1 Butan-2-ol can be prepared using two different methods.

Method 1
H3C CH3

C C
H2O(g)
H H OH H
H H

H C C C C H

Method 2 H H H H
H H Br H butan-2-ol
NaOH(aq)

H C C C C H

H H H

(a) Comment on the atom economy of each method, giving your reasons.

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(b) State the catalyst required for Method 1.

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(c) Average bond enthalpies can be used to calculate enthalpy changes.

(i) What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy?

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 (ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHr, for preparing 1 mol of butan-2-ol by
Method 1.

Average bond enthalpies are given below.

Bond Average bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1

O–H 464
C–H 413
C–C 347
C–O 358
C=C 612

ΔHr = ............................................ kJ mol−1 [3]

(d) A student uses Method 2 to prepare 3.552 g of butan-2-ol from 2-bromobutane.

The percentage yield of butan-2-ol is 80.0%.

Calculate the mass of 2-bromobutane that the student uses.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass of 2-bromobutane = ....................................................... g [3]

[Total: 11]

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2 A branched-chain alcohol J is a liquid and has the molecular formula C5H12O.

(a) A student does an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔHc, of
alcohol J.

(i) The student burns alcohol J using the apparatus below.

thermometer beaker

clamp
water

wick spirit burner

alcohol J

The student found that combustion of 1.54 g of alcohol J changes the temperature of
180 g of water from 22.8 °C to 75.3 °C.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g−1 K−1.

• Calculate the amount, in mol, of alcohol J that burns.

• Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔHc, of alcohol J, in kJ mol−1.

Give your final answer to three significant figures.

ΔHc = ............................................ kJ mol−1 [4]

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 (ii) The calculated value of ΔHc from this experiment is different from the value obtained
from data books.

Apart from heat loss, suggest two reasons for the difference.

Assume that the calculation has been carried out correctly.

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(b) The enthalpy change of combustion for alcohol J can also be determined indirectly from
standard enthalpy changes of formation.

(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the chemical change that represents the
standard enthalpy change of formation of the liquid alcohol J, C5H12O.

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(ii) The equation for the complete combustion of alcohol J is shown below.

C5H12O(l) + 7½O2(g) 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

Enthalpy changes of formation, ΔHf, are shown in the table.

Substance C5H12O(l) CO2(g) H2O(l)

ΔHf / kJ mol−1 −366 −394 −286

Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔHc, of alcohol J from the information
given above.

ΔHc = ............................................ kJ mol−1 [3]

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 (c) The branched-chain alcohol J, C5H12O, was heated under reflux with excess H2SO4 / K2Cr2O7
to form an organic compound K with the infrared spectrum below.

100
transmittance (%)

50

0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
wavenumber / cm–1

• Determine the structures for the branched-chain alcohol J and compound K.

Your answer should explain all your reasoning using the evidence given.

• Write an equation for the reaction of J when heated under reflux with excess
H2SO4 / K2Cr2O7 to form K.
Use [O] to represent the oxidising agent.

Your answer needs to be clear and well organised using the correct terminology.

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 (d) The alcohol J is soluble in water.

Explain why alcohol J is soluble in water.

Use a labelled diagram to support your answer.

Include relevant dipoles and lone pairs.

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3 Hydrogen iodide, HI, is a colourless gas that can be made from the reaction of hydrogen, H2, and
iodine, I2.

This reversible reaction is shown in equilibrium 3.1 below.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH = −9 kJ mol−1 equilibrium 3.1

The activation energy for the forward reaction is 173 kJ mol−1.

(a) Complete the enthalpy profile diagram below for the forward reaction in equilibrium 3.1.

On your diagram:
• Label the activation energy, Ea
• Label the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH
• Include the formulae of the reactants and products.

enthalpy

progress of reaction
[2]

(b) Calculate the activation energy, Ea, for the reverse reaction.

Ea (reverse reaction) = ............................................ kJ mol−1 [1]

(c) When the reverse reaction takes place hydrogen iodide, HI, decomposes to form iodine and
hydrogen.

Calculate the enthalpy change when 336 dm3 of hydrogen iodide, measured at room
temperature and pressure, decomposes.

