Gulf Asian English School, Sharjah

GRADE 10 – BIOLOGY
L 6- LIFE PROCESSES
BOARD BASED QUESTIONS
1. List in tabular form the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic
nutrition.
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
 It is a type of nutrition in which  It is a type of nutrition in which
organisms can synthesize their own organisms cannot synthesize their own
food food has to depend on other organisms
for their food.
 Food is synthesized by utilizing simple
substances such as CO2, water and  Food is obtained from other
sunlight. organisms.
 Chlorophyll is necessary.  Chlorophyll is not required.
 Eg: green plants and some bacteria  Eg: human beings, animals, fungus etc.

2. A variegated leaf with green and yellow patches in used for an experiment to prove
that chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis. Before the experiment the green
portions (A), and the pale-yellow portions (B), are observed.

a) What will be the colour of ‘A’ just before and after the starch test?
b) Write the equation of photosynthesis.
c) Mention from which molecule the by-product of photosynthesis is obtained.

Ans: a) The colour of the green portion (A) before the starch test will be pale yellow because
chlorophyll needs to be removed before the starch test. The colour of the green portion (A) after
the starch test will be blue-black because of thereaction of iodine with the starch present in A.

b) The Equation of photosynthesis is as follows,

c) The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen. Splitting of water results in the formation of

hydrogen (used for making glucose) and oxygen, being liberated as by-product.
3. Leaves of a potted plant are coated with vaseline to block the stomata. Will this plant
remain healthy for long? State reasons for your answer.
Ans: If leaves of healthy potted plant are coated with Vaseline to block the stomata, then
that plant will not remain healthy for long.
Reasons for this are:
 As stomata is blocked, there will be no intake of carbon dioxide.
 Vaseline layer prevents the plant from receiving sunlight.
 When processes like photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration stop, the plant
will gradually die.

4. What are stomata? How do guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pore?
Ans: Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves through which gaseous
exchange and transpiration takes place. The plant closes these pores when it does not need
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The opening and closing of the pore are regulated by
guard cells. The guard cells swell and become turgid, when water flows into them, causing
the stomatal pore to open. Similarly, the pore closes if the guard cells shrink, due to loss of
water which makes them flaccid.

5. a) Name the process used by the plants to synthesize food and name the type of
nutrition found in green plants. List the raw materials required for this process. Give the
word equation and chemical equation for the mentioned process.
b) Write three events that occur during the process. Is it essential that these steps take
place one after the other immediately?
Ans: a) Green plants synthesize food by the process photosynthesis and show autotrophic
nutrition. The raw materials required are carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.
 b) 1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen.
3. Reduction of CO2 into carbohydrates

These steps need not take place one after the other immediately. For example, desert plants
keep their stomata closed during day time to reduce transpiration. So, they take up carbon
dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate and perform photosynthesis during the day time,
when sunlight is available.

6. When do desert plants take up CO2 and perform photosynthesis?

Ans: Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night, as their stomata remains closed during
the day to prevent transpiration. They absorb CO2 at night and store it in the form of an
intermediate compound and use it for the process of photosynthesis during daytime, when
sunlight is available.
7. Draw a diagram to show the nutrition in amoeba and label the parts used for this
purpose. Mention any other purpose served by this part other than nutrition.
Ans:

Pseudopodia serves the purpose of locomotion apart from nutrition.

8. Explain the process of nutrition in amoeba.

The various steps involved in the process of nutrition are:

 Ingestion: Amoeba ingests food with the help of its finger-like projections, pseudopodia.
Amoeba forms pseudopodia around the food particle that it comes across, thereby creating
a food vacuole within its body.
Digestion: Various enzymes from the cytoplasm enter into the food vacuole and break the
food into simple molecules.
Absorption: The simple soluble nutrient molecules are absorbed by cytoplasm from food
vacuoles through the process of diffusion.
Assimilation: Absorbed nutrients utilized for growth and repair of the body.
Egestion: The undigested food is egested by diffusion.

