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1. ROOF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

In the design of roof, the major loads which are applied on roof are wind load and live load. The
action of wind can be of the type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally or
internally. However, these effects are more magnified for structures with more openings and
large surface areas. Therefore, our focus is on the most sensitive part of the building that is the
roof.

ROOF WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the pressures on each
surface taking due account of their signs. (Pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as
positive, and suction, directed away from the surface as negative

1.1.1 External wind pressure

The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure is to be computed using the
equation given below:

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ (𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒.................................................. Expression (5.1) CES145 2015

Where: 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓= reference mean wind velocity

(𝑍𝑒)= exposure coefficients for external pressure

𝐶𝑝𝑒=is the external pressure coefficient. See section 7

1.1.2 Internal wind pressure

The wind pressure acting on the internal surface of a structure shall be obtained from:

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑞p ∗ 𝐶𝑒 (𝑍𝑖) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑖 …………………………… Expression (5.2) CES145 2015

Where; (𝑍𝑖) = exposure coefficients for internal pressure

𝐶𝑝𝑒 = is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure given in Section 7

1.1.3 Net wind pressure

The Net wind pressure is, therefore, given by:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒 – 𝑊𝑖 = {(𝑞p ∗ 𝐶𝑒 (𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒) − (𝑞p ∗ 𝐶𝑒 (𝑍𝑖) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑖)}

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The exposure coefficient on both sides, internal and external, assumes the same value, (𝑍).
Therefore, the above equation is simplified to:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞p ∗ 𝐶𝑒 (𝑍) ∗ {𝐶𝑝𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝𝑖}

To perform the wind load analysis let us compute each of the above parameters in the above
equation one by one.

1.1.4 Basic velocity pressure

Basic velocity pressure, 𝑞p= 𝜌 /2 ∗ Vb2 Where ρ: is the air density in Kg/m3, 𝜌 = 1.25𝐾𝑔/𝑚3.

1.1.5 Mean wind velocity Vm (z)

The mean wind velocity Vm(z) at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain roughness
and orography and on the basic wind velocity, Vb,o.

1.1.6 Basic wind velocity

The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, vb,0, is the characteristic 10 minutes mean
wind velocity, irrespective of wind direction and time of year, at 10 m above ground level in
open country terrain with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles with separations of
at least 20 obstacle heights

Vb= Cdir*Cseas*vb, 0

 Vb is the basic wind velocity,

 Vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity=28m/s
 Cdir is the directional factor
 Cseason is the season factor

1.1.7 Terrain roughness

The roughness factor, cr(z), accounts for the variability of the mean wind velocity at the site of
the structure due to:

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 The height above ground level
 The ground roughness of the terrain upwind of the structure in the wind direction
considered

The terrain roughness (CES – 145, 2015, section 4.3.2)

Z
Cr(z) = Kr ln[ ] ; for Zmin < Z < Zmax
Zo

= Cr ( Zmin) ; for Z < Zmin

Where:

Zmin- is the minimum height.

Z0- is the roughness length.

Kr- terrain factor depending on the roughness length Zo, and calculated using:
0.07
Z
Kr = 0.19[ ]
ZoII

Where:

 Zo,II- is 0.05 ( terrain category II, Table 1)

 Zmin- is the minimum height defined in Table 1.
 Zmax- is to be taken as 200, unless otherwise specified in the national
Annex.
 Zo, Zmin- depends on terrain category. Recommended values are given
in Table 4.1 depending on five representative terrain categories

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1.1.8 Orographic factor, Co(Z)

It is defined by:

Co= 1 ; for Φ < 0.05

Co= 1+ 2 · s · Φ ; for 0.05 < Φ < 0.3

Co= 1+ 0,6 · s ; for Φ > 0.3

1.1.9 Turbulence intensity (CES – 145, 2015, section 4.4)

The turbulence intensity lv(z) at height z is defined as the standard deviation of the turbulence
divided by the mean wind velocity.

The recommended rules for the determination of lv(z) are given in expression :

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Kl
σv
lv(z) = = z for ; Zmin < Z < Zmax
vm(z ) Co ( z ) . ln ( )
zo

lv(z) = lv ( Zmin ) for ; Z < Zmin

Where;

kl - is the turbulence factor. The value of kl may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is Kl = 1.

1.1.10 7. Peak velocity pressure (CES – 145, 2015, section 4.5)

The peak velocity pressure qp(z) at height z is calculated by :

1
qp (z) = [1 + 7 lv(z)] .ρ.Vm 2
2

Where:

ρ - Is the air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be
expected in the region during wind storms?

 Recommended value is ρ =1.25 kg/m2

External Wind pressure coefficient (Cpe)

The computation of the external wind pressure that acts on the roof depends on the type of the
roof, the building height, the structure of the roof and the pitch angle.

1.1.11 Monopitch roof design

Step-1; Basic Wind Velocity (CES-145, 2015, section 4.2)

Vb = Cdir*Cseas*vb,0

Vb = 1*1*28m/s = 28m/s

Step 2:- reference heights for reference height (Ze = 19.7m) according to the drawing

Step-3; Terrain category (CES -145, 2015, Table 4.1)

We take terrain category IV since the site location is Adis Ababa which is urban area

Zo = 1m,

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Zmax =200m (Zmax is to be taken as 200 m, unless otherwise specified in the National Annex)

Zmin=10m

Step-4; orographic factor Co (z) the location of the site is flat surface and then the orographic
factor can be taken 1

It is defined by:

co= 1 for 0 Φ < 0,05

co= 1+ 2 · s · Φ for 0 < Φ < 0,3
co= 1+ 0,6 · s
For Φ > 0,3
Step -5; Terrain roughness

zo
c r (z )=k r∗ln ⁡( ) For Zm ≤ Z ≤ Zmax
z oII

Where, kr terrain factor depending on roughness length .calculated using

( )
0.07 0.07
ZO 1
K r =0.19∗ =0.19 ( )
Z OII 0.05

Kr=0.23

19.7
C r (z )=0.23∗ln ⁡( )
1

C r (z )=¿0.69

Step-6; mean wind velocity

vm(z) = cr(z)  co(z) vb

=0.69*1*28m/s = 19.32m/s

Step-7 Turbulence intensity

Kl
σv
Lv (z) = = z for; Zmin < Z < Zmax
vm(z ) Co ( z ) . ln ( )
zo

Lv (z) = lv (Zmin ) for ; Z < Zmin

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Where;

kl - Is the turbulence factor. The value of kl may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is Kl = 1.

1
Lv (z) = 19.7 = 0.335
1∗ln( )
1

8) Peak velocity pressure (CES – 145, 2015, section 4.5)

The peak velocity pressure qp (z) at height z is calculated by:

1
qp (z) = [1 + 7 lv(z)] .ρ.Vm 2
2

Where:

ρ - is the air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric
pressure to be expected in the region during wind storms.

 Recommended value is ρ =1.25 kg/m2

1
qp (z) = [ 1 + 7 * 0.335 ]* * 1.25 * (19.32)2
2

qp (z) = 780.35 Kg/ms2

qp (z) = 0.78 KN/m2

Step-9 External pressure coefficient of roof

In our project the roof type is mono pitch

Distribution of design wind pressure for roof are detailed at CES -145, 2015, section 7)

To get the roof external pressure coefficient, Cpe.

