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Solutions To Calculus by Feliciano and Uy Chapter 1 2 3

Answer key from Chapter 1-3

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)
7K views37 pages

Solutions To Calculus by Feliciano and Uy Chapter 1 2 3

Answer key from Chapter 1-3

Uploaded by

Carlos Carrido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL

CALCULUS BY FELICIANO AND UY

ARDENT B. BAUTISTA

NOTE: The solutions are not official and need further correction.
CHAPTER 1
Limits
EXERCISE 1.2.

3�
1. lim �2 − 4� + 3 3. lim� tan � + sin � 5. lim 2� + 3 � − 4 7. lim
�→2 �→8
�→
4 3
�→3 � �+1
= 2 2−4 2 +3 � � = 2 8 + 8−4
= tan + sin 3 3 �
= −� 4 4 = �� = =
2 �+ � 3 3+1 �
= 1 + =
2 �
4� + 2 6. lim 4� − 3 �2 + 5
2. lim �→2 3� + 2
�→3 � + 4 sin 2� 8. lim 2
= 4 2 −3 2 2
+5 �→0 � − 2� + 4
4 3 +2 4. lim�
�→ sin � 3 0 +2 �
= 3 = ��
3+4 � = =
sin 2 3 2
0 −2 0 +4 �
= � 3 = 2 = �
= �
sin 3
3 2

EXERCISE 1.3.
�−1
�3 − 64 �3 − �2 − � − 2 7. lim
1. lim 2 4. lim 3 �→1 �+3−2
�→4 � − 16 �→2 2� − 5�2 + 5� − 6
� − 2 �2 + � + 1 �−1 �+3+2
� 3− 4 3 = lim ∙
= lim = lim �→1�+3−2 �+3+2
�→4 � 2 − 4 2 �→2 � − 2 2�2 − � + 3

� − 4 �2 + 4� + 16 �2 + � + 1 �−1 �+3+2
= lim = lim = lim
�→4 �−4 �+4 �→2 2�2 − � + 3 �→1 �+3 −4
�2 + 4� + 16 2 2+2+1 � �−1 �+3+2
= lim = = = lim
�→4 �+4 2
2 2 −2+3 � �→1 �−1
4 2 + 4 4 + 16 = lim � + 3 + 2
�→1
= = �
�+4 = 1+3+2 = �
�+3 2−9
5. lim
�→0 2�
�2 + 2� − 8 �+3 2− 3 2 3
�−2
2. lim = lim 8. lim
�→2 3� − 6 �→0 2� �→8 �−8
�+4 �−2 �+3+3 �+3−3 3
= lim �−2
= lim �→0 2� = lim
�→2 3 �−2 �→8 3 3 3
�+4 � �+6 � − 2
= lim = lim 3
�→0 2� �−2
�→2 3 �+6 = lim
2+4 �→8 3 2 1
= = � = lim �−2 � 3 + 2� 3 +4
3
�→0 2
0+6 1
= = � = lim 2 1
2 �→8
� 3 + 2� 3 +4
3 1 �
� − 13� + 12 = =
3. lim 3 8
2
3 +2 8
1
3 +4 ��
�→3 � − 14� + 15
� + 16 − 4
�+4 �−3 �−1 6. lim
= lim �→0 �
�→3 � − 3 �2 + 3� − 5
� + 16 − 4 � + 16 + 4 1 1
�+4 �−1 = lim ∙ −
= lim 2 �→0 � � + 16 + 4 9. lim � 4
�→3 � + 3� − 5
� �→4 � − 4
3+4 3−1 �� = lim 4−�
= = �→0 � � + 16 + 4 − �−4
= lim 4� = lim
2 ��
3 +3 3 −5 1 �→4 � − 4 �→4 � − 4 4�
= lim
�→0 � + 16 + 4 1
1 � = lim −
= = �→4 4�
0 + 16 + 4 � 1 �
= − = −
4 4 ��
�3 − 8 tan 2� sin2 �
10. lim 2 14. lim� 18. lim
�→2 � − 4 �→ sec 2� �→� 1 + cos �
4
� 3− 2 3 sin 2� 1 − cos2 �
= lim = lim
�→2 � 2 − 2 2 = lim� cos 2� �→� 1 + cos �
1 1 + cos � 1 − cos �
� − 2 �2 + 2� + 4 �→
4
cos 2� = lim
= lim �→� 1 + cos �
�→2 �−2 �+2 = lim� sin 2� = lim 1 − cos �
�2 + 2� + 4 �→
4 �→�
= lim � = 1 − cos π = �
�→2 �+2 = sin 2 =�
2 2+2 2 +4 4
= = �
2+2 � � −� 4
sin3 � 19. lim @� � = �
�→4 �−4
15. lim
�−3 �→0 sin � − tan � �− 4
11. lim sin � sin2 � = lim 2
�→4
�→3 �−2− 4−� = lim � − 2 2
�→0 sin �
�−3 �−2+ 4−� sin � − �−2
= lim ∙ cos � = lim
�→3 � − 2 − 4 − � �−2+ 4−� sin � 1 − cos2 � �→4 �−2 �+2
= lim
�−3 �−2+ 4−� �→0 cos � − 1 1
= lim sin � = lim
�→3 �−2 − 4−� cos � �→4 � + 2

�−3 �−2+ 4−� − cos2 � − 1 1 �


= lim = lim = =
�→3 2 �−3 �→0 cos � − 1 4+2 �
cos �
�−2+ 4−� − cos2 � − 1
= lim = lim
�→3 2 �→0 cos � − 1 � 9+� −� 9
3−2+ 4−3 cos � 20. lim
= = � − cos � cos � − 1 cos � + 1 �→0 �
2 = lim 9+�−3 9+�+3
�→0 cos � − 1 = lim ∙
= lim − cos2 � − cos � �→0 � 9+�+3
1 1 1
�→0 �
12. lim − = − cos 0 2
− cos 0 = − � = lim
�→0 � 3 �+9
�→0 � 9+�+3
1 �+9−3 1 �
= lim = =
�→0 � 1 − cos2 � 9+0+3 �
3 �+9
16. lim
�+9−3 �+9+3 �→0 1 + cos �
= lim ∙ 1 + cos � 1 − cos �
�→0 3� � + 9 �+9+3 = lim � � −� 2
� �→0 1 + cos � 21. lim
= lim = lim 1 − cos � �→2 �−2
�→0 3� � + 9 �+9+3 �→0 �2 − 2� + 3 − 3
1 = 1 − cos 0 = � = lim
= lim �→2 �−2
�→0 3 � + 9 �+9+3 � �−2
= lim = �
1 � �→2 � − 2
= = sin � sin 2�
3 0+9 0+9+3 �� 17. lim
�→0 1 − cos �
sin � 2 sin � cos �
= lim � �+2 −� 2
�→0 1 − cos � 22. lim
2sin2 � cos � �→0 �
�2 − 9 �+2 2−2 �+2 +3 −3
13. lim = lim
�→3 � − 3 �→0 1 − cos � = lim
2 cos � 1 − cos2 � �→0 �
�−3 �+3 = lim �2 + 4� + 4 − 2� − 4
= lim �→0 1 − cos � = lim
�→3 �−3 �→0 �
1 1 2 cos � 1 − cos � 1 + cos �
�−3 2 �+3 2 = lim � �+2
= lim �→0 1 − cos � = lim
�→3 �−3 = lim 2 cos � + 2cos2 � �→0 �
�+3 �→0 = 0+2 = �
= lim = ∞(���) 2
= 2 cos 0 + 2 cos 0 = �
�→3 � − 3
EXERCISE 1.4.

