Solutions To Calculus by Feliciano and Uy Chapter 1 2 3
Solutions To Calculus by Feliciano and Uy Chapter 1 2 3
ARDENT B. BAUTISTA
NOTE: The solutions are not official and need further correction.
CHAPTER 1
Limits
EXERCISE 1.2.
3�
1. lim �2 − 4� + 3 3. lim� tan � + sin � 5. lim 2� + 3 � − 4 7. lim
�→2 �→8
�→
4 3
�→3 � �+1
= 2 2−4 2 +3 � � = 2 8 + 8−4
= tan + sin 3 3 �
= −� 4 4 = �� = =
2 �+ � 3 3+1 �
= 1 + =
2 �
4� + 2 6. lim 4� − 3 �2 + 5
2. lim �→2 3� + 2
�→3 � + 4 sin 2� 8. lim 2
= 4 2 −3 2 2
+5 �→0 � − 2� + 4
4 3 +2 4. lim�
�→ sin � 3 0 +2 �
= 3 = ��
3+4 � = =
sin 2 3 2
0 −2 0 +4 �
= � 3 = 2 = �
= �
sin 3
3 2
EXERCISE 1.3.
�−1
�3 − 64 �3 − �2 − � − 2 7. lim
1. lim 2 4. lim 3 �→1 �+3−2
�→4 � − 16 �→2 2� − 5�2 + 5� − 6
� − 2 �2 + � + 1 �−1 �+3+2
� 3− 4 3 = lim ∙
= lim = lim �→1�+3−2 �+3+2
�→4 � 2 − 4 2 �→2 � − 2 2�2 − � + 3
� − 4 �2 + 4� + 16 �2 + � + 1 �−1 �+3+2
= lim = lim = lim
�→4 �−4 �+4 �→2 2�2 − � + 3 �→1 �+3 −4
�2 + 4� + 16 2 2+2+1 � �−1 �+3+2
= lim = = = lim
�→4 �+4 2
2 2 −2+3 � �→1 �−1
4 2 + 4 4 + 16 = lim � + 3 + 2
�→1
= = �
�+4 = 1+3+2 = �
�+3 2−9
5. lim
�→0 2�
�2 + 2� − 8 �+3 2− 3 2 3
�−2
2. lim = lim 8. lim
�→2 3� − 6 �→0 2� �→8 �−8
�+4 �−2 �+3+3 �+3−3 3
= lim �−2
= lim �→0 2� = lim
�→2 3 �−2 �→8 3 3 3
�+4 � �+6 � − 2
= lim = lim 3
�→0 2� �−2
�→2 3 �+6 = lim
2+4 �→8 3 2 1
= = � = lim �−2 � 3 + 2� 3 +4
3
�→0 2
0+6 1
= = � = lim 2 1
2 �→8
� 3 + 2� 3 +4
3 1 �
� − 13� + 12 = =
3. lim 3 8
2
3 +2 8
1
3 +4 ��
�→3 � − 14� + 15
� + 16 − 4
�+4 �−3 �−1 6. lim
= lim �→0 �
�→3 � − 3 �2 + 3� − 5
� + 16 − 4 � + 16 + 4 1 1
�+4 �−1 = lim ∙ −
= lim 2 �→0 � � + 16 + 4 9. lim � 4
�→3 � + 3� − 5
� �→4 � − 4
3+4 3−1 �� = lim 4−�
= = �→0 � � + 16 + 4 − �−4
= lim 4� = lim
2 ��
3 +3 3 −5 1 �→4 � − 4 �→4 � − 4 4�
= lim
�→0 � + 16 + 4 1
1 � = lim −
= = �→4 4�
0 + 16 + 4 � 1 �
= − = −
4 4 ��
�3 − 8 tan 2� sin2 �
10. lim 2 14. lim� 18. lim
�→2 � − 4 �→ sec 2� �→� 1 + cos �
4
� 3− 2 3 sin 2� 1 − cos2 �
= lim = lim
�→2 � 2 − 2 2 = lim� cos 2� �→� 1 + cos �
1 1 + cos � 1 − cos �
� − 2 �2 + 2� + 4 �→
4
cos 2� = lim
= lim �→� 1 + cos �
�→2 �−2 �+2 = lim� sin 2� = lim 1 − cos �
�2 + 2� + 4 �→
4 �→�
= lim � = 1 − cos π = �
�→2 �+2 = sin 2 =�
2 2+2 2 +4 4
= = �
2+2 � � −� 4
sin3 � 19. lim @� � = �
�→4 �−4
15. lim
�−3 �→0 sin � − tan � �− 4
11. lim sin � sin2 � = lim 2
�→4
�→3 �−2− 4−� = lim � − 2 2
�→0 sin �
�−3 �−2+ 4−� sin � − �−2
= lim ∙ cos � = lim
�→3 � − 2 − 4 − � �−2+ 4−� sin � 1 − cos2 � �→4 �−2 �+2
= lim
�−3 �−2+ 4−� �→0 cos � − 1 1
= lim sin � = lim
�→3 �−2 − 4−� cos � �→4 � + 2
�3
4� + 5 6. lim
�→∞ 2� − 1 2
3. lim 2
�→∞ � + 1 �3
4� = lim 2
= lim 2 �→∞ 4� − 4� + 1
�→∞ �
1 �3
3
= 4 lim = � = lim 2 �
�→∞ �
�→∞ 4� 4� 1
− 3+ 3
�3 � �
lim 1
�3 + � + 2 = �→∞
4. lim 1 1 1
�→∞ �2 − 1 4 lim − 4 lim 2 + lim 3
�3 � 2 �→∞ � �→∞ � �→∞ �
3+ 3+ 3 1
= lim � � � = = ���
�→∞ �2 1 4(0) − 4(0) + 0
−
�3 �3
1 2
1+ 2+ 3 3 3
= lim � � �+2 − �−2
�→∞ 1 1 7. lim
− �→∞ �2
� �3 �+2 − �−2 �+2 2
+ �+2 �−2 + �−2 2
1 1 = lim
lim 1 + lim 2 + 2 lim 3 �→∞ �2
�→∞ �→∞ � �→∞ �
= � + 2 − � + 2 �2 + 4� + 4 + �2 − 4 + �2 − 4� + 4
1 1 = lim
lim − lim 3 �→∞ �2
�→∞ � �→∞ � 2
12� + 16
1 + 0 + 2(0) = lim
= �→∞ �2
0−0 1
1 = lim 12 + 16 lim 2
= = ��� �→∞ �→∞ �
0
= 12 + 16(0) = ��
EXERCISE 1.5.
