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Tan Delta Test Loss Angle Test Dissipation Factor Test

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Vimalesh Kumar
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251 views4 pages

Tan Delta Test Loss Angle Test Dissipation Factor Test

Uploaded by

Vimalesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tan Delta Test | Loss Angle Test | Dissipation Factor Test

Principle of Tan Delta Test


A pure insulator when is connected across line and earth, it behaves as a capacitor.
In an ideal insulator, as the insulating material which acts as dielectric too, is 100 %
pure, the electric current passing through the insulator, only have capacitive
component. There is no resistive component of the current, flowing from line to
earth through insulator as in ideal insulating material, there is zero percent
impurity.

In a pure capacitor, the capacitive electric current leads the applied voltage by
90o.
In practice, the insulator cannot be made 100% pure. Also due to the aging of
insulators, the impurities like dirt and moisture enter into it. These impurities
provide the conductive path to the current. Consequently, an electric leakage
current flowing from line to earth through the insulator has a resistive component.

Hence, it is needless to say that, for good insulator, this resistive component of
electric leakage current is quite low. In another way, the healthiness of an electrical
insulator can be determined by the ratio of the resistive component to the
capacitive component. For good insulator, this ratio would be quite low. This ratio
is commonly known as tanδ or tan delta. Sometimes it is also referred to as
dissipation factor.
In the vector diagram above, the system voltage is drawn along the x-axis.
Conductive electric current i.e. resistive component of leakage current, IR will also
be along x-axis.
As the capacitive component of leakage electric current IC leads system voltage by
90o, it will be drawn along y-axis.
Now, total leakage electric current IL(Ic + IR) makes an angle δ (say) with y-axis.
Now, from the diagram above, it is cleared, the ratio, IR to IC is nothing but tanδ or
tan delta.

NB: This δ angle is known as loss angle.

Method of Tan Delta Testing


The cable, winding, current transformer, potential transformer, transformer
bushing, on which tan delta test or dissipation factor test to be conducted, is first
isolated from the system. A very low-frequency test voltage is applied across the
equipment whose insulation to be tested.

First, the normal voltage is applied. If the value of tan delta appears good enough,
the applied voltage is raised to 1.5 to 2 times of normal voltage, of the equipment.
The tan delta controller unit takes measurement of tan delta values. A loss angle
analyzer is connected with tan delta measuring unit to compare the tan delta
values at normal voltage and higher voltages and analyze the results.

During the test, it is essential to apply test voltage at a very low frequency.

Reason of applying Very Low Frequency


If the frequency of the applied voltage is high, then capacitive reactance of the
insulator becomes low, hence the capacitive component of electric current is high.
The resistive component is nearly fixed; it depends upon applied voltage and
conductivity of the insulator. At high frequency as capacitive current, is large, the
amplitude of the vector sum of capacitive and resistive components of electric
current becomes large too.

Therefore, required apparent power for tan delta test would become high enough
which is not practical. So to keep the power requirement for this dissipation factor
test, very low-frequency test voltage is required. The frequency range for tan delta
test is generally from 0.1 to 0.01 Hz depending upon size and nature of insulation.

There is another reason for which it is essential to keep the input frequency of the
test as low as possible.

As we know,

That means, dissipation factor tanδ ∝ 1/f.


Hence, at low frequency, the tan delta number is higher, and the measurement
becomes easier.

How to Predict the Result of Tan Delta Testing


There are two ways to predict the condition of an insulation system during tan
delta or dissipation factor test.

First, one is, comparing the results of previous tests to determine, the
deterioration of the condition of insulation due to aging effect.

The second one is, determining the condition of insulation from the value of tanδ,
directly. No requirement of comparing previous results of tan delta test.

If the insulation is perfect, the loss factor will be approximately the same for all
range of test voltages. But if the insulation is not sufficient, the value of tan delta
increases in the higher range of test voltage.
From the graph, it is clear that the tan and delta number nonlinearly increases with
increasing test very low-frequency voltage. The increasing tan&delta, means, high
resistive electric current component, in the insulation. These results can be
compared with the results of previously tested insulators, to take the proper
decision whether the equipment would be replaced or not.

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