1 Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride, HCl:

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) ΔH = −184 kJ mol−1

Table 3.1 shows bond enthalpies.

Bond Bond Enthalpy / kJ mol−1

H−H +436
Cl−Cl +243

Table 3.1

Calculate the bond enthalpy for the H–Cl bond from the information above.

bond enthalpy = kJ mol−1 [2]

2 The reaction of ammonia, NH3, with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide, NO, is an important industrial process.

The equation for this reaction is shown in equilibrium 4.1 below.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH = −905 kJ mol−1 Equilibrium 4.1

The forward reaction in equilibrium 4.1 converts NH3 into NO.

(i) Complete the enthalpy profile diagram for this reaction.

On your diagram:
• Label the activation energy, Ea
• Label the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH
• Include the formulae of the reactants and products.

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 [2]

(ii) 5.10 tonnes of NH3 are converted into NO.

Calculate the energy released, in kJ, for this conversion.

Give your answer in standard form and to an appropriate number of significant figures.

energy released = kJ [4]

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 3 The equation for the complete combustion of cyclohexane is shown below.

C6H12(l) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

Standard enthalpy changes of formation, ∆fHθ , are shown in the table.

Substance C6H12(l) CO2 (g) H2O(l)

∆fHθ / kJ mol−1 –156.3 –393.5 – 285.8

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion, ∆cHθ , of cyclohexane.

∆cHθ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ mol−1 [3]

4 Ammonia is used to make nitric acid. The first stage of the reaction is shown below.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH = –908 kJ mol–1

Standard enthalpy changes of formation, ΔfH o̵, are given in the table.

Substance ΔfH o̵/ kJ mol–1

NH3(g) –46
O2(g) 0
H2O(g) –242

(i) State the conditions of temperature and pressure used for standard enthalpy measurements.

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 Temperature

Pressure

[1]

(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation for NO(g).

Give your answer to a whole number.

o̵
ΔfH for NO(g) = ........................................... kJ mol
-1
[3]

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 5 This question is about energy changes and rate of reaction.

Magnesium reacts with aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), as in equation 23.1.

Mg(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) Equation 23.1

A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction, ΔrH.

• The student adds 25.0 cm3 of 0.512 mol dm−3 AgNO3 to a polystyrene cup.
• The student measures the temperature of the solution.
• The student adds a small spatula measure of magnesium powder, stirs the mixture and records the
maximum temperature

Temperature readings

Initial temperature = 19.5 °C

Maximum temperature = 47.5 °C

(i) Calculate ΔrH, in kJ mol−1, for the reaction shown in equation 23.1.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Assume that the density and specific heat capacity, c, of the solution are the same as for water and that all
the aqueous silver nitrate has reacted.

ΔrH = kJ mol−1 [4]

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 (ii) At the end of the experiment, the student adds a few drops of aqueous sodium chloride to the reaction
mixture in the polystyrene cup to test whether all the aqueous silver nitrate has reacted.

Explain how the results would show whether all the aqueous silver nitrate has reacted. Include an equation
with state symbols in your answer.

[2]

6 ‘Enthalpy change of vaporisation’ is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance changes from a liquid to
a gas at its boiling point.

(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the enthalpy change of vaporisation of bromine.

[1]

(ii) Suggest whether the enthalpy change of vaporisation of bromine is exothermic or endothermic.

Explain your answer.

[1]

7 This question is about alkenes.

The combustion of ethene is shown in equation 25.1 below.

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = −1318 kJ mol −1 equation 25.1

(i) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond forming, why a reaction can be exothermic.

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 [1]

(ii) Average bond enthalpies are shown in the table.

Bond Average bond enthalpy

/kJ mol−1

O–H +464

O=O +498

C–H +413

C=O +805

Calculate the average bond enthalpy of the C=C bond.

Use the average bond enthalpies in the table and equation 25.1.

average bond enthalpy = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ mol −1 [3]

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 8(a) Data book values for the standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ∆cHθ , of the first four alkanes are shown in
the table.

Alkane methane ethane propane butane

∆cHθ / kJ mol−1 –890 –1560 –2219 –2877

(i) The values for the first three alkanes are plotted on the graph below.

Plot the value for butane on the graph.

[1]

(ii) Use the graph to estimate the energy released during complete combustion of 1.80 g of pentane.