1. � = �
2. �2 − 8� + 15 = � − 5 � − 3 → � = �; � = �
3. �2 + 4 → �2 =− 4 → ����
4. �2 − 9 → � = 9 → � =± �
5. 2� − 8 → 2� = 8 → log2 8 = � → � = �
6. �3 − 3�2 + 2� = � �2 − 3� + 2 = � � − 1 � − 2 → � = �; � = �; � = �
EXERCISE 1.6.
CHAPTER 2
Differentiation of Algebraic Functions
EXERCISE 2.1.
1. � = 4�2 − 5�
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 � + ∆� 2 − 5 � + ∆� − 4�2 + 5�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 − 5� − 5∆� − 4�2 + 5�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4�2 + 8�∆� + 4∆�2 − 5� − 5∆� − 4�2 + 5�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
8�∆� + 4∆�2 − 5∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
∆� 8� + 4∆� − 5
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 8� + 4∆� − 5
∆�→0
= 8� + 4(0) − 5 = �� − �
2. � = �3 + 2�
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
� + ∆� 3 + 2 � + ∆� − �3 + 2�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
�3 + 2�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + �2 ∆� + ∆�3 + 2� + 2∆� − �3 + 2�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
�3 + 2�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + �2 ∆� + ∆�3 + 2� + 2∆� − �3 − 2�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
2�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + �2 ∆� + ∆�3 + 2∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
∆� 2�2 + 3�∆� + �2 + ∆�2 + 2
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 2�2 + 3�∆� + �2 + ∆�2 + 2
∆�→0
= 2�2 + 3�(0) + �2 + 0 2
+ 2 = ��� + �
2. � = 4 �
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 � + ∆� − 4 � 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
= lim ∙
∆�→0 ∆� 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
16� + 16∆� − 16� 16∆�
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� 4 � + ∆� + 4 � ∆�→0 ∆� 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
16
= lim
∆�→0 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
16 16 �
= = =
4 �+0+4 � 8 � �
6
4. � =
�
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
6 6
−
= lim � + ∆� �
∆�→0 ∆�
6� − 6 � + ∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆� � � + ∆�
−6∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆� �2 + �∆�
6
= lim − 2
∆�→0 � + �∆�
6 �
= − 2 = − �
� +� 0 �
5. � = 3 �
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
3
� + ∆� − 3 �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
3 3 2 3 3 3 2
� + ∆� − 3 � � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
= lim ∙ 2
∆�→0 ∆� 3
� + ∆� +
3
� + ∆� 3
� + 3
�
2
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3
� + ∆� + � + ∆� � + � + ∆� � − � + ∆� � − � + ∆� � − �
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
∆� � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
3 3
� + ∆� 3 − � 3
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
∆� � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
� + ∆� − �
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
∆� � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
1
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
� + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
1
= 2 2
3 3 3 3
�+0 + �+0 � + �
1
= 2 1 1 2
� 3 +� 3� 3 +� 3
1
= 2 2 2
� 3 +� 3 +� 3
�
= �
�� �
6. � = 2 − 5� 3
9. � =
�� �� 2� + 1
= lim �� ��
�� ∆�→0 �� = lim
� � + ∆� − � � �� ∆�→0 ��
= lim � � + ∆� − � �
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
2 − 5 � + ∆� − 2 − 5� ∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 3 3
∆�→0 ∆� −
2 − 5� − 5∆� − 2 + 5� 2 � + ∆� + 1 2� + 1
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� ∆�→0 ∆�
−5∆�
= lim 3 2� + 1 − 3 2� + 2∆� + 1
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
= lim −5 = � ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 2� + 1 − 2� + 2∆� + 1
= 3 lim
∆�→0 ∆�
2� + 1 − 2� − 2∆� − 1
7. � = 4� + 3 = 3 lim
∆�→0 ∆� 2� + 1 + 2� + 2∆� + 1
�� ��
= lim 2∆�
�� ∆�→0 �� =− 3 lim
∆�→0 ∆� 2� + 1 + 2� + 2∆� + 1
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim 2
∆�→0 ∆� =− 3 lim
∆�→0 2� + 1 + 2� + 2∆� + 1
4 � + ∆� + 3 − 4� + 3
