CHAPTER 5.

Principles of Hydrodynamics
1. A fluid flowing in a pipe 30cm in diameter has a uniform velocity of 4m/s. The pressure at the
center of the pipe is 40kpa, and the elevation of pipes centerline above an assumed datum is
4.5m. Compute the total energy per unit weight of the flowing fluid if it is (a) oil (sp.gr. 0.80) (b)
gas (w=8.50N/m3)

2. A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6cm pipe. The total energy at a point in the flowing
liquid is 80 J/N. The elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum is 2.60m and the pressure in the
pipe is 75kpa. Determine the velocity of flow and the power available at that point.

3. Point A in the suction pipe is 1m below the pump. It is mounted with an open manometer which
reads a vacuum of 20cm of mercury. The pipe is 10cm in diameter and the flow is 35 liters of
water. Compute the total energy at point A with respect to a datum through the pump.

4. A city requires a flow of 1.5m 3/s for its water supply. Determine the diameter of the pipe if the
velocity of flow is to be 1.80m/s.

5. A pipeline consists of three successive lengths 50cm, 40cm, and 30cm pipes. With a
continuous discharge of 300 liters of oil (sp.gr. 0.75) compute the mean velocity in each pipe.

6. A 30cm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 10 pipe. Points 1 and 2 are along the same
elevation. The pressure at 1 is 200KPa. The flow is 30 liters and the energy lost between 1 and
2 is equivalent to 20KPa. Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid flowing is water.

7. Compute the velocity head of the jet (Fig. A) if the larger diameter is 10cm and the smaller
diameter is 30mm. The pressure head at point 1 is 30m of the flowing water and the head lost
between points 1 and 2 is 5% of the velocity head in the jet.

8. In Fig. B, 35 liter of sea water (sp. Gr. 1.03) is flowing from 1 to 2, and the pressure at 1 is 100
Kpa while at 2 the pressure is – 15KPa. Point 2 is 6m higher than 1. Compute the energy lost
in KPa between 1 and 2 if D1 =30cm and D2 =10cm.

9. In fig. C, a 5cm pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir and discharges into air. If the loss of
head between A and B is 44 J/N, determine the discharge

10. A pump draws water from a 20cm suction pipe and discharges through a 15cm pipe in which
the velocity is 4m/s. The pressure is - 35KPa at A. The 15 cm pipe discharges into the air at C.
To what height h above B can the water be raised if B is 2m above A and 25KW is delivered to
the pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70% efficiency and the frictional loss between A
and C is 3J/N. See Fig. D.

11. Fig. E shows a siphon discharging oil (sp.gr. 0.90). The siphon is composed of 8cm pipe from
A to B followed by 10cm pipe from B to C. The head losses are: 1 to 2: 0.30 J/N; 2 to 3: 0.20
J/N and 3 to 4: 1.00 J/N. Compute the discharge and determine the pressures at points 2 and
3.
12. A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B. The head losses are: A to 1:
V12/2g and 2 to B: 20 V22/2g. Compute the output power in KW of the pump and the pressure
head at point 2 if the discharge is 15 liters. See Fig. F.
13. The 60cm pipe conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine which is discharging
through another 60cm pipe into tailrace B. the head losses are: A to 1: 5 V 2/2g; 2 to B: 0.20
V2/2g. If the discharge is .70m 3/s, what input power is being given up by the water to the
turbine? Fig. G.

14. A fire pump delivers water through 15cm main pipe to a hydrant to which is connected an 8cm
hose, terminating in a nozzle 2cm in diameter. The nozzle trained vertically up, is 1.60m above
the hydrant and 12m above the pump. The head losses are: Pump to hydrant: 3 J/N; Hydrant:
2 J/N; hydrant to nozzle base: 12J/N; Nozzle: 6% velocity head in the nozzle. If the gage
pressure at the pump is 550KPa to what vertical height can the jet be thrown? Neglect air
friction.