9.Why does raw bread taste sweet after chewing, in the mouth
Ans: When raw bread is chewed, the enzyme salivary amylase present in saliva converts the
starch present in the bread into simple sugar (maltose) which gives a sweet taste.

10. Define peristaltic movement.

Ans: Peristaltic movement is the rhythmic, wave like contraction and relaxation of the
muscles lining the alimentary canal which helps in the forward movement of the food.

11.State the role of the following in human digestive system:

a) Digestive enzymes b) Hydrochloric acid c) Villi

Ans: a) DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: Digestion of food requires digestive enzymes. Digestive

enzymes speed up chemical reactions that break down large insoluble food molecules into
small soluble molecules. These enzymes are released or secreted by the glands of digestive
system. Few examples of digestive enzymes are:
 Salivary amylase, secreted by salivary gland in the mouth. It helps in the breakdown of
starch into simple sugar.
 Pepsin, secreted by gastric gland in the stomach. Pepsin helps in the breakdown of
proteins.
 Trypsin, secreted by pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
 Pancreatic lipase, secreted by pancreas. It helps to digest fats.
b)HYDROCHLORIC ACID: HCL is secreted by gastric gland in the stomach. It helps in killing
bacteria and other harmful microbes that enter through food. It also creates an acidic
medium which facilitate the action of enzyme pepsin for digesting protein.
c) VILLI: Villi are finger-like projections seen on the inner surface of the small intestine.
 It increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients.
 The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed nutrients to
each and every cell of the body.

12. Name any three glands associated with digestion in humans. Write the names of the
enzymes secreted by them.
Ans: The three glands associated with digestion in humans are,

i)Salivary glands: Salivary glands in the mouth secrete saliva, which consists of the enzyme
salivary amylase. Amylase helps in the digestion of complex carbohydrate.
ii) Gastric gland: Stomach consists of gastric glands which secrete gastric juice. Gastric juice
contains the enzyme pepsin which helps in the digestion of protein.
 iii) Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which consists of the enzymes, trypsin
and lipase. Trypsin helps to digest protein and lipase helps to digest fat.

13. What is the role of mucus in our stomach?

Ans: Mucus acts as a barrier that protects the inner lining of the stomach from the corrosive
action of hydrochloric acid under normal conditions.
14. What are the simplest digestive products of carbohydrate, fats and protein?
Ans: The process of digestion helps breakdown of complex substances into simple soluble
forms in order to facilitate absorption. The simplest digestive products of carbohydrate, fats
and protein are as follows,
Carbohydrates  Glucose
Fats fatty acids & glycerol
Proteins - amino acids
15. How is required pH maintained in the stomach and intestine?
Ans: Gastric glands present on the walls of the stomach release HCl, which creates an
acidic medium in stomach to facilitate the action of enzyme pepsin.
Bile juice from liver makes the food alkaline in small intestine. This alkaline medium is
required for the action of pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.
16. State the role of liver and pancreas in digestion.
Ans: LIVER secretes bile juice which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile juice helps to convert
the acidic food coming from the stomach into alkaline form, so that pancreatic enzymes can
act on it. Bile salts help to emulsify larger fat globules, present in the food, into smaller ones,
to increase the efficiency of enzyme action.
PANCREAS secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes like trypsin and
lipase. Trypsin digests proteins and the lipase helps in the breakdown of emulsified fats.
17. Name the organ which performs the following functions in humans:
Ans: a) Absorption of digested food – Small intestine
b) Absorption of water – Large intestine
18. Why is the small intestine in herbivores larger than in carnivores?
Ans:. Herbivores eat grass that contain a complex carbohydrate called cellulose. Digestion of
cellulose is difficult and takes a long time. Hence, they have a longer small intestine to allow
complete digestion of cellulose. Carnivores eat meat which is easier to digest. Hence, they
have a shorter small intestine.
TOPIC: RESPIRATION
19.State the basic differences between photosynthesis and respiration.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
 Occurs only in green plants and some  Occurs in all living organisms
photosynthetic bacteria
 Takes place only at day time in the  Takes place at all time, day and night
presence of sunlight. and does not need sunlight.
 Occurs in chloroplast.  Aerobic respiration occurs in
cytoplasm and mitochondria.
 Raw materials are carbon dioxide and  Raw materials are glucose and
water. oxygen
 Oxygen is liberated in this process and  Oxygen is utilized in this process and
carbon dioxide is utilized. carbon dioxide is liberated.