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CASE 1: Wind direction at θ=0 °
and 180°

Depth d 15m

h 19.7m

base b 50.75m

e=min(b,2h e= 39.4m
)

e = min [b, 2h] therefore e=39.4m, since it is 50.75m

Zone Wind direction e G H

F (A=
10
e
*
4

Area ,m2 θ=0 ° and 180° 38.8 122.37 559.265

Adjustment for roof zone Area

Cpe = Cpe,1 A ≤ 1m2

2 2
C pe = C pe1 + ( C pe,10 + C pe,1 ) log A 1m < A < 10m

Cpe=Cpe,10 A ≥10m2

 Pitch angle(α)= tan−1 (4 /15)=5.33 °

The negative values for 00 will be as follows

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Pitch F G H
angle(α)
Cpe
Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1

50 -1.7 -2.5 -1.2 -2 -0.6 -1.2

5.330 -1.6736 -2.4835 -1.1868 -1.9835 -0.5901 -1.1703

150 -0.9 -2 -0.8 -1.5 -0.3 -0.3

Positive value for 00

F G H

Pitch angle α Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1

5 0 0 0 0 0 0

5.33 0.0066 0.0066 0.0066 0.0066 0.0066 0.0066

15 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

positive
values 0.0066 0.0066 0.0066

For 1800

zone for wind direction Q=180

F G H

Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1

-2.3 -2.5 -1.3 -2 -0.8 -1.2

-2.3066 -2.5099 -1.3 -2 -0.8033 -1.2

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-2.5 -2.8 -1.3 -2 -0.9 -1.2

Using above recommendations

zone for wind direction Q=0 zone for wind direction Q=180

ZONE F G H F G H

(-ve) Cpe -1.6736 -1.1868 -0.5901 -2.31 -1.30 -0.80

(+ve)
Cpe 0.0066 0.0066 0.0066

CASE 1: Wind direction at θ=90 °

d 50.75 m

h 19.7 m

b 15 m

e 15 m

e = min [b, 2h] therefore e=15m, since it is <2*19.7m=39.4m

zone F G H I

Area(m2) 11.25 11.25 90.00 648.75

zone for wind direction θ = 90

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Fup Flow G H I
Pitch angle
θ Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1

5 -2.1 -2.6 -2.1 -2.4 -1.8 -2 -0.6 -1.2 -0.5

- - - - - - -
5.33 2.1099 2.6099 2.0835 -2.4 1.8033 2.0165 0.6066 -1.2 -0.51 0.0396

15 -2.4 -2.9 -1.6 -2.4 -1.9 -2.5 -0.8 -1.2 -0.7 -1.2

Using the recommended values

ZONE Fup Flow G H I

Cpe -2.11 -2.08 -1.80 -0.61 -0.51

Step 10. Internal wind pressure

For closed buildings with internal partition and opening windows the extreme values of internal
pressure coefficients are Cpi= 0.2 and Cpi=-0.3 as per CES145 2015 7.4

Step 11. Net wind pressure (Wnet):

The external pressure coefficient that could cause the worst (maximum pressure) effect is
selected from the maximum coefficients for all (00 1800 1900)

Wnet= We-Wi= qp(z)*(Cpe-Cpi)

For us qp(z) = 0.78KN/M2

For monopitch roof Wnet pressure calculations:

zones F G H I

cpe+ cpe- cpe+ cpe- cpe+ cpe- cpe+ cpe-

Cpe 0.0066 -2.31 0.0066 -1.8 0.0066 -0.8 0 -0.51

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Net(cpe-cpi)
+0.2 -0.1934 -2.51 -0.1934 -2 -0.1934 -1 -0.2 -0.71

Net(cpe-cpi)
-0.3 0.3066 -2.21 0.3066 -1.5 0.3066 -0.5 0.3 -0.21

Wnet(cpe- - - -
cpi) +0.2 0.150852 -1.8901 0.150852 -1.56 0.150852 -0.78 -0.156 -0.5538

WNet(cpe-
cpi) -0.3 0.239148 -1.5678 0.239148 -1.17 0.239148 -0.39 0.234 -0.1638

From the table the maximum wind pressure is

Wnet positive =0.239

Wnet neagative = -1.89

DESIGN OF EGA SHEET

Use EGA sheet-500 so the relevant data from Kaliti steel manual is:-

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Characteristics:-

Thickness= 0.30mm, can be taken from 0.30-1mm

Width=782mm

Effective width=712mm

Moment of inertia=59979 m m4

Section modulus=2824 m m3

I xx =76700m m4

Sx=3611m m3

1.1.12 Components of loads on the EGA sheet

Loads acting on the EGA sheet are; Self weight, Live load, Wind load

Dead Load

Weight of EGA = 2.35Kg/m

Coating=0.76 kg/m

Total load = weight of EGA +coating=2.35kg/m+0.76=3.11Kg/m

Effective width of EGA =712mm=0.712m

Width of EGA sheet = 782mm=0.782m

Load on EGA per meter square=Gk/m2 as we know 1mega pascal=1KN/m2

Gk/m2= (total load *gravitational acceleration)/ (width of EGA sheet)

3.11 Kg
∗9.81 m
m kN
Gk = 2 =0.039 2
s m
0.782 m∗1000

Live load:

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Roof is not accessible for serviceability except for normal maintenance, repair, painting &minor
repair. Therefore, roof category is H. (Table 2.13, EBCS-1, 1995) and for this roof category the
live loads (Imposed load) on the sloping roofs are (from Table 2.14, EBCS-1, 1995):

Table 1.8 Imposed loads on Roofs

KN
LL (distributed) =0.25 2
m

KN
Considering 1m design strip: LL (distributed) =0.25*1 m=0.25
m

LL (Concentrated) =1 KN Determining the governing live load:

The governing live load is the concentrated live load. Thus, LL= 1 KN Therefore;

1 KN KN
Qk= =1.28
1m∗0.782 m m

By comparing the two result take the maximum one which is 1.28KN/M

Case-I Load Perpendicular to EGA-sheet

Pitch angle α =5.33 °

0.03885 KN
Gκ =0.039 KN ∗cos 5.33 ˚= 2
m

Qk=1.28KN/m2*Cos5.33˚=1.27 KN/m

Case-II Loads Parallel to EGA sheet

Pitch angle α =5.33 °

0.003662 KN
Gκ =0.039 KN ∗sin 5.33 ˚= 2
m

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Qk=1.28KN/m2*Sin5.33˚=0.1189 KN/m

Therefore, use the maximum load from the above two cases for design.

DL=Gk=0.03885 KN/m2

LL=Qk=1.27 KN/m

1.1.13 Load combination

Effects of actions, Ed- should be determined by combining the values of actions which occur
simultaneously. (EBCS-1 1995 section 1, 9, 4.3)

Persistent and transient situations

Accidental situations

Seismic situations

When the dominant action is not obvious, each variable action should be considered in turn as
the dominant action.

We need to find the maximum case at which our building might be affected or the load
combination case our building might be subjected to during its life time.

As per EBCS-1 1995 section 1.9.4.3 table 1.2 safety factors for favorable and unfavorable
conditions are:

‫ץ‬G=0.90 for favorable condition for permanent load. ‫ץ‬G=1.30 for unfavorable condition for
permanent load.

After calculating each load, we then multiply by the effective width of the EGA sheet=0.782m

And then calculate the maximum moments (considering 1M length of Strip design).

Different load combination:-

1/ DL+ LL(Dist.)+ WL(+) 6/ DL+ WL(-)

2/ DL+ LL(Dist.)+ WL(-) 7/ LL(Dist.) + WL(+)

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3/ DL+ LL(Conc.)+ WL(+) 8/ LL(Dist.) + WL(-)

4/ DL+ LL(Conc.)+ WL(-) 9/ LL(Conc.) + WL(+)

5/DL+ WL(+) 10/ LL(Conc.) + WL(-)

From the above load combinations we consider the concentrated live loads because as it is
determined before the governing live load is the concentrated 1 kN load.

Note: - Safety factors for favorable & unfavorable conditions from EBCS-1; 1995:-

YG= 0.9, for favorable condition (permanent)

YG= 1.3, for unfavorable condition (permanent)

YG= 1.6, for live and wind loads

Case-1; Taking Wnet as pressure (+)

Dl+0.9WL = Pd = (1*0.03885+0.9*0.239) 0.782m

Pd =0.1986 kN/m
2
Wl
Mmax1= = 0.1918(1)2 / 8 =0.0248 kNm
8

Case-2; Taking Wnet as suction (-)

Dl+0.9WL = Pd = (1*0.03885+0.9*-1.89) 0.782m

Pd =-1.31 kN/m
2
Wl
Mmax2= = -1.29 (1)2 / 8 =-0.1633 kNm
8

Case-3; Unfavorable permanent and live load

Pd= (1.3 Gk+ 1.6 Qk) 0.782m

Pd= (1.3*0.03885+1.6*1.27)0.782m

Pd= 0.03950 kN/m +1.589kN/m

2 2
Wl Pl 0.0390∗1 1.589∗1
Mmax3= + = + =0.4022 kNm
8 4 8 4

Case-4; favorable load condition

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Pd= (0.9 Gk+ 1.6 Qk) 0.782m

Pd= (0.9*0.03885+1.6*1.27)0.782m

Pd= 0.03497kN/m2 +1.589 kN/m

2 2
Wl Pl 0.03497∗1 1.589∗1
Mmax4 = + = + =0.4016 kNm
8 4 8 4

Case-5; Dead load and suction wind pressure (-)