6�3 + 4�2 + 5 8� − 5 9�2 + 4


1. lim 5. lim 8. lim
�→∞ 8�3 + 7� − 3
�→∞ 4�2
+3 �→∞ 6� + 1
6�3 4�2 5 8� 5 9�2 + 4

3 + 3 + 3 �2 �2
= lim � 3 � � = lim
2 = lim �2
�→∞ 8� 7� 3 �→∞ 4� + 3 �→∞ 6� 1
+ 3− 3 +
�3 � � �2 �2 �2
4 5 8� 5
6+ + 3 − 9�2 + 4
� �
= lim = lim � �
�→∞ 7 3 �→∞ �2
8+ 2− 3 4�2 + 3
� � = lim
1 1 �→∞ 6� 1
�2 +
lim 6 + 4 lim + 5 lim 3 � �
�→∞ �→∞ � �→∞ � 5
= 8− 4
1 1 = lim �
lim 8 + 7 lim 2 − 3 lim 3 9+
�→∞ �→∞ � �→∞ � �→∞ �2
3 = lim
6 + 4(0) + 5(0) � 4+ 6� 1
= = �2 �→∞
+
8 + 7(0) − 3(0) � � �
1
lim 8 − 5 lim 1
�→∞ �→∞ � lim 9 + 4 lim
= �→∞ �→∞ �2
3�2 + � + 2 1 =
2. lim lim 4 + 3 lim 1
�→∞ �3 + 8� + 1
�→∞ �→∞ �2 lim 6 + lim
3�2 �→∞ �→∞ �
= lim 3 8 − 5(0) 9 + 4(0) �
�→∞ � = = � = =
1 4 + 3(0) 6+0 �
= 3 lim = �
�→∞ �

�3
4� + 5 6. lim
�→∞ 2� − 1 2
3. lim 2
�→∞ � + 1 �3
4� = lim 2
= lim 2 �→∞ 4� − 4� + 1
�→∞ �
1 �3
3
= 4 lim = � = lim 2 �
�→∞ �
�→∞ 4� 4� 1
− 3+ 3
�3 � �
lim 1
�3 + � + 2 = �→∞
4. lim 1 1 1
�→∞ �2 − 1 4 lim − 4 lim 2 + lim 3
�3 � 2 �→∞ � �→∞ � �→∞ �
3+ 3+ 3 1
= lim � � � = = ���
�→∞ �2 1 4(0) − 4(0) + 0

�3 �3
1 2
1+ 2+ 3 3 3
= lim � � �+2 − �−2
�→∞ 1 1 7. lim
− �→∞ �2
� �3 �+2 − �−2 �+2 2
+ �+2 �−2 + �−2 2
1 1 = lim
lim 1 + lim 2 + 2 lim 3 �→∞ �2
�→∞ �→∞ � �→∞ �
= � + 2 − � + 2 �2 + 4� + 4 + �2 − 4 + �2 − 4� + 4
1 1 = lim
lim − lim 3 �→∞ �2
�→∞ � �→∞ � 2
12� + 16
1 + 0 + 2(0) = lim
= �→∞ �2
0−0 1
1 = lim 12 + 16 lim 2
= = ��� �→∞ �→∞ �
0
= 12 + 16(0) = ��
EXERCISE 1.5.
1. � = �
2. �2 − 8� + 15 = � − 5 � − 3 → � = �; � = �
3. �2 + 4 → �2 =− 4 → ����
4. �2 − 9 → � = 9 → � =± �
5. 2� − 8 → 2� = 8 → log2 8 = � → � = �
6. �3 − 3�2 + 2� = � �2 − 3� + 2 = � � − 1 � − 2 → � = �; � = �; � = �

EXERCISE 1.6.
CHAPTER 2
Differentiation of Algebraic Functions
EXERCISE 2.1.

1. � = 4�2 − 5�
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 � + ∆� 2 − 5 � + ∆� − 4�2 + 5�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 − 5� − 5∆� − 4�2 + 5�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4�2 + 8�∆� + 4∆�2 − 5� − 5∆� − 4�2 + 5�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
8�∆� + 4∆�2 − 5∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
∆� 8� + 4∆� − 5
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 8� + 4∆� − 5
∆�→0
= 8� + 4(0) − 5 = �� − �

2. � = �3 + 2�
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
� + ∆� 3 + 2 � + ∆� − �3 + 2�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
�3 + 2�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + �2 ∆� + ∆�3 + 2� + 2∆� − �3 + 2�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
�3 + 2�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + �2 ∆� + ∆�3 + 2� + 2∆� − �3 − 2�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
2�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + �2 ∆� + ∆�3 + 2∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
∆� 2�2 + 3�∆� + �2 + ∆�2 + 2
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 2�2 + 3�∆� + �2 + ∆�2 + 2
∆�→0
= 2�2 + 3�(0) + �2 + 0 2
+ 2 = ��� + �

2. � = 4 �
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 � + ∆� − 4 � 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
= lim ∙
∆�→0 ∆� 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
16� + 16∆� − 16� 16∆�
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� 4 � + ∆� + 4 � ∆�→0 ∆� 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
16
= lim
∆�→0 4 � + ∆� + 4 �
16 16 �
= = =
4 �+0+4 � 8 � �
6
4. � =

�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
6 6

= lim � + ∆� �
∆�→0 ∆�
6� − 6 � + ∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆� � � + ∆�
−6∆�
= lim
∆�→0 ∆� �2 + �∆�
6
= lim − 2
∆�→0 � + �∆�
6 �
= − 2 = − �
� +� 0 �

5. � = 3 �
�� ��
= lim
�� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
3
� + ∆� − 3 �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
3 3 2 3 3 3 2
� + ∆� − 3 � � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
= lim ∙ 2
∆�→0 ∆� 3
� + ∆� +
3
� + ∆� 3
� + 3

2

3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3
� + ∆� + � + ∆� � + � + ∆� � − � + ∆� � − � + ∆� � − �
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
∆� � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
3 3
� + ∆� 3 − � 3
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
∆� � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
� + ∆� − �
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
∆� � + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
1
= lim 2 2
∆�→0 3 3 3 3
� + ∆� + � + ∆� � + �
1
= 2 2
3 3 3 3
�+0 + �+0 � + �
1
= 2 1 1 2
� 3 +� 3� 3 +� 3
1
= 2 2 2
� 3 +� 3 +� 3

= �
�� �
6. � = 2 − 5� 3
9. � =
�� �� 2� + 1
= lim �� ��
�� ∆�→0 �� = lim
� � + ∆� − � � �� ∆�→0 ��
= lim � � + ∆� − � �
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
2 − 5 � + ∆� − 2 − 5� ∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 3 3
∆�→0 ∆� −
2 − 5� − 5∆� − 2 + 5� 2 � + ∆� + 1 2� + 1
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� ∆�→0 ∆�
−5∆�
= lim 3 2� + 1 − 3 2� + 2∆� + 1
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
= lim −5 = � ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 2� + 1 − 2� + 2∆� + 1
= 3 lim
∆�→0 ∆�
2� + 1 − 2� − 2∆� − 1
7. � = 4� + 3 = 3 lim
∆�→0 ∆� 2� + 1 + 2� + 2∆� + 1
�� ��
= lim 2∆�
�� ∆�→0 �� =− 3 lim
∆�→0 ∆� 2� + 1 + 2� + 2∆� + 1
� � + ∆� − � �
= lim 2
∆�→0 ∆� =− 3 lim
∆�→0 2� + 1 + 2� + 2∆� + 1
4 � + ∆� + 3 − 4� + 3
= lim 2
∆�→0 ∆� = −3
4� + 4∆� + 3 − 4� + 3 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3 2� + 1 + 2� + 2(0) + 1
= lim ∙ −6 �
∆�→0 ∆� 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3= = −
4� + 4∆� + 3 − 4� + 3 2 2� + 1 �� + �
= lim
∆�→0 ∆� 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3
4� + 4∆� + 3 − 4� − 3
= lim 5�2
∆�→0 ∆� 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3 10. � =
4� − 1
4 �� ��
= lim = lim
∆�→0 4� + 4∆� + 3 + 4� + 3 �� ∆�→0 ��
4 � � � + ∆� − � �
= = = lim
4� + 4 0 + 3 + 4� + 3 �� + � ∆�→0 ∆�
5 � + ∆� 2 5�2

4 � + ∆� − 1 4� − 1
2� = lim
∆�→0 ∆�
8. � =
�+1
�� �� 5 �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 4� − 1 − 5�2 4� + 4∆� − 1
= lim = lim
�� ∆�→0 �� ∆�→0 ∆� 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
� � + ∆� − � � 40� 2
∆� − 10�∆� − 5∆�2
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� ∆�→0 ∆� 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
2 � + ∆� 2�
− ∆� 40�2 − 10� − 5∆�
� + ∆� + 1 �+1 = lim
= lim ∆�→0 ∆� 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
∆�→0 ∆� 40�2 − 10� − 5∆�
2� + 2∆� � + 1 − 2� � + ∆� + 1 = lim
= lim ∆�→0 4� − 1 4� + 4∆� − 1
∆�→0 ∆� � + 1 � + ∆� + 1
40�2 − 10� − 5 0
2�2 + 2� + 2�∆� + 2∆� − 2�2 − 2�∆� − 2� =
= lim 4� − 1 4� + 4 0 − 1
∆�→0 ∆� � + 1 � + ∆� + 1
2∆� 40�2 − 10�
= lim =
∆�→0 ∆� � + 1 � + ∆� + 1
4� − 1 4� − 1
2 ���� − ���
= lim =
∆�→0 � + 1 � + ∆� + 1 ���� − �� + �
2
=
�+1 �+0+1