20.What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to produce energy?
Ans:

Breaking down of glucose involves a 2-step process. In the first step, it is broken into three
carbon molecule called pyruvate. This step takes place in the cytoplasm. The pyruvate is further
broken down into energy in following different ways in various organisms.
1) Aerobic respiration: In this case pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water
along with release of energy (for the production of ATP). It commonly occurs in
mitochondria of cells.
2) Anaerobic respiration in yeast: In yeast cells, during fermentation pyruvate is converted
into ethanol, C02 and energy in the absence of 02.
3) Anaerobic respiration in muscles: When there is a lack of oxygen in muscle cells
during vigorous exercise pyruvate is converted to lactic acid and energy. The
accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps.
 21.Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

22.Why do we get muscle cramp after vigorous exercise?

Ans: Muscle cramps occur when there is anaerobic respiration taking place in our muscles,
leading to lactic acid accumulation. During anaerobic respiration, glucose gets converted
into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen to produce energy. Vigorous exercise needs a lot of
energy, which is being continuously produced by the muscle cells even before the oxygen
molecules could reach. Hence during vigorous exercise, we get muscle cramps due to the
accumulation of lactic acid.
23.Study the table and diagram given below and answer the following questions.

The diagram below shows an apparatus used to investigate respiration. Yeast, warm water
and substance Z were put to the test tube. After a while lime water began to turn cloudy.
 a) Write the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
b) Which row in the above table is correct for anaerobic respiration?
c) Identify substance Z in the test tube.
i) Alcohol, ii) Glucose iii)Nitrogen iv) Oxygen

24. Write the difference between inhalation and exhalation.

25.How are alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?

26.Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
Ans: The walls of trachea do not collapse even when there is less air in it, due to the presence
of c-shaped rings of cartilage. These rings provide support by holding the trachea in place.
27. “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous process”.
Justify.
Ans: The breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air. One inhalation and one
exhalation make one breathing cycle. When we breathe in the thoracic cavity expands and
when we breathe out the thoracic cavity contracts. This happens alternatively making it a
rhythmic process.
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place at all time during the process of
cellular respiration between blood and tissues. Aso, as lungs always contain a residual
volume of air, the exchange of O2 and CO2 happens continuously inside it. Thus, gaseous
exchange is a continuous process.
28. In single celled organism diffusion is sufficient to meet all their requirements of food,
exchange of gases or removal of wastes but it is not in case of multicellular organisms.
Explain the reason for this difference.
Ans: In single celled organisms, the entire surface of their body is in contact with the
environment. So, the substances can easily diffuse in an out of their body. But multicellular
organisms like humans have complex body design where the cells join to form tissues, then
organs and organ systems. All the cells in their body are not in direct contact with the
environment. As diffusion is a very slow process, it will take a very long time for oxygen and
other substances to reach the internal cells and to remove the waste materials from the cells.
So, in order to fulfill their body requirements, they have well developed organs and organ
systems.
29. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular
organisms like humans?
Ans: Multicellular organisms like humans have complex body design where the cells join to
form tissues, then organs and organ systems. All the cells in their body are not in direct
contact with the environment. As diffusion is a very slow process, it will take a very long
time for oxygen to reach the internal cells. Human beings need high amount of oxygen for
the continuous production of ATP to meet their requirements. Hence diffusion is insufficient
to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans.
30. a) Describe the mechanism of breathing in human beings.
b) Under normal conditions, what is the rate of breathing per minute?

c) Why does the rate of breathing increase during vigorous exercise?

