INTEGRATION

BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)

+263771580933

OBJECTIVES OF THE TOPIC

~Finding integrals of polynomials, rational functions, exponential functions and

trigonometrical functions

~Integrating by recognition and substitution

~Evaluating definite integrals

~Integrating of product of two function using integration by parts

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 INTEGRATION
 It the process of finding ( ) the anti-derivative of a function ( )
 It can defined as reverse of differentiation or simply finding the original function given
its derivative

We can represent the integral notation as follows

∫ ( ) ( )

where ( ) is integrand , ( ) is the anti-derivative , is the variable of integration and

is constant of integration or arbitrary constant

Types of Integration

Definite integral

 It is integral were limit are provided upper limit and lower limit

upper limit

∫ ( ) [ ( )]
lower limit
( ) ( )

NOTE : DEFINITE INTEGRAL DOES NOT HAVE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION

Indefinite integral

 It is integral were limit are not provided

∫ ( ) ( )
NOTE :INDEFINITE INTEGRAL HAVE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION

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 FORMULAS AND RULES OF INTEGRATION OF ALGEBRAS

FORMULAS
Integrating a constant
Reversed Anti-derivative Reversed Anti-derivative
∫ 𝒌 𝒅𝒙 𝒌𝒙 𝒄
( ) ( )
where k is constant

Examples

)∫ )∫

)∫√ √ v) ∫

Integrating a variable
Reversed Anti-derivative
𝒙𝒏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 𝒄 ( )
𝒏 𝟏 ( )
𝒏≠ 𝟏

Examples

)∫ ) ∫

)∫

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Integration of form ( )
(𝒂𝒙 𝒃)𝒏 𝟏
Reversed Anti-derivative
∫(𝒂𝒙 𝒃)𝒏 𝒅𝒙 𝒄 [( )] ( )( )
(𝒏 𝟏) 𝒂 ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
𝒏≠ 𝟏

Examples

( )
) ∫( )
( )
( )

( )
) ∫ √( ) ∫( )
( ) ( )

( )

( )

( )
)∫ ∫( ) * +
√( ) ( ) ( )

( )
* +
Remember
𝑏

∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝐹 (𝑏) 𝐹(𝑎)

* ( )+
𝑎

[( ( )] * ( )+

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RULES
Constant multiple rule

If k is constant for the function 𝒌𝒇(𝒙) , then

∫ 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒌𝑭(𝒙) 𝒄

Factor out the constant k and integrate the function (integrand)

Also
𝑏

∫ 𝒌𝒇(𝒙) 𝒌[𝑭(𝒃) 𝑭(𝒂)] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒌 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑎

Factor out the constant k and integrate the function (integrand) ,

substitute the limits multiply the results by the constant k

Examples

)∫ ∫ ( )

)∫ ∫ * ( )+
√ ( )

* ( )+
Remember
𝑏

∫ 𝒌𝒇(𝒙) 𝒌[𝑭(𝒃) 𝑭(𝒂)]

* +
𝑎

*( ) ( )+

*( ) ( ) +

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Integration of multiple terms (functions)

If 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) are integrand

Then their sum or difference 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙) can be integrated at each point

∫ 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒇(𝒙) ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝑭(𝒙) ± 𝑮(𝒙) 𝒄

Examples
Integration is distributive over addition and
subtraction
) ∫( ) ( ) ( )

)∫ √ ∫ ( )

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

( )

√ √
)∫ √ *√ ( ) +

√
*√ ( ) +

√ √
[√ ( ) ] *√ ( ) +

√
√ ( )

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
Find

𝑖) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑖𝑖) ∫( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑖𝑣) ∫ 𝑥 √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣) ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

( 5
v∫ 𝑑𝑥 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑥)
( 𝑥 )5
5
𝑣𝑖) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥

Integration of

Reversed Anti-derivative
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑰𝒏(𝒂𝒙 𝒃) 𝒄 ( ( )) ( )
𝒂𝒙 𝒃 𝒂 ( )

Examples
Evaluate

Solution

Evaluate

Solution

∫ ∫
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 ( ( ))

( )
Show that
5
∫ √

Solution
5 5
∫ ∫

5
[ ( )]

[ ( )]5

[ ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )]

[ ( ) ( )]

[ ( )]

√ √

Integration of exponential function

Find the derivative of the index and divide the
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒆
∫𝒆 𝒅𝒙 𝒄 exponential function with the derivative of the index
𝒇′(𝒙)
𝑓′(𝑥) is the derivative of the index