= lim 2
∆�→0 ∆� = −3
4� + 4∆� + 3 − 4� + 3 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3 2� + 1 + 2� + 2(0) + 1
= lim ∙ −6 �
∆�→0 ∆� 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3= = −
4� + 4∆� + 3 − 4� + 3 2 2� + 1 �� + �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆� 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3
4� + 4∆� + 3 − 4� − 3
= lim 5�2
∆�→0 ∆� 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3 10. � =
4� − 1
4 �� ��
= lim = lim
∆�→0 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3 �� ∆�→0 ��
4 � � � + ∆� − � �
= = = lim
4� + 4 0 + 3 + 4� + 3 �� + � ∆�→0 ∆�
5 � + ∆� 2 5�2
−
4 � + ∆� − 1 4� − 1
2� = lim
∆�→0 ∆�
8. � =
�+1
�� �� 5 �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 4� − 1 − 5�2 4� + 4∆� − 1
= lim = lim
�� ∆�→0 �� ∆�→0 ∆� 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
� � + ∆� − � � 40� 2
∆� − 10�∆� − 5∆�2
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� ∆�→0 ∆� 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
2 � + ∆� 2�
− ∆� 40�2 − 10� − 5∆�
� + ∆� + 1 �+1 = lim
= lim ∆�→0 ∆� 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
∆�→0 ∆� 40�2 − 10� − 5∆�
2� + 2∆� � + 1 − 2� � + ∆� + 1 = lim
= lim ∆�→0 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
∆�→0 ∆� � + 1 � + ∆� + 1
40�2 − 10� − 5 0
2�2 + 2� + 2�∆� + 2∆� − 2�2 − 2�∆� − 2� =
= lim 4� − 1 4� + 4 0 − 1
∆�→0 ∆� � + 1 � + ∆� + 1
2∆� 40�2 − 10�
= lim =
∆�→0 ∆� � + 1 � + ∆� + 1
4� − 1 4� − 1
2 ���� − ���
= lim =
∆�→0 � + 1 � + ∆� + 1 ���� − �� + �
2
=
�+1 �+0+1
�
= �
� + �� + �
11. � = � − 2 14. � = 4��2
�� �� �� ��
= lim = lim
�� ∆�→0 �� �� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � � � � + ∆� − � �
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� ∆�→0 ∆�
4� � + ∆� 2 − 4��2
� + ∆� − 2 − � − 2 = lim
= lim ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆� 4� �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 − 4��2
� + ∆� − � � + ∆� + � = lim
= lim ∙ ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆� � + ∆� + � 4��2 + 8��∆� + 4�∆�2 − 4��2
� + ∆� − � = lim
= lim ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆� � + ∆� + � ∆� 8�� + 4�∆�
= lim
1 ∆�→0 ∆�
= lim = lim 8�� + 4�∆�
∆�→0 � + ∆� + � ∆�→0
1 � = 8�� + 4� 0 = ���
= =
�+0+ � � �
2� + 3
15. � =
12. � = ��2 3� − 4
�� �� �� ��
= lim = lim
�� ∆�→0 �� �� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � � � � + ∆� − � �
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆�
� � + ∆� 2 − ��2 2 � + ∆� + 3 2� + 3
= lim −
∆�→0 ∆� 3 � + ∆� − 4 3� − 4
= lim
� �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 − ��2 ∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 2� + 2∆� + 3 3� − 4 − 2� + 3 3� + 3∆� − 4
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
∆� 2�� + �∆� ∆�→0 ∆� 3� − 4 3� + 3∆� − 4
= lim −17∆�
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
= lim 2�� + �∆� ∆�→0 ∆� 3� − 4 3� + 3∆� − 4
∆�→0
17
= 2�� + �(0) = ��� = lim −
∆�→0 3� − 4 3� + 3∆� − 4
17
= −
4 3 3� − 4 3� + 3(0) − 4
13. � = �� 17
3 = −
�� �� 3� − 4 3� − 4
= lim ��
�� ∆�→0 �� = − �
� � + ∆� − � � �� − ��� + ��
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 4
� � + ∆� 3 − ��3
= lim 3 3
∆�→0 ∆�
4 4
� �3 + 3�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + ∆�3 − ��3
3
= lim 3
∆�→0 ∆�
4 3 4� 3 4 3
�� + 4��2 ∆� + 4��∆�2 + ∆� − ��
= lim 3 3 3
∆�→0 ∆�
4� 2
∆� 4��2 + 4��∆� + ∆�
= lim 3
∆�→0 ∆�
2
4� 2
= lim 4�� + 4��∆� + ∆�
∆�→0 3
4�
= 4��2 + 4�� 0 + 0 2
3
= ����
EXERCISE 2.2.
1. � = 5�3 − 4�2 + 3� − 6 4� − 5
� � 3 � 2 � � 7. �=
� =5 � −4 � + 3 (�) − (6) 2� + 1
�� �� �� �� �� � �
� 2� + 1 (4� − 5) − (4� − 5) (2� + 1)
�� (�) = �� ��
= ���� − �� + � �� 2� + 1 2
��
�� 2� − 1 (4) − (4� − 5)(2)
4 =
3 �� 4�2 + 4� + 1
2. �= �+ + � �� ��
� =
� � 1 � −1 � 1 �� ��� + �� + �
� = � 3 +4 � + � 2
�� �� �� ��
�� 1 1 1 1 3� + 1
= � 3−1 − 4�−1−1 + � 2−1 8. �=
�� 3 2 3�2 + 2
�� � � � � � 1
= �
− �+ � � 3�2 + 2 3� + 1 − 3� + 1 3�2 + 2 2
�� �� � � �� � (�) = �� ��
�� 2
3�2 + 2
3. � = 5 − 6� 1 1
� � � �� 3�2 + 2 3 − 3� + 1 3�2 + 2 2−1
� =
1
5 − 6� 2 5 − 6� = 2
�� �� �� �� 3�2 + 2