Pd= (1.3*0.03885+0.9(-1.89) 0.782m

Pd= -1.291 kN/m

2 2
Wl −1.662∗1
Mmax5= = =-0.1613 kNm
8 8

Case-6; Dead load and wind pressure (+)

Pd= (1.3*0.03885 + 0.239*0.9) 0.782m

Pd= 0.2077 kN/m

2 2
Wl 0.2207∗1
Mmax6 = = = 0.02596 kNm
8 8

Out of the above combinations the governing maximum moment is Mmax= 0.4022 kNm

1 capacity of EGA-500

Taking the Section properties of the EGA-500 from Kality manual table;

Actual stress. δact= Mmax/S = (0.4022 KNm/3611mm3)/106

=111.38N/mm2

Allowable stress = capacity of the section under T=0.3/Sx

2
4.62 KN /M ∗1 M 2 = 577500N.MM
Allowable stress =
8

577500 N . MM
== = 159.93N/mm2
3611mm 3

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As we can see that EGA 500 in T=0.3 is enough since the Allowable stress is greater than the
actual stress of the section.

=111.38 N/mm2 <159.93 N/mm2 -------------OK!

1.1.14 Checking for deflection of EGA

Allowable deflection, Δall=span/200= 1000/200= 5 mm

Actual deflection, Δact= (5WL4/384EI + PL3/48EI)

Δact= (5*0.03950N/mm*1000mm3) / (384*210KN/mm*1000*59979 mm4)) +

(1.589*1000*10003) / (48*210000*59979)

Δact= 2.63mm

Δact= 2.12 mm < Δall= 5mm------------------------OK!

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2. SLAB DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Slabs are horizontal structural elements which transfer service loads to the frame elements.

There are two types of slab systems based on the load transferring mechanisms. These are one
way and two way slab systems.

If Ly/Lx>2……………………………………One way slab

Ly/Lx≤2………………………………………..Two way slab

Where Ly is longer span and Lx is shorter span

One way slab transfer their load in one direction while two way slabs resist applied load
primarily by bending about in two directions or axis. However, as in the one-way slab, the depth
of the two-way slabs should also be checked for the shear stresses to avoid any reinforcement for
shear. Moreover, these slabs should have sufficient depth for the control deflection. Thus,
strength and deflection are the requirements of design of two-way slabs.

These types of slabs are composed of rectangular panels supported at all four edges by beams
and are stiff enough to be treated as unyielding.

The reinforcement bar, in one way slab, main steel is provided along with short span only and
the load is transferred to two opposite supports and in two-way slab, main steel is provided in
both directions.

2.1 Depth Determination

Thickness of the slabs given in the architectural drawing should be checked weather it’s adequate
for deflection or not. To determine the thickness of the slab first we should have to group our
panels depend on:

Ly and Lx

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Boundary condition such as interior, end span and cantilever.

Purpose of the rooms.

Here we have given an Architectural drawing of floor plan and we are expected to design the
slab system.

The panels are 28 and the cantilevers are 14.

Panel layout

Material grades

 Concrete grade C-25

 Steel grade S-400
 Cover 15mm

Depth determination

Sample calculation as panel 2

D min=d min +cover +ф/2

D min=Lx/Lx/d

Lx/d=limiting span to depth ratio

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fcu (Mpa) = 25 Structural

K
System
fck (Mpa) = 20
Simple Supported 1
fyk (Mpa) = 400
End Span 1.3

ɸ (mm) = 10 Interior Span 1.5

Flat Slab 1.2
Cover (mm) = 20 Cantilever 0.4

ρ0= 0.45%
** This "K" value works for Beams, One way
slab and two way slab.
ρ= 0.35%

ρ'= 0

Note: here the effective depth (d) of the slab is affected by the selection of parameters like:
Concrete grade, Steel grade and tensile zone reinforcement ratio (ρ-which varies from 15%-50%)

So when ρ and Steel grade values increase the depth of the slab will increase.

And also when the Concrete grade increases the depth of the slab decreases.

In our case p≤p0 we use

Lx/d=k [11+1.5*fck^0.5*p0/p+3.2*fck^0.5*(po/p-1)^1.5]

Lx/d=1.3[11+1.5*20^0.5*0.45/0.35+3.2*20^0.5* (0.45/0.35-1)^1.5]

Lx/d=35.21

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Effective depth (dmin)=Lx/Lx/d=3250/37.38=92.31mm

Dmin=dmin+cover+ф/2

Dmin =92.31+15+5=122.31=170 mm

Panel Span Lx Ly Ly/Lx Type K Corr. Lx/d d D Dprov

Name Type [m] [m] Factor (mm) (mm) (mm)

P-1 End Span 3.25 4.7 1.45 Two- 1.3 1.25 35.21 92.31 120 170
Way

P-2 End Span 4.7 7 1.49 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-3 End Span 4.7 5 1.06 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-4 End Span 4.7 5 1.06 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-5 End Span 4.7 5 1.06 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-6 End Span 4.7 5 1.06 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-7 End Span 4.7 5 1.06 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-8 End Span 4.7 5 1.06 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 147.78 170 170
Way

P-9 End Span 4 4.7 1.18 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 125.77 150 170
Way

P-10 End Span 3.25 5 1.54 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 102.19 130 170
Way

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P-11 Interior 5 7 1.40 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-12 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-13 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-14 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-15 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-16 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-17 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-18 End Span 4 5 1.25 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 125.77 150 170
Way

P-19 End Span 3.25 5 1.54 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 102.19 130 170
Way

P-20 Interior 5 7 1.40 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-21 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-22 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-23 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-24 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Span Way

P-25 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-26 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-27 Interior 5 5 1.00 Two- 1.5 1.25 36.70 136.25 160 170
Span Way

P-28 End Span 4 5 1.25 Two- 1.3 1.25 31.80 125.77 150 170
Way

C-1 Cantlieve 1.8 3.2 1.81 Two- 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r 5 Way

C-2 Cantlieve 1.8 7 3.89 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-3 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-4 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-5 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-6 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-7 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-8 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-9 Cantlieve 1.8 5 2.78 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170

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r

C-10 Cantlieve 1.8 4 2.22 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 183.94 210 170
r

C-11 Cantlieve 1.35 4.7 3.48 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 137.96 160 170
r

C-12 Cantlieve 1.35 5 3.70 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 137.96 160 170
r

C-13 Cantlieve 1.35 6.8 5.04 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 137.96 160 170
r

C-14 Cantlieve 1.35 5 3.70 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 137.96 160 170
r

C-15 Cantlieve 1.35 6.8 5.04 One-Way 0.4 1.25 9.79 137.96 160 170
r

2.2 Design Load Calculations

Sample calculation of panels with partition wall:-Our slab consists of dead load from its self-
weight, dead load from floor finishing which is cement screed, and plastering.

For panel-2

Given parameters:-

Lx=5m

Ly=7m

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
LL=5KN/m2

Thickness of slab=D=170m

Unit weight of concrete =25kN/m3

Unit weight of cement screed =23kN/m

Unit weight of ceramic tile =16kN/m3

Unit weight of plastering =23kN/m3

Cement screed=0.03m*23kN/m3=0.69 kN/m2

Ceramic tile=0.02m*16kN/m3=0.42 kN/m2

Reinforced concrete=0.17*25KN/ m3=4.25KN/m2

Plastering=0.02m*23KN/ m3=0.46KN/m2

Total self-weight=0.69+0.42+4.25+0.46=5.72

Pw= partition wall

Length of wall=4.65m

Thickness of wall=0.15m

Height of wall=3.03m

Area of the floor= 35

Total partition wall= (4.65*0.15*3.03)/ (35) =0.88KN/M

Total dead load (DL) =Total self-weight +Partition

=5.72+0.88

=6.60KN/M2

Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL

=1.35(6.60) + 1.5(5)