15. Water from reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 90cm in diameter, and a pressure of
200KPa is maintained at the summit where the pipe is 90m above the reservoir. The quantity
pumped is 1.40m3/s and by reason of friction there is a head loss of 3 J/N between reservoir
and summit. If the pump is 90% efficient, determine the input power furnished to the water.

16. The turbine shown in Fig. H extracts 50 J/N of water from the given pipe system. At the summit
S 480KPa is maintained. Determine the flow and the pressure at the discharge side of the
turbine considering the following losses: Summit to turbine: 4 times the velocity head in the
20cm pipe; Turbine to reservoir: 3 times the velocity head in the 30cm pipe.

17. A horizontal Venturi meter 45cm by 60cm is used to measure the flow of air through a 60cm
pipeline. A differential gage connected to the inlet and the throat contains water which is
deflected 10cm. Considering the specific weight of air as 12.60 N/m 3, find the flow of air.
Neglect head losses.

18. A venturi meter 60cm by 30cm has its axis inclined downward 30 deg from the horizontal. The
distance, measured along the axis, from the inlet to the throat is 1.20m. The differential
manometer shows a deflection of 15cm of mercury. If the flowing fluid is water, find the
discharge if C=0.98.

19. A 6cm fire host water discharges through a nozzle having a diameter of 2.5cm. the head lost in
the nozzle is 4% of the velocity head in the jet. If the gage pressure at the base of the nozzle is
400kpa, find the flow and the maximum horizontal range to which the stream can be thrown.

20. Water is flowing through the pipe system of Fig. I. Calculate the power of the turbine,
neglecting losses.

21. Calculate the minimum power of the pump which will send the jet over the wall shown in Fig. J.
Neglect losses.

22. In fig. K, h1 = 20cm and h2 = 30cm. If water is flowing, calculate the power of the pump.

23. A 20cm pipe contains a short section in which the diameter is gradually reduced to 7.5cm and
then gradually enlarged to full size. The pressure of the water at a point where the reduction
 starts is 520KPa. If the rate of flow is 35L/s, determine the pressure at 7.5cm section. Neglect
losses.
24. The inlet in the end of a pipe is 2.50m above the discharge end. To maintain a flow 35L/s
through the 15cm pipe a pressure of 250kPa at the inlet end is kept. Compute the head loss
while passing through the pipe and determine the energy per second it represents. Consider
water flowing.
25. A water motor is supplied from a horizontal 30cm pipe and uses 220L/s. Discharge takes place
through a 60cm vertical pipe. A differential gage tapped into pipe close to the motor shows a
deflection of 1.80m of mercury. The two points where the gage was taped are separated by
vertical distance of 1m. if the motor is 80% efficient, determine its power output.
26. A pump draws water from a pit through and vertical 30cm pipes w/c extends below the water
surface. It discharges into a 15cm horizontal pipe 4.0m above the water surface. While
pumping 60 L/s, a pressure gage on the discharge pipe reads 165KPa and a gage on the
suction pipe shows a vacuum of 35KPa. Bothe gages are close to the pump and are separated
by a vertical distance of 90cm. Compute the change in energy per second between gages.
What is the proper output of the pump?
27. A free jet of water 5cm in diameter is discharge from a nozzle at an angle of 60° from the
horizontal. If the pressure at the 10cm base, 30cm from the tip, is the maintained at 465kpa
and Cv = 0.97, what is the maximum distance that the nozzle can be placed from a building and
still get water into a window w/c is 20m above the nozzle?
28. A pilot tube in a pipe in w/c air is flowing is connected to a manometer containing water as in
Fig.L. If the difference of the water levels in the manometer is 10cm, what is the velocity of flow
in the pipe? Assume a tube coefficient of Cp=0.99. Specific weight of air is 12 N/m3.
29. In Fig. M is shown a vertical pipe discharging water from an elevated tank into the atmosphere.
If the pipe is 15cm in diameter and the head loss is 0.04 v 2/2g J/N per meter of pipe, compute
the discharge and the pressure head in the pipe 30cm below point A.
30. In Fig. N 85 liters of water enter through the 12 diameter pipe at A and discharges radially in all
directions between the circular plates 60cm in diameter and 2.50cm apart, discharging into the
air. Neglecting friction, determine the absolute pressure at point B.