Ans: a) Mechanism of breathing in human beings:

The process of taking air into and expelling it from the lungs is called breathing. When
we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm which results in the increase in
volume of chest cavity. Thus, air from outside rushes into the lungs through nostrils, trachea
and bronchi. Therefore, air sacs of lungs get filled with air when we breathe in. The exchange
of gases between alveolar air and blood takes place by the process of diffusion.
Now, the air present in alveoli of the lungs is rich in C02. When we breathe out air, the
diaphragm relaxes (becomes dome shaped) and rib cage moves downwards, which results in
the decrease in volume of chest cavity. This contraction pushes the air from the lungs into the
trachea, nostrils and then out of the body into air. Breathing in air is called inhalation and
breathing out air is called exhalation.
b) Rate of breathing per minute under normal condition is 12 to 20 BPM. (Breaths per minute)

c) During exercise there is an increase in physical activity. So, energy requirement of the
body increases than the normal time. During this time the rate of respiration increases to
facilitate adequate supply of oxygen to the bloodstream, from where it is transported to the
working muscles.
31. a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli
b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than in terrestrial organisms.
Give reason.

Ans: a) Alveoli are balloon like structures seen inside the lungs. It is made up of one- cell thick
wall which contains extensive network of capillaries. It is the site of gaseous exchange in lungs.
Here exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place between blood flowing in the capillaries which
surround the alveoli and the air present inside the alveoli. Oxygen from the alveolar air diffuses
in to the blood and carbon dioxide from blood diffuses in to the alveolar air.
b) Aquatic organisms absorb the oxygen which is dissolved in water. The amount of dissolved
oxygen in water is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. So, the rate of
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than in terrestrial organisms.
32. Relate the movement of diaphragm and the rib cage when a person inhales.
a) The diaphragm is pushed upwards and rib cage downwards.

b) Both diaphragm and rib cage are pushed downwards.

c) The diaphragm is pulled downwards and the rib cage upwards.

d) The diaphragm is pushed upwards while the ribcage is pulled downwards.

Ans: c] The diaphragm is pulled downward and the ribcage upwards.

33. Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the following:
a) Part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus.
b) Part which terminates in balloon-like structures.
c) Balloon-like structures where exchange of gases takes place.
d) Part that separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.
e) Two large air passages that lead from trachea to the lungs.

Ans:

Labels: (a) Nasal passage (b) Bronchioles (c) Alveoli (d) Diaphragm (e) Bronchi
TOPIC: TRANSPORTATION
34.How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Ans: Transport of Oxygen: Haemoglobin is a pigment present in the red blood cells. It has a
great affinity towards oxygen. So, oxygen combines with haemoglobin and is transported to all
the body cells for cellular respiration.
Transport of carbon dioxide: CO2 is highly soluble in water. So, it is mainly transported in
dissolved form in our blood by combining with blood plasma.

35. Which of the four chambers in the human heart have thickest muscular walls? Give
reason.
Ans: The ventricles of the heart have thicker muscular walls than the atria. This is because
blood is pumped out of the heart at greater pressure from these chambers compared to the
atria, which only receive the blood. Also, the left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than
the right ventricle. This is due to the higher forces needed to pump blood from the left
ventricle to all the body parts as compared to the right ventricle which pumps blood only to
lungs.

36. Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.

Ans: Lungs  pulmonary vein  left atrium bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aorta 
body parts.
Exchanges of gases takes place inside the lungs. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is brought
to the left atrium by pulmonary veins. When the atrium contracts, blood is transferred to left
ventricle through bicuspid valve (mitral valve). When the ventricle contract, blood is pushed
into the aorta and is carried to all parts of the body.

37. Write the function of valves present between atria and ventricles.
Ans: The valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) prevent the backflow of blood from
ventricles into atria.