=16.41kN/m2

Panel 6

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Given parameters:-

Lx=5m

Ly=5m

LL=2KN/m2

Thickness of slab=D=170m

Thickness of slab=D=170m

Unit weight of concrete =25kN/m3

Unit weight of cement screed =23kN/m

Unit weight of ceramic tile =16kN/m3

Unit weight of plastering =23kN/m3

Cement screed=0.03m*23kN/m3=0.69 kN/m2

Ceramic tile=0.02m*16kN/m3=0.42 kN/m2

Reinforced concrete=0.17*25KN/ m3=4.25KN/m2

Plastering=0.02m*23KN/ m3=0.46KN/m2

Total self-weight=0.69+0.42+4.25+0.46=5.72

Pw= partition wall

There are 7 partition walls in panel 6

2 partition walls L=1.52m and thickness =0.10m

2 partition walls L=0.73m and thickness =0.10m

Partition wall L=1.89m and thickness =0.10m

Partition wall L=1.5m and thickness =0.15m

Partition wall L=2.95m and thickness =0.15m

Height of the walls =3.03m

Area of the panel =25m2

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Total partition load of walls=

(2(1.52*0.1) +2(0.73*0.1) +1(1.89*0.1) +1(2.95*0.15) +1(1.5*0.15))*3.03/25

=1.91KN/M2

Total dead load (DL) =Total self-weight +Partition

=5.72+1.91

=7.63KN/M2

Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL

=1.35(7.63) + 1.5(2)

=13.30kN/m2

2.3 Moment calculations

Sample calculation:-

For panel-2

M=αi*Pd*Lx2

αi is moment coefficient depending on span ratio (ly/lx) and support condition (obtained from
EBCS -2 table A.1)

Boundary conditions

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
As we can see the panel out the boundary condition will condition be 3 and the coefficients will
be like this

axs= 0.068

axf= 0.039

ays= 0.051

ayf= 0.03

Mxs= αxs*Pd*Lx2=0.068*16.41kN/m2* (5m)2=24.65kNm

Mxf= αxf* Pd*Lx2=068*16.41kN/m2*(5m)2=14.13kNm

Mys= αys* Pd*Lx2=.068*16.41kN/m2*(5m)2=18.5kNm

Myf=αyf* Pd*Lx2=.068*16.41kN/m2* (5m)2=10.87kN

The other are summarized in the table

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
B o u n d a ry Pd
P ane l LL DL Mo m e n t
S pa n Ty pe C o n d itio n (K N /m 2 L x (m ) L y (m ) L y /L x Mo m e n t(K N m )
Na me (K N ) (K N ) c o e ffi c ie n ts
(S u p p o rt T y p e ) )
a x s = 0. 076 Mx s = 1 2 . 2 1 9461
a x f= 0. 047 Mx f= 7. 556771 6
P -1 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 3. 2 5 4. 7 1 . 45
a y s = 0. 053 My s = 8. 52 1 4659
a y f= 0. 056 My f= 9. 00381 3
a x s = 0. 068 Mx s = 2 4. 649789
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 4. 1 37379
P -2 E nd S pa n 5 6. 6 1 6. 41 4. 7 7 1 . 49
a y s = 0. 051 My s = 1 8. 487342
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 1 0. 874907
a x s = 0. 045 Mx s = 1 5. 1 31 42 9
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 3. 1 1 3905
P -3 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 4. 7 5 1 . 06
a y s = 0. 034 My s = 1 1 . 432 635
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 1 0. 08761 9
a x s = 0. 045 Mx s = 1 5. 1 31 42 9
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 3. 1 1 3905
P -4 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 4. 7 5 1 . 06
a y s = 0. 034 My s = 1 1 . 432 635
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 1 0. 08761 9
a x s = 0. 045 Mx s = 1 5. 1 31 42 9
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 3. 1 1 3905
P -5 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 4. 7 5 1 . 06
a y s = 0. 034 My s = 1 1 . 432 635
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 1 0. 08761 9
a x s = 0. 045 Mx s = 1 3. 2 2 1 362
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 1 . 45851 4
P -6 E nd S pa n 2 7. 63 1 3. 301 4. 7 5 1 . 06
a y s = 0. 034 My s = 9. 9894735
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 8. 81 42 41 4
a x s = 0. 045 Mx s = 1 5. 1 31 42 9
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 3. 1 1 3905
P -8 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 4. 7 5 1 . 06
a y s = 0. 034 My s = 1 1 . 432 635
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 1 0. 08761 9
a x s = 0. 045 Mx s = 1 5. 1 31 42 9
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 1 3. 1 1 3905
P -9 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 4. 7 5 1 . 06
a y s = 0. 034 My s = 1 1 . 432 635
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 1 0. 08761 9
a x s = 0. 055 Mx s = 1 3. 39536
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 9. 49852 8
P -1 0 E nd S pa n 5 5. 72 1 5. 2 2 2 4 4. 7 1 .1 8
a y s = 0. 041 My s = 9. 985632
a y f= 0. 031 My f= 7. 5501 1 2
a x s = 0. 074 Mx s = 1 3. 459583
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 7. 0935638
P -1 1 E nd S pa n 5 7. 2 1 7. 2 2 3. 2 5 5 1 . 54
a y s = 0. 056 My s = 1 0. 1 8563
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 5. 4565875
a x s = 0. 05 Mx s = 2 1 . 946875
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 4. 046
P -1 2 Inte rio r 5 7. 45 1 7. 558 5 7 1 . 40
a y s = 0. 037 My s = 1 6. 2 40688
a y f= 0. 032 4 My f= 1 4. 2 2 1 575
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 1 4. 052 48
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 4. 052 48
P -1 3 Inte rio r 5 7. 456 1 7. 566 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 1 0. 53936
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 1 0. 53936
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 1 4. 052 48
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 4. 052 48
P -1 4 Inte rio r 5 7. 456 1 7. 566 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 1 0. 53936
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 1 0. 53936

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 1 4. 052 48
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 4. 052 48
P -1 5 Inte rio r 5 7. 456 1 7. 566 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 1 0. 53936
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 1 0. 53936
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 1 3. 668
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 3. 668
P -1 6 Inte rio r 5 7. 1 1 7. 085 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 1 0. 2 51
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 1 0. 2 51
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 1 4. 052 48
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 4. 052 48
P -1 8 Inte rio r 5 7. 456 1 7. 566 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 1 0. 53936
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 1 0. 53936
a x s = 0. 044 Mx s = 1 9. 33552 5
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 1 4. 062 2
P -1 9 Inte rio r 5 7. 465 1 7. 578 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 0336 My s = 1 4. 743338
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 1 0. 54665
a x s = 0. 059 Mx s = 1 1 . 537568
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 7. 62 652 8
P -2 0 E nd S pa n 3 5. 72 1 2.222 4 5 1 .25
a y s = 0. 045 My s = 8. 79984
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 5. 86656
a x s = 0. 074 Mx s = 9. 55302 08
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 5. 0347001
P -2 1 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 3. 2 5 5 1 . 54
a y s = 0. 056 My s = 7. 2 2 931 3
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 3. 872 8463
a x s = 0. 05 Mx s = 1 5. 2 775
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 2 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 7 1 . 40
a y s = 0. 057 My s = 1 7. 41 635
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 3 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 4 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 5 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 6 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 7 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 8 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 032 Mx s = 9. 7776
a x f= 0. 032 Mx f= 9. 7776
P -2 9 Inte rio r 3 5. 72 1 2.222 5 5 1 . 00
a y s = 0. 02 4 My s = 7. 3332
a y f= 0. 02 4 My f= 7. 3332
a x s = 0. 039 Mx s = 7. 62 652 8
a x f= 0. 039 Mx f= 7. 62 652 8
P -30 E nd S pa n 3 5. 72 1 2.222 4 5 1 .25
a y s = 0. 03 My s = 5. 86656
a y f= 0. 03 My f= 5. 86656

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Pd W a ll
Mo m e n
C a n tile v e r P a n e ls L L (K N ) DL (K N ) (K N /m 2 L x (m ) lo a d
t (K N m )
) (K N )
C -1 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -2 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -3 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -4 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -5 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -6 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -7 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -8 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -9 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -1 0 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -1 1 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 .8 0 2 3. 1 8
C -1 2 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 . 35 0 1 3. 04
C -1 3 C a ntlie ve r 4 5. 94 1 4. 31 1 . 35 0 1 3. 04
C -1 4 C a ntlie ve r 3 8. 82 1 7. 2 8 1 . 35 0 1 5. 75
C -1 5 C a ntlie ve r 2 5. 72 1 1 .28 1 . 35 0 1 0. 2 8

2.4 Moment Adjustment

2.1.1 Support moment adjustment

For each support over which the slab is continuous there will thus generally two different support
moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the support to
equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames. There are two
methods of differing accuracy, are given here for treating the effects of this redistribution on
moments away from the support.