CHAPTER 6. Orifices, Weirs, and Tubes

1. Oil of specific gravity of 0.72 flows through a 7.5 cm diameter orifice with C v = 0.95, Cc = 0.65. What
must be the pressure of the air on the surface so that the jet’s available power is 6 KW? See Fig. D.
2. A cylindrical tank 1m in diameter and 3m high contains 1m of water, 1.20m of oil (s=0.80) and air
under a pressure of 16KPa. Find the theoretical velocity of the jet through a 5cm diameter orifice
30cm above the bottom of the tank.
3. What will be the discharge through a 2.5cm orifice (C=0.61) in the bottom of a tank moving upward
with an acceleration of 3 m/s2 stands 2.50m over the orifice?
4. In Fig. A, P1 = 70KPa, P2 = 5KPa, Cc= 1.00, Cv= 0.95, Do= 6cm, h=1.80m (liquid with s=2.5). Find
the actual flow through the orifice, to double the discharge, what must be P 1 assuming P2 is
unchanged?
5. The horizontal orifice of Fig. B has a diameter of 10cm with C c=0.60, Cv= 0.97. When h=2.50m.
What pressure, applied on the surface, will cause the jet to rise 20cm higher than the free surface?
6. In Fig. C, Do= 5cm and Cc= 0.62, Cv= 0.98. the liquid is oil(s=0.80) and stands 4m in the piezometer
above the pipe’s centerline. Compute the flow and the velocity of the jet.
7. A sharp-edged orifice in a 30° plane has its vena contract at EL 10.7m. If the W.S. in the tank is at
EL 15.25m and the top of the jet is at EL 14m, find the velocity and the coefficient of velocity.
8. In Fig. E is a submerged orifice. Find the theoretical velocity of the jet.
9. Fig. F shows a cylinder weighing 780N and is empty at the time the orifice is opened. Neglecting
the thickness of the cylinder walls, determine the weight of the anchor if the cylinder sinks 1m in
2minutes. The specific weight of the anchor is 23.54 KN/m3.
10. A cylindrical vessel 1.20m in diameter and 2m high has a rounded circular orifice 5cm in diameter
in the bottom with C= 0.95. If the vessel is full of water, how long will it take to lower the surface
1.50m?
11. A vertical cylindrical tank has orifice for its outlet. When the water surface in the tank is 5m above
the orifice, the surface can be lowered 4m in 20minutes, the pressure on the surface being
atmospheric. What uniform air pressure must be applied to the surface if the same volume of water is
to be discharged in 10minutes?
12. A swimming pool with plan and section shown in Fig. G is filled with water. It has two short tubes
both with diameter 20cm and C= 0.80 located at the lowest point. Find the time needed to empty the
pool through these tubes.
13. In Fig. H is shown a tank 1.5 by 1.5m horizontal section and 3m high with two orifices (C=0.60)
both 10cm in diameter and 60cm apart. (a) How much water must be supplied to the tank to keep it
always full? (b) If this supply is cut off, how long will it take the water surface to lower 1.20m?
14. A rectangular suppressed weir 1.20m high extends across a rectangular channel 3m wide. If the
measured head is 40cm, determine the discharge using the Francis formula.
15. A rectangular channel 6m wide has a depth of 1m flowing with a mean velocity of 0.75 m/s.
Determine the height of a rectangular suppressed weir that will increase the depth of water in the
channel 60 1.60m.
16. A rectangular suppressed weir 1m high extend across a rectangular channel 6m wide in which the
flow is 2.80 m3/s. Determine the depth of water upstream from the weir.
17. A rectangular contracted weir 2m long discharges water under a head of 0.50m. Compute the
discharge using the Francis correction.
18. In a river 20m wide, having an average depth of 1m and a mean velocity of 0.35 m/s, a contracted
rectangular weir 10m long is to be constructed. Determine the head over the weir.