Examples
Evaluate exactly

Solution

∫ * +

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 ( ) ( )
* + * +

Find

Solution

Find

Solution

( )

Evaluate

Solution

∫ * +

( ) ( ) ( )
* + * +

\ Remember

( )

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
𝑖) Evaluate

∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑥

𝑖𝑖) Evaluate exactly

∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Show that

∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛
𝑥

𝑖𝑣) Evaluate

∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑥

𝑣) Evaluate

𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑖)

𝑥
∫(𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑖𝑖) a) Express

𝑥 𝐵
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐴
𝑥 𝑥

6
𝑥
𝑏) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝐼𝑛 ]
𝑥

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Integration of trigonometric functions

𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙 𝒃) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙 𝒃)
𝒂
𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙 𝒃) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙 𝒃)
𝒂
𝟐(
𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒂𝒙 𝒃) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒂𝒙 𝒃)
𝒂

The reader should appreciate that

𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Notes: If limits are given for trigonometric functions the

calculator should be in radian measure mode

Examples
Evaluate exactly

Solution

∫ [ ]

[ ( )] [ ( )]

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Find

∫ ( )

Solution

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

[ ( )]
( )
Find

∫ ( )

Solution

∫ ( ) ( )

( )

Find

∫ ( )

Solution

Using the Pythagoras Identity

⇒ ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

( )

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
𝑖) Evaluate

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑖𝑖) Evaluate exactly

𝜋

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝜋

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋

𝑖𝑣) Evaluate exactly

𝜋
6
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
8

𝑣) a) Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝜋

𝑏) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑖) Evaluate exactly

𝜋
4
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑖𝑖) a) Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝜋

𝑏) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎) Show that ( √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝜋
𝑏) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∫ ( √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝜋

𝑖𝑥) Evaluate exactly

𝜋

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6

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Integration of , where n is a even number

Useful double identities

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝟏 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
 The powers of sine and cosine can converted to multiple
angles
 From the above identities we can make
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 and 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 subject of formula
Notes: For higher powers of sine and cosine we can use
Demoivres theorem (Check Chaks Complex
Numbers Notes)
𝟐 𝟏
⇒ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 (𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽)
𝟐
𝟏
⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝟏)
𝟐

Example 1

Evaluate exactly

Using
( )

But

⇒ ( ( ))

( )

∫ ∫ ( )

[ ( )]
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 [ ( )] [ ( )]

Example 2

Evaluate exactly

Using
( )

∫ ∫ ( )

Remember integration is
∫ ∫ distributive over addition and
subtraction

[ ( ) ]

* ( ( )) + * ( ( )) +

Example 3

Zimsec June 2019 P2

Find the exact value of

4
∫

Using
( )

But

⇒ ( ( )) ( )

Substituting ( ) in place of

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 4 4
⇒∫ ∫ ( )

Remember integration is
4 4
∫ ∫ distributive over addition and
subtraction
4
[ ( )]

* ( ( ))+ * ( ( ))+

Example 4

Find the exact value of

4
∫

Using
( )

But

⇒ ( ( ) ) ( )

Substituting ( ) in place of

4 4
Remember integration is
∫ ∫ ( ) distributive over addition and
subtraction

4 4
∫ ∫

4
[ ( )]

[ ( ) ( ( ) )] [ ( ) ( ( ) )]

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
𝑖) Evaluate
𝜋

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑖𝑖) Evaluate exactly

𝜋
8
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Show that

𝜋
4
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋

𝑖𝑣) Show that

𝜋
6
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
8

𝑣) a) Show that (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝜋

𝑏) Hence f nd the exact value ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑖 a) Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑏) Hence f nd ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑣𝑖𝑖 a) Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝜋

𝑏) Hence f nd ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖 a) Show that
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑏) Hence f nd exactly ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥

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Integration of by recognition

We know that if
𝑑𝑦 𝑘 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑦 𝑘𝐼𝑛(𝑓(𝑥 )) ⇒
Example 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝒌 𝒇′(𝒙)
Zimsec
⇒∫ Nov 2021
𝒌𝑰𝒏𝒇P2
(𝒙) 𝒄
𝒇(𝒙)
Find
We can observe that we have the derivative of denominator at
∫the numerator, so we can adjust the numerical factor 𝒌

Solutions
Clearly on the denominator
𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
So no need to adjust the numerical factor
( )

Example 2
Find
∫

Solution
Clearly on the denominator
𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
∫ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
So we can adjust numerical factor
∫ factor

( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
( )

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Example 3
Find
∫

Solution
Clearly on the denominator
∫ ∫ 𝑑( 𝑥 )
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ So we can adjust the numerical factor

( 𝑥) 𝑥
( )

Example 4
Find
∫

Solution
Clearly on the denominator
∫ ∫ 𝑑(𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
So we can adjust the numerical factor
∫
( 𝑒 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥

( )

Example 5
Find
∫

Solution
Clearly on the denominator
∫ ∫ 𝑑(𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
So we can adjust the numerical factor
∫
( 𝑥 ) 𝑥

( )

Note : The above Example 5 can be integrated using integration by partial fractions (check next subtopic)

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
i) Evaluate
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

ii) Evaluate exactly

𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
iii) Evaluate exactly
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

iv) Evaluate exactly

𝜋
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

v) Evaluate
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
vi) a) Given that 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑏) Hence f nd ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
vii) Find the exact value of
𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
viii) a) Prove the identity
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
b) Hence f nd exactly ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
ix) Show that
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) 𝑐

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Rational functions
( )
( )
Where ( ) and ( ) are polynomials
Usetips
The reader must be able to perform division of polynomials
Example 1
Evaluate exactly
6
∫

Solution
Considering
( ) ( )

Note: The reader can use long division of polynomials or any approach

6 6 Remember integration of form

⇒∫ ∫ 𝐾 𝐾
∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑎𝑥 𝑏)
𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑎
distributive over addition and
6
[ ( )]

[ ( ) ( ( ) )] [ ( ) ( ( ) )]

Example 2
Zimsec 2019 P2
Evaluate exactly

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Solution
Considering
( ) ( )

Note: The reader can use long division of polynomials or any approach

6 Remember integration of form

⇒∫ ∫ 𝐾 𝐾
∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑎𝑥 𝑏)
𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑎
distributive over addition and
[ ( )]

[ ( )]
[ ( ( ))] [ ( ) ( ( ))]

Example 2
Zimsec Nov 2020 P2
Find exact value of

in the form ( ) where a , b and c are constants

Solution
Considering
( ) ( )

Note: The reader can use long division of polynomials or any approach
Remember integration of form
⇒∫ ∫ 𝐾 𝐾
∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑎𝑥 𝑏)
𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑎
distributive over addition and
[ ( )]
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
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 [ ] [ ]

( ) ( )

( )

Integration using partial fractions

 The reader should be in position of decomposing rational functions
 The reader to recall all cases of partial fractions( linear factors on the denominator ,
repeated factors on the denominator , quadratic factors on the denominator and
improper algebra fractions)

Example 1
Evaluate
∫

Solution
Considering

( )( )
By use of partial fractions

( )( )
( ) ( )
Let Let

⇒
( )( ) ( ) ( )

∫ ∫
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

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Example 2
Evaluate exactly
√
√
∫
√

Solution
Considering
√ √
( √ )( √ )
By use of partial fractions
√
( √ ) ( √ )

√ ( √ ) ( √ )

Let √ Let √

√ √ √ √

√
⇒
( √ ) ( √ )

√ √
√
∫ ∫
√ √ ( √ ) ( √ )
√
[ ( √ ) ( √ )]
√

[ ( √ √ ) ( √ √ )] [ ( √ √ ) ( √ √ )]
[ ( √ ) ( √ )] [ (√ ) ( √ )]
√ √
* ( )+ * ( )+
√ √

[ ( )] [ ( )]

[ ( )]

( )

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Example 3
Zimsec June 2019 P1
The function

( )
( )( )
a) Express ( ) in the form
whe e , , and a e c n tant

b) Hence evaluate

∫ ( )

Solution
Considering

( )( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
Let

Comparing coeffients of

Comparing coeffients of

by subsutiting

Comparing coeffients of

by subsutiting

( )
( )( )

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Hence evaluate

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) ∫

[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
[ ] [ ]

Example 4
Zimsec Nov 2019 P1
Express
( )
( )( )
in partial fractions
Hence exact value of

∫ ( )

Solution
Considering

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )( ) ( )
Let

Let

Let

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 by subsutiting

( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )

Hence evaluate

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) ∫
( ) ( )

∫ ( )
( )

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

[ ( ) ]
( )

[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) )

( )

( )