Method I.

When differences between initial support moments are less than 20% of the larger moment, we
use average method

If it is greater than 20% we call it stiffness method

Support and span moments are first calculated for individual panels by assuming each panel to
be fully loaded.

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method. The relative
stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of inertia divided by the
smaller span.

If the support moment is decreased, the span moment M xf and Myf are then increased to allow for
the changes of support moments. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made
to the span moment

We use the following formulas to adjust the support moment

If ΔM/ML*100<20%=we use the average Moment

If ΔM/ML*100>20%=we use stiffness method

Sample calculation

Average method

Moment adjustment between P2 and P3

Large moment (ML) =18.5

Small moment (MS)=16.24

18.5−16.24
*100 = 12.162% <20% so use method 1
18.24

18.5−16.24
=17.32
2

Stiffness method

Moment Adjustment (Madj) between panel 1&2

Large moment (ML) =24.65

Small moment (MS)=8.52

ΔM=24.65-8.52=16.13

ΔM/ML*100=16.13/24.65*100= 65.45which is 100>20% so we use stiffness method

Now calculate KS and KL

KL= ¾*1/L

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
=3/4*1/7 =0.107

Ks =3/4*1/L

= ¾*1/3.25 =0.23

ΔM= (24.65-8.52) =16.13

KL
Adjusted moment = ML- ∗¿ ΔM considering the large moment
KL+ KS

0.107
Adjusted moment = 24.65- ∗¿ 16.13
0.107+0.23

=22.86

The other adjustment are listed in the table

2.1.2 Field moment adjustment

Field moment adjustment depend on the value of support moment, thus if the unadjusted support
moment is greater than the adjusted support moment then the field moment requires adjustment
unless it does not adjusted.

Using this table you can adjust the span moment.

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Table 2: Factors for Adjusting Span Moments,

M xf & M yf

l y /l x
ly ly
cy cx cy
1.0 0.380 0.280 0.280 0.380
1.1 0.356 0.220 0.314 0.374
1.2 0.338 0.172 0.344 0.364
1.3 0.325 0.135 0.373 0.350
1.4 0.315 0.110 0.398 0.331
1.5 0.305 0.094 0.421 0.310
1.6 0.295 0.083 0.443 0.289
1.7 0.285 0.074 0.461 0.272
The table below is summarized the adjusted moment of span, support and cantilever as well as
reinforcement design.

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A s ,c a l A s ,m i A s ,re S p a c i
Panel A d ju s te d E ff e c tiv e S p ro v
µ Z(m m ) c n q n g (m
N a me Mo m e n t D e p th ,d (m m ) (m m )
(m m 2 ) (m m 2 ) (m m 2 ) m)
Mxs = 12.86 dx 1 50 0. 05043 1 46.1 1 7 2 53 .03 3 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 7.6 dx 1 50 0. 02 98 1 47 .7 3 1 47 .905 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
P -1
My s = 8.52147 dy 1 40 0. 03 83 6 1 3 7 .2 61 1 7 8.486 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 9 dy 1 40 0. 04052 1 3 7 .1 04 1 88.7 2 5 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 22.9 dx 1 50 0. 0898 1 42 .93 2 460.62 2 2 7 5 .945 460.62 2 1 7 0.47 6 Φ 1 0C /C 1 7 0
Mxf= 8.9115 dx 1 50 0. 03 495 1 47 .3 3 1 1 7 3 .897 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
P -2
My s = 17.37 dy 1 40 0. 07 82 1 3 4.2 94 3 7 1 .862 2 57 .548 3 7 1 .862 2 1 1 .1 67 Φ 1 0C /C 2 1 0
My f= 10.3115 dy 1 40 0. 04642 1 3 6.67 1 2 1 6.91 1 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 20.67 dx 1 50 0. 081 06 1 43 .652 41 3 .682 2 7 5 .945 41 3 .682 1 89.82 Φ 1 0C /C 1 80
Mxf= 14.364 dx 1 50 0. 0563 3 1 45 .649 2 83 .53 4 2 7 5 .945 2 83 .53 4 2 7 6.951 Φ 1 0C /C 2 7 0
P -3
My s = 10.985 dy 1 40 0. 04945 1 3 6.448 2 3 1 .457 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 11.264 dy 1 40 0. 0507 1 1 3 6.3 56 2 3 7 .497 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 15.1 dx 1 50 0. 0592 2 1 45 .41 9 2 98.53 4 2 7 5 .945 2 98.53 4 2 63 .03 5 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
Mxf= 14.36 dx 1 50 0. 0563 1 1 45 .65 2 83 .453 2 7 5 .945 2 83 .453 2 7 7 .03 Φ 1 0C /C 2 7 0
P -4
My s = 10.985 dy 1 40 0. 04945 1 3 6.448 2 3 1 .457 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 11.26 dy 1 40 0. 05069 1 3 6.3 57 2 3 7 .41 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 15.1 dx 1 50 0. 0592 2 1 45 .41 9 2 98.53 4 2 7 5 .945 2 98.53 4 2 63 .03 5 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
Mxf= 14.36 dx 1 50 0. 0563 1 1 45 .65 2 83 .453 2 7 5 .945 2 83 .453 2 7 7 .03 Φ 1 0C /C 2 7 0
P -5
My s = 11.4326 dy 1 40 0. 051 47 1 3 6.2 99 2 41 .1 52 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 11.26 dy 1 40 0. 05069 1 3 6.3 57 2 3 7 .41 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 14.15 dx 1 50 0. 05549 1 45 .7 1 6 2 7 9.1 82 2 7 5 .945 2 7 9.1 82 2 81 .2 68 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 11.5 dx 1 50 0. 0451 1 46.53 8 2 2 5 .62 4 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
P -6
My s = 10.12 dy 1 40 0. 04556 1 3 6.7 3 5 2 1 2 .7 84 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 8.8 dy 1 40 0. 03 962 1 3 7 .1 7 1 84.443 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 15.1 dx 1 50 0. 0592 2 1 45 .41 9 2 98.53 4 2 7 5 .945 2 98.53 4 2 63 .03 5 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
Mxf= 14.35 dx 1 50 0. 0562 7 1 45 .653 2 83 .2 49 2 7 5 .945 2 83 .2 49 2 7 7 .2 2 9 Φ 1 0C /C 2 7 0
P -8
My s = 10.97 dy 1 40 0. 0493 8 1 3 6.453 2 3 1 .1 3 2 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 11.33 dy 1 40 0. 051 01 1 3 6.3 3 4 2 3 8.92 7 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 15.1 dx 1 50 0. 0592 2 1 45 .41 9 2 98.53 4 2 7 5 .945 2 98.53 4 2 63 .03 5 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
Mxf= 14.63 dx 1 50 0. 057 3 7 1 45 .566 2 88.95 2 7 5 .945 2 88.95 2 7 1 .7 6 Φ 1 0C /C 2 7 0
P -9
My s = 13.12 dy 1 40 0. 05906 1 3 5 .7 3 6 2 7 7 .893 2 57 .548 2 7 7 .893 2 82 .57 3 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
My f= 11.615 dy 1 40 0. 052 2 9 1 3 6.2 3 9 2 45 .1 07 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 12.47 dx 1 50 0. 0489 1 46.2 3 8 2 45 .1 57 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 13.473 dx 1 50 0. 052 84 1 45 .92 7 2 65 .441 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
P -1 0
My s = 12.83 dy 1 40 0. 057 7 6 1 3 5 .83 3 2 7 1 .556 2 57 .548 2 7 1 .556 2 89.1 67 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
My f= 9.873 dy 1 40 0. 04445 1 3 6.81 6 2 07 .467 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 11.525 dx 1 50 0. 0452 1 46.53 2 2 6.1 2 7 2 7 5 .945 2 7 5 .945 2 84.568 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 14.55 dx 1 50 0. 057 06 1 45 .591 2 87 .3 2 2 7 5 .945 2 87 .3 2 2 7 3 .3 01 Φ 1 0C /C 2 7 0
P -1 1
My s = 10.2 dy 1 40 0. 04592 1 3 6.7 08 2 1 4.508 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 16.14 dy 1 40 0. 07 2 66 1 3 4.7 1 4 3 44.451 2 57 .548 3 44.451 2 2 7 .97 1 Φ 1 0C /C 2 2 0
Mxs = 18.23 dx 1 50 0. 07 1 49 1 44.43 2 3 62 .88 2 7 5 .945 3 62 .88 2 1 6.3 94 Φ 1 0C /C 2 1 0
Mxf= 14.046 dx 1 50 0. 05508 1 45 .7 48 2 7 7 .068 2 7 5 .945 2 7 7 .068 2 83 .41 4 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
P -1 2
My s = 16.82 dy 1 40 0. 07 57 2 1 3 4.482 3 59.583 2 57 .548 3 59.583 2 1 8.3 7 8 Φ 1 0C /C 2 1 0
My f= 14.22 dy 1 40 0. 06402 1 3 5 .3 65 3 02 .01 6 2 57 .548 3 02 .01 6 2 60.003 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
Mxs = 18.7 dx 1 50 0. 07 3 3 3 1 44.2 82 3 7 2 .62 1 2 7 5 .945 3 7 2 .62 1 2 1 0.7 3 7 Φ 1 0C /C 2 1 0
Mxf= 20.7 dx 1 50 0. 081 1 8 1 43 .642 41 4.3 1 2 7 5 .945 41 4.3 1 1 89.53 2 Φ 1 0C /C 1 80
P -1 3
My s = 8.92 dy 1 40 0. 0401 6 1 3 7 .1 3 1 87 .01 2 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 17.19 dy 1 40 0. 07 7 3 9 1 3 4.3 55 3 67 .84 2 57 .548 3 67 .84 2 1 3 .47 6 Φ 1 0C /C 2 1 0
Mxs = 14.05 dx 1 50 0. 0551 1 45 .7 47 2 7 7 .1 5 2 7 5 .945 2 7 7 .1 5 2 83 .3 3 1 Φ 1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 20.7 dx 1 50 0. 081 1 8 1 43 .642 41 4.3 1 2 7 5 .945 41 4.3 1 1 89.53 2 Φ 1 0C /C 1 80
P -1 4
My s = 8.92 dy 1 40 0. 0401 6 1 3 7 .1 3 1 87 .01 2 2 57 .548 2 57 .548 3 04.894 Φ 1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 17.14 dy 1 40 0. 07 7 1 6 1 3 4.3 7 3 3 66.7 2 3 2 57 .548 3 66.7 2 3 2 1 4.1 2 6 Φ 1 0C /C 2 1 0