38. What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system develop a leak? State in brief
how could this be avoided?
Ans: Leakage in the conducting tubes of circulatory system would lead to the loss of blood
from the body. This in turn would lead to a loss of pressure which would reduce the
efficiency of the pumping system. The platelet cells plug this leakage by helping to clot the
blood at the points of injury. This could be avoided by maintaining a normal blood pressure.

39. What is hypertension? How is it caused? What damage can it do in your body?
Ans: High blood pressure is known as hypertension. The main cause of hypertension is the
constriction of arteries which results in resistance of blood flow. High blood pressure can
lead to the rupture of artery and internal bleeding.

40. Differentiate between blood and lymph.

41. Mention the three kinds of cells present in the blood. Write their functions.
Ans: The three kinds of cells present in the blood are:
1. Red Blood Cells (RBC) – transports oxygen to tissues
2. White blood cells (WBC) – helps to fight against microbes, provides immunity.
3. Platelets – Help to clot the blood at the point of injury.

42. Compare the structure and function of three types of blood vessels.
Ans:

43. What is the advantage of a four chambered heart in mammals and birds?
Ans: In four chambered heart left half is completely separated from right half by septum.
This prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood thereby ensuring an
efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This in turn helps in production
of high amount of energy which is essential to maintain a constant body temperature in
warm blooded animals like mammals and birds.

44. Draw a sectional view of heart and label any six parts. Write one function of each of the
following components of transport system in human beings:
a) Blood vessels b) Heart c) Lymph
 a) Blood vessels: Three types of blood vessels of different sizes- arteries, veins and
capillaries are all connected to form continuous closed circulatory tubes which carry
blood to all parts of body.
b) Heart: It is a pumping organ that receives blood from body parts through veins and
pumps it back to the body parts through arteries.
c) Lymph: It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from
extra cellular space back into the blood.

45. Give reasons for the following:

a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
b) Transport system in plants is slow
c) Circulation of blood occurs only once through the heart of fishes.
d) During daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to
night.
e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
Ans: a) Atria are the upper chambers which receives the blood from body parts whereas
ventricles are the lower chambers which pump the blood to various parts. The pressure
inside the ventricles is more compared to atria as the blood is pumped out of the heart from
these chambers at a greater pressure. Hence, ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the
atria.
b) Plants do not move and have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues. Therefore,
their energy needs are low and hence they can afford to have a slow transport system as
compared to animals.
c) It is because the fishes have two-chambered heart. The blood is pumped from the heart
into the gills for oxygenation and then it is passed directly to the rest of the body. The
deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped into the gills again.
d) Water is transported faster during daytime because rate of transpiration is higher during
daytime, because of the heat generated by the sun. Transpiration creates a water pressure in
xylem. This transpiration pressure pulls water column from roots through stem to leaves. So,
higher the rate of transpiration from leaves, faster water and minerals will be transported
from roots through xylem. But in the dark, transpiration hardly occurs, so the transport of
water and minerals is comparatively slow during night.
e) Veins carry the blood back to the heart. The blood pressure inside the veins is very low.
Due to low blood pressure, there are chances for the backflow of the blood inside the veins,
so they contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Arteries don’t require valves because
pressure from the heart is so high that the blood is able to flow only in one direction. The
 valves present in the veins also help blood travel back to the heart against the force of
gravity.

46. What is transpiration? What are its advantages?

Ans: The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is called
transpiration. When stomata are open during the day, large amount of water is lost and thus
upward movement of water through xylem increases.
Advantages of transpiration- i) Regulates temperature. Ii) Helps in absorption and upward
movement of water and minerals.