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
i) Express
𝑥
𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑥
𝑥
Hence from (𝑖 ) find dx, giving your answer as single logarithm(Zimsec Nov P1 2016)
𝑥
ii) Evaluate exactly
5
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5( 𝑥)( 𝑥)
iii) Show that
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛 ( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
iv) Show that
6
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
v) Show that
6
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛 ( )
(𝑥 )(𝑥 )
vi) Evaluate
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥)
vii) The function
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥
a) Express 𝑓(𝑥) in partial fractions
b) Hence show that

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛 ( )

viii) The function

𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 )
( 𝑥 )(𝑥 )
a) Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form
𝐵 𝐶𝑥 𝐷
𝐴 whe e 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 a e c n tant
𝑥 𝑥
b) Hence show that
√
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛 ( )

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Integration by substitution
 It a technique of changing one integrand to another integrand which is easy to integrate or the
reverse of the chain rule for differentiation
Useful steps
 Let u be complex part or the function whose derivative exist in the integrand
 Differentiate and determine the value of
 Make appropriate substitution to form new integrand
 If limits are provided change them and integrate new integrand
 If limits not provided integrate the new integrand and return to the original variable by
substitution
Example 1
Evaluate exactly

∫ ( )5

Solution
Let

Changing limits
Using

Making appropriate substitution to form new integrand

From 𝑢 𝑥
5
∫ ( )5 ∫ ( )( )5
𝑥 (𝑢 )
5
5)
∫ ( )(

5
( 5 )
∫

5 6
* ( )+

6 ( ) 6 ( )
* ( )+ * ( )+

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 Example 2
Zimsec June 2019 P2
Using the substitution , find the exact value of
5
∫ √( )

Solution
Let

Changing limits
Using

Making appropriate substitution to form new integrand

From 𝑢 𝑥
5
∫ √( ) ∫ (√ ) 𝑥 𝑢

∫ ( )( )

∫ ( )

5
*( )+

( )5 ( ) ( )5 ( )
* + * +

Example 3
Using the substitution , find the exact value of

∫ √

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 Solution
Let

Changing limits
Using

Making appropriate substitution to form new integrand

From 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
6
∫ √ ∫ √ ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
6
∫ √

6
∫ √ ( )

6
∫ √ ( )

6
∫

Using
( )
Multiplying by
( ) ( )

6 6
∫ ∫

6
[ ]

[ ]6

* ( ) ( )+ [ ( ) ( )]
√

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 Example 4
Zimsec November 2014 P1
Using the substitution , find the exact value of

Solution
Let

Changing limits
Using

Making appropriate substitution to form new integrand

∫ ∫
From 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ ∫ ( )

∫
( )( )
By partial fractions

∫
( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( )]

[ ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

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 Example 5

Solution

∫ ∫( )

∫( )( )

∫( )

∫ ∫ ∫( )

∫( )

Considering

∫( )

Since the derivative of is which exist in the whole integrand

Making appropriate substitution to form new integrand

From 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫( ) ∫( ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫( )

⇒ ∫( )

∫ ∫( )

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
i) Evaluate exactly
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑥
√ 𝑥
ii) Evaluate exactly

∫ 𝑥 √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑥

iii) Evaluate exactly

∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥
iv) Evaluate
𝐼𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
v) Show that
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛 ( ) , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
vi) Show that
𝜋

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

vii) Evaluate exactly

𝜋
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
vii) Evaluate exactly

∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑥
viii) Evaluate exactly
𝑒(
𝐼𝑛𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑒𝑢
𝑥
ix) Evaluate
𝜋

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

x) Evaluate exactly
𝜋
4 √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

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 Integration by parts
 It is a special rule of integrating product of two functions

We know that by product rule

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides to reverse of differentiation
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now the rule can be written as

𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
⇒ ∫𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝒗 ∫𝒗 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

 When applying integration by parts the reader must be in good position to determine which
function to be and on the integrand
 We can easily determine and using the LIATE rule

LIATE rule
 This rule helps us to make preferences on which function to let or over two functions

Differentiate Integrate

Logarithms Algebra function

Inverse trigs Trig function
Algebra function Exponential function

Checking process and making preferences

∫
 From the above we have (Algebra function) and (Trig function)
,
Checking process and making preferences
∫
 From the above we have (Algebra function) and (Logarithm function)
,
In above you can easily see that the Algebra fits on both sides but we give preferences on the logarithms
function to be since its fits to be only
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Example 1
Find

Solution

∫
We have the algebra function and trig function

Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫( )

We can use the tabular method as illustrated below

Differentiate Integrate

( )

( )