= �
� + �� + �
11. � = � − 2 14. � = 4��2
�� �� �� ��
= lim = lim
�� ∆�→0 �� �� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � � � � + ∆� − � �
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆� ∆�→0 ∆�
4� � + ∆� 2 − 4��2
� + ∆� − 2 − � − 2 = lim
= lim ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆� 4� �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 − 4��2
� + ∆� − � � + ∆� + � = lim
= lim ∙ ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆� � + ∆� + � 4��2 + 8��∆� + 4�∆�2 − 4��2
� + ∆� − � = lim
= lim ∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆� � + ∆� + � ∆� 8�� + 4�∆�
= lim
1 ∆�→0 ∆�
= lim = lim 8�� + 4�∆�
∆�→0 � + ∆� + � ∆�→0
1 � = 8�� + 4� 0 = ���
= =
�+0+ � � �
2� + 3
15. � =
12. � = ��2 3� − 4
�� �� �� ��
= lim = lim
�� ∆�→0 �� �� ∆�→0 ��
� � + ∆� − � � � � + ∆� − � �
= lim = lim
∆�→0 ∆�
∆�→0 ∆�
� � + ∆� 2 − ��2 2 � + ∆� + 3 2� + 3
= lim −
∆�→0 ∆� 3 � + ∆� − 4 3� − 4
= lim
� �2 + 2�∆� + ∆�2 − ��2 ∆�→0 ∆�
= lim 2� + 2∆� + 3 3� − 4 − 2� + 3 3� + 3∆� − 4
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
∆� 2�� + �∆� ∆�→0 ∆� 3� − 4 3� + 3∆� − 4
= lim −17∆�
∆�→0 ∆� = lim
= lim 2�� + �∆� ∆�→0 ∆� 3� − 4 3� + 3∆� − 4
∆�→0
17
= 2�� + �(0) = ��� = lim −
∆�→0 3� − 4 3� + 3∆� − 4
17
= −
4 3 3� − 4 3� + 3(0) − 4
13. � = �� 17
3 = −
�� �� 3� − 4 3� − 4
= lim ��
�� ∆�→0 �� = − �
� � + ∆� − � � �� − ��� + ��
= lim
∆�→0 ∆�
4 4
� � + ∆� 3 − ��3
= lim 3 3
∆�→0 ∆�
4 4
� �3 + 3�2 ∆� + 3�∆�2 + ∆�3 − ��3
3
= lim 3
∆�→0 ∆�
4 3 4� 3 4 3
�� + 4��2 ∆� + 4��∆�2 + ∆� − ��
= lim 3 3 3
∆�→0 ∆�
4� 2
∆� 4��2 + 4��∆� + ∆�
= lim 3
∆�→0 ∆�
2
4� 2
= lim 4�� + 4��∆� + ∆�
∆�→0 3
4�
= 4��2 + 4�� 0 + 0 2
3
= ����
EXERCISE 2.2.
1. � = 5�3 − 4�2 + 3� − 6 4� − 5
� � 3 � 2 � � 7. �=
� =5 � −4 � + 3 (�) − (6) 2� + 1
�� �� �� �� �� � �
� 2� + 1 (4� − 5) − (4� − 5) (2� + 1)
�� (�) = �� ��
= ���� − �� + � �� 2� + 1 2
��
�� 2� − 1 (4) − (4� − 5)(2)
4 =
3 �� 4�2 + 4� + 1
2. �= �+ + � �� ��
� =
� � 1 � −1 � 1 �� ��� + �� + �
� = � 3 +4 � + � 2
�� �� �� ��
�� 1 1 1 1 3� + 1
= � 3−1 − 4�−1−1 + � 2−1 8. �=
�� 3 2 3�2 + 2
�� � � � � � 1
= �
− �+ � � 3�2 + 2 3� + 1 − 3� + 1 3�2 + 2 2
�� �� � � �� � (�) = �� ��
�� 2
3�2 + 2
3. � = 5 − 6� 1 1
� � � �� 3�2 + 2 3 − 3� + 1 3�2 + 2 2−1
� =
1
5 − 6� 2 5 − 6� = 2
�� �� �� �� 3�2 + 2
�� 1 1 3� +1
= 5 − 6� 2−1 −6 3 3�2 + 2 −
�� 2 �� 2 3�2+2
�� � =
= − �� 3�2 + 2
�� � − �� �� 6 3�2 + 2 − (3� + 1)
=
�� 3�2 + 2 2 3�2 + 2
3
4. � = 2� − 7 �� ���� − �� + ��
� � 1 � =
� = 2� − 7 3 2� − 7 �� ��� + � ��� + �
�� �� ��
�� 1 1
= 2� − 7 3−1 2
�� 3 9. � = 2� + 5 4� − 1
�� � � � 1 1 �
= � (�) = 2� + 5 4� − 1 2 + 4� − 1 2 (2� + 5)
�� � �� − � � �� �� ��
�� 1 1 � 1
= (2� + 5) 4� − 1 2−1 (4� − 1) + 4� − 1 2 (2)
5. � = 3�2 − 4� + 1 5 �� 2 ��
�� 1
� � � = (2� + 5) (4) + 2 4� − 1
� = 3�2 − 4� + 1 5 3�2 − 4� + 1 �� 2 4� − 1
�� �� ��
�� �� 4� + 10 4� + 10 + 8� − 2
= 5 3�2 − 4� + 1 5−1 6�2−1 − 4�1−1 = + 2 4� − 1 =
�� �� 4� − 1 4� − 1
�� �� ��� + �
= ��� − �� + � � ��� − �� =
�� �� �� − �

6. � = 7 + 3� + 1 10. � = 3� + 4 2 (� − 5)3
� � 1 � � � �
� = 7 + 3� + 1 2 7 (�) = 3� + 4 2 (� − 5)3 + (� − 5)3 3� + 4 2
�� �� �� �� �� ��
� � �� �
+
1
3� + 1 2 3� + 1 = 3� + 4 2 3(� − 5)2 (� − 5)
�� �� �� ��
�� 1 1 −1 1 1 3

= 7 + 3� + 1 2 3� + 1 2−1 3 + (� − 5) 2 3� + 4 (3� + 4)
�� 2 2 ��
�� 1 3 ��
= ∙ = 3 3� + 4 2 (� − 5)2 (1) + 2(� − 5)3 (3� + 4)(3)
�� 2 7 + 3� + 1 2 3� + 1 ��
��
�� 3 = � �� + � � (� − �)� + �(� − �)� (�� + �)
= ��
��
4 7 + 3� + 1 3� + 1
�� �
=
�� � ��� + �� �� + � + � + �� + �
2� − 3 4 3
11. �= 14. � = �2 − 4�−3
5� + 1 � � 2 � −3
4
� � 2� − 3 � 2� − 3 � = � 3 −4 �
(�) = �� �� ��
�� �� 5� + 1 �� 5� + 1 �� 2 2 −1
� � = � 3 + 12�−3−1
�� 2� − 3 4−1 (5� + 1) �� 2� − 3 − (2� − 3) �� 5� + 1 �� 3
=4 �� � ��
�� 5� + 1 5� + 1 2 = � +�
�� � � �
�� 2� − 3 3 (5� + 1) 2 − (2� − 3) 5
=4 5
�� 5� + 1 5� + 1 2 15. � =4 �+1
3
�� 2� − 3 68 �� � 5 � 1 �
= =4 �+1 � 2+ (1)
�� 5� + 1 3 5� + 1 2 �� �� �� ��
�� �� �� − � � �� 5−1 1 1
= = 20 � + 1 � 2−1
�� �� + � � �� 2
�� 4 1 −1
= 20 � + 1 � 2
�� 2