47. What are the differences between the transport of material in xylem and phloem?

XYLEM PHLOEM
 Xylem transports water and minerals  Phloem transports food materials.
 Transportation through xylem is  Transportation through phloem is
unidirectional, only in upward bidirectional, both in upward and
direction. downward direction.
 Transportation happens with the help  Translocation needs to spend energy
of physical forces such as root in the form of ATP.
pressure and transpiration pull

48. How is food transported in plants?

Ans: The transport in phloem is bidirectional. Movement of food in phloem (or translocation)
takes place by utilizing energy. The sugar (food) made in leaves is loaded into the sieve tubes
of phloem tissue in the form of sucrose by using energy from ATP. This increases the
concentration inside sieve tube. To eliminate this, water also enters the sieve tubes. Due to
this movement of sucrose and water, the pressure in the phloem tissue rises. This pressure
moves the food to all tissues which have less pressure. This allows the phloem to transport
food according to the needs of the plant.
49. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans: Water and minerals are transported in plants with the help of xylem tissue. The vessels
and tracheids of stem, root and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of
water conducting channels. First step in water transportation is the active intake of ions by
the root cells from the nearby soil. Thus, the concentration starts to increase in these cells.
Water enters the root cells to eliminate this concentration difference. Thus, the pressure
inside the root cells increases (root pressure). Due to this pressure water is steadily pushed
upwards into root xylem.
But this pressure alone will not be enough to move water over the heights, in tall
plants. So, this process is supported additionally with transpiration pull. The water loss
through transpiration creates a suction pull, which pulls water from the xylem cells of root to
upper parts. The effect of transpiration pull is more evident during day whereas at night, when
there is no transpiration, root pressure is important in transport of water.
 TOPIC: EXCRETION
50. a) Define excretion.
b) Name the basic filtration unit present in kidney.
c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the organs which perform the
following functions:
i) form urine
ii) long tube which collects urine from kidney.
iii) store urine until it passes out.

Ans: a) Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful nitrogenous wastes from
the body.
b) Nephron
c)

51. The diagram below shows a kidney tubule/

a) Which substance is entirely reabsorbed from the fluid at R?

b) Name the factors by which the amount of water reabsorbed along the tubular part
of nephron depends on.
c) What is hemodialysis and how does it work?

Ans: a) Glucose

b) The amount of water re-absorbed depends on how much excess water is there in the body
and on how much of dissolved waste is there to be excreted.
 c) Hemodialysis is a treatment which is done to sustain the life of a person whose both the
kidneys fail to function. This treatment involves the purification of blood by filtering out
impurities from it using complex machinery. A dialyzer consists of a number of tubes with
semi-permeable lining, suspended in a tank filled with dialyzing fluid. This fluid has the same
osmotic pressure as blood, except that it is devoid of nitrogenous wastes. The patient’s blood
is passed through these tubes. During this passage, the waste products from the blood pass
into the dialyzing fluid by diffusion. The purified blood is pumped back into the patient’s
body.
52. a) How is urine produced?
b) Name two excretory products other than O2 and CO2 in plants.

Ans: a) Body removes harmful nitrogenous waste in the form of urine. Urine is formed
inside the kidneys. Each kidney consists of a number of filtration units called nephrons.
Urine production occurs through the following processes:
1. Glomerular filtration: When blood is flowing through glomerulus, some of its
components get filtered into the Bowman’s capsule. This is called glomerular
filtration. The filtrate consists of water, urea, uric acid, glucose, salts, amino acids,
and some vitamins.
2. Selective re-absorption: In this process some of the useful substances present in the
filtrate such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water are re-
absorbed as it flows along the renal tubule.
3. Tubular secretion: It involves the secretion of remaining unwanted substances
from the blood into the filtrate.
Urine thus formed reaches the ureter through collecting duct and is carried
to urinary bladder. It is expelled out through urethra.

b) Gums and resins

53. Draw & label the structure of nephron

52. Compare alveoli in lungs and nephrons in kidney with respect to their structure and
functioning.

55. What are the methods used by the plants to get rid of excretory products?
Ans: Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration.
 Gaseous wastes such as CO2 and O2 moves out through stomata and lenticels.
 Waste products may also be stored in leaves that fall off.
 Waste products are also stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem
 Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.
 Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles.

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