19. A rectangular contracted weir 3m long is built in the center of a rectangular channel 6m wide. How
high is the weir if the depth of water upstream is 1m when the discharge is 1.15 m 3/s.
20. A trapezoidal canal, 6m at the bottom and having side slopes 2:1 carries water to a depth of 40cm
and mean velocity of 0.60 m/s. What length of a rectangular contracted weir 85cm high should be
placed in the middle of the canal if the depth of water upstream is to be 1.20m?
21. Determine the discharge of water over 60° triangular weir if the measured head is 19cm.
22. The discharge of water over a 45° triangular weir is 20 liters/s. What is the head?
23. Compute the discharge of water over a Cipolletti weir 1.60m long under a head of 26cm.
24. A stream 24m wide carries 1.84 m3/s of water. Determine the resulting head over a Cipolletti weir
1m high and 4m long.
25. What length of Cipolletti weir should be constructed if the measured head will not exceed 50cm
when the discharge is 3.40 m3/s?
26. A rectangular suppressed weir under a constant head of 10cm feeds a tank containing a 7.5cm
diameter orifice. The weir is 60cm long. The head lost in the orifice is 0.60J/N and C c = 0.65.
Determine the head to which the water will rise above the orifice. Also find the value of C v.
27. A rectangular suppressed weir 80cm high is built across a rectangular flume 10m wide. The
measured head is 40cm of water. Some distance upstream is another rectangular weir having a
height of 1.10m. The measured head on the second weir is 50cm. Find the length of the second weir.
28. During a test on a 245cm long rectangular suppressed weir which was 100cm high, the head was
maintained constant at 30cm. In 38 sec, 28.80 m3 of water were collected. Find the correction factor
C’.
29. The flow in a rectangular channel 3m wide is constant. A depth of 2m is maintained by a
rectangular weir 1m long by 1.60m high. This weir is to be replaced by a rectangular suppressed weir
which will maintain the same depth. What height of weir is required assuming C’= 0.62 for both weirs?
30. A concrete spillway with permanent crest elevation at 100m controls a reservoir 4.65 hectares in
area. Determine the length of the spillway if, by removing flashboards, water can be lowered from EL
102m to EL 101m in 30minutes. Use C = 1.94.
31. A 90° V-notch weir is located at one end of a tank having a square section 10m by 10m. If the
initial head on the weir is 1.20m, how long will it take to discharge 100 m 3 of water over the weir?
32. A reservoir having a constant horizontal sectional area of 1860 m 2 discharges water over a
Cipolletti weir, the initial head being 40cm. How long is the crest if 1800sec are required to lower the
water level in the reservoir by 35cm?
33. Determine the probable capacity of a concrete pipe culvert 1.20m in diameter and 12m long
discharging under a head of 1.60m. The entrance is square-cornered.
34. What diameter of a concrete pipe culvert 16m long with beveled-lip entrance should be installed to
carry 14 m3/s of water if the difference in water surface elevations at the two ends of the culvert is
2.5m?
35. An overflow masonry dam is to be constructed across a stream. The stream is estimated to have
a maximum flood discharge of 850 m3/s when the elevation of the water surface is 345m at the dam
site. Six sluice gates each 2.5m high and 2m wide are to be constructed in the dam with their sills at
elevation 342m. The main overflow weir for which C = 1.45 will be 60m long with a crest elevation at
360m. An auxillary weir 180m long with a crest elevation at 361m will operate during floods. For this
weir C = 1.88. With all the sluice gates open, what will be the surface elevation upstream of the dam
when the discharge is 850 m3/s?