�� 1 1 3� +1
= 5 − 6� 2−1 −6 3 3�2 + 2 −
�� 2 �� 2 3�2+2
�� � =
= − �� 3�2 + 2
�� � − �� �� 6 3�2 + 2 − (3� + 1)
=
�� 3�2 + 2 2 3�2 + 2
3
4. � = 2� − 7 �� ���� − �� + ��
� � 1 � =
� = 2� − 7 3 2� − 7 �� ��� + � ��� + �
�� �� ��
�� 1 1
= 2� − 7 3−1 2
�� 3 9. � = 2� + 5 4� − 1
�� � � � 1 1 �
= � (�) = 2� + 5 4� − 1 2 + 4� − 1 2 (2� + 5)
�� � �� − � � �� �� ��
�� 1 1 � 1
= (2� + 5) 4� − 1 2−1 (4� − 1) + 4� − 1 2 (2)
5. � = 3�2 − 4� + 1 5 �� 2 ��
�� 1
� � � = (2� + 5) (4) + 2 4� − 1
� = 3�2 − 4� + 1 5 3�2 − 4� + 1 �� 2 4� − 1
�� �� ��
�� �� 4� + 10 4� + 10 + 8� − 2
= 5 3�2 − 4� + 1 5−1 6�2−1 − 4�1−1 = + 2 4� − 1 =
�� �� 4� − 1 4� − 1
�� �� ��� + �
= ��� − �� + � � ��� − �� =
�� �� �� − �
6. � = 7 + 3� + 1 10. � = 3� + 4 2 (� − 5)3
� � 1 � � � �
� = 7 + 3� + 1 2 7 (�) = 3� + 4 2 (� − 5)3 + (� − 5)3 3� + 4 2
�� �� �� �� �� ��
� � �� �
+
1
3� + 1 2 3� + 1 = 3� + 4 2 3(� − 5)2 (� − 5)
�� �� �� ��
�� 1 1 −1 1 1 3
�
= 7 + 3� + 1 2 3� + 1 2−1 3 + (� − 5) 2 3� + 4 (3� + 4)
�� 2 2 ��
�� 1 3 ��
= ∙ = 3 3� + 4 2 (� − 5)2 (1) + 2(� − 5)3 (3� + 4)(3)
�� 2 7 + 3� + 1 2 3� + 1 ��
��
�� 3 = � �� + � � (� − �)� + �(� − �)� (�� + �)
= ��
��
4 7 + 3� + 1 3� + 1
�� �
=
�� � ��� + �� �� + � + � + �� + �
2� − 3 4 3
11. �= 14. � = �2 − 4�−3
5� + 1 � � 2 � −3
4
� � 2� − 3 � 2� − 3 � = � 3 −4 �
(�) = �� �� ��
�� �� 5� + 1 �� 5� + 1 �� 2 2 −1
� � = � 3 + 12�−3−1
�� 2� − 3 4−1 (5� + 1) �� 2� − 3 − (2� − 3) �� 5� + 1 �� 3
=4 �� � ��
�� 5� + 1 5� + 1 2 = � +�
�� � � �
�� 2� − 3 3 (5� + 1) 2 − (2� − 3) 5
=4 5
�� 5� + 1 5� + 1 2 15. � =4 �+1
3
�� 2� − 3 68 �� � 5 � 1 �
= =4 �+1 � 2+ (1)
�� 5� + 1 3 5� + 1 2 �� �� �� ��
�� �� �� − � � �� 5−1 1 1
= = 20 � + 1 � 2−1
�� �� + � � �� 2
�� 4 1 −1
= 20 � + 1 � 2
�� 2
�
3� − 4 �� �� � + �
12. �= =
2� + 5 �� �
1
� � 3� − 4 2 � 3� − 4
(�) = 4
�� �� 2� + 5 �� 2� + 5 16. �=
1 −1 � � 5� + 3
�� 1 3� − 4 2 2� + 5 (3� − 4) − (3� − 4) (2� + 5) 1
= �� �� � = 4 5� + 3 − 2
�� 2 2� + 5 2� + 5 2 � � 1 �
(�) = 4 5� + 3 − 2 (5� + 3)
−1 2 �� �� ��
�� 1 3� − 4 2� + 5 (3) − (3� − 4)(2) �� 1
= =− 2 5� + 3 − 2−1 (5)
�� 2 2� + 5 2� + 5 2 ��
�� 1 2� + 5 2
1
23 �� ��
= = − �
�� 2 3� − 4 1 2 2� + 5 2 �� �� + � �
�� 23 ��
= = 2
�� 2 3� − 4 2� + 5 3 � �� − � �� + � � 17. �=
4� + 1 3
� = 2 4� + 1 −3
1 � � �
�−6 3 (�) = 2 4� + 1 −3 (4� + 1)
13. �= �� �� ��
3� + 4
1 ��
� � �−6 � �−6 3 = − 6 4� + 1 −3−1 (4)
(�) = ��
�� �� 3� + 4�� 3� + 4 �� 24
1 � � = −
�� 1 � − 6 3−1 3� + 4 �� (� − 6) − (� − 6) �� (3� + 4) �� 4� + 1 4
=
�� 3 3� + 4 3� + 4 2
−2 3
�� 1 � − 6 3� + 4 (1) − (� − 6)(3)
=
�� 3 3� + 4 3� + 4 2
2
�� 1 � − 6 − 3 3� + 4 − 3� + 18
=
�� 3 3� + 4 3� + 4 2
2
�� 1 3� + 4 3 22
= 2
�� 3 �−6 3 3� + 4 2
�� ��
= � �
�� � �−� � �� + � �
2
18. � =6 3 �+2 23. � = � + 2�−1 ; (2,3)
� � 3 2 � 1 � � � � −1
(�) = 6 �+2 � 3+ (2) (�) = (�) + 2 �
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� 2−1 1 1 −1 �� 2
= 12 3 � + 2 � 3 = 1 − 2 @� = 2
�� 3 �� �
�� 1 −2 �� 2 �
= 12 3 � + 2 � 3 =1− =
�� 3 �� 2 2 �
3
�� 4 � + 8
= @� = 8
�� 2
� 3 4
3 24. � = 3�2 − ; (2,10)
�� 4 8 + 8 �
= 2
=� � � 2 � −1
�� 8 3 (�) = 3 � −4 �
�� �� ��
�� 4
19. �= 6− � = 6� + 2 @� = 2
�� �
� � 1 � � 1 �� 4
(�) = 6− � 2 (6) − � 2 = 6(2) + = ��
�� �� �� �� �� (2)2
�� 1 1 −1 1 1
= 6− � 2 − � 2−1
�� 2 2 10 − 2� 2
�� 1 1 25. �= ; 3,
= − 3� 9
�� 2 6 − � 2 � � 1 � 1 �
�� 1 � 3� 10 − 2� 2 (10 − 2�) − 10 − 2� 2 (3�)
= − @� = 4 (�) = �� �� ��
�� 3 �� 3� 2
4 6� − � 2 1
�� 1 � 3� 10 − 3 10 − 2�
�� 2 10 − 2�
= − = − =
�� 3 �� �� 9�2
4 6(4) − (4) 2 15�
− 3 10 − 2�
�� 10 − 2�
=
20. � = �3 + 4�−1 �� 9�2
� � 3 � −1 �� 21� − 30
(�) = � +4 � = @� = 3
�� �� �� �� 9�2 10 − 2�
�� 4 �� 21(3) − 30 ��
= 3�2 − 2 @� = 1 = =
�� � �� 9(3)2 10 − 2(3) ��
�� 2
4
=3 1 − = −�
�� 1 2
3
4
21. � = 2� − 1 +
3� − 2
� � � � 1 �
(�) = 2� − 1 3
(2� − 1) + 4 3� − 2 − 2 (3� − 2)
�� �� �� �� ��
�� 1 1
= 3 2� − 1 3−1 (2) + 4 − 3� − 2 − 2−1 (3)
�� 2
�� 2
6
= 6 2� − 1 − 3
@� = 2
�� 3� − 2 2
�� 6 ���
= 6 2(2) − 1 2 − 3 =
�� 3(2) − 2 2 �
30. � = 2� − 3�−1
� � �
(�) = 2 (�) − 3 (�−1 )
�� �� ��
�� 3 ��
=2+ 2 @ = 14
�� � ��
3
14 − 2 = 2
�
12�2 = 3
3 �
� =± = ±
12 �
EXERCISE 2.3.