3� − 4 �� �� � + �
12. �= =
2� + 5 �� �
1
� � 3� − 4 2 � 3� − 4
(�) = 4
�� �� 2� + 5 �� 2� + 5 16. �=
1 −1 � � 5� + 3
�� 1 3� − 4 2 2� + 5 (3� − 4) − (3� − 4) (2� + 5) 1
= �� �� � = 4 5� + 3 − 2
�� 2 2� + 5 2� + 5 2 � � 1 �
(�) = 4 5� + 3 − 2 (5� + 3)
−1 2 �� �� ��
�� 1 3� − 4 2� + 5 (3) − (3� − 4)(2) �� 1
= =− 2 5� + 3 − 2−1 (5)
�� 2 2� + 5 2� + 5 2 ��
�� 1 2� + 5 2
1
23 �� ��
= = − �
�� 2 3� − 4 1 2 2� + 5 2 �� �� + � �
�� 23 ��
= = 2
�� 2 3� − 4 2� + 5 3 � �� − � �� + � � 17. �=
4� + 1 3
� = 2 4� + 1 −3
1 � � �
�−6 3 (�) = 2 4� + 1 −3 (4� + 1)
13. �= �� �� ��
3� + 4
1 ��
� � �−6 � �−6 3 = − 6 4� + 1 −3−1 (4)
(�) = ��
�� �� 3� + 4�� 3� + 4 �� 24
1 � � = −
�� 1 � − 6 3−1 3� + 4 �� (� − 6) − (� − 6) �� (3� + 4) �� 4� + 1 4
=
�� 3 3� + 4 3� + 4 2
−2 3
�� 1 � − 6 3� + 4 (1) − (� − 6)(3)
=
�� 3 3� + 4 3� + 4 2
2
�� 1 � − 6 − 3 3� + 4 − 3� + 18
=
�� 3 3� + 4 3� + 4 2
2
�� 1 3� + 4 3 22
= 2
�� 3 �−6 3 3� + 4 2
�� ��
= � �
�� � �−� � �� + � �
2
18. � =6 3 �+2 23. � = � + 2�−1 ; (2,3)
� � 3 2 � 1 � � � � −1
(�) = 6 �+2 � 3+ (2) (�) = (�) + 2 �
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� 2−1 1 1 −1 �� 2
= 12 3 � + 2 � 3 = 1 − 2 @� = 2
�� 3 �� �
�� 1 −2 �� 2 �
= 12 3 � + 2 � 3 =1− =
�� 3 �� 2 2 �
3
�� 4 � + 8
= @� = 8
�� 2
� 3 4
3 24. � = 3�2 − ; (2,10)
�� 4 8 + 8 �
= 2
=� � � 2 � −1
�� 8 3 (�) = 3 � −4 �
�� �� ��
�� 4
19. �= 6− � = 6� + 2 @� = 2
�� �
� � 1 � � 1 �� 4
(�) = 6− � 2 (6) − � 2 = 6(2) + = ��
�� �� �� �� �� (2)2
�� 1 1 −1 1 1
= 6− � 2 − � 2−1
�� 2 2 10 − 2� 2
�� 1 1 25. �= ; 3,
= − 3� 9
�� 2 6 − � 2 � � 1 � 1 �
�� 1 � 3� 10 − 2� 2 (10 − 2�) − 10 − 2� 2 (3�)
= − @� = 4 (�) = �� �� ��
�� 3 �� 3� 2
4 6� − � 2 1
�� 1 � 3� 10 − 3 10 − 2�
�� 2 10 − 2�
= − = − =
�� 3 �� �� 9�2
4 6(4) − (4) 2 15�
− 3 10 − 2�
�� 10 − 2�
=
20. � = �3 + 4�−1 �� 9�2
� � 3 � −1 �� 21� − 30
(�) = � +4 � = @� = 3
�� �� �� �� 9�2 10 − 2�
�� 4 �� 21(3) − 30 ��
= 3�2 − 2 @� = 1 = =
�� � �� 9(3)2 10 − 2(3) ��
�� 2
4
=3 1 − = −�
�� 1 2

3
4
21. � = 2� − 1 +
3� − 2
� � � � 1 �
(�) = 2� − 1 3
(2� − 1) + 4 3� − 2 − 2 (3� − 2)
�� �� �� �� ��
�� 1 1
= 3 2� − 1 3−1 (2) + 4 − 3� − 2 − 2−1 (3)
�� 2
�� 2
6
= 6 2� − 1 − 3
@� = 2
�� 3� − 2 2
�� 6 ���
= 6 2(2) − 1 2 − 3 =
�� 3(2) − 2 2 �

22. � = 7 − �2 + 4�3 ; ( − 1,2)


� � � 2 � 3
(�) = (7) − � +4 �
�� �� �� ��
��
= − 2� + 12�2 @� =− 1
��
��
= − 2( − 1) + 12( − 1)2
��
��
= ��
��
2 1
26. � = �3 + 4�2 − 3� − 5 31. �=� 3−� 3
� � 3 � 2 � � � � 2 � 1
(�) = � +4 � −3 � − (5) (�) = � 3 − � 3
�� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� �� 2 2 −1 1 1 −1
= 3�2 + 8� − 3 @ =0 = � 3 − � 3
�� �� �� 3 3
0 = 3� − 1 � + 3 �� 2 1 �� 1
= 1 − 2 @ =
� �� 3� 3 3� 3 �� 4
� = ; � =− � 2 1
� 1 6� 3 − 3� 3
=
27. � = �4 − 8�3 + 22�2 − 24� + 9 4 9�
1 1
� � 4 � 3 � 2 � � 1 3� 3 2� 3 − 1
� = � −8 � + 22 � − 24 (�) + (9) =
�� �� �� �� �� �� 4 9�
�� �� 1
1 2� − 13
= 4�3 − 24�2 + 44� − 24 @ =0 =
�� �� 4 2
0=4 �−2 �−3 �−1 3� 3
2 1
� = �; � = �; � = � 3� = 8� 3 − 4
3
2 1
3� − 8� 3 + 4 = 0
3
28. �'' = 12� + 8�−1 1 1
� 3 − 2 3� 3 − 2 = 0
2
� � 8
= 12� + �
��2 � � = �; � =
8 ��
0 − = 12�
� 32. � = 3�2 + 4�−1
0 = 12�2 + 8
� � 2 � −1
0 = 4 3�2 + 2 (�) = 3 � +4 �
�� �� ��
� �� 4 ��
�= � = 6� − 2 @ = 11
� �� � ��
3
6� − 4
11 =
�−1 �2
3 2
29. �= 6� − 11� − 4 = 0
�2 − 2� + 5
� � 2
� �2 − 2� + 5 �−1 − �−1 � − 2� + 5
(�) = �� ��
�� 2 2
� − 2� + 5
�� �2 − 2� + 5 1 − � − 1 (2� − 2)
=
�� �2 − 2� + 5 2
2
�� � − 2� + 5 − 2�2 + 4� − 2
=
�� �2 − 2� + 5 2
2
�� −� + 2� + 3 ��
= 2 2
@ =0
�� � − 2� + 5 ��
−�2 + 2� + 3
0= 2
� − 2� + 5 2
0= �+1 3−�
� =− �; � = �

30. � = 2� − 3�−1
� � �
(�) = 2 (�) − 3 (�−1 )
�� �� ��
�� 3 ��
=2+ 2 @ = 14
�� � ��
3
14 − 2 = 2

12�2 = 3
3 �
� =± = ±
12 �
EXERCISE 2.3.
1. � = �2 + � ; � = 2� + 1 7. �= � ; �= �
1
� = 2� + 1 2 + 2� + 1 1 2 1
�= �= � 2 =� 4
� � � �
(�) = 2� + 1 2 2� + 1 + 2� + 1 � � 1 1 1
�� �� �� �� � = � 4 = � 4−1
�� �� �� 4
= 2 2� + 1 2−1 (2) + 2 �� �
�� =
�� �� ��� �
= 4 2� + 1 + 2
��
�� 8. � = � + �2 + �3
= �� + �
�� �� 1
=
�� �� ��
2. �= �2 − 1 ; � = 4 � �� 1
=
�� � � � 3
�= 4 �
2
− 1 = 16� − 1 � + �2 + �
�� �� ��
� � 1 � �� �
(�) = 16� − 1 2 (16� − 1) =
�� �� �� �� ��� + �� + �
�� 1 1
= 16� − 1 2−1 (16)
�� 2 9. �= �+3 �
�� � �� 1
= =
�� ��� − � �� �� ��
�� 1
3 =
3. � = � − 4 2 ; � = �2 + 4 �� � 12 � 1 3
� + �
3 �� ��
� = �2 + 4 − 4 2 = �3
�� 1
� � 3 =
(�) = (� ) �� 1 1
�� �� �1 2−1 + �1 3−1
�� 2 3
= ��� �� 1 1
�� = = 3
�� 1 1 2
3 � +2 �
+
2 2 � 3 3 �2 63 �
4. � = 2� − 2 3 ; � = 4�3 + 1
2
� = 2 4�3 + 1 − 2 3 �� � �

= �
2 �� � �� + � �
� = 8�3 + 2 − 2 3 = 4�2
� �
(�) = 4 (�2 ) 10. � = 4 − 3� 3 2
�� ��
�� �� 1
= �� =
�� �� �� ��
�� 1
=
5. � = � + 2 ; � = 4� − 2 �� � 3 2 �
4 − 3� 4 − 3�
� = 4� − 2 + 2 = 2 � �� ��
� � 1 1 1 �� 1 1
(�) = 2 � 2 = 2 � 2−1 = =
�� �� 2 �� 3 9 4 − 3�
4 − 3� 3 2−1 −3 −
�� � 2 2
= �� �
�� � =−
�� � � − ��
2�
6. �= ; � = �2
2
� −1 11. � = 2 4� + 1 3
2 �2 2�2 �� 1
�= 2 2 = 4 =
� −1 � −1 �� �� ��
4 � 2 2 � 4 �� 1
� � −1 2� − 2� � −1 =
(�) = �� �� �� � �
�� �4 − 1 2 2 3 4� + 1 3−1 4� + 1
�� ��
4 2 3 5 5
�� � − 1 4� − 2� 4� 4� − 4� − 8� �� 1 1
= 4 2
= 4 2 = =
�� � −1 � −1 2 2
�� 6 4� + 1 (4) 24 16� + 8� + 1
�� � �� + � � �� + � �� �
=− � =− � = �
�� � −� � �
� − �� + � �� ���� + ��� + ��
6
12. �= = 6 3� + 1 −2
3� + 1 2
�� 1
=
�� �� ��
�� 1
=
�� 6 � −2 3� + 1 −2−1 � 3� + 1
�� ��
�� 1
=
�� −12 3� + 1 −3 (3)
�� �
=
�� −�� �� + � −�

13. � = 1+ 1+ �
�� 1
=
�� �� ��
�� 1
=
�� � 1 2 � � �
1+ 1+ � 1 + 1+ � 1 2 1+ �
�� �� �� ��
�� 1
=
�� 1 1 2−1 1 1
1+ 1+ � 0 + 1 + � 1 2−1 0 + �1 2−1
2 2 2
�� 1
=
��
1 1 1
2 1+ � 2 �
2 1+ 1+ �
��
=� � �+ � �+ �+ �
��

2� + 1 4
14. �=
3� − 1
�� 1
=
�� �� ��
�� 1
= 4
�� � 2� + 1 � 2� + 1
4
�� 3� − 1 �� 3� − 1
�� 1
=
�� � �
2� + 1 4−1 3� − 1 �� 2� + 1 − 2� + 1 �� 3� − 1
4(4)
3� − 1 3� − 1 2

�� 1
= 3
�� 2� + 1 3� − 1 2 − 2� + 1 3
16
3� − 1 3� − 1 2
�� 1 1
= = 3
�� 2� + 1 3 6� − 2 − 6� − 3 −80 2� + 1
16
3� − 1 3 3� − 1 2 3� − 1 5
�� �� − � �
= −
�� �� �� + � �
EXERCISE 2.4.
1. � = �5 + 3�−2 + 4� 3. � = 4 − �2
� � 5 � −2 � � � �
� = � +3 � + 4 (�) (�) = 4 − �2 1 2 4 − �2
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� 1
= 5�4 − 6�−3 + 4 = 4 − �2 1 2−1 ( − 2�)
�� �� 2
�� � ��
= ���� + ���−� = − � 4 − �2 −1 2
��� ��
�� �
= ���� − ���−� �2 � � � �
��� = − � 4 − �2 −1 2 4 − �2 + 4 − �2 −1 2

��2 �� �� ��
1 �2 � �
2. �= = �−1 2
= − − 4 − �2 −3 2 ( − 2�) + 4 − �2 −1 2
� �� 2
� � −1 �� � �� �
(�) = � = − −
�� �� �� �
�−� � � �
� − ��
��
= − �−2
�� �3 � � 2 �
�� � = − � 4 − �2 −3 2 − 4 − �2 −1 2
= ��−� ��3 �� ��
��� �3 � � � �
�� � 3 = −
�2 4 − �2 −3 2 (4 − �2 ) + 4 − �2 −3 2 (�2 )
= −��−� �� �� �� ��
��� � �
2 −1 2 2
− 4−� 4−�
�� ��
4� 3
4. �= � � 3
�+1 3
= − �2 − 4 − �2 −3 2−1 ( − 2�) + 4 − �2 −3 2 (2�)
� � �� 2
� �+1 4� − 4� �+1 1
� = �� �� − − 4 − �2 −1 2−1 −2�
�� �+1 2 2
�� � + 1 (4) − (4�)(1) �3 �
= = − 3�3 4 − �2 −5 2 + 2� 4 − �2 −3 2 − � 4 − �2 −3 2
�� �+1 2 ��3
�� 4 �3 � 3�3 2� �
= 3
= − + 2 3 2

�� �+1 2 �� 4−� 2 5 2
4−� 4 − �2 3 2
�� � ��� �� − �
= − +
�2 � � � ��� � − �� � � � − �� � �
2 = 4 ��
� + 1 −2 (� + 1)
�� ��
�2 � 6. � = �1 2 − �1 2 2 = � − 2�1 2 �1 2 + �
= 4( − 2) � + 1 −2−1 (1) � � � 1 2 �
��2 (�) = (�) − 2 � � + �
�� � � �� �� �� ��
= − �� 1 1 2−1
��� �+� � = −2 � � +1
�� 2
�� �
�3 � � � = − +1
3 = − 8 ��
� + 1 −3 (� + 1) �� �
�� ��
�3 � �2 � � −1 2 �
= − 8( − 3) � + 1 −3−1 (1) = − � � + (1)
��3 ��2 �� ��
�� � �� 2
� � 1
= = − � − �−1 2−1 + 0
��� �+� � �� 2 2
�� � �
5. � = � + 5 2 = �2 + 10� + 25 �
= � �
�� �� ��
= 2� + 10
�� �3 � � � −3 2

� � = �
=� ��3 2 ��
��� �3 � � 3

� � = − �−3 2−1
=� ��3 2 2
��� �� � � �
= − � �
��� ��
1+ � 1 �
7. �= = +1 8. �= = � � − 1 −1 2
� � �−1
� � −1 2 � � � � �
(�) = � + (1) � = � � − 1 −1 2 � − 1 + � − 1 −1 2 �
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� 1 �� 1
= − �−1 2−1 + 0 = � − � − 1 −1 2−1 (1) + � − 1 −1 2 (1)
�� 2 �� 2
�� 1 �� � 1
= − 3 2 = − +
�� 2� �� 2 �−1 3 2 �−1 1 2

�2 � 1 � −3 2 �2 � 1 � � � �
= − � = − � − 1 −3 2 �−1 + � − 1 −1 2 (� − 1)
��2 2 �� �� 2 2 �� �� �� ��
2
� � 1 3 �2 � 1 3 1
2 = −2
− �−3 2−1
= − − � − 1 −3 2−1 1 + − � − 1 −1 2−1 (1)
�� 2 ��2 2 2 2
�� � � �� � � �
� = = −
�� ��� � ��� � � − � � � � � − � � �
�3 � 3 � −5 2 �3 � 3 � � 1 � �
= � = � − 1 −5 2 �−1 − � − 1 −3 2 (� − 1)
��3 4 �� �� 3 4 �� �� 2 �� ��
3
� � 3 5 �3 � 3 5 1 3
3
= − �−5 2−1
= − �−1 −5 2−1
1 − − �−1 −3 2−1
(1)
�� 4 2 ��3 4 2 2 2
�� � �� �� � �� �

= − � � = − +
�� �� ��� � �−� � � � �−� � �
�2
9. �=
�+1
� 2 �
� �+1 � − �2 �+1
� = �� ��
�� �+1 2
�� � + 1 2� − �2 1 2�2 + 2� − �2 �2 + 2�
= = =
�� �+1 2 �2 + 2� + 1 �2 + 2� + 1