The arrow represents multiplication

⇒∫ ( )( ) ( )( )

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Example 2
Zimsec June 2019 P1
Find the exact value of
∫

Solution

We have the algebra function and logarithm function

Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

* +

* + * +

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Example 3
Zimsec 2017 P1
Find the exact value of
∫

Solution

Note:
∫ ( )
Where ( ) is a trig function or exponential function it means we have to perform integration by
parts times

We have the algebra function and exponential function

Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ [ ] ∫

Performing integration by parts again on

Let
⇒

∫ ∫ ∫ [ ] ∫

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 [ ] [ ]
Note:
Therefore
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ] [ 𝑒𝑥]

⇒∫ [ ] ∫
[ ] [( ) ( ) ]
[ ]
[ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ]

We can use the tabular method as illustrated below

Differentiate Integrate

( )

( )

( )

The arrow represents multiplication

⇒∫ [ ]
[ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ]

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Example 3

Find
∫
Solution

∫
Note:
∫ ( )
Where ( ) is a trig function or exponential function it means we have to perform integration by
parts times

We have the algebra function and trig function

Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ [ ( )] ∫ ( )

∫( )

Performing integration by parts again on

∫( )

Let
⇒

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∫ ∫ ∫( ) [ ] ∫( )
[ ] [ ]
[ ]

Therefore

⇒∫ [ ] ∫( )

[ ]

We can use the tabular method as illustrated below

Differentiate Integrate

( )

( )

( )

The arrow represents multiplication

⇒∫ [ ]

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Integration of ( )
Using integration by parts

Example 1
Find

Solution

∫ ∫

We have the algebra function and logarithm function

Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ ∫ ( ) ∫

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

Example 2
Find

∫ ( )

Solution

∫ ( ) ∫

We have the algebra function and logarithm function

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Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ ∫ ( ) ∫

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

Example 3
Zimsec November 2020 P2

Find

∫ ( )

Solution

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

We have the algebra function and logarithm function

Let
( ) ⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ ( ) ( ) ∫

Considering (Recall integration of rational functions)

∫ ∫ ( )

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 ∫ ( ) ( ) ∫
( ) [ ( )]
( ) ( )

SPECIAL CASE OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS

 In this section we are going to meet integration by parts of functions which is are continuous as
we perform integrating by parts
e.g.
∫ ∫

Example 1
Zimsec June 2013 P2
Find
∫

Solution

Let
∫

We have the exponential function and trig function so we can either let or to be or
Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ [ ] ∫

Integrating by parts again

∫

Let
⇒

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∫ ∫

⇒∫ [ ] ∫( )

Therefore
∫ [ ] ∫

[ ] [ ∫ ]
Now
∫ ∫

But
∫( )

( )

Therefore
∫ ( )

Example 2
Zimsec November 2020 P2
Evaluate the exact value of

∫
6

Solution

Let

∫
6

We have the exponential function and trig function so we can either let or to be or

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Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ [ ] ∫
6 6

∫ [ ] ∫
6 6

Integrating by parts again

∫
6

Let
⇒

∫ ∫

⇒∫ [ ] ∫ ( )
6 6

∫ ( )
6

Therefore

∫ [ ] ∫
6 6

[ ] [ ∫ ( )]
6

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Now

∫ ∫ ( )
6 6

But

∫
6

[ ]

∫ [ ]
6 6

*( ( ) ( )) ( 6 ( ) 6 ( ))+

[( ) ( 6 )]

* 6 +

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 FOLLOW UP EXERCISE

i) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 exactly

∫ 𝐼𝑛( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

ii) Evaluate exactly

∫ 𝐼𝑛( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

iii) Evaluate exactly

𝜋

∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

iv) Find exactly

𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑒
v) Find

∫ 𝑥𝐼𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

vi) Find exactly

𝑒
∫ 𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

vii) Find
𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

viii) Find exactly

𝐼𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
ix) Evaluate exactly
𝜋
6
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

x) Evaluate exactly
𝜋

∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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“DO YOU BELIEVE YOU CAN DO ANYTHING WITH THE KINGDOM OF GOD”
CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 chakuambafortunet@gmail.com
 xi) Find

𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ,

xii) Find exactly

∫ ( 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

xiii) Find

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

xiv) Find

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

xv) Find exactly

𝜋
4
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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“DO YOU BELIEVE YOU CAN DO ANYTHING WITH THE KINGDOM OF GOD”
CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 chakuambafortunet@gmail.com