Vigilance: The smart contract steps onto the stage
as the guardian of truth. It swings into action, promptly scrutinizing the
product’s status against predefined criteria. Is it a genuine article or a
cunning imitation? If the product checks all the predefined boxes, it is
christened “Available”—a digital insignia of trust and authenticity. But
if, by the slimmest chance, the product’s status diverges from
“Available”, the smart contract raises an alarm—a digital red flag that
beckons for further examination. The result is swift and trustworthy.
When marked as “Available”, the product shines as a beacon of
authenticity amidst counterfeits. Consumers can proceed with
confidence, assured of a genuine purchase. Product verification not only
Fig. 3 – Diagram of processes in our system. upholds confidence but also ensures commitment to immutability. The
blockchain’s immutable ledger and the vigilance of smart contracts
4.5. Product Registration shield consumers from counterfeit products. This innovative, trust-
driven approach empowers consumers to make informed choices, secure
Manufacturers and trusted suppliers play crucial roles in the in the knowledge that authenticity is not a fleeting hope but an
sophisticated blockchain-based product authentication system’s product unwavering certainty.
registration process. These trusted entities ensure the authenticity of the
products they introduce into the system, endowing them with a unique
5. EXECUTION
identity to distinguish them from counterfeits. Upon registration as
trusted participants, these authorized entities gain access to the system.
The manufacturer initiates the registration process on the website by
This digital identity certification enables them to register products and
providing a unique ID and password. Upon clicking the register button,
provide essential data that enriches product information.
a MetaMask [9] confirmation prompt appears for blockchain validation.
a) Product ID: A product’s unique identifier is its Product ID, consisting
Subsequently, the manufacturer logs in using the same credentials and
of a distinctive alphanumeric code. This code serves as the product’s
proceeds to register a product. During product registration, the
manufacturer inputs a unique product ID and product name, confirming
55
the addition to the blockchain by clicking the “add” button. A MetaMask Fig.4 – Workflow
confirmation is triggered again. Upon successful registration, a
corresponding QR code is generated, downloadable by the manufacturer a) Identification of Products and Ownership Details: The guardians
for affixing to the product. When users or customers scan or upload this of authenticity not only provide a unique ID for the product but also
QR code on the website, the system verifies the product’s authenticity, create a digital document that proves its identity and includes ownership
displaying relevant information and confirming whether the product is details. This process validates their ownership claim and ensures the
genuine or counterfeit. product's inclusion in the system

5.1. User Authentication b) The Assurance of Smart Contracts: Upon the careful input of
these particulars, the smart contract proceeds to verify and record the
User Authentication is a crucial aspect of computer systems that involves product information accurately onto the blockchain. Every individual
verifying the identity of users attempting to access a system. Within this product, while maintaining its distinct character, is originally labeled as
domain focused on the needs and preferences of users, the concepts of “Available”. The smart contract not only captures and stores data but
simplicity and security are intricately interconnected. Users are guided also ensures the veracity and consistency of each product.
into the system using an authentication process that is designed to be
user-friendly. Users possess the ability to easily complete the registration 5.3. Product Verification
and login processes, which serve as their access point to the realm of
authenticity. Novice users commence their expedition by furnishing a Product Verification refers to the process of confirming the accuracy and
username and password, a customary undertaking akin to establishing an reliability of a product. Within the domain of consumerism, where the
electronic mail account. The credentials above serve as the users’ digital significance of choices is substantial and the importance of authenticity
authentication mechanisms, providing them with authorization to utilize is important, the process of Product Verification arises as a prominent
the various functionalities of the system. The utilization of blockchain guiding principle.
technology for enhancing security measures. The user data, specifically a) Seamless Verification: When consumers are faced with a product,
the usernames and passwords, are stored in a secure database that is not they possess the ability to verify its authenticity with ease. The
susceptible to conventional vulnerabilities and breaches. Conversely, the technology enables users to efficiently verify the legitimacy of a product
data is safely saved on the blockchain, encapsulated under a robust layer through several means, such as scanning a QR code or entering a distinct
of cryptographic safeguards. The smart contract [10] serves as a crucial identification number.
component in ensuring security by facilitating user authentication b) The Importance of Smart Contract Security: In this scenario, the
throughout the login procedure. The process of authentication extends smart contract plays a vital role once more. It acts as a vigilant guardian
beyond a mere login, encompassing a secure handshake that establishes of truth, quickly assessing whether a product is genuine or a skillful fake.
confidence between entities. If the item meets all set conditions, it receives the label “Available”,
confirming its authenticity digitally.
5.2. Registration Of the Product The focus shifts to the login process for manufacturers and the use of QR
codes. Manufacturers, as the creators of authenticity [11], hold a pivotal
The conditions are prepared for approved entities, who serve as role in the process. They access the system through a specialized login
guardians of authenticity, to introduce their items into the system. Users procedure. Each product receives a unique identification number and is
adeptly navigate through an interface that is designed to be intuitive and accompanied by a QR code, acting as a digital key for further
easy to use, demonstrating painstaking attention to detail as they register verification. Within this intricate technological framework, the
each product. successful integration of the product authentication system stands as a
testament to the profound impact of innovation. This technology
empowers consumers to navigate a marketplace filled with counterfeit
goods with confidence [12], knowing that their choices are based on a
solid foundation of trust.