Include the sign for enthalpy change in your answer.

enthalpy change .................................................... kJ [2]

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 (d) A student mixes hydrogen and iodine at room temperature and pressure and allows the
mixture to reach dynamic equilibrium.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH = −9 kJ mol−1 equilibrium 3.1

(i) A closed system is required for dynamic equilibrium to be established.

State one other feature of this dynamic equilibrium.

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(ii) The student heats the equilibrium mixture keeping the volume constant.

Predict how the composition of the equilibrium mixture changes on heating.

Explain your answer.

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(iii) Predict and explain what effect, if any, an increase in the pressure would have on the
position of the equilibrium.

effect ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

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(e) Calculate the bond enthalpy for the H–I bond in equilibrium 3.1, given the following
information.

Bond Bond Enthalpy / kJ mol−1

H–H 436
I–I 151

bond enthalpy ........................................... kJ mol−1 [2]

[Total: 11]

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4 This question is about the determination of enthalpy changes.

(a) A student carries out an experiment to find the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHr , for the
reaction below.

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

In the experiment, 3.18 g of Na2CO3 are added to 50.0 g of 2.00 mol dm−3 HCl, an excess.
The temperature of the reaction mixture increases by 5.5 °C.

Calculate ΔHr , in kJ mol−1.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

The specific heat capacity, c, of the reaction mixture is 4.18 J g−1 K−1.

ΔHr = ........................................... kJ mol−1 [4]

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 (b) The booster rocket of a spacecraft uses a mixture of aluminium and ammonium chlorate(VII),
NH4ClO4, as a fuel. The equation and some enthalpy changes are shown below.

3Al(s) + 3NH4ClO4(s) Al 2O3(s)) + l 3(s) + 6H2O(g) + 3NO(g) ΔH = –2677 kJ mol−1

Standard enthalpy change of

Substance
formation, ΔHf / kJ mol−1
NH4ClO4(s) –295
Al 2O3(s) –1676
AlCl 3(s) –704
H2O(g) –242

(i) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of formation?

Give the standard conditions.

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(ii) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that represents the standard
enthalpy change of formation of NH4ClO4(s).

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(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of formation of NO(g) using the data above.

enthalpy change of formation of NO(g) = ........................................... kJ mol−1 [3]

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5 Nitrogen forms several oxides including N2O4, N2O and NO.

(a) A rocket uses the reaction between N2O4 and methylhydrazine, CH3NHNH2, equation 5.1, to
release a large amount of energy.

4CH3NHNH2(l) + 5N2O4(l) 4CO2(g) + 12H2O(g) + 9N2(g) equation 5.1

Some enthalpy changes of formation, ΔHf, are shown in the table.

Substance ΔHf / kJ mol–1

CH3NHNH2(l) +54

N2O4(l) –20

CO2(g) –394

H2O(g) –242

Using the enthalpy changes of formation, ΔHf, calculate the enthalpy change of reaction in
equation 5.1.

enthalpy change of reaction = ........................................... kJ mol–1 [3]

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 (b) Under certain conditions nitrogen reacts with oxygen to make N2O.

2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g) equation 5.2

The enthalpy profile diagram for this reaction is shown in Fig. 5.3.

enthalpy 2N2O(g)
+447 kJ mol–1
+164 kJ mol–1

2N2(g) + O2(g)

progress of reaction

Fig. 5.3

(i) Calculate the enthalpy change when 240 dm3 of N2O(g), measured at room temperature
and pressure, is formed from N2 and O2.

enthalpy change = ..................................................... kJ [2]

(ii) What is the enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf, of N2O(g)?

ΔHf = ............................................ kJ mol–1 [1]

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 enthalpy 2N2O(g)
+447 kJ mol–1
+164 kJ mol–1

2N2(g) + O2(g)

progress of reaction

Fig. 5.3 (repeated)

(iii) The reaction in equation 5.2 is reversible.

2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g) equation 5.2

Calculate the activation energy, Ea, for the reverse reaction.

Ea (reverse reaction) = ........................................... kJ mol–1 [1]

(c) Describe and explain, using equations, how the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere is
maintained.

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(d) In the stratosphere, NO catalyses the breakdown of ozone.

Write two equations to show how NO catalyses this breakdown.

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
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