1. � = �2 + � ; � = 2� + 1 7. �= � ; �= �
1
� = 2� + 1 2 + 2� + 1 1 2 1
�= �= � 2 =� 4
� � � �
(�) = 2� + 1 2 2� + 1 + 2� + 1 � � 1 1 1
�� �� �� �� � = � 4 = � 4−1
�� �� �� 4
= 2 2� + 1 2−1 (2) + 2 �� �
�� =
�� �� ��� �
= 4 2� + 1 + 2
��
�� 8. � = � + �2 + �3
= �� + �
�� �� 1
=
�� �� ��
2. �= �2 − 1 ; � = 4 � �� 1
=
�� � � � 3
�= 4 �
2
− 1 = 16� − 1 � + �2 + �
�� �� ��
� � 1 � �� �
(�) = 16� − 1 2 (16� − 1) =
�� �� �� �� ��� + �� + �
�� 1 1
= 16� − 1 2−1 (16)
�� 2 9. �= �+3 �
�� � �� 1
= =
�� ��� − � �� �� ��
�� 1
3 =
3. � = � − 4 2 ; � = �2 + 4 �� � 12 � 1 3
� + �
3 �� ��
� = �2 + 4 − 4 2 = �3
�� 1
� � 3 =
(�) = (� ) �� 1 1
�� �� �1 2−1 + �1 3−1
�� 2 3
= ��� �� 1 1
�� = = 3
�� 1 1 2
3 � +2 �
+
2 2 � 3 3 �2 63 �
4. � = 2� − 2 3 ; � = 4�3 + 1
2
� = 2 4�3 + 1 − 2 3 �� � �
�
= �
2 �� � �� + � �
� = 8�3 + 2 − 2 3 = 4�2
� �
(�) = 4 (�2 ) 10. � = 4 − 3� 3 2
�� ��
�� �� 1
= �� =
�� �� �� ��
�� 1
=
5. � = � + 2 ; � = 4� − 2 �� � 3 2 �
4 − 3� 4 − 3�
� = 4� − 2 + 2 = 2 � �� ��
� � 1 1 1 �� 1 1
(�) = 2 � 2 = 2 � 2−1 = =
�� �� 2 �� 3 9 4 − 3�
4 − 3� 3 2−1 −3 −
�� � 2 2
= �� �
�� � =−
�� � � − ��
2�
6. �= ; � = �2
2
� −1 11. � = 2 4� + 1 3
2 �2 2�2 �� 1
�= 2 2 = 4 =
� −1 � −1 �� �� ��
4 � 2 2 � 4 �� 1
� � −1 2� − 2� � −1 =
(�) = �� �� �� � �
�� �4 − 1 2 2 3 4� + 1 3−1 4� + 1
�� ��
4 2 3 5 5
�� � − 1 4� − 2� 4� 4� − 4� − 8� �� 1 1
= 4 2
= 4 2 = =
�� � −1 � −1 2 2
�� 6 4� + 1 (4) 24 16� + 8� + 1
�� � �� + � � �� + � �� �
=− � =− � = �
�� � −� � �
� − �� + � �� ���� + ��� + ��
6
12. �= = 6 3� + 1 −2
3� + 1 2
�� 1
=
�� �� ��
�� 1
=
�� 6 � −2 3� + 1 −2−1 � 3� + 1
�� ��
�� 1
=
�� −12 3� + 1 −3 (3)
�� �
=
�� −�� �� + � −�
13. � = 1+ 1+ �
�� 1
=
�� �� ��
�� 1
=
�� � 1 2 � � �
1+ 1+ � 1 + 1+ � 1 2 1+ �
�� �� �� ��
�� 1
=
�� 1 1 2−1 1 1
1+ 1+ � 0 + 1 + � 1 2−1 0 + �1 2−1
2 2 2
�� 1
=
��
1 1 1
2 1+ � 2 �
2 1+ 1+ �
��
=� � �+ � �+ �+ �
��
2� + 1 4
14. �=
3� − 1
�� 1
=
�� �� ��
�� 1
= 4
�� � 2� + 1 � 2� + 1
4
�� 3� − 1 �� 3� − 1
�� 1
=
�� � �
2� + 1 4−1 3� − 1 �� 2� + 1 − 2� + 1 �� 3� − 1
4(4)
3� − 1 3� − 1 2
�� 1
= 3
�� 2� + 1 3� − 1 2 − 2� + 1 3
16
3� − 1 3� − 1 2
�� 1 1
= = 3
�� 2� + 1 3 6� − 2 − 6� − 3 −80 2� + 1
16
3� − 1 3 3� − 1 2 3� − 1 5
�� �� − � �
= −
�� �� �� + � �
EXERCISE 2.4.
1. � = �5 + 3�−2 + 4� 3. � = 4 − �2
� � 5 � −2 � � � �
� = � +3 � + 4 (�) (�) = 4 − �2 1 2 4 − �2
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� 1
= 5�4 − 6�−3 + 4 = 4 − �2 1 2−1 ( − 2�)
�� �� 2
�� � ��
= ���� + ���−� = − � 4 − �2 −1 2
��� ��
�� �
= ���� − ���−� �2 � � � �
��� = − � 4 − �2 −1 2 4 − �2 + 4 − �2 −1 2
�
��2 �� �� ��
1 �2 � �
2. �= = �−1 2
= − − 4 − �2 −3 2 ( − 2�) + 4 − �2 −1 2
� �� 2
� � −1 �� � �� �
(�) = � = − −
�� �� �� �
�−� � � �
� − ��
��
= − �−2
�� �3 � � 2 �
�� � = − � 4 − �2 −3 2 − 4 − �2 −1 2
= ��−� ��3 �� ��
��� �3 � � � �
�� � 3 = −
�2 4 − �2 −3 2 (4 − �2 ) + 4 − �2 −3 2 (�2 )
= −��−� �� �� �� ��
��� � �
2 −1 2 2
− 4−� 4−�
�� ��
4� 3
4. �= � � 3
�+1 3
= − �2 − 4 − �2 −3 2−1 ( − 2�) + 4 − �2 −3 2 (2�)
� � �� 2
� �+1 4� − 4� �+1 1
� = �� �� − − 4 − �2 −1 2−1 −2�
�� �+1 2 2
�� � + 1 (4) − (4�)(1) �3 �
= = − 3�3 4 − �2 −5 2 + 2� 4 − �2 −3 2 − � 4 − �2 −3 2
�� �+1 2 ��3
�� 4 �3 � 3�3 2� �
= 3
= − + 2 3 2
−
�� �+1 2 �� 4−� 2 5 2
4−� 4 − �2 3 2
�� � ��� �� − �
= − +
�2 � � � ��� � − �� � � � − �� � �
2 = 4 ��
� + 1 −2 (� + 1)
�� ��
�2 � 6. � = �1 2 − �1 2 2 = � − 2�1 2 �1 2 + �
= 4( − 2) � + 1 −2−1 (1) � � � 1 2 �
��2 (�) = (�) − 2 � � + �
�� � � �� �� �� ��
= − �� 1 1 2−1
��� �+� � = −2 � � +1
�� 2
�� �
�3 � � � = − +1
3 = − 8 ��
� + 1 −3 (� + 1) �� �
�� ��
�3 � �2 � � −1 2 �
= − 8( − 3) � + 1 −3−1 (1) = − � � + (1)
��3 ��2 �� ��
�� � �� 2
� � 1
= = − � − �−1 2−1 + 0
��� �+� � �� 2 2
�� � �
5. � = � + 5 2 = �2 + 10� + 25 �
= � �
�� �� ��
= 2� + 10
�� �3 � � � −3 2
�
� � = �
=� ��3 2 ��
��� �3 � � 3
�
� � = − �−3 2−1
=� ��3 2 2
��� �� � � �
= − � �
��� ��
1+ � 1 �
7. �= = +1 8. �= = � � − 1 −1 2
� � �−1
� � −1 2 � � � � �
(�) = � + (1) � = � � − 1 −1 2 � − 1 + � − 1 −1 2 �
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� 1 �� 1
= − �−1 2−1 + 0 = � − � − 1 −1 2−1 (1) + � − 1 −1 2 (1)
�� 2 �� 2
�� 1 �� � 1
= − 3 2 = − +
�� 2� �� 2 �−1 3 2 �−1 1 2
�2 � 1 � −3 2 �2 � 1 � � � �
= − � = − � − 1 −3 2 �−1 + � − 1 −1 2 (� − 1)
��2 2 �� �� 2 2 �� �� �� ��
2
� � 1 3 �2 � 1 3 1
2 = −2
− �−3 2−1
= − − � − 1 −3 2−1 1 + − � − 1 −1 2−1 (1)
�� 2 ��2 2 2 2
�� � � �� � � �
� = = −
�� ��� � ��� � � − � � � � � − � � �
�3 � 3 � −5 2 �3 � 3 � � 1 � �
= � = � − 1 −5 2 �−1 − � − 1 −3 2 (� − 1)
��3 4 �� �� 3 4 �� �� 2 �� ��
3
� � 3 5 �3 � 3 5 1 3
3
= − �−5 2−1
= − �−1 −5 2−1
1 − − �−1 −3 2−1
(1)
�� 4 2 ��3 4 2 2 2
�� � �� �� � �� �
�
= − � � = − +
�� �� ��� � �−� � � � �−� � �
�2
9. �=
�+1
� 2 �
� �+1 � − �2 �+1
� = �� ��
�� �+1 2
�� � + 1 2� − �2 1 2�2 + 2� − �2 �2 + 2�
= = =
�� �+1 2 �2 + 2� + 1 �2 + 2� + 1
� 2 � 2
�2 � �2 + 2� + 1 � + 2� − �2 + 2� � + 2� + 1
= �� ��
��2 �2 + 2� + 1 2
�2 � � + 2� + 1 2� + 2 − �2 + 2� 2� + 2
2
2�3 + 6�2 + 6� + 2 − 2�3 − 6�2 − 4�
= =
��2 2
� + 2� + 1 2
�+1 2 2
�� � �� + � �
= � =
��� �+� �+� �
�3 � � �
=2 � + 1 −3 �+1
��3 �� ��
3
� �
= 2 −3 � + 1 −3−1 1
��3
�� � �
= −
�� �
�+� �
10. � = 3 � ; �' 8 & �'' 8 �2 �
� � 1 3 13. � = �2 + � + 1 2
; @� = 2
� = � ��2
�� �� � � 2 � 2
�� 1 1 3−1 � = � +�+1 2 � +�+1
= � �� �� ��
�� 3 ��
1 = 2 �2 + � + 1 2−1 2� + 1
�' � = 3 @� = 8 ��
3 �2 ��
1 � = 2 �2 + � + 1 2� + 1
�' 8 = 3 = ��
3 8 2 �� ��
= 2 2�3 + 3�2 + 3� + 1
��
��
�2 �1 � −2 3 = 4�3 + 6�2 + 6� + 2
= � ��
��2 3 �� �2 �
2
� � 1 2 = 12�2 + 12� + 6 @� = 2
= − �−2 3−1 ��2
��2 3 3 �2 �
''
2 = 12 2 2 + 12 2 + 6
� � = − 3 @� = 8 ��2
9 �5 �� �
2 � = ��
�'' 8 = − 3 = − ���
9 8 5 ���
�2 �
11. � = �5 ; �4 & � 4 14. � = �3 − 1 ; @ 2,7
��2
4
�4 = �5 = ��� ��
= 3�2
��
�2 �
�1 = 5�4 = 6� @� = 2
�2 = 20�3 ��2
2
� �
�3 = 60�2 =6 2
�� = ���� ��2
�� �
= ��
12. � = �3 + 3� ; �' = �'' ���
� � 3
� = � + 3�
�� ��
��
= 3�2 + 3
��
�2 �
= 6�
��2
�' = �''
�� �2 �
=
�� ��2
2
3� + 3 = 6�
3 �2 − 2� + 1 = 0
�−1 2 =0
� =± �
EXERCISE 2.5.
1. �3 + �3 − 6�� = 0 4. �+ �= �
� 3 � 3 � � � 12 � 1 2 � 1 2
� + � −6 �� = 0 � + � = �
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� � � 1 1 2−1 �� 1 1 2−1 ��
3�2 + 3�2 −6 � � +� � =0 � + � =0
�� �� �� �� 2 �� 2 ��
�� �� 1 1 ��
3�2 + 3�2 −6 � +� =0 + =0
�� �� 2 � 2 � ��
�� �� �� 1 2 �
3�2 + 3�2 − 6� − 6� = 0 = − ∙
�� �� �� 2 � 1
�� �� �
3�2 − 6� = 6� − 3�2 = −
�� �� �
��
−3 2� − �2 =− 3 �2 − 2�
��
�� �2 − 2�
= 5. �2 �2 + �2 �2 = �2 �2
�� 2� − �2 � � 2 � 2 2
�� �� − �� �2 �2 + �2 � = � �
= �� �� ��
�� �� − �� �� ��
�2 2�2−1 + �2 2�2−1 =0
�� ��
��
2�2 � + 2�2 � =0
2. �2 + ��2 + �2 = 1 ��
� 2 � � 2 � ��
� + ��2 + � = 1 2�2 � =− 2�2 �
�� �� �� �� ��
�� � 2 � �� �� 2�2 �
2� + � � + �2 � + 2� =0 =− 2
�� �� �� �� �� 2� �
�� �� �� �� �
2� + 2�� + �2 + 2� =0 =− �
�� �� �� � �
��
2�� + 2� = − �2 − 2�
��
�� − �2 + 2� �−� 3 = �+� 2
= 6.