6. ADVANTAGES OF THIS APPROACH

The implementation of our product authentication system using

blockchain technology brings forth a multitude of appealing benefits and
serves as evidence of the significant impact that trust and technology can
have.

6.1. Enhanced Product Authentication

In an international marketplace, fake goods are common trust becomes

the essential medium of exchange for business dealings. An essential
part of the process of authenticating a product is the technology used in
corporate trust.
56
A theoretical construct that is resistant to modification or change is legitimacy by using the blockchain [14]. Rather than relying solely on
referred to as the “Immutable Shield”. With its immutable ledger, blind faith, they can now go on a journey of informed choices.
blockchain technology is a strong defense against illegal changes and b) Building Digital Bricks to Build Trust: The foundation of
dishonest behavior. After product data has been registered, it is stored in commerce is trust. The capacity for customers to confirm the legitimacy
the blockchain permanently and cannot be altered in any way. of products helps to build confidence in suppliers and manufacturers as
Counterfeiters are successfully neutralized by the digital fortress, which they navigate the market. It’s a guarantee of authenticity, not just a
prevents them from creating false narratives or altering product records. commodity they are buying. This trust is the cornerstone of enduring
Within the field of digital security, the Digital Guardian is a well-known relationships and brand loyalty; it is not just transactional.
entity. Smart contracts act as digital stewards in this system, carefully 1) The Removal of All Doubt: Purchasing decisions are typically
monitoring each product's integrity. Consistent monitoring and defined clouded by doubt, particularly in an environment where counterfeit
standards serve as a strong barrier against fraudulent infiltrations. goods are common. Our system shines like a lighthouse, clearing the
Authenticity is not just a guarantee rather, it's a condition of being that mists of doubt. Customers can choose products with confidence since
never changes. the blockchain’s transparency [15] has made authenticity easier to find.
a) Enhancing Supply Chain Security: The ability of the system to 2) Filling the Void: Consumers want openness in the freely available
ensure the security of product information throughout all stages of the digital era. Manufacturers who accept this openness [16] help to close
supply chain is a significant transformative factor. Manufacturers, the gap between their clients and themselves. Selling a product is only
suppliers, and consumers can place their trust in the assurance that the one aspect of the process; another is enlisting customers as active
trajectory of every product is characterized by transparency and participants in the search for authenticity.
verifiability. The enhanced degree of openness not only serves to combat
counterfeit products but also strengthens consumer trust and assurance. 6.3. Reduced Counterfeiting
b) Consumer Empowerment: Consumer empowerment refers to the
process of enabling individuals to make informed decisions and assert Counterfeit items have been thriving in secrecy for a while now,
their rights as consumers in the marketplace. In a market saturated with undermining credibility and endangering consumers' security [17]. By
counterfeit goods, customers frequently exercise caution. The method exposing these fakes and taking away their market share, our approach
we have developed provides consumers with the capacity to make well- serves as a shining light, preserving the caliber of genuine goods. In
informed decisions, offering them a sense of empowerment. By swiftly essence, transparency and a decline in counterfeiting are related to a
scanning a QR code or entering a distinctive identification number, dance that modifies the market. When customers recognize that real
individuals can differentiate authentic products from fraudulent ones. goods and services are the real currency of trade, they gain power,
The emergence of this increased confidence has a profound impact on confidence is restored, and counterfeiters are compelled to hide.
the consumer landscape, cultivating a sense of brand loyalty and
engendering trust among consumers. 7. CONCLUSION

In confronting the pervasive challenge of counterfeit goods, this study

presents a groundbreaking solution through a blockchain-based product
authentication mechanism, offering respite to both producers and
consumers globally. The immutable nature of blockchain establishes an
unassailable foundation of trust by safeguarding [18] product data
against unauthorized alterations. Integral to this method, smart contracts
serve as vigilant guardians, meticulously validating product information
against predefined criteria, thereby fortifying the market against
counterfeit infiltrations. The emphasis on transparency extends beyond
mere transactional interactions, fostering a trustful relationship between
consumers and manufacturers. By effectively exposing counterfeiters,
this approach diminishes the market value of fraudulent goods, acting as
a formidable deterrent to illicit production. This dual protection shields
Fig. 5 – Industries – those are most advanced in developing consumers and legitimate producers alike.
through blockchain today.
Looking ahead, the fusion of product authentication and blockchain
6.2. Transparency technology opens up exciting avenues for future exploration. A pivotal
focus is on integrating our solution into supply chains, streamlining their
Our blockchain-based product authentication technology ushers in a new intricate networks for enhanced efficiency. Further research can delve
era of unmatched transparency in a world where trust can frequently feel into the dynamic realm of real-time tracking, offering continuous
like a finite resource. The benefits of this transparency [13] flow down monitoring of goods movement for comprehensive insights. Our
the entire supply chain, acting as a powerful elixir that nurtures the solution's potential in automating supply chain operations through smart
relationship between makers and consumers. contracts holds promise, reducing the need for manual intervention.
a) Encouraging the Customer: Transparency is a gift to customers, not Exploring the use of public blockchains, known for their accessibility
just a catchphrase. Customers may quickly and easily verify a product's and transparency, is a pathway to further elevate trust. This shift not only
57
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Proof of Patent Publication

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