� 2 � 2
�2 � �2 + 2� + 1 � + 2� − �2 + 2� � + 2� + 1
= �� ��
��2 �2 + 2� + 1 2
�2 � � + 2� + 1 2� + 2 − �2 + 2� 2� + 2
2
2�3 + 6�2 + 6� + 2 − 2�3 − 6�2 − 4�
= =
��2 2
� + 2� + 1 2
�+1 2 2
�� � �� + � �
= � =
��� �+� �+� �

�3 � � �
=2 � + 1 −3 �+1
��3 �� ��
3
� �
= 2 −3 � + 1 −3−1 1
��3
�� � �
= −
�� �
�+� �
10. � = 3 � ; �' 8 & �'' 8 �2 �
� � 1 3 13. � = �2 + � + 1 2
; @� = 2
� = � ��2
�� �� � � 2 � 2
�� 1 1 3−1 � = � +�+1 2 � +�+1
= � �� �� ��
�� 3 ��
1 = 2 �2 + � + 1 2−1 2� + 1
�' � = 3 @� = 8 ��
3 �2 ��
1 � = 2 �2 + � + 1 2� + 1
�' 8 = 3 = ��
3 8 2 �� ��
= 2 2�3 + 3�2 + 3� + 1
��
��
�2 �1 � −2 3 = 4�3 + 6�2 + 6� + 2
= � ��
��2 3 �� �2 �
2
� � 1 2 = 12�2 + 12� + 6 @� = 2
= − �−2 3−1 ��2
��2 3 3 �2 �
''
2 = 12 2 2 + 12 2 + 6
� � = − 3 @� = 8 ��2
9 �5 �� �
2 � = ��
�'' 8 = − 3 = − ���
9 8 5 ���
�2 �
11. � = �5 ; �4 & � 4 14. � = �3 − 1 ; @ 2,7
��2
4
�4 = �5 = ��� ��
= 3�2
��
�2 �
�1 = 5�4 = 6� @� = 2
�2 = 20�3 ��2
2
� �
�3 = 60�2 =6 2
�� = ���� ��2
�� �
= ��
12. � = �3 + 3� ; �' = �'' ���
� � 3
� = � + 3�
�� ��
��
= 3�2 + 3
��
�2 �
= 6�
��2

�' = �''
�� �2 �
=
�� ��2
2
3� + 3 = 6�
3 �2 − 2� + 1 = 0
�−1 2 =0
� =± �
EXERCISE 2.5.
1. �3 + �3 − 6�� = 0 4. �+ �= �
� 3 � 3 � � � 12 � 1 2 � 1 2
� + � −6 �� = 0 � + � = �
�� �� �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� � � 1 1 2−1 �� 1 1 2−1 ��
3�2 + 3�2 −6 � � +� � =0 � + � =0
�� �� �� �� 2 �� 2 ��
�� �� 1 1 ��
3�2 + 3�2 −6 � +� =0 + =0
�� �� 2 � 2 � ��
�� �� �� 1 2 �
3�2 + 3�2 − 6� − 6� = 0 = − ∙
�� �� �� 2 � 1
�� �� �
3�2 − 6� = 6� − 3�2 = −
�� �� �
��
−3 2� − �2 =− 3 �2 − 2�
��
�� �2 − 2�
= 5. �2 �2 + �2 �2 = �2 �2
�� 2� − �2 � � 2 � 2 2
�� �� − �� �2 �2 + �2 � = � �
= �� �� ��
�� �� − �� �� ��
�2 2�2−1 + �2 2�2−1 =0
�� ��
��
2�2 � + 2�2 � =0
2. �2 + ��2 + �2 = 1 ��
� 2 � � 2 � ��
� + ��2 + � = 1 2�2 � =− 2�2 �
�� �� �� �� ��
�� � 2 � �� �� 2�2 �
2� + � � + �2 � + 2� =0 =− 2
�� �� �� �� �� 2� �
�� �� �� �� �
2� + 2�� + �2 + 2� =0 =− �
�� �� �� � �
��
2�� + 2� = − �2 − 2�
��
�� − �2 + 2� �−� 3 = �+� 2
= 6.
�� 2� � + 1 � � � �
�� �� + �� �−� 3 �−� = �+� 2 �+�
= − �� �� �� ��
�� �� � + � �� �� �� ��
3 � − � 3−1 − = 2 � + � 2−1 +
�� �� �� ��
�� ��
3 �−� 2 1− =2 �+� 1+
3. � + � + �� = 21 �� ��
�� ��
� � � � 3 �−� 2
1− =2 �+� +2 �+�
�+� 1 2 �+� + �� = 21 �� ��
�� �� �� �� �� ��
1 � � � � 2
3 �−� −3 �−� 2
= 2 �+� +2 �+�
� + � 1 2−1 � + � + � � +� � �� ��
2 �� �� �� �� �� ��
=0 2
3 �−� −2 �+� =3 �−� 2
+2 �+�
1 �� �� �� �� �� ��
�+� −1 2
+ + � +� =0 2
�� 2
2 �� �� �� �� 3 �−� −2 �+� = 3 �−� +2 �+�
1 �� �� ��

1+ +� +� =0 �� � � − � − � � + �
2 �+� �� �� =
1 1 �� �� �� � � − � � + � � + �
+ +� +�=0
2 � + � 2 � + � �� ��
�� 1 1
+ � =− � +
�� 2 � + � 2 �+�
�� 1 + 2� � + � 2� � + � + 1
=−
�� 2 �+� 2 �+�
�� 2� � + � + 1 2 �+�
=− ∙
�� 2 �+� 1 + 2� � + �
�� � + �� � + �
= −
�� � + �� � + �
7. � = 4 �2 + �2
� � 2 � 2
� =4 � + �
�� �� ��
�� �� ��
= 4 2� + 2�
�� �� ��
�� ��
= 8� + 8�
�� ��
�� ��
− 8� = 8�
�� ��
��
1 − 8� = 8�
��
�� ��
=
�� � − ��

3� + 1
8. �2 =
2� − 3
� 2 � 3� + 1
� =
�� �� 2� − 3
� �
�� 2� − 3 3� + 1 − 3� + 1 2� − 3
2� = �� ��
�� 2
2� − 3
�� 2� − 3 3 − 3� + 1 2
2� =
�� 2� − 3 2
�� 6� − 9 − 6� − 2
2� =
�� 2� − 3 2
�� 11 1
=− 2

�� 2� − 3 2�
�� ��
= −
�� �� �� − � �

9. �2 − 3� + 2� = 0
� 2 � � �
� −3 � +2 � = 0
�� �� �� ��
�� �� ��
2� −3 +2 =0
�� �� ��
��
2� + 2 = 3
��
�� �
=
�� � � + �

11. �� = 32
� �
�� = 32
�� ��
� �
� � +� � =0
�� ��
�� ��
� +� =0
�� ��
�� �
=−
�� �
�2 � �
2 =− ��
��−1
��
�2 � � −1 �
2 =−
� � + �−1 �
�� �� ��
�2 � � 1 ��
= 2−
��2 � � ��
CHAPTER 3
Some Applications of the Derivative
EXERCISE 3.1
1. � = 3�2 − 2� + 1 ; 2,9
� � 2 � �
� =3 � −2 � + 1
�� �� �� ��
��
= 6� − 2 @� = 2
��
�=6 2 −2
� = 10

Finding the tangent line

T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 9
� − 9 = 10 � − 2
� − 9 = 10� − 20
� = ��� − � − ��

Finding the normal line


1
N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 9

1
� − 9 =− �−2
10
10� − 90 =− � + 2
� + ��� − �� = �

2. � = 1 + 3 � ; 4,7
� � � 1 2
� = 1 +3 �
�� �� ��
�� 3
= @� = 4
�� 2 �
3
�=
2 4
�=3 4

Finding the tangent line

T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 4; �1 = 7
3
�−7= �−4
4
4� − 28 = 3� − 12
� = �� − �� + ��

Finding the normal line


1
N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 4; �1 = 7

1
� − 7 =− �−4
3 4
3� − 21 =− 4� + 16
�� + �� − �� = �
3. � = � � − 1 ; 5,10
� � � �
� =� �−1 1 2 �−1 + �−1 1 2

�� �� �� ��
�� 1
=� �−1 1 2 1 + �−1 1 2 1
�� 2
�� �
= + � − 1 @� = 5
�� 2 � − 1
5
�= + 5−1
2 5−1
� = 13 4

Finding the tangent line

T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 5; �1 = 10
13
� − 10 = �−5
4
4� − 40 = 13� − 65
� = ��� − �� − ��

Finding the normal line


1
N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 5; �1 = 10

1
� − 10 =− �−5
13 4
13� − 130 =− 4� + 20
�� + ��� − ��� = �

�3
4. �= ; 2,4
4−�
� 3 �
� 4−� � − �3 4−�
� = �� ��
�� 4−� 2
�� 4 − � 3� − �3 −1
2
=
�� 4−� 2
�� 12� − 2�3
2
= @� = 2
�� 4−� 2
12 2 2 − 2 2 3
�=
4−2 2
�=8

Finding the tangent line

T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 4
�−4= 8 �−2
� − 4 = 8� − 16
� = �� − � − ��

Finding the normal line


1
N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 4

1
� − 4 =− � − 2
8
8� − 32 =− � + 2
� + �� − �� = �
2
5. �= ; 1,2

� �
� =2 � −1
�� ��
�� 2
=− 2 @� = 1
�� �
2
� =−
1 2
� =− 2

Finding the tangent line

T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 2
� − 2 =− 2 � − 1
� − 2 =− 2� + 2
�� + � − � = �

Finding the normal line


1
N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 2

1
� − 2 =− �−1
−2
2� − 4 = � − 1
� = � − �� + �

6. Where will the tangent � = 4� at (1,2) cross the x-axis?

The first step to solve this problem is to find the tangent line of the
given function at specific point by differentiation.

� = 4� = 2 � T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 2
� � 1 2
� =2 � �−2= 1 �−1
�� �� �−2= �−1
�� 1
= 2 �1 2−1 �−�+�=�
�� 2
1
�= @�=1

1
�=
1
�=1

The tangent line will cross the x-axis at y=0. Hence,

�−�+1= 0
� − 0 =− 1
�= −�

Therefore, the tangent line crosses the x-axis at point (-1,0).


7. At what point on the curve ��2 = 6 will the normal line pass through the origin.

Differentiate the given function using rules of differentiation to find


the slope function.

� � 6
1 � = 2� @� =
��2 = 6 N: � − �1 =− � − �1 �2
�� �� �
� 2 � 1 6
� � + �2 � =0 � − �1 =− � − �1 �= 2
�� �� − � 2� �2
�� �� 2�
2�� + �2 =0 �3 = 6 2
�� �� � − �1 = � − �1 1 3
2 � �= 6 2
�� � 2�1
= − � − �1 = � − �1 @� = 0; � = 0 � = �. ��
�� 2�� �1
�� � 2�1
= �= − 0 − �1 = 0 − �1
�� 2� �1
�21 = 2�21
�1 = 2�1 @� = �1 ; � = �1
� = 2� @� = 2.04
2.04 = 2�
� = �. ��

Hence, the normal line passes through the curve at point (1.44,2.04)

8. Find the area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the tangent to �� = 5 at (1,5).

Find the derivative and the tangent line equation at specific point.
�� = 5 T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 1; �1 = 5
� � � � − 5 =− 5 � − 1
� � +� � = 5
�� �� �� � − 5 =− 5� + 5
�� �� �� + � − �� = �
� +� =0
�� ��
�� �
=−
�� �
@� = 1; � = 5
5
� =−
1
�= −5

From the graph we can see the dimensions


of the triangle formed. Using the area
of triangle ,
2
1
� = �ℎ = 10 − 5� �� 10
2
0
1
�= 2 10
2
� = �� ������
2
9. Find the area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the tangent to � = �2 at the point (2,4).

Find the derivative and the tangent line equation at specific point.

� = �2 T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 4
� � 2 �−4=4 �−2
� = �
�� �� � − 4 = 4� − 8
�� �� − � − � = �
= 2�
��
@� = 2
�=2 2
�=4

From the graph we can see the dimensions


of the triangle formed. Using the area
of triangle ,
1 1
1 1
� = �ℎ = 4� − 4 ��
2
0
1 4
�= 1 4
2
� = � ������

10. Find the area of the triangle formed by the x-axis, the tangent and normal to �� = 4 at (2,2).

Find the derivative and the tangent line equation at specific point.

�� = 4 T: � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 2
� � � � − 2 =− 1 � − 2
� � +� � = 4
�� �� �� � − 2 =− � + 2
�� �� �+�−�=�
� +� =0
�� ��
�� � 1
=− N: � − �1 =− � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 = 2
�� � �
@� = 2; � = 2 � − 2 =− 1 −1 � − 2
2 �−2=�−2
� =−
2 �−�=�
�= −1

From the graph we can see the dimensions


of the triangle formed. Using the area
of triangle ,

1
� = �ℎ
2
1
�= 4 2
2
� = � ������
11. Find the tangent to �2 + �2 = 5 and parallel to 2� − � = 4 .

Since the tangent line is parallel to 2x-y=4, it follows that they have
similar slope (m1=m2). The parallel can be written in standard form
(ax+by+c=0) as 2x-y-4=0. By the shortcut formula -a/b in determining the
slope where a=2 and b=-1: m=-2/-1= 2

Through differentiation of the given function;

�2 + �2 = 5
� 2 � 2 �
� + � = 5
�� �� ��
��
2� + 2� =0
��
�� �
=−
�� �

Since m=dy/dx,we can substitute this value to find the normal line;

� =−


2 =−


� =−
2
Given the normal line y=-x/2, find the point of tangency at x2+y2=5;

� 2
�2 + − =5
2
2

�2 + = 5
4
5�2
=5
4
2
� =4
�2 = 4
� =± 2

At x=2 it follows that y=-2/2=-1 and at x=-2 it follows that y=-2/-2=1.


Therefore, the point of tangency is (2,-1) and (-2,1)

T1 : � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 = 2; �1 =− 1; � = 2
� − −1 = 2 � − 2
� + 1 = 2� − 4
�� − � − � = �

T2 : � − �1 = � � − �1 @ �1 =− 2; �1 = 1; � = 2
� − 1 = 2 � − −2
� − 1 = 2� + 4
�� − � + � = �
12. Find a normal of slope 1/3 to the curve �2 = 2�3 .

13. Show that the tangent with slope m to �2 = 4�� is the line � = �� + � .

Through differentiation of the given function;

�2 = 4��
� 2 �
� = 4� �
�� ��
��
2� = 4�
��
�� 2�
=
�� �

Since m=dy/dx,we can substitute this value to find the normal line;
2�
�=

2�
�=

Given the normal line y=2a/m, find the point of tangency at y2=4ax;
2� 2
= 4��

2
4�
= 4��
�2

�= 2

Substitute the value of x from the given function to find y;
�2 = 4��

�2 = 4� 2

2
4�2
� = 2

4�2
�=
�2
2�
�=

Using the equation for tangent line at x=x1 and y=y1;


� − �1 = � � − �1
2� �
�− =� �− 2
� �
2� �
�− = �� −
� �
� 2�
� = �� − +
� �

� = �� +

EXERCISE 3.2
1. 4�2 + 4�2 + 5� = 0 ��� �2 = 2� (iv)The functions has two
intersections, hence there are
(i)Find the point/s of two angles.
intersection using simultaneous
equation or by substitution @x=0 & y=0

�2 8� 1
4�2 + 4�2 + 5� = 0 @� = �1 = − �2 =
2 8� + 5 �
2 8 0 1
�2 �1 = − �2 =
4 + 4�2 + 5� = 0 8 0 +5 0
2 �2 = ���
�1 = 0
�4 + 4�2 + 5� = 0
� �3 + 4� + 5 = 0
� � + 1 �2 − � + 5 = 0 Since the functions has an
� = �, � =− � undefined slope we cannot
proceed on finding the angle.
(ii)The expression y2-y+5 has an
imaginary root, using quadratic
� �� @x=1/2 & y=-1
formula: � = � ± � � . However it
can not be evaluated to find an
intersection.
8� 1
�1 = − �2 =
8� + 5 �
@� = 0 @� =− 1 1 1
−1 2 8 �2 =
0 2 �= 2 −1
�= �1 = −
2 2 8 −1 + 5 �2 =− 1
�=� � 4
�= �1 =
� 3
�2 − �1
tan � =
1 + �2 �1
The two curves meet at (0,0) and 4
−1 −
tan � = 3
(1/2,-1) 4
1 + −1
3
� = tan−1 7
(iii)Differentiate the functions
� = ��. ��°
using implicit differentiation.