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Mxs = 14.05 dx 1 50 0. 05 5 1 1 45 . 7 47 277.1 5 2 7 5 . 945 277.1 5 2 83 . 3 3 1 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 20.7 dx 1 50 0. 081 1 8 1 43 . 642 41 4. 3 1 2 7 5 . 945 41 4. 3 1 1 89. 5 3 2 Φ1 0C /C 1 80
P -1 5
My s = 8.92 dy 1 40 0. 0401 6 1 37.1 3 1 87 . 01 2 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 17.14 dy 1 40 0. 07 7 1 6 1 3 4. 3 7 3 3 66. 7 2 3 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 66. 7 2 3 2 1 4. 1 2 6 Φ1 0C /C 2 1 0
Mxs = 13.86 dx 1 50 0. 05 43 5 1 45 . 806 2 7 3 . 2 91 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 20.914 dx 1 50 0. 082 02 1 43 . 5 7 3 41 8. 7 94 2 7 5 . 945 41 8. 7 94 1 87 . 5 03 Φ1 0C /C 1 80
P -1 6
My s = 8.6 dy 1 40 0. 03 87 2 1 37.235 1 80. 1 65 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 17.114 dy 1 40 0. 07 7 04 1 3 4. 3 81 3 66. 1 42 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 66. 1 42 2 1 4. 466 Φ1 0C /C 2 1 0
Mxs = 12.2 dx 1 50 0. 047 84 1 46. 3 2 2 2 3 9. 7 1 2 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 29.72 dx 1 50 0. 1 1 65 5 1 40. 68 607 . 3 7 3 2 7 5 . 945 607 . 3 7 3 1 2 9. 2 86 Φ1 0C /C 1 2 0
P -1 8
My s = 8.92 dy 1 40 0. 0401 6 1 37.1 3 1 87 . 01 2 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 20.21 dy 1 40 0. 09098 1 33.31 2 43 5 . 849 2 5 7 . 5 48 43 5 . 849 1 80. 1 66 Φ1 0C /C 1 80
Mxs = 16.7 dx 1 50 0. 065 49 1 44. 91 6 331 .31 3 2 7 5 . 945 331 .31 3 2 3 7 . 01 2 Φ1 0C /C 2 3 0
Mxf= 19.33 dx 1 50 0. 07 5 8 1 44. 081 3 85 . 7 1 1 2 7 5 . 945 3 85 . 7 1 1 2 03 . 5 85 Φ1 0C /C 2 00
P -1 9
My s = 11.02 dy 1 40 0. 04961 1 3 6. 43 7 232.21 4 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 15.82 dy 1 40 0. 07 1 2 2 1 3 4. 82 3 3 3 7 . 3 49 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 3 7 . 3 49 232.771 Φ1 0C /C 2 3 0
Mxs = 9.42 dx 1 50 0. 03 694 1 47 . 1 7 6 1 84. 01 4 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 14.184 dx 1 50 0. 05 5 62 1 45 . 7 05 2 7 9. 87 3 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 9. 87 3 2 80. 5 7 3 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 0
My s = 14.66 dy 1 40 0. 066 1 35.21 7 3 1 1 . 7 03 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 1 1 . 7 03 2 5 1 . 92 2 Φ1 0C /C 2 5 0
My f= 15.914 dy 1 40 0. 07 1 64 1 3 4. 7 91 3 3 9. 43 4 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 3 9. 43 4 2 3 1 . 3 41 Φ1 0C /C 2 3 0
Mxs = 19.6 dx 1 50 0. 07 686 1 43 . 995 3 91 . 3 3 3 2 7 5 . 945 3 91 . 3 3 3 2 00. 66 Φ1 0C /C 2 00
Mxf= 7.93 dx 1 50 0. 03 1 1 1 47 . 63 1 5 4. 43 1 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 1
My s = 7.23 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 5 5 1 3 7 . 683 1 5 0. 97 1 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 9.068 dy 1 40 0. 04082 1 3 7 . 082 1 90. 1 82 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 12.75 dx 1 50 0. 05 1 46. 1 5 1 2 5 0. 81 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 2
My s = 21.66 dy 1 40 0. 097 5 1 1 3 2 . 805 468. 903 2 5 7 . 5 48 468. 903 1 67 . 465 Φ1 0C /C 1 60
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 12.09 dx 1 50 0. 047 41 1 46. 3 5 6 2 3 7 . 495 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 3
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 4
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 5
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 6
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 7
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 8
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
Mxf= 9.8 dx 1 50 0. 03 843 1 47 . 06 1 91 . 5 88 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -2 9
My s = 19 dy 1 40 0. 085 5 3 1 33.732 408. 466 2 5 7 . 5 48 408. 466 1 92 . 2 44 Φ1 0C /C 1 90
My f= 7.3 dy 1 40 0. 03 2 86 1 3 7 . 66 1 5 2 . 45 8 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
Mxs = 19.09 dx 1 50 0. 07 486 1 44. 1 5 8 3 80. 7 2 2 7 5 . 945 3 80. 7 2 2 06. 2 5 4 Φ1 0C /C 2 00
Mxf= 7.63 dx 1 50 0. 02 992 1 47 . 7 2 1 1 48. 498 2 7 5 . 945 2 7 5 . 945 2 84. 5 68 Φ1 0C /C 2 80
P -3 0
My s = 8.07 dy 1 40 0. 03 63 3 1 3 7 . 409 1 68. 848 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00
My f= 5.9 dy 1 40 0. 02 65 6 1 3 8. 1 1 5 1 2 2 . 81 4 2 5 7 . 5 48 2 5 7 . 5 48 3 04. 894 Φ1 0C /C 3 00

