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Lecture 03 - Derivative (Increment Method) PDF

The document defines the derivative and the increment method for finding the derivative of a function. The derivative of a function f(x) is defined as the limit as Δx approaches 0 of [f(x+Δx)-f(x)]/Δx. The increment method involves replacing x with x+Δx in the original function, subtracting the original function, dividing by Δx, and taking the limit as Δx approaches 0. Several examples are worked out using this method to find the derivatives of various functions.

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Kors Min Yeol
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7K views5 pages

Lecture 03 - Derivative (Increment Method) PDF

The document defines the derivative and the increment method for finding the derivative of a function. The derivative of a function f(x) is defined as the limit as Δx approaches 0 of [f(x+Δx)-f(x)]/Δx. The increment method involves replacing x with x+Δx in the original function, subtracting the original function, dividing by Δx, and taking the limit as Δx approaches 0. Several examples are worked out using this method to find the derivatives of various functions.

Uploaded by

Kors Min Yeol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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= lim 𝑥 lim

→ →

=1𝑥 = 1𝑥
( )

=𝟏

( )
5. lim
→

( )
= 7 𝑥 . lim
→

=7𝑥0
=0

6. lim
→

= . 𝑥

= lim . lim 𝑥
→ →

=1𝑥0
=𝟎
THE DERIVATIVE
The process of finding the derivative of a given function is called differentiation and the
required function is called derivative.
f’ is read as f prime
f’(x) is read as f prime of x
Another symbol that is used instead of f’(x) is dxf(x) which is read as “the derivative of f of x
with respect to x”

INCREMENT METHOD
The derivative of a continuous ; one-valued function, y = f(x), is defined by the formula
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∆ → ∆𝑥

Where ∆x is the increment or change in x.

Steps in increment method:


Let y = f(x)
1. Replace y by y+ Δy and x by x +Δx in the given func on
y+ Δy = f(x+ Δx)
2. Subtract y=f(x) on both sides f the resul ng equa on in step
y+ Δy-y=f(x+ Δx)-y
Δy=f(x+ Δx)=f(x)
3. Divide both sides of the resul ng equa on in 2 by Δx
( ) ( )
Δy/ Δx=
4. Apply the limit on both sides of equa on 3 as Δx approaches zero
( ) ( )
= lim Δy/Δx
→
Examples:

1. y=6
= y+ Δy=6
= y+ Δy-y=6-6
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
→ →
= dy/dx = 0
2. y=5x+3
= y + Δy = 5(x+ Δx)+3
= 5x+5 Δx+3
=y+ Δy-y=5x +5 Δx+3-5x-3
= Δy/ Δx=5 Δx/ Δx
= lim 5
→
=dy/dx = 5

3. y=50x+3
= y + Δy = 50(x+ Δx)+3
= 50x+50 Δx+3
=y+ Δy-y=50x +50 Δx+3-50x-3
= Δy/ Δx=50 Δx/ Δx
= lim 50
→
=dy/dx = 50

4. 𝑦 =

1 1
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = − 𝑦=
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2 𝑥−2
1 1 (𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2)
∆𝑦 = − →
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − ∆𝑥 + 2 −∆𝑥
∆𝑦 = →
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2)
∆𝑦 −∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2)
∆𝑦 −1 −𝟏
lim = =
∆ → ∆𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐
5. 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 1

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 1

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 1 − 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 1

√2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 + 1


∆𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 − √2𝑥 + 1 𝑥
√2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 + 1
∆𝑦 2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 1
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 √2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 + 1
∆𝑦 2∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 √2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 + 1
∆𝑦 2 2 2
= = =
lim ∆𝑥 √2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 + 1 √2𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 + 1 2√2𝑥 + 1
∆ →

∆𝑦 𝟏
=
∆𝑥 √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

6. 𝑦 =

2(𝑥 + 𝑥∆) − 3 2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥3 − 3


𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = =
3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 4 3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4
2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = − 𝑦=
3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4 3𝑥 + 4
2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
∆𝑦 = −
3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4 3𝑥 + 4
(6𝑥 + 6𝑥∆𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 8∆𝑥 − 12) − (6𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 6𝑥∆𝑥 − 9∆𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 12)
∆𝑦 =
(3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 4)
17∆𝑥
∆𝑦 =
(3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 4)
∆𝑦 17∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥(3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 4)
∆𝑦 17
=
∆𝑥 (3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 4)
∆𝑦 17
lim =
∆ → ∆𝑥 (3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 4)
∆𝑦 17
lim =
∆ → ∆𝑥 (3𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 4)

∆𝑦 17
=
∆𝑥 (3𝑥 + 4)

7. 𝑦 = √𝑥

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = √𝑥 + ∆𝑥

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = √𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑦 = √𝑥

∆𝑦 = √𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − √𝑥

(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + ( √𝑥) (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + √𝑥


∆𝑦 = √𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − √𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + ( √𝑥) (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + √𝑥

𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥
∆𝑦 =
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + ( √𝑥 ) (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + √𝑥

∆𝑥
∆𝑦 =
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + ( √𝑥 ) (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + √𝑥

∆𝑦 ∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥( (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + ( √𝑥) (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + √𝑥 )

∆𝑦 1
=
∆𝑥 ( (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + ( √𝑥 ) (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + √𝑥 )

∆𝑦 1
lim =
∆ → ∆𝑥 √𝑥 + √𝑥 + √𝑥
∆𝒚 𝟏
= 𝟑
∆𝒙 𝟑 √𝒙𝟐

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