Chapter 7: Fluid Flow in Pipes

1.For laminar flow conditions, what minimum size of pipe will deliver y litres/s od medium oil having a
kinematic viscosity of 6.10 x10-⁶ m²/s?
2. Oil with dynamic viscosity of 0.10 Pa.s and specific gravity of 0.85 flows through 3000 m of 30 cm
cast – iron pipe at the rate of 44 litres/s. Find the head lost due to friction.
3. Determine the type of flow occuring in a 30 cm diameter pipe when:
(a) water at 60F
⁶ (v=1.13 x10-⁶ m²/s) flows at a velocity of 1 m/s.
(b) heavy oil at 60⁰F (v=2.05x10-⁴ m²/s) flows at a velocity of 1m/s.
4. Compute the “lower critical velocity” for 10 cm pipe carrying heavy oil where p= 895kg/m³ and
v=4.46x10-⁵ m²/s.
5. A pump 80% efficient delivers heavy oil (p=912 kg/m³; v= 2.05 x10- ⁴ m²/s) through 500 m of 5 cm
diameter pipe to a storage tank whose oil level is 3 m higher than that of the supply tank. For a flow of
litres/s determine the input power of the pump.
6. A tank use to store a commercial oil (p=850 kg/m³; v=0.0020 m²/s) is 15 m in diameter and contains
1000 m³ of oil. A 20 cm pipe 50 m long connected to the bottom of the tank has its discharge end 6 m
below the bottom. A gate valve (Kv= 0.20 when fully opened) is located near the discharge end. Find
the laminar flow in the pipe when the valve is fully opened. Check the Reynolds number Re.
7. A new cast iron pipe 400 m long and 15 cm in diameter carries 42 litres/s of water. Determine the
frictional loads of head.
8. Determine the discharge of water through a 5 cm wrought iron pipe if the frictional loss is 80 KPa
per 30 m of pipe.
9. What diameter of new cast iron pipe 1.6 km long is required to discharge 0.125 m³/s of water with a
loss of head of 17 J/N?
10. Points A and B are 4.8 km apart along a 60 cm new cast iron pipe at B is 140 KPa greater than at
A, determine the direction and amount of flow.
11. If the roughness if the pipe in Problem 10 increases 10% of its original value each year, what
percebt of increase in the necessary pressure at A can be expected after 10 years of service?
12. Oil with specific gravity of 0.902 flows through 1. 20 m long of 6.35 mm glass tubing with a head
loss of 16.5 cm of oil. The measured discharge is 6.8 x10-⁷ m³/s. Determine the dynamic viscosity.
13. A new cast iron pipe 20 cm in diameter and 30 m having a sharp-cornered entrance draws water
from a reservoir and the discharge end of the pipe if the flow is 140 litres/s?
14. A new cast iron pipe 30 cm in diameter and 1600 m long carries water from a reservoir and
discharge into the air. If the entrance is 3 m below the water level in the reservoir and the pipe is laid
on a downgrade of 1 m per 500 m, find the discharge.
15. A new cast iron pipe 30 cm in diameter and 30 m long connects two reservoirs, both end sharp-
cornered and submerged. Determine the difference in elevation between the water surfaces in two
reservoirs if the discharge is 0.45 m³/s.
16. What diameter of smooth concrete pipe 100 m long will carry 1.40 m³/s between two reservoirs
under a head of 1 m, both ends of the pipe having a sharp- corner and submerged?
17. Three new cast iron pipe are connected in series as shown in Fig. A. If the discharge is 230
liters/s determine the head lost: (a) neglecting minor losses (b) considering minor losses.
18. Three new cast-iron pipes connected in series are shown in Fig. B. Determine the total frictional
losses if the discharge is 200 litres/s. Find also the difference between the water surface in the
reservoir and the discharge end of the third pipe.
19. Determine the discharge through three new cast-iron pipes connected in series, having the
diameters as shown in Fig. C. The total frictional loss, excluding minor losses, is 5 J/N. Use n= 0.011
for all pipes.
20. Two pipes with C1= 120 (Hazen- Williams constant) connected in series, discharge 4.75 ft³/sec,
with a loss of head of 27 ft. Each pipe has a length of 1000 ft. If one has a diameter of 18 in,
determine the diameter of the other, neglecting minor losses.
21. Fug D shows a pipe system in parallel with a total flow of 400 litres/s. Determine the division of