� 2 � 2 �
4 � +4 � +5 � =0
�� �� ��
�� ��
8� + 8� +5 =0
�� ��
��
8� + 5 =− 8�
��
�� ��
= �1 = −
�� �� + �

� 2 �
� = 2�
�� ��
��
2� =2
��
�� �
= �2 =
�� �
2. �2 + �2 = 5 ��� �2 = 4� + 8

(i)Find the point/s of (iv)The functions has two


intersection using simultaneous intersections, hence there are
equation or by substitution two angles.

@x=-1 & y=2


�2 + �2 = 5 @�2 = 4� + 8
2
� + 4� + 8 = 5 � 2
�2 + 4� + 3 = 0 �1 = − �2 =
� �
�+1 �+3 =0 −1 2
� =− �; � =− � �1 = − �2 =
2 2
1 �2 = 1
�1 =
2
(ii)Substitute the values of x
to y2=4x+8 which equates to; �2 − �1
� = 4� + 8 tan � =
1 + �2 �1
@� =− 1 � =− 3 1
1−
� = 4 −1 + 8 � = 4 −3 + 8 tan � = 2
� =± � � =± �� 1
1+ 1
2
Point of intersection shall only −1
1
� = tan
consider non-imaginary 3
roots.Hence, the two curves only � = ��. ��°
meet at (-1,2) and (-1,-2)

@x=-1 & y=-2

� 2
�1 = − �2 =
� �
−1 2
�1 = − �2 =
2 −2
1 �2 =− 1
�1 =
2

�2 − �1
tan � =
1 + �2 �1
1
−1 −
tan � = 2
1
1 + −1
2
� = tan−1 −3
� = ��. ��°
(iii)Differentiate the functions
using implicit differentiation.

� 2 � 2 �
� + � = 5
�� �� ��
��
2� + 2� =0
��
�� �
= �1 =−
�� �

� 2 �
� = 4� + 8
�� ��
��
2� =4
��
�� �
= �2 =
�� �
3. �2 � + 4�2 � = 8�3 ��� �2 = 4�� 4. 2�2 = 9� ��� 3�2 =− 4�

(i)SOLVE FOR Y (i)SOLVE FOR X


�2 � + 4�2 � = 8�3 @�2 = 4�� 3
2�2 = 9� @� =− �2
4�� � + 4�2 � = 8�3 4
2
4� �2 + �� = 8�3 3
2 − �2 = 9�
�2 + �� = 2�2 4
� − 2�2 + �� = 0
2 9�4
� − � � + 2� = 0 = 9�
8
� = �; � =− �� 9� �3 = 9� 8
3
�= 8
(ii)POINT OF INTERSECTION �=�
�2 = 4��
� = 4�� (ii)POINT OF INTERSECTION
� = 2 ��
3 2
@x=2 � =− 4 2 =− �
@y=a � = 2 � � = ��
@y=-2a � = 2 � −2� = � ��� The curves only meet at (2,-3)

The curves only meet at (a,2a) (iii)DIFFERENTIATE @x=2 & y=-3


� 2 �
2 � =9 �
(iii)DIFFERENTIATE @x=a & y=2a �� ��
� 2 � � ��
� � + 4�2 � = 8�3 4� =9
�� �� �� ��
�� �� 9
�2 + 2�� + 4�2 =0 �1 =
�� �� 4�
�� 2 9 �
� + 4�2 =− 2�� �1 = =−
�� 4 −3 �
2��
�1 =− 2 � �
� + 4�2
2 � 2� � 3�2 =− 4 �
�1 =− =− �� ��
2
� + 4� 2 � ��
6� =− 4
��
� 2 � 3�
� = 4� � �2 =−
�� �� 2
�� 3 2
2� = 4� �2 =− =− �
�� 2

�2 = (iv)ANGLE
2�
� � �2 − �1
�2 = = tan � =
2� � 1 + �2 �1
3
(iv)ANGLE −3 − −
tan � = 4
�2 − �1 3
tan � = 1 + −3 −
1 + �2 �1 4
1 4 9
− − � = tan−1
2 5 13
tan � =
1 4 � = ��. �°
1+ −
2 5
13
� = tan−1
6
� = ��. ��°
5. �2 � + 4� = 8 ��� �2 y = 4 6. �� = 18 ��� �2 = 12�

(i)SOLVE FOR Y (i)SOLVE FOR Y


�2 � + 4� = 8 2
@� y = 4 �� = 18 @� = �2 12
4 + 4� = 8 2

4� = 4 � = 18
12
�=� �3 = 216
3 3
(ii)POINT OF INTERSECTION �3 = 216
�2 y = 4 �=�
4
�= (ii)POINT OF INTERSECTION

4 6 2
@y=1 � = 1
=± � @y=2 � = =�
12

The curves only meet at (2,1) The curves only meet at (3,6)

(iii)DIFFERENTIATE @x=2 & y=1 (iii)DIFFERENTIATE @x=3 & y=6


� 2 � � � �
� � +4 � = 8 �� = 18
�� �� �� �� ��
�� �� ��
�2 + 2�� + 4 =0 � +�=0
�� �� ��
�� 2 �
� + 4 =− 2�� �1 =−
�� �
2�� 6
�1 =− 2 �1 =− =− �
� +4 3
2 2 1 �
�1 =− =− � 2 �
2 2+4 � � = 12 �
�� ��
��
� 2 � 2� = 12
� � = 4 ��
�� �� 6
�� �2 =
�2 + 2�� = 0 �
�� 6
�� 2�� �2 = = �
=− 2 6
�� �
2�
�2 =− (iv)ANGLE
� �2 − �1
2 1 tan � =
�2 =− =− � 1 + �2 �1
2 1 − −2
tan � =
(iv)ANGLE 1 + 1 −2
�2 − �1 � = tan−1 3
tan � =
1 + �2 �1 � = ��. ��°
1
−1 − −
tan � = 2
1
1 + −1 −
2
−1
1
� = tan
3
� = ��. ��°
EXERCISE 3.3
�. �(�) = ��� + ��� − ��� �. �(�) = �� − � �
�'(�) = 6�2 + 6� − 36 �' � = 2 �2 − 9 2�
�'(�) = 6 �2 + � − 6 �' � = 4� � − 3 � + 3
�'(�) = 6 � + 3 � − 2 � = 0; � = 3; � =− 3
� =− 3; � = 2
I1 I2 I3 I4
I1 I2 I3

-∞ +∞ -∞ +∞

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

�1 = −∞, −3 ���������� �1 = −∞, −3 ����������


�'(�) = 6�2 + 6� − 36 @� =− 4 �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� =− 4
�'( − 4) = 6 −4 2 + 6 −4 − 36 �'( − 4) = 4 −4 3 − 36 −4
�'( − 4) = 36 > 0 �'( − 4) =− 112 < 0

�2 = −3 , 2 ���������� �2 = −3 , 0 ����������
�'(�) = 6�2 + 6� − 36 @� = 0 �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� =− 2
�'(0) = 6 0 2 + 6 0 − 36 �'( − 2) = 4 −2 3 − 36 −2
�'(0) =− 36 < 0 �'( − 2) = 40 > 0
�3 = 2, +∞ ���������� �3 = 0 , 3 ����������
�'(�) = 6�2 + 6� − 36 @� = 3 �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� = 2
�'(3) = 6 3 2 + 6 3 − 36 �'(2) = 4 2 3 − 36 2
�'(0) = 36 > 0 �'(2) =− 40 < 0
∴ The function is increasing at
�4 = 3+∞ ����������
intervals (-∞,-3] and [2,+∞) �'(�) = 4�3 − 36� @� = 4
whereas decreasing at [-3,2]. �'(4) = 4 4 3 − 36 4
�'(4) = 112 > 0
�. �(�) = �� − �� + �
�' � = 3�2 − 3 ∴ The function is increasing at
�' � = 3 �2 − 1 intervals [-3,0] and [3,+∞)
� =± 1
whereas decreasing at (-∞,-3]
I1 I2 I3 and [0,3].

-∞ +∞

-1 0 1

�1 = −∞, −1 ����������
�'(�) = 3�2 − 3 @� =− 2
�'( − 2) = 3 −2 2 − 3
�'( − 4) = 9 > 0

�2 = −1,1 ����������
�'(�) = 3�2 − 3 @� = 0
�'(0) = 3 0 2 − 3
�'( − 4) =− 3 < 0

�3 = 1, +∞ ����������
�'(�) = 3�2 − 3 @� = 2
�'(2) = 3 −2 2 − 3
�'(2) = 9 > 0

∴ The function is increasing at


intervals (-∞,-1] and [1,+∞)
whereas decreasing at [-1,1].

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