Show relevant working below and on the graph.

energy released = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ [3]

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 (b) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.

A student carries out an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcH, of hexane.

The student finds that combustion of 1.29 g of hexane changes the temperature of 200 g of water from 20.5 °C
to 65.5 °C.

(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcH, of hexane, in kJ mol−1.

Give your final answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

ΔcH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ mol−1 [4]

(ii) The calculated value of ΔcH for hexane from this experiment is different from the data book value.

Suggest two reasons for this difference.

[2]

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 END OF QUESTION PAPER

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 FIRST CHECK ON ANSWER LINE 2 ALLOW to 3 SF i.e. 432

If answer = (+) 431.5 (kJ mol–1) award 2
marks
If answer = –431.5 (kJ mol–1) award 1 mark
(wrong sign)
______________________________________
2 × H–Cl bond enthalpy correctly
calculated

= +436 +243 +184 = +863 (kJ mol–1) ✓ ALLOW 1 mark for (+)247.5 / 248
(wrong expression) i.e. (436+243–184)/2
H–Cl bond enthalpy correctly calculated
Examiner’s Comments
+863/2 = (+)431.5 (kJ mol–1) ✓
Most candidates made a good attempt at
this question. The most common mistake
was to use the wrong sign when
incorporating the enthalpy change into the
calculation, or not to incorporate it at all.

Total 2

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

2 i 2 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES ETC

IGNORE state symbols

ALLOW 1 mark for a correctly labelled

endothermic diagram

Ea ALLOW no arrowhead or arrowheads

at both end of Ea line.

Ea line must reach maximum (or near

Reactants, products and Ea to maximum) on curve
Reactants on LHS 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
AND For Ea, ALLOW AE OR AE
Products on RHS 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
AND
Activation energy correctly labelled / Ea
✓ ΔH DO NOT ALLOW –ΔH
DO NOT ALLOW double headed
arrow on ΔH
ΔH
ΔH labelled with product below reactant ALLOW ΔH arrow even with small gap
AND at the top and bottom, i.e. line does
Arrow downwards ✓ not quite reach reactant or product
line.

ALLOW –905 for ΔH

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates were able to gain the first

mark, but many lost the second mark by
putting a double headed arrow or –ΔH.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii FIRST CHECK ON ANSWER LINE 4 IGNORE (-) SIGN

If answer = 6.79 × 107 (kJ) award 4 marks Throughout: IGNORE trailing zeroes in
If answer = 2.72 × 108 (kJ) award 3 marks intermediate working,
(no ÷ 4) e.g. For n(NH3) ALLOW 3 × 105 for 3.00 ×
__________________________________ 105
n(NH3) ______________________________________

Stoichiometry and ΔH
1 mol NH3 releases OR 226.25 (kJ) ✓

Energy released
ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NH3) OR
905/4

ALLOW 3 SF up to calc value correctly

rounded.
Value will depend on intermediate rounding
Final answer to 3SF AND standard form
Common Errors
= 6.79 × 107 (kJ) ✓
1.09 × 109 (× 4 instead of ÷ 4) 3 marks
standard form AND 3 SF required
2.72 × 108 (no ÷ 4) 3 marks
6.79 × 101 (no tonnes → g) 3 marks

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates were able to convert from

tonnes to moles and then went on to
complete the majority of the calculation
steps. Many omitted to divide by 4 and
were credited 3 marks. Some candidates
lost marks by not stating the answer to
standard form or quoted their answer to
more than 3 significant figures. A number
of candidates attempted to use Q = mcΔT
and did not get very far in the calculation.

Total 6

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

3 FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

ANSWER LINE CROSSES ETC
IF enthalpy change = –3919.5 (kJ mol-1) IF there is an alternative answer, check to
award 3 marks see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF enthalpy change
= (+)3919.5 (kJ mol-1) award 2 marks
.....................................................................