flow and the loss of head from A to B. Use n= 0.011 for both pipes.
22. In problem 21, if the head loss from A to B is 4 J/N, determine the total flow.
23. The discharge of the pipe system shown in Fig. E is 440 litres/s. Determine the head loss from A
to D. Use f=0.020 for all pipes.
24. A 15 cm pipe leaves a straight 10 cm pipe at a point A, and later joins it again at point B. The
distance AB on the straight 10 cm pipe is 700 m. How long will the 15 cm pipe have to be in order that
the flow in the two pipes maybe the same? Assume f=0 020 and neglect minor losses.
25. The pipe system shown in Fig. F serves two towns C and D. The highest building in town C is at
EL 21 m and that in town D at EL 18 m. If f=0.020 for all pipes, what is the flow in each pipe? If the
per capita consumption in the two towns is 0.0035 litres/s, how many persons could be served in each
town?
26. Fig. G shows a pipe system serving towns C and D. The population of town C is 20 000 while that
of town D is 30 000. Daily per capita consumption is 0.0035 litre/s. The proposed pipe line has f=
0.020. Design the system.
27.Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system shown in Figure H. Use n = 0
011 for all pipes.
28. A pipeline 7600 m long and 1.5 m in diameter supplies 8 nozzles (Cv= C =0.95) with water from a
reservoir 180 m above the nozzles. Each nozzle has a tip diameter of 7.5 cm. Assuming f= 0.017, find
the aggregate power available in the jets.
29. What commercial size of new cast- iron pipe (f= 0 019) shall be used to carry 280 litres/s of eater
with a head loss of 2 J/N per kilometer of pipe.
30. The pipe system of Fig. I has the following given properties: At point A: a vacuum of 35 cm of
mercury; at point B: a pressure of 400 KPa; At the 90 ⁰ — bend: Kb=0.35; at the 60 ⁰- be d Kb=0.20. If
the discharge is 60 litre/s and f=0.018, determine the pump’s output power.
31. A pump is used to raise water to a reservoir through 800 m of 20 cm diameter pipe with f=0.033.
If the pipe is to be replaced with a new one having the same length but with a diameter of 25 cm and
f= 0.022, determine the power saved if the flow is to be maintained at 70 litres/s.
32. In Fig. J is shown a 15 cm diameter cast-iron pipe discharging at an elevation higher than the oil
surface. If the oil has a kinematic viscosity of 2.1 x10-⁶ m²/s and specific gravity of 0.84, determine
the pressure on the surface to cause a discharge of 13 liters/s in the pipe.
33. Shown in Fig. K are two reservoirs connected by 500 m of 10 cm pipe with f= 0.020. Determine
the time, after opening the valve (Kv=0.40), when the water surfaces in the reservoirs will be at the
same elevation.
34. The turbine shown in Fig. L is located in the 35 cm line. If the turbine efficiency is 90%, determine
the output power of the turbine under the following given conditions:
L1=1220m D1= 35 cm f1= 0.018 Q3 = 230 litres/s
L2= 610 m D2= 15 cm f2= 0.024
L3= 2440 m D3= 30 cm f3= 0.020
35. What power is delivered by the pump shown in the pipe system in Fig. M?
L1= 300 m D1= 30 cm f1= 0.018 Q3= 140 litres/s
L2= 1000 m D2= 20 cm f2= 0.023
L3= 1500 m D3= 25 cm f3= 0.020
36. A new 45 cm cast-iron pipe 600 m long carries 260 litres/s from reservoir A, discharging into two
new cast-iron pipes each 500 m long. One pipe is 30 cm in diameter and leads to reservoir B, in
which the water surface in C is 7 m lower than that at A, determine the diameter of the pipe leading to
C. Use n= 0.011.
37. An engineer hired to design a swimming pool 16 m long by 6 m wide by 2 m deep. For water
supply, he decides to lay 600 m of 5 cm pipe (f= 0.020) from a nearby main to the pool. The pipe will
discharge freely into pool during the entire filling process. The average pressure at the water main is
550 KPa and the difference in elevation between the two ends of the pipe is 10 m, with the discharge
and higher than the intake end. Assuming that 10% of the loss in the pipeline are due to transitions,
fittings, and valves, how long will it take to fill the swimming pool?
38. Determine the flow in each pipe in the network shown in Fig. N. Use the Manning equation with
n=0.011.