�� 2� � + 1 � � � �
�� �� + �� �−� 3 �−� = �+� 2 �+�
= − �� �� �� ��
�� �� � + � �� �� �� ��
3 � − � 3−1 − = 2 � + � 2−1 +
�� �� �� ��
�� ��
3 �−� 2 1− =2 �+� 1+
3. � + � + �� = 21 �� ��
�� ��
� � � � 3 �−� 2
1− =2 �+� +2 �+�
�+� 1 2 �+� + �� = 21 �� ��
�� �� �� �� �� ��
1 � � � � 2
3 �−� −3 �−� 2
= 2 �+� +2 �+�
� + � 1 2−1 � + � + � � +� � �� ��
2 �� �� �� �� �� ��
=0 2
3 �−� −2 �+� =3 �−� 2
+2 �+�
1 �� �� �� �� �� ��
�+� −1 2
+ + � +� =0 2
�� 2
2 �� �� �� �� 3 �−� −2 �+� = 3 �−� +2 �+�
1 �� �� ��
�
1+ +� +� =0 �� � � − � − � � + �
2 �+� �� �� =
1 1 �� �� �� � � − � � + � � + �
+ +� +�=0
2 � + � 2 � + � �� ��
�� 1 1
+ � =− � +
�� 2 � + � 2 �+�
�� 1 + 2� � + � 2� � + � + 1
=−
�� 2 �+� 2 �+�
�� 2� � + � + 1 2 �+�
=− ∙
�� 2 �+� 1 + 2� � + �
�� � + �� � + �
= −
�� � + �� � + �
7. � = 4 �2 + �2
� � 2 � 2
� =4 � + �
�� �� ��
�� �� ��
= 4 2� + 2�
�� �� ��
�� ��
= 8� + 8�
�� ��
�� ��
− 8� = 8�
�� ��
��
1 − 8� = 8�
��
�� ��
=
�� � − ��
3� + 1
8. �2 =
2� − 3
� 2 � 3� + 1
� =
�� �� 2� − 3
� �
�� 2� − 3 3� + 1 − 3� + 1 2� − 3
2� = �� ��
�� 2
2� − 3
�� 2� − 3 3 − 3� + 1 2
2� =
�� 2� − 3 2
�� 6� − 9 − 6� − 2
2� =
�� 2� − 3 2
�� 11 1
=− 2
∙
�� 2� − 3 2�
�� ��
= −
�� �� �� − � �
9. �2 − 3� + 2� = 0
� 2 � � �
� −3 � +2 � = 0
�� �� �� ��
�� �� ��
2� −3 +2 =0
�� �� ��
��
2� + 2 = 3
��
�� �
=
�� � � + �
11. �� = 32
� �
�� = 32
�� ��
� �
� � +� � =0
�� ��
�� ��
� +� =0
�� ��
�� �
=−
�� �
�2 � �
2 =− ��
��−1
��
�2 � � −1 �
2 =−
� � + �−1 �
�� �� ��
�2 � � 1 ��
= 2−
��2 � � ��
CHAPTER 3
Some Applications of the Derivative
EXERCISE 3.1
1. � = 3�2 − 2� + 1 ; 2,9
� � 2 � �
� =3 � −2 � + 1
�� �� �� ��
��
= 6� − 2 @� = 2
��
�=6 2 −2
� = 10
T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 9
� − 9 = 10 � − 2
� − 9 = 10� − 20
� = ��� − � − ��
2. � = 1 + 3 � ; 4,7
� � � 1 2
� = 1 +3 �
�� �� ��
�� 3
= @� = 4
�� 2 �
3
�=
2 4
�=3 4
T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 4; �1 = 7
3
�−7= �−4
4
4� − 28 = 3� − 12
� = �� − �� + ��
T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 5; �1 = 10
13
� − 10 = �−5
4
4� − 40 = 13� − 65
� = ��� − �� − ��
�3
4. �= ; 2,4
4−�
� 3 �
� 4−� � − �3 4−�
� = �� ��
�� 4−� 2
�� 4 − � 3� − �3 −1
2
=
�� 4−� 2
�� 12� − 2�3
2
= @� = 2
�� 4−� 2
12 2 2 − 2 2 3
�=
4−2 2
�=8
T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 4
�−4= 8 �−2
� − 4 = 8� − 16
� = �� − � − ��
T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 2
� − 2 =− 2 � − 1
� − 2 =− 2� + 2
�� + � − � = �
The first step to solve this problem is to find the tangent line of the
given function at specific point by differentiation.
� = 4� = 2 � T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 2
� � 1 2
� =2 � �−2= 1 �−1
�� �� �−2= �−1
�� 1
= 2 �1 2−1 �−�+�=�
�� 2
1
�= @�=1
�
1
�=
1
�=1
�−�+1= 0
� − 0 =− 1
�= −�
� � 6
1 � = 2� @� =
��2 = 6 N: � − �1 =− � − �1 �2
�� �� �
� 2 � 1 6
� � + �2 � =0 � − �1 =− � − �1 �= 2
�� �� − � 2� �2
�� �� 2�
2�� + �2 =0 �3 = 6 2
�� �� � − �1 = � − �1 1 3
2 � �= 6 2
�� � 2�1
= − � − �1 = � − �1 @� = 0; � = 0 � = �. ��
�� 2�� �1
�� � 2�1
= �= − 0 − �1 = 0 − �1
�� 2� �1
�21 = 2�21
�1 = 2�1 @� = �1 ; � = �1
� = 2� @� = 2.04
2.04 = 2�
� = �. ��
Hence, the normal line passes through the curve at point (1.44,2.04)
8. Find the area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the tangent to �� = 5 at (1,5).
Find the derivative and the tangent line equation at specific point.
�� = 5 T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 5
� � � � − 5 =− 5 � − 1
� � +� � = 5
�� �� �� � − 5 =− 5� + 5
�� �� �� + � − �� = �
� +� =0
�� ��
�� �
=−
�� �
@� = 1; � = 5
5
� =−
1
�= −5
Find the derivative and the tangent line equation at specific point.
� = �2 T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 4
� � 2 �−4=4 �−2
� = �
�� �� � − 4 = 4� − 8
�� �� − � − � = �
= 2�
��
@� = 2
�=2 2
�=4
10. Find the area of the triangle formed by the x-axis, the tangent and normal to �� = 4 at (2,2).
Find the derivative and the tangent line equation at specific point.