Working for CO2 AND H2O seen anywhere

(1 mark)
6 × (–)393.5 AND 6 × (–)285.8
OR (–)2361 AND (–)1714.8
OR (–)4075.8 ✔

Calculates ΔcH
A further 2 marks for correct answer
AND correct sign ALLOW 3 marks for ΔCH = –3920
FINAL answer rounded to 3 SF
= (6 × –393.5) + (6 × –285.8) – (–156.3)

Common incorrect answers are shown

= –3919.5 (kJ mol-1) ✔ ✔ below
ALLOW 2 marks for ΔCH = –3924
From ΔcH = (6 χ–394 + 6 ×–286) – (–156)

Data rounded to 3 sig figs

ALLOW 2 marks for ΔCH = –4232.1
All data added together
(6 × –393.5) + (6 × –285.8) + (–156.3)

ALLOW 1 mark for ΔcH = (+)4232.1

Examiner’s Comment:

This calculation was generally well

answered but there were a variety of errors
that could lead to candidates scoring just
one or two marks. These included incorrect
signs associated with the data during the
calculation, adding all the data together or
missing out the sign associated with the
final answer.

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

4 i 298 K/25°C 1 (AO1.1) ALLOW ‘a stated temperature’

AND To accept that other standard
100 kPa ✓ temperatures can be used and 298 should
strictly be added as ΔH298 θ

ALLOW 1 × 105 Pa, 101 kPa, 1.01 × 105

Pa, 1 atm, 1 bar

Examiner’s Comments

Only just over half of the candidates were

able to quote standard conditions for
enthalpy measurements. Errors included
an incorrect temperature, often 273 and
293 K, or incorrect pressure (e.g. 1000
kPa, 100 atm). Candidates are reminded
that ‘room temperature’ is not a standard
temperature – a specific figure must be
stated.

ii FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE (AO2.6×3 --------------------------------------------------------
IF answer = (+)90 (kJ mol–1) award 3 ) ALLOW ECF if common errors not seen
marks
IF answer = –90 (kJ mol–1) award 2 marks IF ΔH of –908 has NOT been used,
IF answer = (+)360 (kJ mol–1) award 2 ONLY award 1st mark
marks --------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------- COMMON ERRORS
Use of ΔfH values and balancing numbers
± (4 × –46) OR ± 184 1 mark
AND Incorrect signs(s) AND missing ÷4
± (6 × –242) OR ± 1452 seen anywhere ✓ ±2544 from ± ( 184 + 1452 +
908)
Correct subtraction using ΔH = –908 ±728 from ± ( 184 + 1452 – 908)
4 × ΔfH(NO) ±2176 from ± (–184 + 1452 +
= (4 × –46) – (6 × –242) – 908 908)
= –184 + 1452 – 908 -360 from – (–184 + 1452 –
= (+)360 (kJ mol–1) ✓ 908)
Calculation of ΔfH(NO) formation by ÷4
2 marks
Incorrect signs(s)
ΔfH(NO) = = (+)90 (kJ mol–1) ✓ ±636 from ± ( 184 + 1452 +
908) = ± 2544÷4
±182 from ± ( 184 + 1452 – 908)
= ± 728÷4
±544 from ± (–184 + 1452 +
908) = ± 2176÷4
-90 from – (–184 + 1452 –
908) = – 360÷4

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 Mark Scheme

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Examiner’s Comments

Exemplar 6

Most candidates were able to make some

progress with the enthalpy calculation.
Most recognised that the provided ΔfH
values had to be multiplied by the
balancing numbers in the equation. Correct
processing of these values with ΔH for the
reaction discriminated well between
candidates. The response shows a
response that was given 2 out of the 3
available marks. The candidate has
correctly calculated +360 kJ mol–1 from
their enthalpy cycle but has not realised
that this value is for 4 mol NH3 and must
be divided by 4 to obtain the enthalpy
change of formation of 1 mol of NH3. It was
impressive that the correct answer of +90
kJ mol–1 was achieved by about one-third
of candidates.

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

5 i FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 4 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE
IF ΔrH = –457 OR –458 (kJ mol–1) award 4
marks ------------------------------------------------
IF ΔrH = ±229 OR 457 (kJ mol–1) award 3 ALLOW ECF throughout
marks ---------------------------------------
----------------------------------- ALLOW 2930 J OR 2.93 kJ
Energy released in J OR kJ DO NOT ALLOW < 3 SF
= 25.0 × 4.18 × 28.0 = 2926 (J) OR 2.926 IGNORE any sign and units
(kJ)✓ i.e. ALLOW correctly calculated number in
J OR kJ
Correctly calculates n(AgNO3)