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
A s ,c a l A s ,mi A s ,re S p a c i
S p ro v
C a n tile v e r d (mm) µ Z(mm) c n q n g (m
(mm)
(mm2 ) (mm2 ) (mm2 ) m)
C -1 M= 19.6 d 210 0.0392 2 2 05.798 2 73.81 2 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -2 M= 21.66 d 210 0.04334 2 05.346 303.2 56 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -3 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -4 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -5 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -6 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -7 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -8 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -9 M= 19 d 210 0.03802 2 05.93 2 65.2 61 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -1 0 M= 19.09 d 210 0.0382 2 05.91 2 66.543 386.32 3 386.32 3 2 03.2 63 Φ 1 0C /C 2 00
C -1 1 M= 10.22 d 160 0.0352 3 1 57.1 31 1 86.994 2 94.341 2 94.341 2 66.782 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
C -1 2 M= 11.97 d 160 0.041 2 6 1 56.62 8 2 1 9.71 6 2 94.341 2 94.341 2 66.782 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
C -1 3 M= 12.3 d 160 0.042 39 1 56.533 2 2 5.91 2 94.341 2 94.341 2 66.782 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
C -1 4 M= 14.475 d 160 0.04989 1 55.904 2 66.931 2 94.341 2 94.341 2 66.782 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60
C -1 5 M= 11.975 d 160 0.041 2 7 1 56.62 7 2 1 9.81 2 94.341 2 94.341 2 66.782 Φ 1 0C /C 2 60

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology

3. STAIRCASE ANALYSIS
Staircase is a structural member which provides vertical movement (circulation) between floors
of the building at different vertical levels. It consists of steps arrange in a series for the purpose
of giving access to different floors of building.

There are two typical stairs one which starts from ground floor grade beam to the first floor
while the other stars from the first floor beam to half of landing and repeats itself.

Geometric data of the stair

Frist flight

Height of stair in on flight =2.6m

Number of risers =16

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Number of threads =15

Height of riser =0.16m=16cm

Width of thread =30cm=0.30m

1st fight length L1=16*0.16 =2.6m

Height of stair in on flight =1.60m

Number of risers =10

Number of threads =9

Height of riser =0.16m=16cm

Width of thread =30cm=0.30m

Length of stair

2nd fight length L2= 10*0.16=1.6m

16m 30mm

16
Tan-( ) =28.10
30

A. Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement

According to EBCS: 2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value

l po po
=K [11+1.5√ fck
3.2
+3.2√ fck ( −1¿ ¿ 𝑖𝑓𝜌≤𝜌𝑜----- (7.16𝑎)
d p p

l
d
=K [11+1.5√ fck
po 1
p−p ' 12 √
+ fck
p'
p0 √
] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌≥𝜌𝑜 -------- (7.16𝑏)

Where;

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Ρ is = 0.015 highly stressed of concrete

0.005 Lightly stressed of concrete

l
- is the limit span/depth
d

K -is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio =

ρ - Is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers?)

ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.

So for our calculation, let us assume p’ =0 and p= 0.005 as a lightly stressed concret

P0= =0.0048

Effective length =6.45 =6450

Using equation 7.16 b

l
d
=K [11+1.5√ fck
po 1
p−p ' 12 √
+ fck
p'
p0 √
] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌≥𝜌𝑜 -------- (7.16𝑏)

K= 1.3 as our staircase is end span support

Fck = 20Mpa

l
d
=1.3[11+1.5√ 20
0.005 1
0.005−0 12 √
+ 20
0
0.005 √
] = 24.05

Use 26 as limit to span ratio

6450
= 30 d (Effective depth) d =248.077
d

lon
dept h D =d + d’ d’=cover +∅ ∅ long. =12mm
2

12
d’=15 + =21mm
2

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
D=248.077 +21=269.077mm ≈ 270 𝒎𝒎

Our prefer depth =260mm

Now d =D – d’ =260 – 26 = 239 mm

3.1.1 Dead load calculation

Material Thickness(m) Unit weight (kN/m3 )

Marble 0.05 27

Cement screed 0.03 23

Concrete slab 0.2 25

Plastering 0.02 23

T= 0.30

R=0.16

D= 0.24
2 2 2
R +T =L L=0.34 as per tread length

I. For flight part

Self-weight of steps =25*(0.5*0.16*0.30)*(1/0.30) =2 KN/m as per tread

Self-weight of slab (waist) = (25*0.260*0.34)*(1/0.30) = 7.367KN/m as per tread

DDL of plastering = (25*0.03*0.34)*(1/0.30) = 0.521KN/m as per tread

Cement screed (Tread) =0.03*23= 0.69KN/m

0.16
Cement screed (riser) =0.03*23* =¿0.394KN/m
0.30

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Weight of marble (Tread) =0.05*27=1.35 KN/m

0.16
Weight of marble (riser) =0.05*27* =0.72KN/m
0.30

Total Dead load= 12.663 KN/m

Live load

LL=3N/m2

Design load Pd=1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.35*12.663+1.5*3=21.6 KN/m2

Pd =21.6KN/m

3.1.2 For landing part

Self-weight of RCC slab (waist) =0.26*1*25=6.5kN/m

Cement screed=0.03*23=0.69kN/m

plaster=0.02*23=0.46kN/m

Floor finish= 0.05*27=1.35kN/m

Total Dead load=8.70 KN/m

Live load

LL=3KN/m

Design load Pd =1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.35*8.70 +1.5*3 =16.245 KN/m

This load acting on the stair are analyzed and result are maximum moment and shear force.

Loading diagram.

Live load transferred

2
3∗6.45
Mend=pdL^2/8= = 15.6KN.m
8

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
2
3∗6.45 15.6
Ry= − =12.094 kN . m
2 6.45

RX=5*6.45-12.094kN.m=7.3kN.m

Dead load transferred:-

2 2
pdL 8.77∗6.45
Moment of Landing = = =45.61 kN . m
8 8

Moment of flight = 17.090KN.m

Moment of end reaction =45.61+17.090=62.7kN.m

Rx=25.535KN
Ry= 47.384

Design Moment
2 2
pd l 16.340(6.45)
Moment of landing = = =84.973 kN . m
8 8

Moment of flight = 23.071 kN.m

Moment of support=Msd=84.973+23.071=108.0401KN.m Rx= 45.356KN &Ry= 82.109KNkN

82.109−(16.340∗0.65)
Xmax= 0.65m+ =3.96m
21.6
2
(3.96−0.65)
Moment of span = Msp= 108.042*0.65(3.96-0.65/2) +21.6 - 82.109*3.96=-
2
60.2KN.m
3.1.3 Reinforcement Design

0.85∗25
25, fcd = =14.167
1.5

400
S-400, fyd = =347.826 MPa
1.15
2
Fctm = fctm= 0.3 fck2 /3 =0.3∗25 3 =2.56 Mpa (EN 1992-1-1:2014 Table 1-1)

= 260. ….. d = D – 15 – Ø/2 = [260– 15 – (12/2)] mm= 239 mm

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Arba Minch Institute of science and technology
Msd = 60.20 kN.m b = 1 m

For 12 mm diameter transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bar: as =

2 2
πd π∗12 2
= =113.09 mm
4 4

Minimum reinforcement

fctm 0.26∗2.56 2
AS,min=max=0.26* ∗b∗d= ∗1000∗239=397.69=400 mm
fyk 400

As,min=0.0013*1000*239=310mm 2

Maximum reinforcement As, max = 0.04Ac

As, max = 0.04*239*1000= As, max = 9560mm 2

Longitudinal bar

Main rebar of span

6
Msd 60.20∗10
µsd= 2
= 2
=0.074
fcd∗b∗d 14.167∗1000∗239

Kz=0.5 ⌈ 1+ √ 1−2(µsd)⌉ =0.5(1+√ 1−2∗0.074 ) =0.96

6
msd 60.20∗10 2
As = = =¿ 753.336 mm ¿
kz∗d∗fyd 0.961∗239∗347.826

b∗as 1000∗113.09
S=( )=( =150.129 ≈150
AS 753.336

Use Provide Ø 12 C/C 150

Maximum spacing:-

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3𝐷 or 400 𝑚𝑚}

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3(239) = 717 𝑚𝑚 or 400 𝑚𝑚

Smax = 400mm >S Provided = 150

Thus, use Ø 12 c/c 150 mm

Main rebar support

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6
Msd 108.042∗10
µsd= 2
= 2
=¿ 0.134
fcd∗b∗d 14.167∗1000∗239
Kz=0.5 ⌈ 1+ √ 1−2(µsd)⌉ =0.5(1+√ 1−2∗0.134 ) =0.928
6
msd 108.042∗10
As = = =¿1400.398mm 2
kz∗d∗fyd 0.925∗239∗347.826

b∗as 1000∗113.09
S=( )=( =80.76 ≈80
AS 1400.398

 Maximum spacing

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3𝐷 or 400 𝑚𝑚}

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3(239) = 717 𝑚𝑚 or 400 𝑚𝑚

Smax = 400mm >S Provided = 80

Thus, S provided use Ø 12 of 80mm.