Chapter 8: Flow in Open Channel

1. Waters flow at a depth of 1.50m in a rectangular canal 4m wide, laid on a slope of 1m per
kilometer. What is the average shear stress at the sides and bottom of the canal?
2. What uniform flow will occur in a rectangular planed timber flume (n=0.010) 1.75m wide and having
a slope of 0.0010 when the dept therein is 1m, using (a) Manning's C (b) Kutter’s C?
3. Calculate the flow in an earth-lined (n=0.020) trapezoidal canal having bottom width 4m, SS 1:2,
laid on a slope of 0.0001 having a depth of 2m, using (a)Manning’s C, (b)Kutter’s C.
4. What uniform flow exist in a circular brick conduit 1.50m in diameter when the depth of flow is
60cm, if it is laid on a slope of 0.0005, using (a)Manning’s C, (b) Kutter’s C, (c) Bazin’s C? Use
n=0.015 and m=0.29.
5. What uniform flow will occur in the cross-section shown in Fig A, if it is laid on a slope of 0.0005
and has n=0.017, using (a) Manning’s C, (b)Kutter’s C?
6. At what depth will 4.25 m³/s flow uniformly in a rectangular channel 4m wide with rubble-lined
masonry and laid on a slope of 1 to 4000? use n=0.017.
7. Calculate the depth at which 0.07 m³/s will flow uniformly in a smooth cement lined circular conduit
2m in a diameter laid on a slope 1 to 7000. Use n=0.010.
8. A Trapezoidal canal of SS 1:2 and having n= 0.017 is to carry a uniform flow of 35 m³/s on a slope
of 0.005 at a depth of 1.5m. What base width is required?
9. What slope is necessary to carry 11.5 m³/s at a depth of a.5m in a rectangular channel 4m wide,
having n = .017?
10. An earth- lined trapezoidal canal (n= 0.020) of base width 3m and SS 1:3 is carry2.80 m³/s
uniformly at a velocity of 0.60 m/s. What slope is necessary?
11. a.) What are the best dimensions for a rectangular channel having a flow cross section of 10 m²?
b.) What are the best dimensions of a trapezoidal channel having a flow cross section of 14m² and
sides sloping at 30 °?
12. A smooth metal flume (Ns= 0.015) of semicircular section has a diameter of 2m and a grade of
0.0060. What diameter of corrugated metal flume (Nc= 0.030) will be required to have the same
discharge capacity and slope?
13. A circular vitrified sewer pipe is laid on a slope of 0.0002 and it is to carry 2.4 m³/s. When the pipe
flows at 90% of its diameter, what size of pipe should be used if n= 0.015?
14. An earth canal carries water at a depth of 2m. The canal has a bottom width of 6m and a SS
1:5:1. Using n= 0.025 and bed slope of 0.00020, compute the discharge by the Manning equation.
Check n by the Kutter equation and solve m of the Bazin equation.
15. What would be the probable depth of flow of a river 100 m wide carrying 280 mᶾ/s with a slope of
0.00028 and n= 0.040?
16. The section of a canal has one vertical side and the other sloping at an angle of 45ᴼ. The bottom
width is 6 m and the depth of flow is 1.2 m. It has a slope of 0.00016 with n= 0.020. When it reaches
an embankment, the flow is to be carried by two concrete pipes with n= 0.012 and slope 0.0025. What
size of pipes should be used, assuming no losses at the point of diversion?
17. In the earth canal shown in Fig. B, determine the amount of flow using the specified properties.
18. A rectangular section 2.5 m wide carries a flow of 5 mᶾ/s. Find the critical depth, the critical
velocity and the critical slope if n= 0.013.