-----------------------------------------------------
Alternative approach using 1 mol Mg
ΔH per mole AgNO3 in kJ AND 3 SF
Answer MUST divide energy by n(AgNO3) Energy released = 2926 (J) OR 2.926 (kJ)
✓
= ±228.59375
n(AgNO3) = 1.28 × 10–2 (mol) ✓
= ±229 (kJ) ✓
= 6.4 × 10–3 (mol) ✓
3 SF needed Sign NOT needed

ΔH for 2 mol AgNO3 AND – sign AND 3 SF

ΔHr = 2 × –228.59375 = –457 (kJ mol–1)

OR 2 × –229 = –458 (kJ mol–1) ✓ – sign AND 3 SF needed

Examiner’s Comments

Candidates are well-versed with the

relationship q = mcΔT and most were able
to calculate that 2.926 kJ of energy was
released in this reaction. It was also
common to see the amount of AgNO3
correctly calculated as 1.28 × 10–3 mol.
Candidates were expected to determine
the amount of energy released from 1 mol
AgNO3 as 229 kJ and finally to multiply
this value by 2 for the molar quantities in
the equation to match the ‘enthalpy change
of reaction’. It was common to see –229
given as the final answer but this was
rarely multiplied by 2. The question also
required the final answer to be given to an
appropriate number of significant figures.
Many candidates seemed to be unaware
that this reflects the least significant figure
provided in the data, in this case 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

significant figures. The exemplar shows a

typical response for 3 of the available 4
marks. Many omitted the negative sign in
their ΔH value to consider the
exothermicity of the reaction. Candidates
are also advised to only round at the end of
a multi-step calculation. Rounding of
intermediate values introduces rounding
errors in the final answer.

Answer = –457 kJ mol–1

Exemplar 4

ii Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s) ✓ 2 ALLOW AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s)

State symbols required + NaNO3(aq)

White precipitate AND AgNO3/Ag+ NOT

ALL reacted
OR Observation needs to be linked to
NO white precipitate AND AgNO3/Ag+ ALL conclusion
reacted ✓
Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates recognised that silver

nitrate and chloride ions react together to
form a white precipitate, but many did not
make the link between this observation and
whether any silver nitrate was left
unreacted. Many candidates did not give a
correct equation, with missing or incorrect
state symbols being common. This
question discriminated extremely well.

Total 6

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

6 i Br2(l) → Br2(g) ✓ 1
Examiner’s Comments

A good attempt by many candidates but

some lost marks by having the wrong state
of bromine, even though the question
stated it was a liquid changing to a gas.
Many added water or oxygen, some
confused the equation with bond enthalpy
and answers such as Br2 (l) → 2Br(g) were
commonly seen.

ii Endothermic 1 Mark independently of 3 (d) (i)

AND
Energy required to overcome induced ALLOW endo to break intermolecular
dipole–dipole forces/London forces ✓ forces/bonds
ALLOW bonds between molecules

DO NOT ALLOW van der Waals’ forces

Examiner’s Comments

The majority of candidates answered this

question incorrectly. Only 10% of
candidates mentioned
intermolecular/London forces. Most stated
‘exothermic’ or described breaking
covalent bonds.

Total 2

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

7 i More energy is released by forming bonds 1 ORA

than energy required when breaking bonds Response needs link between energy,
✓ breaking and making bonds
ALLOW ‘bond breaking is endothermic’
AND ‘bond making is exothermic’

ALLOW within labelled energy diagram

Examiner’s Comments
Able candidates provided well- constructed
and structured responses, which
demonstrated their clear understanding of
this key concept. Weaker candidates often
responded in terms of bond making
requiring energy and that breaking bonds
releasing energy. Many responses referred
to more bonds instead of more energy.

ii FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE ---------------------------------------------------------
IF bond enthalpy = (+)612 (kJ mol–1) award
3 marks
IF bond enthalpy = (–)316 (kJ mol–1) award
2 marks

Energy for bonds made (4 × C=O + 4

× O–H)
4 × 805 + 4 × 464
OR 3220 + 1856
OR 5076 (kJ) ✓ IGNORE sign

Energy for bonds broken (4 × C–H + 3

× O=O)
4 × 413 + 3 × 498
OR 1652 + 1494
OR 3146 (kJ) ✓

C=C bond enthalpy correctly calculated IGNORE sign

C=C bond enthalpy = –1318 – 3146 ------------------------------------
+ 5076
= (+)612 kJ mol–1 ✓
Mark is for answer
ALLOW ECF
DO NOT ALLOW – sign