Secondary rebar

S Provided use Ø 10 c/c 400 mm

3.1.4 Frist Floor to Fourth floor staircase

Geometric data of the stair

Frist flight

Height of stair in on flight =1.6m

Number of risers =10

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Number of threads =19

Height of riser =0.16m=16cm

Width of thread =30cm=0.30m

1st fight length L1=10*0.16 =1.6m

Height of stair in on second flight =1.60m

Number of risers =10

Number of threads =9

Height of riser =0.16m=16cm

Width of thread =30cm=0.30m

16m 30mm

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16
Tan-( ) =28.10
30

3.1.5 Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement

According to EBCS: 2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value

l po po
=K [11+1.5√ fck
3.2
+3.2√ fck ( −1¿ ¿ 𝑖𝑓𝜌≤𝜌𝑜----- (7.16𝑎)
d p p

l
d
=K [11+1.5√ fck
po 1
p−p ' 12 √
+ fck
p'
p0 √
] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌≥𝜌𝑜 -------- (7.16𝑏)

Where;

Ρ is = 0.015 highly stressed of concrete

0.005 Lightly stressed of concrete

l
- is the limit span/depth
d

K -is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio =

ρ - Is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers?)

ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.

So for our calculation, let us assume p’ =0 and p= 0.005 as a lightly stressed concrete

P0= =0.0048

Effective length =6.1 =6100

Using equation 7.16 b

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l
d
=K [11+1.5√ fck
po 1
p−p ' 12 √
+ fck
p'
p0 √
] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌≥𝜌𝑜 -------- (7.16𝑏)

K= 1.3 as our staircase is end span support

Fck = 20Mpa

l
d
=1.5[11+1.5√ 20
0.005 1
+ √ 20
0.005−0 12
0
0.005 √
] = 24.05

Use 26 as limit to span ratio which is limited value

6100
= 26 d (Effective depth) d =233.437
d

lon
dept h D =d + d’ d’=cover +∅ ∅ long. =12mm
2

12
d’=15 + =21mm
2

D=233.437 +21=254.437mm ≈ 260 𝒎𝒎

Our prefer depth =260mm

Now d =D – d’ =260 – 21 = 239 mm

3.1.6 Dead load calculation

Material Thickness(m) Unit weight (kN/m3 )

Marble 0.05 27

Cement screed 0.03 23

Concrete slab 0.2 25

Plastering 0.02 23

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T= 0.30

R=0.16

D= 0.24

2 2 2
R +T =L L=0.34 as per tread length

3.1.7 I. For flight part

Self-weight of steps =25*(0.5*0.16*0.30)*(1/0.30) =2 KN/m as per tread

Self-weight of slab (waist) = (25*0.260*0.34)*(1/0.30) = 6.8KN/m as per tread

DDL of plastering = (25*0.03*0.34)*(1/0.30) = 0.521KN/m as per tread

Cement screed (Tread) =0.03*23= 0.69KN/m

0.16
Cement screed (riser) =0.03*23* =¿0.394KN/m
0.30

Weight of marble (Tread) =0.05*27=1.35 KN/m

0.16
Weight of marble (riser) =0.05*27* =0.72KN/m
0.30

Total Dead load= 12.663 KN/m

Live load

LL=3N/m2

Design load Pd=1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.35*12.663+1.5*3=21.34 KN/m2

Pd =21.596KN/m

II.For landing part

Self-weight of RCC slab (waist) =0.26*25=6.5kN/m

Cement screed=0.03*23=0.69kN/m

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plaster=0.02*23=0.46kN/m

Floor finish= 0.05*27=1.35kN/m

Total Dead load=8.770 KN/m

Live load

LL=3KN/m

Design load Pd =1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.35*8.770 +1.5*3 =16.340 KN/m

This load acting on the stair are analyzed and result are maximum moment and shear force.

Loading diagram.

Live load transferred

2
3∗6.1
Mend=pdL^2/8= = 13.953KN.m
8
2
3∗6.1 13.953
Ry= − =11.438 kN .m
2 6.1

RX=3*6.1-11.438kN.m=6.86kN.m

Dead load transferred:-

2 2
pdL 8.77∗6.1
Moment of Landing = = =40.791 kN . m
8 8

Moment of flight = 11.119kN . m

Moment of end reaction =40.791+11.119=51.91kN.m

Rx=23.667KN

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Ry= 40.34KN

Design Moment
2
pd l 2 16.340(6.1)
Moment of landing = = =75.99 kN . m
8 8

Moment of flight = 15.011 kN.m

Moment of support=Msd=75.99+15.011=91.01KN.m Rx= 42.244KN &Ry= 71.618KNkN

71.618−(16.340∗1.8)
Xmax= 1.8m+ =3.754m
21.569
2
(3.754−1.8)
Moment of span = Msp= 91.01*1.8(3.754-1.8/2) +21.569 – 71.618*3.96=-
2
52.68KN.m
3.1.8 Reinforcement Design

0.85∗25
25, fcd = =14.167
1.5

400
S-400, fyd = =347.826 MPa
1.15
2
Fctm = fctm= 0.3 fck2 /3 =0.3∗25 3 =2.56 Mpa (EN 1992-1-1:2014 Table 1-1)

= 260. ….. d = D – 15 – Ø/2 = [260– 15 – (12/2)] mm= 239 mm

Msd = 71.618 kN.m b = 1 m

For 12 mm diameter transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bar: as =

2 2
πd π∗12 2
= =113.09mm
4 4

Minimum reinforcement

fctm 0.26∗2.56 2
AS,min=max=0.26* ∗b∗d= ∗1000∗239=397.69=400 mm
fyk 400

As,min=0.0013*1000*239=310mm 2

Maximum reinforcement As, max = 0.04Ac

As, max = 0.04*239*1000= As, max = 9560mm 2

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Longitudinal bar

Main rebar of span

6
Msd 52.6∗10
µsd= 2
= 2
=0.065
fcd∗b∗d 14.167∗1000∗239

Kz=0.5 ⌈ 1+ √ 1−2(µsd)⌉ =0.5(1+√ 1−2∗0.065) =0.966

6
msd 52.68∗10
As = = 655.766 mm 2
kz∗d∗fyd 0.961∗239∗347.826

b∗as 1000∗113.09
S=( )=( =172.466 ≈170
AS 655.766

Use Provide Ø 12 C/C 170

Maximum spacing:-

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3𝐷 or 400 𝑚𝑚}

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3(239) = 717 𝑚𝑚 or 400 𝑚𝑚

Smax = 400mm >S Provided = 140

Thus, use Ø 12 c/c90 mm

Main rebar support

6
Msd 71.618∗10
µsd= 2
= 2
=¿ 0.112
fcd∗b∗d 14.167∗1000∗239
Kz=0.5 ⌈ 1+ √ 1−2(µsd)⌉ =0.5(1+√ 1−2∗0.112) =0.940
6
msd 71.618∗10
As = = =¿1164.437mm 2
kz∗d∗fyd 0.925∗239∗347.826

b∗as 1000∗113.09
S=( )=( =97.126 ≈90
AS 1164.437

 Maximum spacing

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3𝐷 or 400 𝑚𝑚}

Smax= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {3(239) = 712 𝑚𝑚 or 400 𝑚𝑚

Smax = 400mm >S Provided =90

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Thus, S provided use Ø 12 of 90mm.

Secondary rebar

S Provided use Ø 10 c/c 400 mm

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