19. Water is released from a sluice gate in a rectangular channel 2 m wide such that the depth of flow
is 70 cm and the velocity is 5 m/s. Find the critical depth for (a) this specific energy, (b) this discharge.
20. Water is flowing in a rectangular flume with a velocity of 5 m/s and a depth of 1.2 m. Is the flow at
upper or lower stage? What is the other alternate depth of flow?
21. A flow 300 litres/s of water is carried in 90⁰ V-notch flume with n=0.012. Find the critical depth.
22. An isosceles trapezoidal canal with SS 2:1 has a bottom width of 4 m and carries a flow of 20
mᶾ/s. Find the critical depth.
23. A planed-timber flume is to have a rectangular cross-section of best efficiency. The velocity is not
to exceed 2.4 m/s on a grade of 1 to 1000. What should be the dimensions of the cross section and
the capacity of the canal? Is the flow at upper or lower stage? Use n=0.010.
24. A rectangular flume 4m wide has a flow of 10 mᶾ/s when the depth of flow is 2m. If the same
material had been used for trapezoidal section having the same wetted perimeter, what would have
been the greatest possible discharge without changing the grade of the flume?
25. A trapezoidal canal has one vertical side and the other sloping at 60ᴼ. Its discharge is 25mᶾ/s and
its mean velocity is 1 m/s. If the slope is at its barest minimum, find the dimensions of the section.
26. A river carries a capacity of 10.5 mᶾ/s at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s. What must be the
dimensions of a brick-lined trapezoidal canal to carry the same capacity and velocity as the river with
SS 2:1 in order to have the most economical section?
27. If the most efficient of all sections can be used, what shape and size of open channel would you
recommend to carry 10mᶾ/s with a velocity of 3m/s?
28. Determine the slope that a concrete circular sewer, 2m in diameter, must have when flowing at its
maximum capacity if the mean velocity is 3m/s. Use n= 0.013.
29. A rectangular flume of planed-timber (n=0.012) is 1.5m wide a carries 2.00 m³/s of water. The bed
slope is 0.00060. At a certain section the depth s 1m. Find the distance to the section where the depth
is 0.70m.
30. If a discharge of 1.5 m³/s per meter width of channel has a velocity of 6 m/s to what depth could it
possibly jump? Check the critical depth.
31. A stream having a discharge per meter width of channel of 1 m³/s has a depth after jump of 1m.
Determine the velocity before the jump. Check the critical depth.
32. In a rectangular flume 2m wide, water flowing at a depth of 30 cm. jumps to a depth of 1.2 m. Find
the discharge.
33. A rectangular channel carrying water with a velocity of 5 m/s has a uniform depth of 1m. (a) At
what stage is the flow taking place? (b) If the jump is possible, what is the depth after the jump?
34. After flowing over the spillway of a dam, 250 m³/s of water passes over a level apron (So=0; n=
0.013). the velocity of water at the bottom of the spillway was measured to be 12.8 m/s. the width of
the apron is 50m and the depth of flow below the apron is to be 3 m. Conditions are such that a jump
would occur. Find the length of the apron if the jump is to be contained within it. Determine the energy
lost in the jump.
35. The depth upstream of a sluice gate is 1.80 m and 30 cm just downstream of it. If a jump is
possible after the water has passed the gate, find to what depth water could jump.