Contents

▪ A Preview of Calculus
▪ Definitions of Derivative
▪ Differentiation Rules
CHAPTER 3. ▪ The Chain Rule
DERIVATIVES ▪ Implicit Differentiation

TEACHER: Thu NTM

EMAIL: thuntm38@fe.edu.vn

Rate of Change

lim 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥→2

A PREVIEW OF CALCULUS
The heating phase is shown on the left. (Temperature
increases at a nearly linear rate.) On the right, the milk is
cooling and the temperature decreases, but the slope of the
graph becomes shallower with time.
In this chapter, we will be concerned with describing the rates
of change of similar processes, that is in quantifying what we
3
mean by "how fast is the dependent variable changing" 4

1
 Rate of Change Rate of Change for a Linear Relationship
Definition. For a straight line, we define the rate of
change of y with respect to x as the ratio:
Change in y
Change in x

The heating phase is shown on the left. (Temperature

increases at a nearly linear rate.) On the right, the milk is
cooling and the temperature decreases, but the slope of the
graph becomes shallower with time.
In this chapter, we will be concerned with describing the rates
of change of similar processes, that is in quantifying what we
mean by "how fast is the dependent variable changing" 5 6

Example 1 Example 2

As we move from left to right

along the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) =
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥2 does not
− 2𝑥 − 3, we see that the graph
have a constant rate of
decreases at a constant rate.
change
For every 1 unit we move to
the right along the x-axis, the
y-coordinate decreases by 2
units. This rate of change is
determined by the slope (−2)
→ How do we measure the rate of change of a nonlinear
of the line.
function?

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2
Problem Secant Line
→ How do we measure the rate of change of a nonlinear Definition. A secant line is a straight line connecting any
function? two specific points on the graph of a function.
→ We can approximate the rate of change of a function
𝑓 𝑥 at a point 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 on its graph by taking another
point 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) , drawing a line
through the two points, and calculating the slope of the
secant line.
The accuracy of approximating the rate of change of the
function with a secant line depends on how close 𝑥 is to
𝑎.

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Slope of Secant Line Tangent Line

The slope of the secant to the function 𝑓 𝑥 through the A tangent line just touches a curve at a single point,
points 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 is without passing through any other nearby points, and
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑎 indicates the direction of the curve.
𝑚s𝑒𝑐 = .
𝑥−𝑎

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3
The Tangent Line as a Limit of Secant
Lines Slope of Tangent Line
As x approaches a, the secant lines approach the tangent The tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at the point
line. 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 is the line through 𝑃 with slope
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑚 = lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 ℎ→0 ℎ
if limit exists.

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Example 4 Average Rate of Change

3
Find an equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola 𝑦 =
𝑥
at the point (3, 1).

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4
Example 5 Average Velocity
Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 over the
interval [1, 3]

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Instantaneous Rate of Change Instantaneous Velocity

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5
Example 6

Suppose that a ball is dropped from the upper observation

deck of the CN Tower, 450 m above the ground.
(a) What is the velocity of the ball after 5 seconds?
(b) How fast is the ball traveling when it hits the ground?
Hint. Using the equation of motion 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 = 4.9𝑡 2

DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVE

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Derivative at a point Review

The expression
𝑓 𝑥 +ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
0 0
, ℎ ≠ 0 is called the difference The following are all interpretations for the limit of the difference
ℎ
quotient 𝑐.
quotient of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 with increment ℎ . In fact, limits of the form
𝑓 𝑥 +ℎ −𝑓 𝑥0 1. The slope of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑥0
lim 0 arise whenever we calculate a rate of change in 2. The slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑥0
ℎ→0 ℎ
any of the sciences or engineering, such as a rate of reaction in 3. The rate of the change of 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑥0
chemistry or a marginal cost in economics. Since this type of 4. The derivative of 𝑓 at a point 𝑥 = 𝑥0
limit occurs so widely, it is given a special name and notation.

The notation 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 is read “𝑓 prime of 𝑎”.

𝒇 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒉 − 𝒇 𝒙𝟎 𝒇 𝒙 −𝒇 𝒂
𝒇′ 𝒂 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
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6
The Derivative as a Function Example 7
For 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1, find 𝑓 ′ 2 .

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Example 8 Notations
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0. Consider 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓 𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = = = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑓′ 𝑎 = ቚ = ቃ
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎
𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦
= lim
𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

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7
 Higher derivatives Example 9
If 𝑓 is a differentiable function, then its derivative 𝑓′ is also a Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥. Find and interpret 𝑓" 𝑥 .
function, so 𝑓′ may have a derivative of its own, denoted by Solution.
𝑓 ′ ′ = 𝑓". This new function 𝑓" is called the second derivative
of 𝑓 because it is the derivative of the derivative of 𝑓.
Furthermore, we can continue to take derivatives to obtain the
third derivative, fourth derivative, and so on. Collectively, these
are referred to as higher-order derivatives. The notation for the
higher-order derivatives of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) can be expressed in any of
the following forms:

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Example 9 (cont.) Differentiability

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 . Find and interpret
𝑓" 𝑥 .
Solution.
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
𝑓"(𝑥) = 6𝑥
We can interpret 𝑓"(𝑥) as the slope
of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓′(𝑥) at the point
𝑥, 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 . In other word, it is the rate
of change of the slope of the original
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .

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8
 How can a function fail to be
Example 10 differentiable?
Where is the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 differentiable? Example for case a. 𝑦= 𝑥 is not
differentiable at 0.

1
, 𝑥≠0
Example for case b. 𝑓 𝑥 = ൝𝑥 is
0, 𝑥 = 0
not differentiable at 0.

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How can a function fail to be

differentiable? Derivatives and Continuity
Example for case c. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥1/3 is not
differentiable at 0.