�� = 4 T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 2
� � � � − 2 =− 1 � − 2
� � +� � = 4
�� �� �� � − 2 =− � + 2
�� �� �+�−�=�
� +� =0
�� ��
�� � 1
=− N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 2
�� � �
@� = 2; � = 2 � − 2 =− 1 −1 � − 2
2 �−2=�−2
� =−
2 �−�=�
�= −1
1
� = �ℎ
2
1
�= 4 2
2
� = � ������
11. Find the tangent to �2 + �2 = 5 and parallel to 2� − � = 4 .
Since the tangent line is parallel to 2x-y=4, it follows that they have
similar slope (m1=m2). The parallel can be written in standard form
(ax+by+c=0) as 2x-y-4=0. By the shortcut formula -a/b in determining the
slope where a=2 and b=-1: m=-2/-1= 2
�2 + �2 = 5
� 2 � 2 �
� + � = 5
�� �� ��
��
2� + 2� =0
��
�� �
=−
�� �
Since m=dy/dx,we can substitute this value to find the normal line;
�
� =−
�
�
2 =−
�
�
� =−
2
Given the normal line y=-x/2, find the point of tangency at x2+y2=5;
� 2
�2 + − =5
2
2
�
�2 + = 5
4
5�2
=5
4
2
� =4
�2 = 4
� =± 2
T1 : � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 =− 1; � = 2
� − −1 = 2 � − 2
� + 1 = 2� − 4
�� − � − � = �
T2 : � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 =− 2; �1 = 1; � = 2
� − 1 = 2 � − −2
� − 1 = 2� + 4
�� − � + � = �
12. Find a normal of slope 1/3 to the curve �2 = 2�3 .
�
13. Show that the tangent with slope m to �2 = 4�� is the line � = �� + � .
�2 = 4��
� 2 �
� = 4� �
�� ��
��
2� = 4�
��
�� 2�
=
�� �
Since m=dy/dx,we can substitute this value to find the normal line;
2�
�=
�
2�
�=
�
Given the normal line y=2a/m, find the point of tangency at y2=4ax;
2� 2
= 4��
�
2
4�
= 4��
�2
�
�= 2
�
Substitute the value of x from the given function to find y;
�2 = 4��
�
�2 = 4� 2
�
2
4�2
� = 2
�
4�2
�=
�2
2�
�=
�
�2 8� 1
4�2 + 4�2 + 5� = 0 @� = �1 = − �2 =
2 8� + 5 �
2 8 0 1
�2 �1 = − �2 =
4 + 4�2 + 5� = 0 8 0 +5 0
2 �2 = ���
�1 = 0
�4 + 4�2 + 5� = 0
� �3 + 4� + 5 = 0
� � + 1 �2 − � + 5 = 0 Since the functions has an
� = �, � =− � undefined slope we cannot
proceed on finding the angle.
(ii)The expression y2-y+5 has an
imaginary root, using quadratic
� �� @x=1/2 & y=-1
formula: � = � ± � � . However it
can not be evaluated to find an
intersection.
8� 1
�1 = − �2 =
8� + 5 �
@� = 0 @� =− 1 1 1
−1 2 8 �2 =
0 2 �= 2 −1
�= �1 = −
2 2 8 −1 + 5 �2 =− 1
�=� � 4
�= �1 =
� 3
�2 − �1
tan � =
1 + �2 �1
The two curves meet at (0,0) and 4
−1 −
tan � = 3
(1/2,-1) 4
1 + −1
3
� = tan−1 7
(iii)Differentiate the functions
� = ��. ��°
using implicit differentiation.
� 2 � 2 �
4 � +4 � +5 � =0
�� �� ��
�� ��
8� + 8� +5 =0
�� ��
��
8� + 5 =− 8�
��
�� ��
= �1 = −
�� �� + �
� 2 �
� = 2�
�� ��
��
2� =2
��
�� �
= �2 =
�� �
2. �2 + �2 = 5 ��� �2 = 4� + 8
� 2
�1 = − �2 =
� �
−1 2
�1 = − �2 =
2 −2
1 �2 =− 1
�1 =
2
�2 − �1
tan � =
1 + �2 �1
1
−1 −
tan � = 2
1
1 + −1
2
� = tan−1 −3
� = ��. ��°
(iii)Differentiate the functions
using implicit differentiation.
� 2 � 2 �
� + � = 5
�� �� ��
��
2� + 2� =0
��
�� �
= �1 =−
�� �
� 2 �
� = 4� + 8
�� ��
��
2� =4
��
�� �
= �2 =
�� �
3. �2 � + 4�2 � = 8�3 ��� �2 = 4�� 4. 2�2 = 9� ��� 3�2 =− 4�
The curves only meet at (2,1) The curves only meet at (3,6)
-∞ +∞ -∞ +∞
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
�2 = −3 , 2 ���������� �2 = −3 , 0 ����������
�'(�) = 6�2 + 6� − 36 @� = 0 �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� =− 2
�'(0) = 6 0 2 + 6 0 − 36 �'( − 2) = 4 −2 3 − 36 −2
�'(0) =− 36 < 0 �'( − 2) = 40 > 0
�3 = 2, +∞ ���������� �3 = 0 , 3 ����������
�'(�) = 6�2 + 6� − 36 @� = 3 �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� = 2
�'(3) = 6 3 2 + 6 3 − 36 �'(2) = 4 2 3 − 36 2
�'(0) = 36 > 0 �'(2) =− 40 < 0
∴ The function is increasing at
�4 = 3+∞ ����������
intervals (-∞,-3] and [2,+∞) �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� = 4
whereas decreasing at [-3,2]. �'(4) = 4 4 3 − 36 4
�'(4) = 112 > 0
�. �(�) = �� − �� + �
�' � = 3�2 − 3 ∴ The function is increasing at
�' � = 3 �2 − 1 intervals [-3,0] and [3,+∞)
� =± 1
whereas decreasing at (-∞,-3]
I1 I2 I3 and [0,3].
-∞ +∞
-1 0 1
�1 = −∞, −1 ����������
�'(�) = 3�2 − 3 @� =− 2
�'( − 2) = 3 −2 2 − 3
�'( − 4) = 9 > 0
�2 = −1,1 ����������
�'(�) = 3�2 − 3 @� = 0
�'(0) = 3 0 2 − 3
�'( − 4) =− 3 < 0
�3 = 1, +∞ ����������
�'(�) = 3�2 − 3 @� = 2
�'(2) = 3 −2 2 − 3
�'(2) = 9 > 0