COMMON ERRORS
+ 2106 omission of 3O=O 2 marks
–3248 –1318 + 3146 – 5076 2 marks

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Examiner’s Comments
This question tested both chemical and
mathematical ability. Two marks were
available for calculating the energies
involved in bond making and bond
breaking. Many candidates miscounted the
number of bonds involved in the
calculation, especially for 3 × O=O and
4 × O–H. Candidates can avoid this error
by drawing out each molecule and
counting the bonds being broken and
made.
In calculating the bond enthalpy, weaker
candidates often omitted the enthalpy
change of reaction, –1318 kJ mol–1, instead
simply subtracting the energies already
calculated for bonds broken and bonds
made.
Answer: 612 kJ mol–1

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

8 a i Value for butane plotted accurately on the 3 relative molecular mass = 58

graph ✔
ΔcΗo̶ = -2877 kJ mol-1

Check accuracy:

There must be a visible point

Vertically: touching the 58 line
Horizontally: between 2800 and 2900

Examiner’s Comments

Most, but not all, candidates were able to

plot the value for butane accurately on the
graph.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 relative molecular mass = 72

ANSWER LINE
IF energy released = 87.5 (minimum) to 90 ΔcΗo̶ = - 3509 KJ mol-1
(maximum)
AND line is extrapolated to 72 (molar
mass) award 3 marks
IF energy released <87.5 OR > 90.0 check
the estimated value of ΔcΗo̶ from the graph
Estimation of AcΗo̶
extrapolated (straight) line of best fit (see
graph)
AND
correctly estimated value ΔcΗo̶ from
graph ✔

Expected value within range:

Calculation of energy released (–)3500 to (–)3600 (kJ mol-1)
n(C5H12) = 0.0250 mol ✔
moles = 1.80/72.0

energy released
= 0.0250 × correctly estimated value of IGNORE sign
ΔcΗo̶
✔ ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated
moles of pentane OR incorrectly estimated
ΔcΗo̶

Examiner’s Comment:

A good proportion of candidates scored full

marks for their estimate but some did not
extrapolate the line on the graph and many
did not calculate the amount of pentane.
This restricted their answer to an estimate
of the energy released by one mole of
pentane and this could only score one
mark.

b i FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

ANSWER LINE CROSSES ETC
IF answer = –2510 (kJ mol-1) award 4
marks
IF answer = 2508 / 2507 (kJ mol-1) award 3
marks
(not rounded to 3SF, ignore sign)
IF answer = + 2510 (kJ mol-1) award 3
marks

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

(incorrect sign)
IF answer = –2510000 (kJ mol-1) award 3
marks
(used J instead of kJ)

...................................................................
Moles moles = 1.29/86.0
n(C6H14) = 0.0150 mol ✔ IGNORE trailing zeros

Energy
q calculated correctly = 37620 (J) OR q = 200 × 4.18 × 45.0
37.620 (kJ) ✔ ALLOW correctly rounded to 3 sig figs:
37.6 kJ

ALLOW ECF from incorrect q

ALLOW ECF from incorrect molar mass or

incorrect moles of hexane to 3 SF or more
Calculating ΔH correctly rounded
Correctly calculates ΔH in kJ mol-1
AND to 3 or more SF ✔ IGNORE sign at this intermediate stage
IGNORE working
ΔH = 37.62/0.015 = 2508 (kJ mol-1)
ΔH = 37.6/0.015 = 2507 (kJ mol- 1)
Rounding AND sign
calculated value of ΔH rounded to 3 SF
AND ‘-‘sign ✔ ΔH = –2510 (kJ mol-1)
Final answer must have ‘–‘ sign and 3 SF

Examiner’s Comments

A high proportion of candidates lost marks

on this question for a variety of reasons
including errors in the calculation of moles
and / or energy change. Many candidates
did not express their final answer to three
significant figures and so failed to score the
final mark. An incorrect or missing sign
also resulted in loss of the final mark.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii Any two from the following: 3

✔✔

Heat released to the surroundings ALLOW heat loss

Incomplete combustion ALLOW incomplete reaction OR not

everything burns

Non-standard conditions IGNORE reference to evaporation

Examiner’s Comment:

Almost all candidates scored at least one

mark for this well-rehearsed practical
question. There was some confusion
regarding the use of average bond
enthalpy values obtained from a data book
which was not relevant to this question.

Total 10

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