WARNING!!! The converse of The Theorem is FALSE, that is, a function

may be continuous at a point but not differentiable at that point.
For instance, y = |x| at x = 0.

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9
Exercises Exercises
1. Use the given graph to estimate the value of each derivative. 2. Match the graph of each function in a – d with the graph of its
Then sketch the graph of 𝑓′. derivative in I – IV.
a. 𝑓 ′ −3
b. 𝑓 ′ −2
c. 𝑓 ′ −1
d. 𝑓 ′ 0
e. 𝑓 ′ 1
f. 𝑓 ′ 2
g. 𝑓 ′ 3

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Exercises Exercises
3. Find the derivative of the function using the definition of 4. The graph of is given. State, with reasons, the numbers at
derivative. State the domain of the function and the domain of which is not differentiable.
its derivative.

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10
Exercises
5. The figure shows the graphs of 𝑓 , 𝑓′ and 𝑓" . Identify each
curve, and explain your choices.

DIFFERENTIATION RULES

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Differentiation Rules Differentiation Rules

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11
Differentiation Rules Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

45 46

Derivatives of Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions

THE CHAIN RULE

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12
The Chain Rule Exercises
1. Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 sin 3𝑥 . Find 𝑓′ in terms of 𝑔′.
A. 3 cos 3𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
B. 3 cos 3𝑥 𝑔′ sin 3𝑥
C. cos 3𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
D. cos 3𝑥 𝑔′ sin 3𝑥
2. Suppose ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑓 2 = 3 , 𝑔 2 = 1 , 𝑔′ 2 = 1 ,
𝑓′ 2 = 2, 𝑓 1 = 5. Find ℎ 2 .
′ ′

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
3. Find equations of the tangent line and normal line to the
𝑥 1
curve 𝑦 = at the point 1, .
1+𝑥 2 2

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Exercises Exercises
4. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 9 − 2𝑥 2 at 7. Determine all points on the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
the point 2,1 . Find an equation of this tangent line. for which
5. At what point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is the tangent line parallel a. the tangent line is horizontal
to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥? b. the tangent line has a slope of −1.
6. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 4 where the 8. Find the point on the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 such that the
tangent line is horizontal. tangent line at that point has an 𝑥 intercept of 6.
Hint. Horizontal tangents occur where the derivative is zero. 9. Find ℎ′ 1 if
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 + 4𝑔 𝑥 .

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13
Exercises True – False Quiz
10. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the given Determine whether the statements is true or false. If it is true,
point. explain why. If it is false, explain why or given an example that
a. 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥 10 , 0,1 disproves the statements.
b. 𝑦 = sin sin 𝑥 , 𝜋, 0
11. A table of values for 𝑓, 𝑔, 𝑓′, and 𝑔′ is given.

a. If ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 , find ℎ′ 1 .
b. If 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 , find 𝐹′ 2 .

53 54

True – False Quiz True – False Quiz

Determine whether the statements is true or false. If it is true, Determine whether the statements is true or false. If it is true,
explain why. If it is false, explain why or given an example that explain why. If it is false, explain why or given an example that
disproves the statements. disproves the statements.

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14
True – False Quiz
Determine whether the statements is true or false. If it is true,
explain why. If it is false, explain why or given an example that
disproves the statements.

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

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Explicit and Implicit Forms Differentiating with respect to 𝒙

In most discussions of math, if the dependent variable 𝑦 is a Notation:
𝒅

function of the independent variable 𝑥, we express 𝒚 in terms of 𝒅𝒙

Deriving when denominator agrees → use properties
𝒙. If this is the case, we say that 𝑦 is an explicit function of 𝑥 .
Deriving when denominator disagrees → use chain rule and
For example, when we write the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 , we are
properties
defining 𝒚 explicitly in terms of 𝒙.
For example,
On the other hand, if the relationship between the function y and 𝑑
the variable x is expressed by an equation where y is not 3𝑥 2 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
expressed entirely in terms of x, we say that the equation defines 𝑑
cos 𝑦 = − sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
with 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
y implicitly in terms of x. For instance, the equation 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 =
1 + 2𝑥.

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15
Implicit Differentiation Example 11
Consider an equation that defines a function 𝑦 implicitly in If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5, find
𝑑𝑦
.
terms of a variable 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥

Guidelines for Implicit Differentiation:

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
2. Collect all terms involving on the left side of the equation
𝑑𝑥
and move all other terms to the right side of the equation.
𝑑𝑦
3. Factor out of the left side of the equation.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve for .
𝑑𝑥

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Example 12 Example 13
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑥 3 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3, find . a. If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25, find .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution. b. Find an equation of the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at
Step 1. the point (3, 4).
Answer.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
a. =−
Step 2. 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
3
b. 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 25 or 𝑦 − 4 = − 𝑥−3
4

Step 3.

Step 4.

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16
Exercises Exercises
1. Find 𝑦′ if sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥. 5. The graph of a folium of Descartes with equation 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 3 −
Answer. 𝑦′ =
𝑦 2 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥+𝑦 9𝑥𝑦 = 0 is given in the following graph.
2𝑦 cos 𝑥−cos 𝑥+𝑦
2. Find 𝑦“ if 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 16
𝑥2
Answer. 𝑦" = −48
𝑦7
3. Find 𝑦′ and 𝑦“ for 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 = 3.
4. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the
𝜋
equation tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + at the point 0,1 .
4

a. Find the equation of the tangent line at the point (2, 1).
b. Find the equation of the normal line to the tangent line in a.
at the point (2, 1)

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Exercises
6. For the equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 0,
a. Find the equation of the normal to the tangent line at the
point (1, 1).
b. At what other point does the normal line in a. intersect the
graph of the equation?

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17